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TRADITION AND REFORM: THE IMPACT OF THE FOURTH IN CENTRAL EUROPE MA Thesis inComparative History,with aspecialization in

Interdisciplinary MedievalStudies. Central European University Igor Ra May 2014 Budapest

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TRADITION AND REFORM: THE IMPACT OF FOURTH IMPACT TRADITION AND THE THE REFORM: LATERAN Central European University,fulfillmentBudapest, oftherequirements partial in of the Arts Master degreeHistory, of inComparativewithaspecialization in Accepted inconformancewiththe standard totheDepartmentThesis submitted of ______COUNCIL IN CENTRAL EUROPECOUNCIL CENTRAL IN

Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Chair, Examination CommitteeChair, Examination Thesis Supervisor Igor Razum May 2014 Examiner Examiner Budapest (Croatia) by

Medieval Studies, Medieval s of the CEU. s ofthe

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TRADITION AND REFORM: THE IMPACT OF FOURTH IMPACT TRADITION AND THE THE REFORM: LATERAN Central European University,Budapest, partial in of the Arts Master degreeHistory, of inComparativewithaspecialization in Accepted inconformancewiththe standards CEU. of the totheDepartmentThesis submitted Studies, ofMedieval ______COUNCIL IN CENTRAL EUROPECOUNCIL CENTRAL IN

Interdisciplinary MedievalStudies External Igor Razum May 2014 Budapest (Croatia) by

Reader

fulfillment oftherequirements

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TRADITION AND REFORM: THE IMPACT OF FOURTH IMPACT TRADITION AND THE THE REFORM: LATERAN Central European University,Budapest, partial in of the Arts Master degreeHistory, of inComparativewithaspecialization in Accepted inconformancewiththe standards CEU of the totheDepartmentThesis submitted Studies, ofMedieval ______COUNCIL IN CENTRAL EUROPECOUNCIL CENTRAL IN

Interdisciplinary MedievalStudies. External Supervisor Igor Razum May 2014 Budapest (Croatia) by

fulfillment oftherequirements

CEU eTD Collection Budapest, 2014 May __ institu or of higherinstitution person’s education for an degree. academic any on infringes thesis the of other any to form this in submitted beenhas thesis the of part no that declare I partalso copyright. no and others, of work the of credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made exclusively my own is thesis present the that herewith declare Studies InterdisciplinaryMedieval in specialization undersigned, I,the Igor Razum Igor work, work, based on my research and only such external information as properly

, candidate for the MA degree in Comparative History, with a History,with Comparative in degree MA the forcandidate , ______

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tion’s CEU eTD Collection dedicateand grandfather. tothe memory work ofmy this toher today am I that person the grandmother my be. finally And can I that best the be to me want ever only who and me for there always are who Anita, than once inspiration. of source ago years five research initial my in line. finish from home and Misericordia, my made Roman research my during me helping for Rome, the of Library the ELTE medieval library. more a in it form helped and thesis the approachable way. corrected who Rasson Judith to goes gratitude of Departmentthe professorsat the staffthe thesis. The the successful of writing Europe Central the at Studies Medieval of Department the at colleagues and friends my of comments and support continued whose osrcie comments constructive which sparked an University an Last, but definitely not least, I thank my family. family. my thank I least, not definitely but Last, The last two years would be a very different experience if it had not been for my friends and library main CEU the studies, my during I used libraries the at staff the all Ithank supervisors, two my thank to like first would I ,

acquire this or thatb acquire or this who supported who me supported in my journey and I must thank my friend my thank must I Pontificia Università Gregoriana Università Pontificia

during the numerous thesis related workshops was equally beneficiequally wasworkshops related thesis numerous the during

my interest in the papacy Ivanand Botica, who supported me A big thank you goes to my friend Dejan Zadro who helped me helped who Zadro Dejan friend my to goes you thank big A allowed for the completion of this thesis. Their insightful questions insightful Their thesis. this of completion the for allowed . Her li Her . A thank you A thank at tothe staff theVaticana, Biblioteca Apostolica the

, Marija. Without her and my grandfather Antun grandfather my and her Without Marija. , epd shape helped ook or article and whoseook or articleandhelpisimmeasurable. my in studies spring a successful andspringa enjoyableendeavour. successful ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ,

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CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION CHAPTER IMPACT HUNGARY,POLAND, AND IN II. THE OF COUNCIL THE CHAPTER F I. THE INTRODUCTION OFLIST ABBREVIATIONS II II. 2. II. and 1.The theDisciplineChurch ofClerics Morals ofthe . 3. “Frontier of ” 3.“Frontier of .

BOHEMIA Clerical Education –

THE THE END OF REFORM?

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62 57 42 31 20 20 10

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CEU eTD Collection III.Reg. Hon. Reg.IX. Greg. MES KDW CDB Bull. Pol.

1905. Repr. Hildesheim: Georg 1978. Olms, Pressuti, Pietro, ed. 1890 1955. Rome, de et d’Athènes Françaises Ecoles de Bibliothèque ed. L., Auvray, ed. Esztergom, 1874. Ferdinand, Knauz, ed. Wielkopolski Poznaniensis, Literariae Societas Bohemiae. ed. Gustav, Friedrich, Poloniae Sułkowska LIST OFLIST ABBREVIATIONS

, vol. 1. Rome: École, vol.1.Rome: Française1982. de Rome,

- v Kuraś, Irena & Stanisław Kuraś, Kuraś, Stanisław & Irena Kuraś, ol . Poznań, 1877. . Poznań, s . 2

- ii e Rgsrs e rgie IX. Grégoire de Registres Les 3

Regesta Honorii papae III. . Prague: 1912 Wiesner, oe Dpoaiu e eitlru Regni epistolarius et Diplomaticus Codex ouet Eceie Strigoniensis Ecclesiae Monumenta

oes Dyplomatyczny Kodeks -

1942 , 2 vols. .

4 os Paris, vols. 4 , e d. Rome: Rome: 1888

Bullarium - - . CEU eTD Collection (1073 Gregory VII “ Eleventh the in Law from 1050 to 1250 2 Moore, 1 Bound ar future. foreseeable the in in be should council it what and medieval was Christianity what important defined it Christendom, most the Probably 1215. in Council Lateran Fourth throughout spread subsequent their Christendom. and ideas and concepts new of creation the for avenue pro this universities of development the with combination in and flourishing m second the in thought scholastic of rise therefore new a of start a with usually is it end, do nature of reform seems to be de and decay of eleventh century usually described as the the “Gregorian reform”. in starting movement the denoting when famously renewal, religious to related

For For an overview of the period of the“Gregorian Part of Innocent III’s sermon on the day of the first session of the Lateran council, November 11, 1215; John C. John 1215; 11, November council, Lateran the of session first the of day the on sermon III’s Innocent of Part Pope Innocent III (1160/61 III Innocent Pope Medieval times were noexception to this, and reforms were quite dynamic usuallysignifyingword, simple a is Reform ound twomainideas, internal renewal ofthe Church and theliberation of theHoly can be can

A

(Oxford: (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 79

generation arises generation t the cent the t critique - Century Reform,” Century

- 1085),” 1085),” d . re of all these developments these all of re

The Journal of Ecclesiastical History Ecclesiastical of Journal The con -

1216): To Root up and to and Plant up Root To 1216): tinuous,

The Historical Review Historical Catholic The i n a community, Latin Christendom in this case. this in Christendom Latin community, a n INTRODUCTION reform” see Colin Morris,

as no reform is actually fully successful and though eea process renewal lenu, eae o telgcl issues theological on debates illennium, 1

a - 2 133

Such movements arise when there is a sense complicatedprocess

for these two causesfor these Ihave two that principally and especially holy convokedthis complete liberation Not for the sake for Not ofearthlyconvenience or ;

was (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 231. 2003), (Leiden: Brill, Uta

reform theuniversal of andthe church temporal the glory,butfor -

36, no. 3 (1985): 439 (1985): 3 no. 36, Renate Renate Blumenthal, “The Papacy and

. The new has become the old and and old the become has new The . the reform agenda proposed by the the by proposed agenda reform the 84, no. 2 ( 2 no. 84, The The Papal Monarchy. The Western Church 1998): 201 1998):

. It has often often Ithas . of the -

483. - vided a valuable valuable a vided 218; I. S. Robinson, S. I. 218;

then

However, the However,

sake ofthe . Since the been used used been

a been had council. — L they it is it and and 1

CEU eTD Collection Orbis et IIIUrbs Innocenzo 8 115 (1964): 20 7 6 5 Foreville, 391 1965), 4 Jahrhundert 15. zum 4. bis vom Päpste der Verzeichnis Zimmermann, 187; Ullmann,Walter Schi Bernhard 3 t where pontificate pope’s the analysing publications two with pope as electionInnocent’s of anniversary the of leadership III’s and Innocentinfluence examining scholars for basis the provided this council the accountof council. the of evaluation any for standard a now, in the years with greater matters interestin as not related tothe political elements of the papacy, interest suppression England of in rebellion which in resulted support for FrederickII person. in council the at well as Aragon and Cyprus, Jerusalem, Hungary, , of kings the of representatives as well as cardinals, patriarchs, , impressive zeal andinstitutional showofstrength. religious t through

Stephan Kuttner & StephanKuttner Foreville, Moore, Foreville, Raymonde see a For listbishops participating of Morris, see overview general in a Innocent III Pope and Council Lateran the Fourth For John C. Moore, ed., ed., Moore, C. John c

some princes who had business at the council such as count Raymond of Toulouse appeared ouncil ashas a flourished. whole Thework b seminal The Fourth Lateran Council has long been present as a focus of study, but in the last fifty last the in but study, of focus a as present been long has Council Lateran Fourth The great The he Fourth Lateran Council and some of its decrees received attention. received decrees its of some and Council Lateran Fourth he Innocent III Innocent Latran - e rsds the , he Latran 395; for a general overview of participants, clerical and lay see lay and clerical participants, of overview general a for 395;

mmelpfennig, mmelpfennig, - a Pptu i Mteatr En Pa Eine Mittelalter. im Papsttum Das 178. , 251 , .

Antonio García y García, “A New Eyewitness Account of the Fourth Lateran Council Fourth Accountthe of “ANewy Eyewitness AntonioGarcía García, , 235 , event - ecfl seby n oebr 25 mse sm fu hnrd , hundred four some amassed 1215 November in assembly peaceful A Short A Short in the 252, 254 252, Pope Innocent III and his World his and III Innocent Pope

- 236 , 2 vols 2 ,

. (1220 7 The Papacy The

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The most extensive contribution to current research came around the around came research current to contribution extensive most The - Among other political issues addressed at the at addressed issues political other Among 256. c ouncil . -

(Rome: Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio evo, 2003). evo, il Medio per Italiano Storico (Rome:Istituto

1250) .

Emperor Frederick II and Emperor Henry of of Henry Emperor and II Frederick Emperor , trans. James Sievert (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 170 1992), Press, University Columbia York: (New Sievert James trans. , ,

rsdd vr by over presided against Otto IV

( sgshct i Sigl e Hsoigahe Mt einem Mit Historiographie. der Spiegel im pstgeschichte Stuttgart: Ulmer, 1981 Stuttgart: Ulmer,

2 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999); Andrea Sommerlechner, ed., Sommerlechner, Andrea 1999); Ashgate, (Aldershot:

6 Latran I, I, LatranIV II, IIIet Latran

In combination with the published eyewitnesspublished the with combination In

(1209 issuing the P p Incn III Innocent ope - 3

1215) (Lo

y Foreville remains, Raymonde even ndon: Routledge, 2003), 201

Moore, Moore,

Magna Carta

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(Paris: Éditions de l’Orante, l’Orante, de Éditions (Paris:

Papal Monarchy Papal c

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CEU eTD Collection 10 against Ordeals ofthe1215 for Canon Preparation Council Lateran Latin the on Power Papal and Confession and Penance of Literature the and at the Beginning of the Century Thirteenth Medieval Studies Oliv (1215): Council Lateran of ordeal; of subject the or and Jews in Canon Medieval Law level local and continental a Church institutional on of hierarchy development the penance, and confession of practice the law, of development the Council, narrat conversion and crusade transubstantiation, of issue theological the Christendom, 9 council the Furthermore, on the position of clerics within society, stressing their exceptional position in relation to the laity ecclesiastical benefices, appeals to ecclesi of sickness, management the defined they of held, be to case supposed were elections episcopal in how pronounced body the over priority has soul the that assented clergy assembled The councilThe regarding Church Roman inquests, for procedure proper toward stance laity.” the of reforms and clergy, the of reforms support, and appointments clerical law, marriage reforms, published. that before even but attention, detailed received council the at developed themes the of many years

Several topics standout among the research interests of scholars such as the position of Jews within Latin Latin within Jews of position the as such scholars of interests research the among standout topics Several Moore, Moore, ,

studies that either focused on the Council’s decrees or saw them in a longer context were context longer a in them saw or decrees Council’s the on focused either that studies The Innocent III Innocent clerical dress or 10 9

c promoted the mystery of the and the altar the and Eucharist the mysteryof the promoted They ouncil , s the Greeks, set about the reform agenda through provincial councils, defined the the defined councils, provincial through agenda reform the about set Greeks, the s ” 21 21 (2004): 23 , reformed clerical education and morals, promoted preaching, promoted morals, and education clerical reformed , The Catholic Historical Review Historical Catholic The

, ” , 239 , d canons focused on areas Traditio Traditio the Christianity, to threats heretical the as well as faith Christian the efined

er of Paderborn’s and James of Vitry’s Missions to Muslims Reconsidered Muslims to Missions Vitry’s of James and Paderborn’s of er - - Christian Frontier: Transforming the Danish Church around th around Church Danish the Transforming Frontier: Christian feasting, forbade clerics to participate in secular activities such as duels 47; rvdd regulation provided 46 (1991): 147 (1991): 46

Alain Boureau, “How Law Came to the : The Use of Law in English Society

the , ” co , Past &Past Present ” - , Jewish Jewish History ” territoriality of different rites within the authority of the the of authority the within rites different of territoriality - Traditio 170; Jessalynn Lea Bird, “Crusade and Conversion after the Fourth Fourth the after Conversion and “Crusade Bird, Lea Jessalynn 170; astical astical as well as secular justice, , ”

89, no. 2 (2003): 182 (2003): 2 no. 89,

Speculum such as “

59 (2004): 175 (2004): 59 3 n h txto o ceg ad a eain on evasion, tax and clergy of taxation the on

167 167 (2000): 29 3, 3, no. 1 (1988): 25

36, no. 4 (1961): 613 4 no. (1961): 36, heretics and Jews, organizational and judicial James A. Brundage, “Intermarriage between between “Intermarriage Brundage, A. James - 227; Anthony Perron, “Metropolitan Might Might “Metropolitan Perron, Anthony 227; - - 212; John W. Baldwin, “The Intellectual Intellectual “The Baldwin, W. John 212; 74; 74; Joseph Goering, “The Internal Forum

and - 40; 40; Joseph Goering, “The Invention

mandated yearlymandated confession. - 636. ives in the aftermath of the the of aftermath the in ives proclaimed proclaimed their

austere regulations regulations austere e Time of the Fourth Fourth the of Time e , ” Essays in in Essays stance . .

CEU eTD Collection University Catholic The D.C.: (Washington Period, 1140 318 2008), Press, America García, of University Catholic The D.C.: (Washington Pennington Kenneth 1140 Period, Classical the Law“Conciliar 1123 13 History Documentary (1311) Arpaden 12 11 as such centuries in raised been not had that issues Theological obligation. yearly a confession habits, c come. to centuries in Christendom Latin achieved? reject Europe its or impact of of Suppositions rest the to behaviour and law of code new this transferring of process regions? remedy own use their to could bishops practical the construct a package or bishops apart. world a be to and their reception. legislation. and acts conciliar 1225. in Bourges in held council single a analysing Kay Hungaria about writing andChristians non other and Jews usury,simony, on agreements, marital of practices the on excommunication, ouncil served as a basis for developing many

Lothar Waldmüller, Lothar Waldmüller, Moore, Moore, For an analysis of the Fourth Lateran Council’s legal contribution and contextualisation see Anne J. Duggan, Duggan, J. Anne see contextualisation and contribution legal Council’s Lateran Fourth the of analysis an For “The Fourth Lateran Council and the Canonists,” in in Canonists,” the and Council Lateran Fourth “The However, this was Waldmüller Lothar with scrutiny renewed under come also has decrees the of spread The

aciyn mrtl gemns dfnn scaetl practices, sacramental defining agreements, marital sanctifying Innocent III Innocent had - 1234: 1234: From Gratian to the of Pope Gregory IX

cr

ossed th ossed finally Pdron Friad cöig, 97; ihr Kay, Richard 1987); Schöningh, Ferdinand (Paderborn: -

1215: 1215: The Legislation of the Four Lateran Councils,” in , 237 , (Brookfield, VT: Ashgate,2002). VT: (Brookfield, Die Synoden inDie Kroatien Synoden Dalmatien, und von Ungarn: der Völkerwanderung bis zum Ende der

The question would then be was there any impact north of Rome once the the once Rome of north impact any there was be then would question The

a plan fora plan - - 251; Foreville, Foreville, 251; Rubicon? the and Tiber e n 24 Fo Gain o h Dceas f oe rgr IX Gregory Pope of Decretals the to Gratian From 1234: , C ,

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However, the predominant predominant the However, the crusades. Latran ion are simplifications of long of simplifications are ion of America Press, 2008), 367 2008), Press, America of , 275 ,

The many issues raised in the seventy canons of the the of canons seventy the in raised issues many The 11 - defining defining elements of everyday life, regulating dress

279, 287 279,

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Was the reform an isolated Roman theoretical Roman isolated an reform the Was The History of Medieval Canon Law in the Classical the in Law Canon Medieval of History The - 306.

12 , , ed. Wilfried Hartamnn & Kenneth Pennington

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History of History Canon Medieval Law in

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reform should not be viewed as a linear process, as it had it had it as process, linear a as viewed be not should reform

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exactly the the exactly CEU eTD Collection 121. 2013), Press, ofPennsylvania University 1187 Acre, of Fall the to III Innocent from Translation in Documents Annotated Christendom: 16 sub as Curia the in work practical and Bologna phi moral on ideas Chanter’s Peter by influenced was he schools Paris the at student young a As directions. all in Christendom of boundaries the push to him allowed autho presentcouncil inNovember. atthe be to supposed were and bishops of majority the whilst flock the of needs the of care take that was plan The Curia. and cooperation, communication, of perhaps not the most democratic of events, clergy Latinof enoughChristendom time to prepare for the reform agenda. The summons to the council was sent out of th compared yet before, years six thirty council a to host been November 1215 it was for one of the largest peaceful assemblies in the Middle Ages. The city had

An account of the Fourth Lateran Council by Roger Wendover (d. 1236); Jessalynn Bird, et al., ed., ed., al., et Bird, Jessalynn 1236); (d. Wendover Roger by Council Lateran Fourth the of account An CHAPTER I. rs to be the most powerful pope of the medieval papacy,Innocent’s youth and singular drive The driving force behind this endeavour was the pope, Innocent III. Considered by some some by Considered III. Innocent pope, the was endeavour this behind force driving The in Rome to flocked and priests of thousands and bishops of hundreds When T

HE

each F OURTH LATERAN LATERAN OURTH

ecclesiastical province should have have should province ecclesiastical and which wasattendedand which byhundred four and

the the

creation of the agenda by the prelates and the Roman Roman the and prelates the by agenda the of creation called Constantinian, at at called ourlordpopeInnocent, Constantinian, which however, however, e Lateran in April 1213, thus givin 10 in the eighteenthpresided,his pontificate, year of

- C ecn n te cria allow cardinal then and OUNCIL more in the churchSavior Rome, oftheat Holy

of In the same year, namely, A.D.In the 1215, same namely, year,

a spectacular way of ending a period to this it was a much smaller affair. smaller much a was it this to was heldthemonth November,was in of

AND two bishops staying behind to to behind staying bishops two W a sacred andgeneral synod ESTERN ooh, i suis at studies his losophy, T he council itself g the bishops and -

1291 twelve bishops

E UROPE ed

(Philadelphia: (Philadelphia:

Crusade and Crusade i t be to him

was 16

CEU eTD Collection Sto (Rome:Istituto Sommerlechner in Image,” an of Making The III: “Innocent Powell, M. James see Unive 21 2007). Press, America of University 20 Christendom 19 18 Innocent III,” Pope of Education Legal 17 IIIin historiography. Innocent III pope the in interest great a showed bull the Council, Lateran the of decree first seventy the and (1213) of Honorius III the social and historical impact of the crusade organized by Innocent III and undertaken in the time as Council Lateran Fourth essentiallyachicrowning the the with contend to had III Innocent with dealing authors the of work by James M. Powell, John C. Moore, Brenda Bolton, and Othmar Hageneder stand monog numerous of subject the beenhave times and life His Christendom. Latin throughout Church strong a promoting time same the at peninsula Italian papacy the of position the strengthen to moment this use to attempted Innocent honour. after the death of Henry VI in late 1197 and two candidates emerg and he successfully. didso matter, as pope at the time he needed to legislator. great a as many by considered

James M. Powell, Powell, M. James James M. Powell, ed., ed., Powell, M. James Moore, Moore, dm 20 Idem, James M. Powell, ed., ed., Powell, M. James rsity of America Press, 1994); for an analysis of the historical development of the image of Pope Innocent III III Innocent Pope of image the of development historical the of analysis an for 1994); Press, America of rsity Powell’s best known work is an analysis of the , where he provides a view of crisis by beset was power imperial the when time a atSee Apostolic the to Innocent came Innocent III Innocent - 2 44 22, ,

107 , 20

as well as editing a collection of excerpts dealing with the development of Innocent

- (1216 112, 124 112, - 47; for full English translations of both papal bulls with annotations see Bird, Bird, see annotations with bulls papal both of translations English full for 47; Anatomy of a Crusade: 1213 Crusade: of a Anatomy , 8, 219 8, , 21

The Deeds of Pope Innocent III by an Anonymous Author Anonymous an by III Innocent Pope of Deeds The - 1227) noet I: ia o Crs o Lr o te World? the of Lord or Christ of Vicar III: Innocent

- 129. - 220

. 18 evement ofhispontificate. ; rico Italiano per il Medio evo, 2003), il Medio 2003), evo, per Italiano rico

for more on Pope Innocent III’s legal education see Kenneth Pennington, “The Pennington, Kenneth see education legal III’s Innocent Pope on more for This m Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law Canon Medieval of Bulletin ,

translating his thirteenth century thirteenth his translating eans eans focus on papal decrees, specifically the bull control - 1221 17

However, considering the various opinions on this on opinions various the considering However,

many different skills and a great deal of knowledge, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986). 1986). Press, ofPennsylvania University (Philadelphia: 11

raphs and articles. In the last decadesInthe last the articles. and raphs Innocenzo III Urbs et Orbis et Urbs III Innocenzo 4 (1974): 70 (1974): 4 1363 ed - 1373.

as contenders for (Washington D.C.: The Catholic Catholic The D.C.: (Washington

(Washington D.C.: The Catholic Catholic The D.C.: (Washington

- gesta 77. d liberandam Ad

, The Deeds of Pope Pope of Deeds The ,

vol. 2, ed. ed. 2, vol. the imperial Quia maior rsd and Crusade . 19 s

out. Powell o Andrea Andrea n the the n

All All

CEU eTD Collection Geschichtsforschung Österreichische für Instituts des Mitteilungen 27 III. Innocenz‘ 26 Care Pastoral and Authority Papal on Studies 25 Care 24 23 22 these articles deals re the of volumes the with along articles numerous producing Hageneder, Othmar III. Innocent Pope of registers the of edition critical obtained attention of in1204when theCouncilturned the tothe upcomingCrusade. Cross True the from relics used Innocent how see to interesting is It Lateran. in centre pontifical th of advantages spatial the used Lateran Council , drawing inspiration from the eyewitness account of the th on research of church life. of impact the and care pastoral of matters to turned attention the of view biographyherpope. the with of in the1950s Tillmann byHelene human yet insightful, and overview of the pope’s life from his early educa

For For a collection of Othmar Hageneder, “Innocenz III. und die Eroberung Zadars (1202). Eine Neuinterpretation des Br des EineNeuinterpretation (1202). Zadars Eroberung und die III. “Innocenz Hageneder, Othmar Tillmann, Helene Moore, Eadem, Eadem, The last publication was of the register of the pope’s twelfth year; Othmar Hageneder et al., ed., al., et Hageneder Othmar year; twelfth pope’s the of register the of was publication last The

(Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1995). Variorum, Ashgate (Aldershot: The This resulted chronological a III, Innocent of biography scholarly recent most the authored Moore Innocent III Innocent “A Show with a Meaning: Innocent III’s Approach to the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215 Council, Lateran Fourth the to Approach III’s Innocent Meaning: a with Show “A

11 vols. 11 pope as a strictly political figure and started a whole period in historiography where historiography in period whole a started and figure political strictly a as pope last half century saw the efforts of efforts the saw century half last Papst Innocenz III Innocenz Papst articles on Innocent III see Brenda Bolton, is . ,

(Vienna: 1964 (Vienna:

for instance pope.

in

many studies diverse 24 ,

account of his pontificate. his of account

Relevant to this thesis is her article on Innocent’s approach to the to approach Innocent’s on article her is thesis this to Relevant

- 2012). ,

e Lateran for the for Lateran e (Bonn: Ludwig Rohrscheid, 1954). Rohrscheid, (Bonn: Ludwig with theofZadar conquest Fourth intheCrusade.

(Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1995), XI, 53 1995), Variorum, Ashgate (Aldershot: ;

among Brenda them Bo tion, tion, ascension in 12 the the

c ouncil, as well as the relics and history of the the of history and relics the as well as ouncil, Austrian Academy of Sciences producing a producing Sciences of Academy Austrian Innocent Innocent III: Studies on Papal Authority and 22 26

In this this In The leading man behind the project was project the behind man leading The 100 (1992): 197 (1992): 100

respect, a to 23 pope’s pontificate on everyday everyday on pontificate pope’s

the Roman curia, and a detailed

This was a move away from aaway wasmove from a This lton standsfor out lton years her –

213. Moore follows a trend set trend a follows Moore c ouncil

- 67.

on , gisters. One of of One gisters. 27 ” in ” 25 how the pope

. V 160 (161) 160 V .

Die Register Register Die Innocent III: Innocent Pastoral Pastoral , ” CEU eTD Collection 1 (2003): 1215 Christendom, Latin of Discourse Political the in Sanctae’ 31 1990), Press, University Georgetown 30 29 28 through exemption from taxation for Crusaders or prohibiting tournaments. becam soon bull papal the and enterprise less than fortunate achievements of the last crusade effort. Provisions were made for the crusading Crusade. Fifth the for management usury,ecclesiastical possessions, or theof non of position a councils throughprovincial Christendom Latin within order establishingcanon care,pastoral of direction primary a as preaching stressing education, clerical and morals clerical reforming fa Catholic the defining ecclesiastical conciliar legislation. specific analysis of canon decisions of the time and the historical development of two centuries of the of account eyewitness the even and decretals, papal it have does it effort research such any with As politic and religious complex detailed account of the councils and the specificity of each in its own time, taking into account the assemblies. these of nature developing the of overview comparative and twelfth the in Lateran the in held councils four the of study

Moore, Moore, Foreville, For more on the impact of crusading on discourse in Latin in discourse on crusading of impact the on more For general chapter of monastic orders. There was a was There orders. monastic of chapter general Moore, Moore, The final decree of the Council was the important, be to seen were that topics various with dealt canons council seventy The Among scholars with dealing the - 36. Innocent III Innocent Innocent III Innocent Latran

.

, 237 , , 250 ,

30 - 250. -

251; 251; The pope decided to take a more controlling part in the Crusade after the after Crusade the in part controlling more a take to decided pope The t, eiig eeis rgltn te irrh wti te Church, the within hierarchy the regulating heresies, defining ith,

Norman P. Tanner, ed., Tanner, P. Norman al background, including heresies, heresies, including background, al

267

- 271.

c e the basis for crusading throughout Latin Christendom, LatinChristendom, throughout crusading for basis the e ouncil the of name Raymonde Foreville stands out. Her s 13

limits, yetwith limits, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils Ecumenical the of Decrees

Christendom see Björn Weiler, “The ‘Negotium Terrae Terrae ‘Negotium “The Weiler, Björn see Christendom lso - 1311,” 1311,”

a focus on material aspects, be they the they be aspects, material on focus a Ad liberandam C ouncil, this study is the basi the is study this ouncil, The International History Review History International a

thirteenth centur thirteenth firm basis in conciliar decrees, conciliar in basis firm 28 - , the pl Christians.

, Furthermore

and imperial pressure. pressure. imperial and 31

Reform and crusade ans and framework

(Washington, D.C.: D.C.: (Washington, 29 ies

,

provides a a provides t ie a gives it s of any of s

25, no. 1 no. 25,

and

CEU eTD Collection 1934). University Press, (London: Oxford 33 32 the In 1215. after and before between contrast juxtaposed a of matter simple a not was England however, motivation the was which reform, spiritual the on much as not England, in maturity legal on effect greater a having as them saw they and sources existing with contended authors The degree. a to negative and narrow is impact 1215) and (1179 law in the twelfth and early thirteenth century, focusing on the decrees of the two Lateran councils interplay, activities by theperiod, in bishops Lateran inpromoting these enforcing and reform. the work Their Church. English the in Lateran Council Fourth the after yearperiod sixty almost the on outlook an providing focusedon on a regional level. the on and itself Council legislation the on scholarship the Although language. theological and legal to sermon of future the for program the of poles tent the and council the of themes important most the as seen were

Marion Marion Gibbs & Jane Lang, Moore, Moore,

the liberation of Jerusalem. Their analysis focuses heavily on the aspects of legal transfers, looking at the reform as a vision extensive an was reform Lateran The to Innocent III Innocent

Christendom. Christendom. also refer to the improvement of the morals and education of the clergy. The situation in

spreading and a the Council it produced is extensive, there are only two studies dealing with the impact of the reform n h ulcto fGeoy IX’s Gregory of publication the and , 230 ,

The first was written by Marion Gibbs and Jane Lang was writtenGibbsand byfirst Jane The 1934. Marion in

- – 233.

B for the prosperityfor theChurch. of Bishops Bishops and Reform, 1215 ppropriation regarding the law codes postulated by the advance in canon oth of these were tied together tied were these of oth

presented concentrates - 14 eid h wh the behind 1272, with Special Reference to the Lateran Council of 1215

on the bishops, episcopal elections, and the the and elections, episcopal bishops, the on of the Christian world defined world Christian the of Liber extra Liber 32 –

The popereform as saw a prerequisite

as Innocent preached in his opening his in preached Innocent as l enterprise. ole . Their view of the of view Their . T er conclusions heir 33

This analysis in

a mature mature a reform’s reform’s n ,

CEU eTD Collection Centuries 36 35 388. 34 the twelfth a by perceived was priest parish the how analysed sources of again in asinfactfew problematic theyare are examples Robertson’s loyalty. and faith continued towards waypoints as laws and program, a as decrees council the to refer could bishops, often more but Clergy, laws. the and council in the exclude not did This Christendom. throughout transmitted be to reductive results. The canons of the witchcraft. expresse r be should preaching how about priests his to guidebooks for their priest creating by demands new the to responded bishops Council Lateran the after but previously, well a been had preaching where place a England was only not that found hypothesis of low impact due to a lack of preaching and of English inferiority towards France. He Rob yetking’sways court, thetwo the differences between w clergymen analysed period

Robertson, Robertson, Ross William Collins, Collins, William Ross D. W. Robertson W. D.

rsn n 99 n i suy n rahn i England. in preaching on study his in 1949 in ertson This is just one example how impact studies analysing a large area can have problematic problematic have can area large a analysing studies impact how example one just is This This firstattempt at alonger and larger impact study , ” ”.

The Journal of Religion of Journal The 35

affects “Frequency ofPreaching”, “Frequency

nd thirteenth centuries. The preaching , Jr., Jr., ,

the judgment of the historian on this period. In 1930 Ross William Collins William Ross 1930 In period. this on historian the of judgment the “Frequency of Preaching in Thirteenth in Preaching of “Frequency “ The Parish Priest and his Flock as Depicted by the Councils of the Twelfth and Thirteent and Twelfth the of Councils the by Depicted as Flock his and Priest Parish The s. For example, Roger Weseham, b was to ere educated by ecclesiastical schools and clerks were trained wereclerks and schools ecclesiastical by educated ere

10, no. 3 (1930): 313 3 no. (1930): 10,

384. lead toastrongerfaith need 36 c ouncil are laws and they present something that was supposed

He compared the conciliar documents of mostly English and

number. Yet, again, one wonders how the availability availability how Yet,again,wonders the number. one eformed at that time, to become “ become to time, that at eformed 15 - 332. the the

- church councils, mainly provincial ones, in in ones, provincial mainly councils, church Century England Century may

not was by indirectly criticized ishop ishop of Coventry, sent out a treatise 34 ed

have oeto tid o ipoe the disprove to tried Robertson

for ,

” opposing , magic, and be Speculum en

structive nature of the the of nature structive that pronounced. - established practice established

24, no. 3 (1949): 376 (1949): 3 no. 24, pure, integre et et integre pure,

by D.W.

at

the the h - CEU eTD Collection 1216 38 37 be to seems period analysed the of rest the years, seven first the in thrust initial this after Yet, le papal then bishops local not when the of ideas the spread to supposed were who bishops and archbishops the of activity the Presenting synods, or possible inferences to synods held throughout the six German arch after the Lateran Council, up until the First Council of Lyon in 1245. Pixton analyses the provincial isadetailedCouncil ana Pixton. Lateran.from the priest their teach and duty their do to supposed were bishops The decrees. same else anything the than more council, provincial reiterated councils that community parish their and them for was it priests. good the to commendations out give there was a need to point out clerical wrongdoings at councils. It seems illogical that bishops would as a continued presence dep of church stood”. medieval the which for ideals the of short fell people the of as well as clergy the of lives “the survived clothingetc.) (drunkenness,luxurious misdeeds clerical various how ascertain to councilsFrench

Idem,332. Paul B. Pixton, Pixton, B. Paul c - ouncil he finds them active in th activein them finds he ouncil 1245 38 Moving towards Moving Here, again, one can make a decision to view the appearance of these clerical wrongdoings

His study of German bishops and the implementation of the decrees of the Fourth Lateran i (Leiden: Brill, 1995) (Leiden: Brill, n the body of canons promulgated canons of body the n

37 The German Episcopacy and the Implementation of the Decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council Lateran Fourth the of Decrees the of Implementation the and Episcopacy German The

lysis oftheecclesiastical in situation the German landsinthethirtyyears the German lands is the second the is lands German the

raved clergyLatin Yet, Christendom. in the other possibility isthat gates who were directly supposed to proceed in that respect. that in proceed to supposed directly were who gates e se efforts (at least five archbishops and thirty bishops), and thirtybishops), and archbishops five least (at efforts se ,

P over was a place of communication and learning, where where learning, and communication of place a was riests who were not so good needed to r to needed good so not were who riests 16

the se

two centuries. He sa He centuries. two

opeesv mat study impact comprehensive s and deacons what they took back back took they what deacons and s dioceses of the time. w this as a sign that that sign a as this w eform, and eform, ,

by Paul Paul by CEU eTD Collection 39 canonist the intellectual life of the town in event positive a as 1231 in the of arrival the mentions also He Erfurt. in scholars the of regulations school on especially century, thirteenth the of half second the on focuses mostly He school. cathedral the before, came what analyses Boyce Erfurt, in university the of origins the unravel to Seeking something akin to Gray Cowan Boyce’s article on the schools i his analysis strivesfor. b have would also period prevents him from seeing time wider processes. the on focus His effort. reform this of part actually were respect, own their of impact and role the marginalises also too mu the as bishops puts unfortunately the He be. to them intended III Innocent at indeed as reform, the of personifications looked he Lang and Gibbs of effort the to Similar councils. probable IX conflicts Gregory with land German the in situation political the through explainable apparently is This limited. was decrees Lateran the of impact the that lacking

Gray Cowan Boyce, CowanBoyce, Gray ch emphasis It would appear a more focused effort like those previously mentioned would suffice or or suffice would mentioned previously those like effort focused more a appear would It compreh a produced Pixton major impact with scant mention scant with impact major ,

Henry of Merseburg served as served Merseburg of Henry een an exceptional volume exceptional an een “Erfurt Schools “Erfurt Schools o

n n the provincial synods and loses sight of the German Church as a whole. He

time and a local poet Nicholas of Bibera as sources for the school and and school the for sources as Bibera of Nicholas poet local a and time

(1227

;

their monastery quickly bec - and Scholars in the Thirteenth Century Thirteenth in the Scholars and 1241) ensive account of German conciliar activity, both actual and and actual both activity, conciliar German of account ensive s .

seilyi tetm fFeeik I n i frequent his and II Frederick of time the in especially , , lector

the it is necessary for for necessary is it of the decrees and the reform. Thus reform. the and decrees the of Alt mendicant orders, which although quite popular in in popular quite although which orders, mendicant hough an effort through the entire thirteenth century

in the house and John of Erfurt was also there for for there also was Erfurt of John and house the in 17

ame the n Erfurt in the thirteenth century.

a hub of intellectua more accurate conclusion which conclusion accurate more , ” Speculum

24, no. 1 (1949): 1 (1949): 1 no. 24, , Pixton conclude Pixton l pursuits. The - 18.

39 s

CEU eTD Collection 44 2003), evo, il Medio per Italiano IstitutoStorico 1216 Schools Other and Cathedral 43 42 41 40 as decrees the of translation the in lost much as seem would Europe Western far, thus manner legislation. When looked at as a whole, which in all fairness has not been done in a comprehensive Christendom Latin receptive results include thehistoricaltohis similar monograph. context, His chronicles. episcopal and correspondence, ecclesiastical legislation, conciliar of transfers est in on German schools. experience inGermany. o success the seeing apparently once, Council Lateran of their success”. any the a number of worth, flattering seems ofstudents measure sitting intheir schools indication conclude Paris”. of schools arts and theological the or Italy of schools legal the in trained history.” of accidents the by only often together, came backgrounds and interests varied of men where prominence thecommunity within Erfurt of require 1228, in arriving although Dominicans, The years. forty some

Paul Paul B. Pixton, Idem,1131. Boyce, Idem. Boyce, ablishing theological schools at archiepiscopal churches archiepiscopal at schools theological ablishing

These several studies on the impact of conciliar decrees present an image of image an present decrees conciliar of impact the on studies several These article recent more a In apositiveconclusionBoyce ends with article his “Erfurt Schools and Scholars” and Schools “Erfurt 18 Scholars”, and Schools “Erfurt 40 s

that Erfurt’s light was “bright enough” even in the thirteenth century and “if quantit Speaking of the clergy the of Speaking

“Pope Innocent“Pope III and theSchools: the ofGerman Canon Impact of11 42

Boyce manages 43

Much Much as

- 1272 ,

, e in

specially the general studies that focus on provincial conciliar conciliar provincial on focus that studies general the specially Paul Pixton dealt with dealt Pixton Paul , 18. , , his previously mentioned volume ” in” he continues that they were mostly from elsewhere “frequently elsewhere from mostly were they that continues he

to to go through his entire analysis without mentioning the Fourth

Innocenzo III Urbs et Orbis et IIIUrbs Innocenzo 1101 ;

- a shining 1132. 18

example of this is .example ofthisis the , f Erfurt as a special, as well as typical typical as well as special, a as Erfurt f

writing about Erfurt that it waswritingit “a aboutthat scene Erfurt

general impact of the Lateran Council Council Lateran the of impact general ,

vol. 2, ed. 2, vol.

” . 44

, Pixton’s analysis is based on based is analysis Pixton’s

Pixton findsPixton Andrea Sommerlechner (Rome: (Rome: Sommerlechner Andrea d the Fourth Lateranum Fourthupon Lateranum the

a century to rise in in rise to century a “ 41 limited limited success

However, he However, a not

- very y is -

CEU eTD Collection pertainingas topics Latin withmost Christendom. tothe whole of political situation and the personal influence of the . The image is therefore a colourful one, re some In legislation. ecclesiastical and behaviour of patterns new acquisitionof and translation, perception, of process dynamic a was Europe Western in Council Lateran Fourth the of impact The results? probable This task would require quite decrees. council of implementation and reception of process the at outlook beneficial a provide could approaches both featuring studies Complementary questions. open leave they time same results, valid and interesting certain provide avenues Both answer. obvious no is There fact a part they could continual of be trend. c development and processes case, the of nature local the on focus narrow a be can there arising problem The alternative. viable a be to seems studies case smaller on focusing attempted been not has magnitude such of study a since However, Europe. Central What What is the answer, and what is the best i gions this transfer was limited depending on the local ecclesiastical and and ecclesiastical local the on depending limited was transfer this gions an

extensive extensive transnational s

19 nterpretative solution for the c

cholarly effort lasting many decades. The

an seem exceptional when in when exceptional seem an ouncil’s reception? but at the the at but CEU eTD Collection 48 Pactum1077 1073 VII. Gregory 47 Law”,201 Canon and Papacy 46 (1198 England ed., Semple, H. W. &Cheney R. C. Semple); H. W. and Cheney R. 45 fo in specifically (6 canons the of The erroneo be to considered was what to as signals did directed inward did not subside through time. firstThe three Lateran Councils (1123, 1139, 1179) of forefront the took investiture lay of Matters Pope Gregory VII and set the Roman Church on a collision course with the Holy Roman Empire. cardinals: active perpetuate questions around themes such as the Tanner, Tanner, For more on Gregory VII’s relationship with imperial and secular authority in general see H. E. J. Cowdrey, J. E. H. see general in authority secular and imperial with relationship VII’s Gregory on more For bull the of opening The For more For CHAPTER II. not go deep go not c ouncil approached the subject matter When the “Gregorian reform” started in the mid the in started reform” “Gregorian the When Decrees on the start of the “Gregorian reform” see Morris, Morris, see reform” “Gregorian the of start the on - 1080 - 1216) ly (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1990), 236 1990), Press, University Georgetown D.C.: (Washington, - , ” 1085 ur canons (63 canons ur Humbert

- TheEnglish

into the matter of clerical reform, but the Fourth Lateran Council sent out clear clear out sent Council Lateran Fourth the but reform, clerical of matter the into (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1953). Ltd, Sons and Nelson (London: Thomas 13), 13), THE IMPACT HUNGARY,POLAND, AND IN THE OF COUNCIL THE II. 1.

d the d

(Oxford: O Press, 1998), 75 1998), Press, O (Oxford: Vineam domini domini Vineam ih lrcl oas n ie f h cnn (14 canons the of nine in morals clerical with - and diseased, and instead of the grape they bring forth the wild grape. thewild and diseased, ofthegrapeforth andinstead they bring against it that over that area have it nosmall thorn against ofvines, sprungupinstead and 218; I. S. Robinson, “Pope Gregory VII”, 439 Gregory VII”, “Pope Robinson, I.S. 218;

us The Morals of Clerics MoralsofThe theDiscipline theChurch and of issue of debate , , and Hildebrand. and Damian, Peter , Historical Review Historical

(with it!) thevinesare grief variously wereport themselvesinfected

- 66). in simony (selling of priestly offices) and clerical marriage. These su 48

the curia of Pope Leo IX, especially IX, Leo Pope of curia the of the Lord of Sabaoth,and of of the Lord succeeded theironsethassofar mmoning Christendom to the Fourth Lateran Council (translation by C. C. by (translation Council Lateran Fourth the to Christendom mmoning

Beasts destroy ofmanyattempting to thevineyard kinds are Nearly a fifth of the seventy canons of the Fourth Lateran Fourth the of canons seventy the of fifth a Nearly BOHEMIA in

94, no. 373 (1979): 721 (1979): no. 373 94,

detail and dealt with ecclesiastical discipline - 271; I. S. Robinson, “Pope Gregory VII, the Princes and the the and Princes the VII, Gregory “Pope Robinson, S. I. 271; 20 the the us behavior and not worthy of the new Church. Church. new the of worthy not and behavior us

debate, but the need for reform of reform for need the but debate, Papal Monarchy Papal

- Selected Letters of Pope Innocent III concerning III Innocent Pope of Letters Selected eleventh century, its protagonists rallied protagonists its century, eleventh

46

Cardinal Hildebrand Cardinal - - 756. 483. 483. - 246, 264 246,

, 21 ,

- 33, 79 33, - 22) - among 265. - , 108; Blumenthal, “The “The Blumenthal, 108;

n wt simony with and his three most most three his

later later the Church Church the

bec in eight Pope Pope a me 47 45

CEU eTD Collection the impede can appeal or custom in matters.suchwhich observed no thebe form isbeyond to go they unless oftheir decisions, execution that decree we reform, and correction of office this freely exercise to able be to the and ofclerics, to theirespecially subject’s correction the offences, 51 Morris, 50 49 whole. a as Christendom to pertaining way general a in regulated and The subjects. t of reform the for responsible ones the were bishops the where responsibility of hierarchy set 7 Canon were. actually clergymen inept morally and undisciplined with between orpapal bishops thelocal popes. and legates the either correspondence are sources other The Europe. Central eastern in century thirteenth the of arematters this how ascertain to difficult is of the of goes, kind clergy.implementationlegislation asofthis Asfar regional the ina context it repeat such decrees to had Church the that fact the remedy to sought Council(s) Lateran The whole. a as discipline indicate decrees these of correspond within their ecclesiastical preparation provinces and with Rome on in matters of reform. The affairs pre their arrange to only not time abbots and of the Roman curia. The movement necessary to pertaining matters with dealt thus Council

Canon 7: “Bywe constitution this inviolable thatdecree prelates of churches prudently should diligentlyand attend Moore, Moore, Decrees against the practices of simony and clerical marriage had been present since present been had marriage clerical and simony of practices the against Decrees Papal Monarchy Papal A short over short A clergymof deeds reprehensible The Innocent III Innocent to 50 the decrees of the provincial councils and they seem to seemthey and councils provincial the of decrees the

a achieve the ultimate goalultimate achieve Churcha inthe the Crusades. victorious of

nd judicial and moral authority given to the bishop was higher than higher was bishop the to given authority moral and judicial so , 228 ,

council decisions should be seen as answers to queries brought to the attention continually view of the canons can canons the of view , , 92

- 252. - 94. c s

ouncil summons sent out in April of 1213 gave the multitude of bishops the continued existence of the problems of clerical morals and church church and morals clerical of problems the of existence continued the

, a detail that was reflected in concrete terms. The primary sources in such such in sources primary The terms. concrete in reflected e reveal reveal

n were well were n indicates indicates t the 21 internal reform of the Church. This was seen as seen was This Church. the of reform internal

some ideas as to what the prevailing problems prevailing the what to as ideas some he decisions did gainnot traction with part -

documented reform of morals…In order that of reform morals…In order may they have have for from

51 be h Cucl u as to also but Council the

the Roman synod of 1059; 1059; of synod Roman the canon subsequent The

en early on in the reformthe in on early

49 rare in the first half half first the in rare

in previous times previous in down

The offences of offencesof The h clear the sence heir

CEU eTD Collection games…Their outer garments should be closed and neither too short nor too long. Let them not indulge in red or green necessit by obliged are they chance by unless altogether, taverns avoid them Let actors. and entertainers mimes, watch not should They 55 Tanner, the cups…We deepest forbid all clerics to hunt or to fowl, so let themnot presume to have or birds dogs for fowling,” themselves to dri bind drinkers places some in whereby abolished entirely be to is abuse that that and decree we intellect Accordingly lust. the up stirs obscures drunkenness since drink, to urged be one no Let wine. the to themselves and themselves 54 Tanner, theirbenefices,” from suspended be hold fathers their which in office.churches If the iscontrary secular the in canons become to illegitimate, are they if especially canons, of lust, 53 involving vice every of beware them Let Tanner, heaven,” fromdown came wrathofGod thewhich of account on especiallythat orders. holy in those especially way, chaste and continent a in live 52 Tanner) P. Norman by are Council Lateran wit and bishop the of orders the on and instance the at custom, this had have now until which churches those in chapter the by corrected be to are chapter, theby corrected been customarily have which however, church, cathedral a of canons canon temptationofvanitythe clergy. triesthe toremove from chance. of games and entertainment, business, secular taverns, avoid should they how but clericalat with deals which 16, the clergy away from secular pursuits and practices. This is clearly evident in the wording of Canon clergymen hunting or fowling abolish to moving clergymen, churches. same the in canons as fathers their succeeding disreputable accountable, but to applied be to and reform of scope the in addressed is c defines thelimits and prerogatives ofthe embattled Church, se ould

Canon Canon 16: “Clerics should not practice callings or business of a secular nature, especially those that are dishonorable. Can Canon 14: “In order that the morals and conduct of clerics may be reformed for t for reformed be may clerics of conduct and morals the that order “In 14: Canon Canon 15: “All clerics should carefully abstain from gluttony and drunkenness. They should temper the w the temper should They drunkenness. and gluttony from abstain carefully should clerics “All 15: Canon on 31: “In order to abolish a very bad practice that has grown up in many churches, we strictly forbid the sons sons the forbid strictly we churches, many in up grown has that practice bad very a abolish to order “In 31: on

go whilst inquiring hin a suitable time suitable a hin Decrees

practices. , 242 , nk equal amounts, and that man is most whopraised makes the most people drunk and himself drains C

y on a journey. They should not play at games of chance or of dice, nor be present at such such at present be nor dice, of or chance of games at play not should They journey. a on y those found guilty. Not only were the clergymen who liv who clergymen the were only Not guilty. found those even anon 14. Th 14. anon - 243. attempted, we attempted, it declare whoto be invalid. Those attempt make to such persons canons are to

- those

limit which the bishop will decide.” will bishop the which limit 52

its eradication as a means to means a as eradication its i n eae t ti, ao 3 das ih nig h patc o sons of practice the ending with deals 31 Canon this, to Related to

bishops bishops or other superiors

is any dishonest behavior. The enduring matter of clerical incontinence .

54

tire. It stipulates not only how clerics should and should not dress,not should and should onlyclerics Ithow not stipulates tire. canon not only dealt with the problem of clerical marriage within within marriage clerical of problem the with dealt only not canon

These decrees indicate an incentive by Roman the Curia to move lrcl drunkenness clerical

Tanner, Tanner, Decrees Decrees , 249. , 22

, 237. ,

(all English translations of the canons of the Fourth Fourth the of canons the of translations English (all a who

chaste life, but also defined the sanctions the defined also but life, chaste completely 53 protect

Canon 15 Canon eking tomark out howfar a bishop

ed a wl a te rcie of practice the as well as , if not openly he better, let all of them strive to to strive them of all let better, he

speaks out against drunk against out speaks Decrees ed

in such a way held held way a such in , 242. , condon

ed 55

ine to to ine such This

CEU eTD Collection Tanner, devotion,” and withzeal both them, allows strictly command such persons, in virtue of obedience, to celebrate the divine not give an attentive ear to the things of God. We altogether forbid these and similar onthings pain of suspension. We while so, and outside laity the pay of and conversations choir to the attention of silence the flee they celebrated, being is it when present be to happen they if attend; to bother oth are There stupor. a of statein morning continuous entire the away pass and birds the of chorus dawn the at roused barely are they sleep, for night the of half the night in unnec 58 Tanner, chapters…,” si help, and advice appropriate the purpose…Let them invite in charity, at the start of this innovation, two neighboring Cistercian abbots to give them to All one. accustomed hold been not have who them, over abbots have not do who and abbots, those of chapter general a careful with proceed may 57 they that so council, next Tanner, decent,” and the whatisprofitable to matters according other and against these deliberation at others and suffragans and metropolitan the to matters refo or correction needs what investigate carefully year, whole the throughout jurisdiction, without any summarily, and willsimply who persons, honest and prudent say to is that persons, suitable on inflicting may this that observance, order In due. their punishment the secure transgressors to as so council, general this by down the laid been God have which of those fear especially the in and diligently r the consider and they excesses of which correction in suffragans their with year each councils provincial 56 them have to it befits whosedignity those for even ringsexcept or gilded or have other superfluous ornamentation…They are not to wear buckles or belts ornamented with gold or silver, or embroidery with shoes or sleeves long cloths, pro were elections Secret stance. reformed the specifying 26 to 24 Canons duty. pastoral as there were some who himself, bishop the of reform the preciselyon focuses 17 Canon surprisingthat not is it therefore 12. Canon by stipulated as years three previously did not have general chapters. These general assemb provinces. their within decrees reform transfer would archbishops which through instrument the be to supposed were councils priests. Canon 6 already defines the necessity of holding provincial councils on a yearly andprerogatives dutiesand bishops the of establish churchand the hierarchyof the supporting of

Canon 17: “We regretfully relate that not only certain lesser clerics but also some prelates of churches pass almost almost pass churches of prelates some also but clerics lesser certain only not that relate regretfully “We 17: Canon bishops, diocesan of right the saving years, three every held be there let province or kingdom every “In 12: Canon Canon 6: “As is known to have been ordained of old by the holy fathers, metropolitans should not fail to hold hold to fail not should metropolitans fathers, holy the by old of ordained been have to known is “As 6: Canon Issues of discipline are th

should attend, unless they have a canonical impediment, at one of the monasteries which is suitable for suitable iswhich monasteries the of one at impediment, canonical a have they unless attend, should 58

The Council also dealt with the matter of the election of ecclesiastical officials, ecclesiastical of election the of matter the with dealt also Council The Decrees essary essary feasting and forbidden conversation, not to mention other things, and leaving what is left

lived lived lavish lives and failed to care for their flock, in effect failing in their , 240 , eform of morals, especially among the clergy. Let them recite the canonical rules, canonical the recite them Let clergy. the among especially morals, of eform nce from long practice the are well informed about holding such such holding about informed well are Cistercians the practice long from nce - 241.

56 e other part of the analyzed material and deal with the proper way

ers who celebrate mass barely four times a year and, what is worse, do not do worse, is what and, year a times four barely mass celebrate who ers smlr biain a pae o abt ad ros who priors, and abbots on placed was obligation similar A 57

The paramount role in all of this was that of the bishop; the of that was this of all in role paramount The pointed toes, or in bridles, saddles, breast saddles, bridles, in or toes, pointed Decrees 23 be done more effectively, let them appoint for each diocese diocese each for appoint them let effectively, more done be

, 243. , they attend to talk that is unnecessary for them, they do do they them, for unnecessary is that talk to attend they

,” Tanner, Tanner, ,” lies were supposed to be held every

Decrees office, office, day and night alike, as far as God rm and will then faithfully report these these report faithfully willthen rmand , 243. , hibited, secular abuses abuses secular hibited,

- plates and spurs that are are that spurs and plates Decr ees , 236 , basis. The - 237.

CEU eTD Collection condempnare supplicio mortis presumunt mancipantes custodie carcerali eos et capiunt viros ecclesiasticos instituta canonum sacrorum et 65 64 63 Topoi 63 62 61 60 Foreville, in participants full list of Nagyvárad 59 laymen. of hands the at the Council. f letter a received 1217 in and council the at present was Andrew, successor, his , Lateran the see to live not did Daniel Bishop Gniezno. Prague. bull the betwee period the in councils church to references five note bishops Bohemian varied. provinces and bishops the by decrees Bohemia. and Poland, Hungary, from came eighteen council, by stipulated as assembly provincial a at perhaps suffragans, their amongst publish to provinces home their to back them bring and council the of procedure would have been for the bishops staying in Rome in November 1215 to copy the canons be punished by(not higher authorities necessarilyby thepope). andwereelection, confirmations as also improper the nullifyingto were tobeseen thevalidity of

CDB II, 126. II, CDB I,vol. 27. Pol., Bull. 203. I, MES 99. II, CDB Non tam detestabilis quam abhominabilis consuetudo in Boemie partibus inolevit, quod laici laici quod inolevit, partibus Boemie in consuetudo abhominabilis quam detestabilis tam Non For an analysis of the bull see Alberto Melloni, “Vineam Domini Domini “Vineam Melloni, Alberto see bull the of analysis an For - The archbishops of Esztergom, Kalocsa, Split, Gniezno, the bishops of Eger, Győr, Veszprém, Vác, Vác, Veszprém, Győr, Eger, of bishops the Gniezno, Split, Kalocsa, Esztergom, of archbishops The 73.

–

Summoning Lateran IV,” in t s ifcl t acran o te ped f hs dces ae a came decrees these of spread the how ascertain to difficult is It 60 Vineam domini sabaoth domini Vineam 62 /Oradea

The letter was also sent to John of Esztergom

hs a te tnad aa bl adesd o ihp truhu Christendom. throughout bishops to addressed bull papal standard the was This

64

Honorius was protesting against inequities suffered by clergy in Andrew’s province , Csanád, Hvar, Nin, Cracow, Bre Cracow, Nin, Hvar, Csanád, ,

, CDB II, 126. CDB , II,

65

The matter of ecclesiastical liberties ( liberties ecclesiastical of matter The n 1213 and 1254. The first is naturally the summons to the council, the to summons the naturally is first The 1254. and 1213 n Latran

Pope Innocent Pope III Innocent and his World

sent out from the Lateran on April 19, 1213, to Bishop Daniel of DanielBishop to 1213, 19, April Lateranon the from out sent , 391 , rom Pope Honorius III on the observation of the canons of of canons the of observation the on III Honorius Pope rom - 395.

slau/Wrocław, Lebus, Kujawy, Prague and Olmütz/Olomouc; a Olmütz/Olomouc; and Prague Kujawy, Lebus, slau/Wrocław, 24

Canon 6. Of the more than 400 bishops at the the at bishops 400 than more the Of 6. Canon , , ed. John C. Moore (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999), –

10 April 1213: New 1213: April 10

… 59 ecclesie libertatem ecclesie

, h rcpin f h council the of reception The 61

as well as the archbishop of Efforts and Traditional Traditional and Efforts ot Te normal The bout. quidam contra deum deum contra quidam …) was high was …) 63

CEU eTD Collection 613 against Ordeals”, of1215 “Canon Baldwin, promotionof justice the in authorities secular of aid the required power ecclesiastical that stipulated theory in decree this 244; a punishment involving the same, be or present when such punishment is carried out…,” Tanner, 71 70 69 68 67 1209 2003), evo, il Medio per Italiano storico (Rome:Istituto 66 the canons remains a general remark. The next time a council was noted of in papal correspondence of behavior excessive The 7. Canon on elaboration an as seen be should letter this detail, further blood. of shedding the involving sentences in clergy of involvement the with deals which 18, Canon to similar was mistakes their of nature physical be could This Council). with breaking thus clergy, and monks against manner violent a in hands their of strength the applying were the to subject monastery, Strahov the of grievance coming from Bohemia. The pope was much more specific in his letter to Peter, the abbot s a relatingto than rathercanon, council the on basedinstructive mostly is it detailed quite Council. Lateran Fourth the of 12 Canon per as council provincial a Břevnov Cistercians. the to pertaining 1222 in sent was letter similar A Bohemia. to specific not letter general a however, th in order the favored he that signifying 1219, in Christendom Latin of bishops the to then and the of brothers and abbots the to letter a t on

Wojciech Wojciech Iwanczak, “Innocent III and Bohemia CDB III/1, 76. III/1, CDB 72 III/1, CDB 208. II, CDB 163 II, CDB Canon 18: 18: Canon he list of papal priorities of the time. the of prioritiespapal of list he and Kladruby, both

“No cleric may decree or pronounce a sentence involving the shedding of blood or blood shedding of sentenceinvolvingthe a pronounce or decree maycleric “No

-

74. 74. 68

It was only in 1234 that Pope Gregory IX sent a letter ordering the abbots of abbots the ordering letter a sent IX Gregory Pope that 1234 in only was It

althoughi

a reference to Canon 7, which covers how to deal with how clerical. The clerical. how with deal to how covers which 7, Canon to reference a

w mnh later. months two ts intialintentts seemedabolishment thebe to practices, such ofmore see for Benedictine, and of Nepomuk and Plasy, both Cistercian, to convene

h maig f h pbihd aos o te orh Lateran Fourth the (of canons published the of meaning the - 636. 66 , ” in

Honorius recalled the novelties of the council again in again council the of novelties the recalled Honorius

Innocenzo Innocenzo III: Urbs et orbis 70 25

h pp hd eevd od ht oe canons some that word received had pope The

- 1212. 71

However e papal reform effort. reform papal e sne rgr de nt giv not does Gregory since , , , vol. 69

Although this account is account this Although 2, ed. Andrea Sommerlechner 67

This was, This

carry out carry Decrees pecific pecific e , CEU eTD Collection 76 75 74 73 72 Gniezno. of Fulk Archbishop by confirmed was constitutions of series a were Syradia/Sieradz Lateran provincial or ones). the in council general the (whether councils Church to references clear has that clergy Polish to sent letter papal only the is This Plock. of province the in reform significant of lack apparent re detailed the considering pope, the and Poland in Church the in the ecclesiastical province. clerics several to so more even but Mazovia, of Conrad Duke to referring Poland, in situation the … Sicque in nullo servata generalis Concilii forma edita super corrigendis excessibus subditorum tua provincia Plock. of province the in flock the reform to need the underlines he which in Gniezno of archbishop the to letter not contend withFrederick’s powerful maneuvering. to the council in Rome. th and well as summons the received Esztergom of Matthias Archbishop territory. his in bishops the hindering by council the in the followingyear. with Bohemia was in 1240, when Gregory IX summoned the bi

KDW, no. 150. no. KDW, W. and P., A., onlyB., noted as are clerics These KDW, 336. I, MES 327 III/2, CDB presertim iuxta constitutions Concilii generalis Concilii constitutions iuxta presertim T corresponden “reform of cases Polish The no. 102. no. e eom f h Pls Cuc cniud n a oni ws ed n 23 in 1233 in held was council a and continued Church Polish the of reform he

, … …, -

328; the bishops of Prague ofPrague thebishops 328; 74 ne ge ante

72 eie nmru rfrne t cucl i te etr (… letter the in councils to references numerous Besides 73

This effort eventually unsuccessfulproved as Frederick II moved to block

Gregory had formed a well thought e instruction to determine who would come from within his province province his within from come would who determine to instruction e Concilium nerale 75

One can only suppose there was previous correspondence between and and Olomouc

, ... …, 26 …), Honorius shows considerable awareness of awareness considerable shows Honorius …), (O ce” are even fewer. In 1218 Honorius III sent a IIIsent Honorius 1218 In fewer. even are ce”

lmütz n lcni clsa ydu celebrans Syndoum ecclesia Plocensi in

)

were summoned to the council in Rome. councilin the to weresummoned - out plan for the council, but he could shops to a general council in Rome sponse of Honorius III to the the to III Honorius of sponse oclu in Concilium

…, …, ..., 76

CEU eTD Collection Orbis, et Urbs III: 78 Sexuality theof History of Journal 77 but 1233 to prior held councils were affairs, but the constitutions of the Council of Syradia speak to the contrary, implying that not only ecclesiastical everyday in apparent highly not was reform that think to one lead could sources Lateran the by out set program reform the pursuing actively was Lateran, the at present been had who Kietlicz Henryk Gniezno of Archbishop the especially Poland, in the vario expect one council to resolve it. to unreasonable been have would it years of hundreds for controversy of matter a been had issue years eighteen problematic be to continued contrahere abstinentes fornicacionis omni ab observant continenciam tenentur sicut clerici omnes ut precipimus, statuentes i clerical of matter consti the of content ( constitutions the of secudundum constitucionem parts Concilii Lateranensis final the in itself council the on note The 1215. in Lateran the most it but were, constitutions previous the what to as established to meet the goal of reform for the better ( ( had diligencepredecessors archbishop’s the what to adding or its innovating at aimed council a to committed to due was, Church Polish the of bishops of assembly This

Urszula Urszula Borkowska, ar Wrhie, Cide o Dsre: lrcl aetg, leiiay ad eom n h Mdl Ages Middle the in Reform and Illegitimacy, Parentage, Clerical Disorder: of “Children Wertheimer, Laura The Council of Syradia implies several important details. First, the issue of clerical morals us references to decisions by predecessors and directly to the Lateran Council. The Church …).

ed. Andrea Sommerlechner (Rome: Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio evo, 2003), 1180 il Medio 2003), evo, per Italiano Storico (Rome:Istituto Andrea Sommerlechner ed. ncontinence “ Innocent III Innocent and the Countries of the 'New Christianity'

uin i as ceryifune yte orh aea oni,wt the with Council, Lateran Fourth the by influenced clearly also is tutions … floe b ceia mrig ( marriage clerical by followed )

15, no. 3 (2006): 382 3 no. (2006): 15,

77 stressed as the most acute problem ( problem acute most the as stressed

A second, more implicit detail, comes to mind when considering

that they were important to the history of the Church in Church the of history the to important were they that after the Fourth Lateran Council. However, since the since However, Council. Lateran Fourth the after - 27 407.

and possibly

melius reformando

likely refers to decisions emanating from from emanating decisions to refers likely per per statute Syndoi reformata armna ulmd es licuit eis nullomodo matrimonia –

Poland Poland and Hungary Super omnia autem districte districte autem omnia Super ). The council is not precise Council. aia diligent habita 78 ,

” The lack of lack The

in o genere genere o Innocenzo Innocenzo - 1189. ). The i ut , ),

” CEU eTD Collection of (1237 (1228 subdeacon 1221 (1219, subdeacon 85 84 83 Conciliourum 82 81 80 79 Hungary. confidence. of men Council. Lateran Contrary to this the notion, it is more of likely that the reform reform was done by means the of legates, the papacy’s to response delayed a had that one as Church Hungarian prev the to comparison A 1222 unclear picture 1279. in century, thirteenth became t of 12 Canon with of a general chapter and tightening up on visitations to monasteries. Nine years later the pope called upon the in Hungary on the matter of the celebration the uphold appropriate the provide to andcouncil the of constitutions to Hungary in Church the and archbishop the of asking Council, Lateran Fourth Lateran Council. the of impact the to as arise questions identified are council a such of instances more or one once but one, this as such councils provincial through trace to easiest is ideas of spread The Poland.

The The legates were Ugolino de Segni, cardinal bishop of Ostia (legate from 1217 Idem,177 Waldmüller, of quote a For 249 I, MES 211. I, MES Zoltán J. Kosztolnyik, “Rome and the Church in Hungary in 1279: The Synod of Buda of Synod The 1279: in Hungary in Church the and “Rome Kosztolnyik, J. Zoltán

connected Legateto Accontius The archbishop of Esztergom received a letter from Honorius III in 1216, a year after the after year a 1216, IIIin Honorius from letter a received Esztergom of archbishop The apparent in the Hungarian Church was the Council of Buda in the second half of the of half second the in Buda of Council the was Church Hungarian the in apparent 85 - 178.

-

22 (1990): 68 (1990): 22 2 Synoden 52. - C - 1238); 1238); Posa, OP, bishop of Bosnia (1238

1232); Jacob de de Pe Jacob 1232); with regard to anon 12 see footnote footnote see anon12

, , 173 e orh aea Council. Lateran Fourth he

- 25 ?) Rbr, rhihp f stro (1227 Esztergom of archbishop Robert, [?]); 1225

In the the In - - 85. 176. iously mentioned Polish council of council Polish mentioned iously

82

eid ewe 11 ad 24 ie aa lgts ee cie in active were legates papal nine 1254 and 1213 between period

provincial councils

Lothar Waldmüller’s analysis of councils in Hungary provides a provides Hungary in councils of analysis Waldmüller’s Lothar coraria, cardinal bishop of Palestrina (August, 1232 (August, bishop ofPalestrina cardinal coraria, 57 .

and and more likely a provincial council Esztergom in in 1252 28 81 - . 1239 1239 [?]); John of Civittela, papal chaplain and subdeacon 83

h nx tm a ra cniir eom effort reform conciliar great a time next The

There was probably one council in Kalocsa in resources for the upcoming Crusade. upcoming the for resources 1233 may provide an image of the the of image an provide may 1233 - 1232); Aegidius, papal chaplain and and chaplain papal Aegidius, 1232); 80 - 1219); Acontius,1219); papal chaplain and

Such a letter is in accordance – March 1234); Salvi, bishop Salvi, bishop 1234); March , ” Annuarium Historiae Historiae Annuarium . 84 79 n

CEU eTD Collection 91 90 (1198 89 IX. Gregors undUngarn”, “Papsttum Tode zum bis III. Innocenz' 88 87 Ages Middle Pr University the in Law Canon and Teachers, in Hungary,” in Delegate Judges Papal Lawand Canon III., “Innocent Sweeney, Ross James see Hungary for III Innozenz zu bis Reformpäpsten den von Kirchen der Bezugspunkt als Papsttum universale Eigen Das Peripherie. kirchliche Zu und Zentrum Papstes. des Augen “Die Zey, Claudia Benson Louis Robert of Memory in Essays Ages: Middle Province: Geographi 86 Friedrich der Theologie Fachbereich Einflussnahme “Das Papsttum Barabas, Gabor (1253). Esztergom of archbishop Báncsa, Stephen and (1241); case the in judge plenitud ranki high king’s the for excommunication and Hungary all over interdict an in resulted that Esztergom of Robert Archbishop and Andrew King inSyrmia. bishopric or establishing a mona Benedictine the against attacks the resolving Veszprém, of chapter the Pannonha of Abbey the between disputes on deliberating Hungary, in judge a as worked papal c the give to him mandated pope the from received he order last The Hungary. in Church the reforming in active heretics and pirates in Dalmatia, as the authority. full with III Honorius by sent was who IX, Gregory pope future the Hugolino, Legate is period

Zimmermann, Barabas, Zimmerman, Barabas, Heinrich Zimmermann, Zimmermann, Heinrich For more on papal legates in the thirteenth century see Robert C. Figueira, “The Medieval and His His and Legate Papal Medieval “The Figueira, C. Robert see century thirteenth the in legates papal on more For haplain, subdeacon Aegidius, as legate to Hungary, Croatia, and Bosnia. Legates were the long arm of the papacy across the Alps. the across papacy the of arm long the were Legates o

“Papsttum und“PapsttumUngarn”, 87 “Papsttum und Ungarn”, und“PapsttumUngarn”, potestatis ess, 1989), 26 ess,1989),

n 21 Aotu, aa sbecn n chaplain and subdeacon papal Acontius, 1221, In – P

P äpstliche Legation äpstliche Zusammenwirken Zusammenwirken , ed. Jochen Johrendt & Harald Müller (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 20 Gruyter, de Walter (Berlin: Müller Harald & Johrendt Jochen ed. , äpstliche Legation äpstliche pallium cal cal Limits of Jurisdiction,” in between

as his mission was expansive compared to Aegidius. The legate functioned as

55 Die - - 52. 58.

to the archbishop the to p

und Ungarn in der ersten Hälfte des 13. 13. des Hälfte ersten der in Ungarn und

äpstliche Legation in der ersten ersten der in Legation äpstliche the Benedictine abbey of Kolozsvár and the bishop of Transylvania. of bishop the and Kolozsvár of abbey Benedictine the , 116. ,

- 58 44 – , 109. , Alexander

neesneeste (otrl israin Philosop Dissertation, (Doctoral Interessengegensätze” - - 62. 45.

90 se issues were detrimental to the Fifth Crusade. He was also

Jacob of Pecorara was needed due to theconflictbetween to needed due was ofJacob Pecorara - Universität, Erlangen Universität, , ed. James Ross Sweeney & Stanley Chodrow (Ithaca: Cornell Cornell (Ithaca: Chodrow Stanley & Sweeney Ross James ed. , Plenitude Plenitude of Power: The Doctrines and Exercise of Authority in the - - elect of Split, Guncel. Split, of elect schaften und Vollmachten päpstlicher Legaten,” in in Legaten,” päpstlicher Vollmachten und schaften 1241) , ed. Robert C. Figueira (Aldershot: Ashgate 2006), 73 2006), Ashgate (Aldershot: Figueira C. Robert ed. , 29

Pdron Friad cöig, 1913), Schöningh, Ferdinand (Paderborn: g officials. ng

For more on the issue of papal legates in Hungary see see Hungary in legates papal of issue the on moreFor H älfte des 13. Jahrhunderts: vom Regierungsantritt Regierungsantritt vom Jahrhunderts: 13. des älfte - Nürnberg, Erlangen, 2013), 35 2013), Erlangen, Nürnberg, Jahrhunderts (ca. 1198 (ca. Jahrhunderts 91

, ao ws moee wt the with empowered was Jacob

88 86 et n msin o ot out root to mission a on went Pope Gregory IX sent another sent IX Gregory Pope

At the very beginning of this of beginning very the At 08), 77 08), stery of Némétujvár of stery 89 - - hischen Fakultät und und Fakultät hischen

108; and specifically specifically and 108; Päpstliche 1241). ca.

Aegidius mostly - 100.

4 Barabas, 94; Römisches Römisches

l ma and and ma Popes, Popes, - 106; 106; CEU eTD Collection Lang, & Gibbs 96 92. 2000), in III”, Innozenz’ 95 of Memory in Essays Ages: Middle Province: Geographical Limits of Jurisdiction 94 93 92 lands, but German with dealing when applied be easily so can that approach quantitative the on not rests mentioned. comp extensive as not are sources where region a in discipline) ecclesiastical and marriage clerical reform of of matter the impact to the (pertaining of interpretations conclusive create to difficult is it this, Considering fifth one than fewer registered and copied III Innocent of time in a continuous manner. At this point it would be appropriate to note that the papal chancery in the This bala region. wider a on rather but province, or kingdom specific one on focused not were they and intermittent were legations their since all, of least legates the stability, provided actually Neither IIBulgaria.of mission in Bulgaria was less than successful and Salvi had to promote a crusade agains John Asen cause of the Holy Land as well as the with the princes of Bulgaria and Hungary. The Order. Teutonic the of Andrew, all the while taking care of the interests of the Hungarian Church and promoting the cause of Jacob However,

For more on the research done into the registers of Innocent III (1198 III ofInnocent registers intothe done research more the on For Zimmermann, Barabas, For more on papal legates in the High Middle Ages see Robert C. Figueria, Figueria, C. Robert see Ages Middle High the in legates papal on more For The reform e reform The On the one hand there was a provincial c provincial a was there hand one the On

nce nce was further impacted by the lack of sources pertaining to the specific issues of reform “Papsttum und Ungarn”, und“PapsttumUngarn”,

rather documents the importance of several examples of the impact of reform. Bohemia 96

Bishops and Reform and Bishops fforts in England and Germany have received comprehensive analysis by historians. For more see see more For historians. by analysis comprehensive received have Germany and England in fforts An evaluation of the issue of reform and the impact of the Lateran Council therefore

93 P Papst Innozenz III.: Weichensteller der Geschichte Europas Geschichte der Weichensteller III.: Innozenz Papst äpstliche Legation äpstliche

eoaa a t da wt te pi bten rhihp oet n King and Robert Archbishop between split the with deal to had Pecorara

92

Next was Bishop Salvi of Perugia whose mission was to promote to was mission whose Perugia of Salvi Bishop was Next Robert Louis Benson Louis Robert ; Pixton,

47 , 128; Barabas, “Papsttum und Ungarn”, 53 “Papsttum Ungarn”, und Barabas, 128; , - 51, 82 51, ared to the examples of England or Germany, previously previously Germany, or England of examples the to ared

The German Episcopacy and the Fourth Lateran Council Lateran the Fourth and Episcopacy German The , ” in - 84

Plenitud , ed. Robert C. Figueira (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 73 2006), Ashgate, (Aldershot: Figueira ed. C. , Robert 30 ouncil, and on the other hand there were legates. legates. were there hand other the on and ouncil, e of Power: The Doctrines and Exercise of Authority in the

- 1216) see Othmar Hageneder, “Die Register Register “Die Hageneder, Othmar see 1216)

of the documents it produced. it documents the of , ed. Thomas Frenz (Stuttgart: Steiner, Steiner, (Stuttgart: Frenz Thomas ed. , “The Medieval Papal Legate and His His and Legate Papal Medieval “The - 54, 227 54, - 228

.

- 106. the 95 94

CEU eTD Collection A.300 D. Education, on Legislation “Ecclesiastical Europe s Europe; Western Society ofCarolingian area the on concentrates scholarship the of 98 Council Lateran the Fourth and Episcopacy 97 provides insight the importance into educational themes inthe held by provided Charl Church Roman the occurrences happening wit of Esztergom, Stephen, became Robert and Itlegates. papal toimagine wouldbean illusion these the Polish bishops convened at least one provincial council in 1233 and the Hungarian archbishops bishop local The formulations. his in subtle more wasGregory while council the to directly referred Honorius IX. Gregory and III Honorius to both important dynamics of papal correspondence addressed to Central Europe show that the Lateran Council was yet allthree sphere, ecclesiastical and political German the into integration its of levels various the considering apart land a was

There appears to have been a post a been have to appears There ihp nrw f rge ulse te aea decrees Lateran the published Prague of Andrew Bishop emagne and Louis the Pious. the Louis and emagne

(London: Paul Elek, 1978), 33; for a more general overview of educational trends see Ellen Perry Pride, Pride, Perry Ellen see trends educational of overview general more a for 33; 1978), Elek, Paul (London: and other branches of study, as far as is possible, to the clerics of those and other other and those of clerics the to possible, is as far as study, of branches other and the greater and sounder part of it, shall be appointed by the by prelate or to chapter teach the grammar by elected master, suitable a resources, sufficient with churches We churches. many in observed t little very is however, decree, This learners’. thus at once satisfying the teacher’s needs and opening up the way of knowledge to each ‘in scholars, poor other and church cathedral the of clerics the charge without instruct that decreed dutifully therefore council cathedral church there Lateran should be provided a suitable benefice The for a master w means. of lack make to opportunity the and learning for Zeal The herefore confirm it and add that not only in every cathedral church but also in other a general educational agenda encompassing lay students as well. as students lay encompassing agenda educational general a proceeding of the ecclesiastical

(Leiden: B (Leiden: about

with diocesan councils convening in Prague in 1216 in Prague in convening councils diocesan with

provinces an appreciation exhibited of thedecrees ofthe council. rill, 1992); Lester K. Little, Little, K. Lester 1992); rill, clerical education clerical hout strong andsupport. papal approval Fourth Fourth Lateran Council give a detailed concept

- Carolingian gap in interest in the practicalities of education; furthermore, most furthermore, education; of practicalities the in interest in gap Carolingian 98

,

The proceedings were not limited to limited not were proceedings The 296 II. 2. - 297, - 1200,” 1200,” , a position that had been lacking since the time of of time the since lacking been had that position a , Clerical Education

406 31 - 412, 439 412, Ch

Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval in Economy Profit the and Poverty Religious

urch History urch returning progress is denied to some through through some to denied is progress ee M. M. Hildebrandt, Hildebrandt, M. M. ee .

rm Rome from

s were not silent; in the meantime, meantime, the in silent; not were s 12, no.4 (1943): 235 (1943): no.4 12,

po n 1216 in licies

and Olomouc in 12 in Olomouc and

clerical education clerical The text of Canon 11 Canon of text The ion h Etra Sho in School External The Pixton, ;

of the papacy:

- of of the position of 254. ho shall

The German German The

97 ,

The but 43,

CEU eTD Collection h 101 100 99 mo for option viable a it make to as so canon the tailor to tried provinc ecclesiastical how of sense keener a had curia his and III Innocent that This dioceses. their in clergy further instruction for provide to and decision previous a affirm to necessary it found pope The Church. Roman the of another churc could not archbishop every that theologian. it upon expanded and idea previous the affirmed fee. a pay instruct the clerics and poor students of the area. Council i

is presertim informet, quae ad curam animarum spectare noscuntur spectare animarum curam ad quae informet, ispresertim Tanner, Tanner,

Tanner, Tanner, Sane metropolitan Sane This canon city ordiocese. the of church another in grammarian the for made provision adequate get but way providing for two masters a burden, let it provide for the theologian in the aforesaid as one of income the theologian. The incumbent does not by this become a canon but he receives the to metropolitan the by assigned be shall much as and master, each to chapter the per as recognized are which matters in them to instruct to especially scripture and others and teach priests to theologian a have shall church metropolitan The churches. , Canon 11 of the Council thus stipulates that stipulates thus Council the of 11 Canon

Decrees

every cathedral church should assign a suitable benefice to a master who would then then would who master a to benefice suitable a assign should church cathedral every Decrees provide for both instructors then the Canon 11, however, 11, Canon

101 to the theologian as long as they as long as theologian the to taining to the cure of souls. The income of one prebend shall be assigned by assigned be shall prebend one of income The souls. of cure the to taining h inthe diocese

h cterl hpe ws suppose was chapter cathedral The , 240. , ,

240 a

reveals ecclesia theologum nichilominus habeat, qui sacerdotes et alios in sacra pagina doceat et in in et doceat pagina sacra in alios et sacerdotes qui habeat, nichilominus theologum ecclesia

; for Canon 18 of the Third Lateran Council see idem, 220. idem, see Council Lateran ofthe Third Canon ; for 18

the the bishops as to how they 99

long as he continues to teach. If the metropolitan church finds church metropolitan the If teach. to continues he as long several things about clerical the idea of education theperspective from

provide

may

states that this was not observed in many churches. Innocent III Innocent churches. many in observed not was this that states

mean that the Third Lateran Council had little effect, but also but effect, little had Council Lateran Third the that mean d

for the grammarian.for the were archbishop 32 100 we

t asg a eeie o h mse ad the and master the to benefice a assign to d This would relieve instructors in the school. If the the If school. the in instructors re responsible for the educational needs of the ,

following the decision of the Third Lateran Third the of decision the following

should should take care of the theologian while , Tanner, Tanner,

s t if not all of Latin Christendom. Christendom. Latin of all not if t Decrees archbishopric

the the students from having to ,

240.

es functioned and and functioned es

hud ae a have should archbishopric

CEU eTD Collection 105 104 – Patrick 3 Alba1966), House, York: 103 region. in the schools mendicant of the establishment centuryand until thethirteenth University in 159; for the case of a Hungarian cleric in Oxford see J. Laszlovsky, LászlóMezey, see the between Bologna from and for choice Paris in Hungarian students Kingdom thetwelfth the and thirteen Mittelalter im derselben an Fremden die und Paris Universität 102 at the faculty. with and Oxford, entered Dominicans right. own his in master a became would who Cremona of Roland was beginning well onlyreached Paris at atime. students this few had that shows Paris of University the at students Slavic and Hungarian of survey quick A century. of half first the in 11 Canon of impact the regarding answers conclusive reveal not does this but practices, and trends educational European into students local of inclusion the second, the role of the mendicant orders in the educational system and their possible contributions. and, universities, European in students as area the from clerics of presence the First, area. this in point additional thereare two process educational the advance systematically to impact of Alexander

Medieval Studies in Memory of Leonard Boyle, O.P. Boyle, Memory Leonard of in Studies Medieval

Idem,131. Lawrence, (1218 Cracow of bishop Ivo, William A. Hinnebusch, Hinnebusch, A. William attested. Zutshi, “Pope Honorius III’s The influence of mendicant orders, especially the Dominicans, on medieval education is is education medieval on Dominicans, the especially orders, mendicant of influence The Examining effort concerted a of sign clear only the reality in and framework workable a is 11 Canon C

III the the twelfth century

Friars anon 11 of the Fourth Lateraanon Fourth 11of the 103 105 ’s council failed to failed council ’s Deákság és Európa és Deákság

Admission prestigious tothis wasthe universities Dominicans limited, sending a The

128 students from Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland can provide a certain insight into -

129. preachers - The History of the . Int Order. Dominican the of History The 14; for more on the beginnings of the Dominican Order and their preaching function see see function theirpreaching and Order ofthe Dominican moretheon beginnings for 14;

- , 1229) or Lucas Banffy, archbishop ofEszte archbishop Lucas or Banffy, 1229) ” Journal Journal of Medieval History s that would give a moregivea s thatwould

Gratiarum Gratiarum Omnium

were well received at Paris and one of the students in the very the in students the of one and Paris at received well were

[Clerical Intelligencia and Europe] (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1979), 144 1979), Kiadó, Akadémiai (Budapest: Europe] and Intelligencia [Clerical have

Robert the n Council.

desired effect desired , ed.Anne , Duggan J.

Bacon becoming part of the order, t order, the of part becoming Bacon

and and the Beginnings of the Dominican Order 33 102 for

14 14 (1988): 217 (Berlin: Wilhelm Hertz, 1876), 226 1876), Hertz, Wilhelm (Berlin:

clerics as well as the laity. Apart from th from Apart laity. the as well as clerics complete account on the state of education of thestate accountcomplete on “Nicholaus “Nicholaus clericus: a Hungarian student at Oxford ; ellectual and Cultural Life to 1500 Lifeto Cultural and ellectual

the question arises as to what was the was what to as arises question the (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), Ashgate,2005), (Aldershot: rgom (1158); Alexander Budinszky, Budinszky, Alexander (1158); rgom - 231; 231; there is no clear system of choice

hey had a chair a had hey 104 - , 234; for more on more for 234; ” h thirteenth the i

n In 1221 the 1221 In , vol. 2 (Ne 2 vol. , Omnia disce 199 th century th century - 210 . Die

is w -

CEU eTD Collection 1101 cathedral schools did not develop into universities in this period; Pixton, “Pope Innocent III and the German Schools” 109 108 107 106 there as research for shift occurring intheGerman developmentofcathedral lands. schools he this Frominstructor. the financing on information provides a means ofa mentions that whenever found he in a kind of pro th of evidence finds Pixton schools. the at instructors level higher of influx progressive the with primarily changes, the with deals study detailed His lands. German in schools other for theeducational reform. that the organization of the fledgling order in eastern Central Europe could provide viable support It was only in the latter half of the thirteenth century and more definitely the in fourteenth century them establishing were Dominicans the when time a century, thirteenth the of half first the in structure existing an mention Hinnebusch on in effect theological. time. These schools could train lectors for friaries thus allowing the spread of knowledge, primarily two. Franciscans c were which towns the university in schools general established province, a from candidates three of maximum scholasticus

Hinnebusch, Hinnebusch, Idem; Hinnebusch, Lawrence, Pixton carries his research even further than the scope of this thesis, dealing with the question why the German German the why question the with dealing thesis, this of scope the than further even research his carries Pixton - 1132. Translating these questions giv Pixton Paul

107

Dominican Order Dominican develop , he identified this as a sign of the of sign a as this identified he ,

s However opographical inquiry on various people associated with the cathedral schools. This , 135. , D ominican Order ominican

was n a euainl structure educational an ing

es a comprehensive analysis of the impact the canon had on cathedral and and cathedral on had canon the impact the of analysis comprehensive a es , specifically in the area of eastern Central Europe Europe Central eastern of area the in specifically ,

no longer a politically unified area, at least in theory, but rather an area area an rather but theory, in least at area, unified politically a longer no 108 ,

236

- 239. , 19 , to

-

32. the selves

eastern magister

in the universities the in 34 Central European area offers a specific challenge

council’s impact. Even more so if the source the if so more Even impact. council’s n hs al period early this in , moredealing precisely onewith theology, entres of intellectual thought of the of thought intellectual of entres was and

able to ascertain a progressive a to ascertainable

schools in Western in schools Nihr arne nor Lawrence Neither . 109

106 it had no discernable no had it

h Dominicans The is reform is

Europe. , CEU eTD Collection medi in schools cathedral 114 a had instru had period this in Zagreb) Veszprém, Várad, Vácz, 113 1910). Akadémia, Magyar Tudományos (Budapest: 112 Communication Medieval to 111 1102. Schools”, the and German III Innocent “Pope Pixton, lands; German the in regular canons of chapters and priories monasteries, 1254 foundations, 110 Hundreds of privileges, appeals, orders, questions, a vibrant communication that is only part of the Poland. of establishment the and century eleventh the to origins their tracing centuries, structures educational into insight providing Poland in schools systems. educational on influence its and Council Lateran Fourth the on focusing especially century, last the in developments historiographical However published a survey of chapter schools where he lists names of instructors at the cathedral centres. provid literat a of development The thesis. this literate or circle, why Pixton’s themselves amongst communicate they during communicated polities significant three These Bohemia. and Poland, Hungary, by dominated

Anna A Bekefi lists that most major cathedral centres (Bács, Eger, Györ, Alba Iulia/Gyulafehérvár, Kalocsa, Nyitra, Pécs, Pécs, Nyitra, Kalocsa, Iulia/Gyulafehérvár, Alba Györ, Eger, (Bács, centres cathedral major most that lists Bekefi Remig Békefi, Békefi, Remig Krzyszstof Stopka, “Studia nad geneza szkół katedralnych w Polsce średniowiecznej” [Study on the origins of origins the on [Study średniowiecznej” Polsce w katedralnych szkół geneza nad “Studia Stopka, Krzyszstof n 25 t 1215 In scholasticus

e this period this A great number great A In the 114

a firm account of the existence of a clerical educationalsystem. clerical a of existence the of account firm a damska, damska, “The Introduction of Writing in Central Europe (Poland, Hungary, Bohemia) ,

ee ee forty were here this invaluable work deserves a new perspective taking into account the the account into taking perspective new a deserves work invaluable this

period period prior to the council work is a goodreference though point, a he larger has . A káptalni iskolák története Magyarországon 1540 Magyarországon története iskolák káptalni A B ,

é , to say the least the say to

kefi, frequently interacting in secular as well as ecclesiastical matters. ecclesiastical as well as secular in frequentlyinteracting

eval Poland], Poland], eval History of cathedral schools cathedral of History

, ed. Marco Mostert (Turnhout: Brepols, 1999), 165 1999), Brepols, Mostert (Turnhout: Marco , ed. of letters letters of - w cterl hpes oe ude eighty hundred one chapters, cathedral two

Studia Historyczne Historyczne Studia ,

was b ut any study in this respect would move beyond the scope of scope the beyond move would respect this in study any ut sent from the popes to this region from 1213 up to 1254. to up 1213 from region this to popes the from sent ,

t but also with the German lands, which is another reason another is which lands, German the with also but he area of cmuiy ee a be rsace, but researched, been has here community e

, 95 , 35 ctors of grammar and a and grammar of ctors 36, no. 1 (1993): 3 (1993): 1 no. 36, -

103. 113 eastern

Krzysztof Stopka has written on cathed on written has Stopka Krzysztof Central Europe been part of a scholarly - ig ig [Hist - eight collegiate chapters and canoness canoness and chapters collegiate eight - 21. ory of cathedral schools up to 1540] 1540] to up schools cathedral of ory - in the twelfth and thirteenth thirteenth and twelfth the in 190.

base of analysis. of base schola cantorum schola

111

In 1910 RemigBékefiIn1910 , ” i n , only Esztergom Esztergom only , New New Approaches 110 N a Church in in Church a ot only did onlydid ot

does

not ral 112

CEU eTD Collection i of the office hold they as long so only revenue the enjoy shall they but canons, become thereby they that not metropolitan; the by given be 119 118 117 116 115 on asfinancial his aas with canon todeal needs. so hired. be to canon a be Pr of canon a as identified is Peter that is matterAnother Lateran Council. Third the to connectedbe could but LateranCouncil, Fourth the of impact direct the of sign a not and tradition older an of part be would Peter then identification 1209. in Prague, of bishop II, Daniel by given privilege a of the is P. this that suggestion the give edition source questions several issue, another i instruct hinderedof the ofGyőr. bishop by theabsence the and archdeacon the telling own, his with letter this up compel the Hospitallers to restore the tithe to the abbey of Pannonhalma. of Győr instructor or highly knowledgeable individual in either of the three polities. o whole massof correspondence llegitimate sons from entering the holy orders. Since the primary concern of the letter is with is letter the of concern primary the Since orders. holy the entering from sons llegitimate fficials as aswell

“ CDB II, 78. II, CDB Magistro 213. I, MES Albensi… …Scholastico To each masterTo let there be assigned by the chapter the revenue of benefice, one to and the theologian let as much s a of mention is There There is only one letter from Innocent III to the clergy of this area that takes note of a senior asks h

the

P., canonico Pragensi... canonico P.,

magister im

to urge the archdeacon the nstructor.”, Tanner, Tanner, nstructor.”,

a canon of Prague of canon a ; secular rulers. 119 MES I MES

Therefore , 210. ,

magister , among CDB II CDB arise about arise

, Decrees

it is probable that Peter was hired as an instructor and takenand instructor an as hired was Peter that probable is it , , 122.

the popes, abbots,legates, bishops, and other ecclesiastical

P. in a letter by Honorius III from 1216 where the pope pope the where 1216 from III Honorius by letter a in P. , i 117 ague, whilst whilst ague, n Nyitra/Nitra and the

, 240 ,

and his his and the 116

36 magister

magiste C anon 11 states that states 11 anon . Regarding his name his Regarding . , scholasticus

r Herman

Peter who is attested as attested is who Peter scholasticus 118

If ,

on the necessity of keeping of necessity the on one

115 to

H proceed and not to be to not and proceed an Honorius III followed accept

is letter to the bishop of Székesfehérvár to instructor ,

the editors of the of editors the s

hs probable this a signatory signatory need

not

CEU eTD Collection 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 the by him himself Arnold day. same very the on Salzburg of archbishop II, Eberhard to is here restore informants Provost Vincent the notifying Gniezno of chapter the Wratislauiensi the to authority granting and bishop the scolding it after days two just sent was one he was identified as a supporter of the interdict. This first letter was dated March 27 therefore is him informationscarce, about although he didhave standing high withthe pope since Aegidius. This … to refers Honorius Namely, Prague of diocese the in interdict the of observation

CDB II, 185. II, CDB 178. II, CDB editors. the byResolved ...magistrum archidiaconorum Poznaniensis P. et Zavichoztensis Egidii …magistri 149. II, CDB 148. II, CDB a mention of another of mention a magister The same year pope Honorius sent a letter to Ulrich II, bishop of Passau, ordering him to him ordering Passau, of bishop II, Ulrich to letter a sent Honorius pope year same The a mentions III Honorius 1220 In Robert to 1218 in letter a wrote pope The ,

bishop of Prague. of bishop which would implygoodwhichwith the p would standing his

A., regium capellanum regium A., s scholasticus ,

to remove the bishop if he thebishopif to remove d

regarding urging him to continue working despite the process that was that process the despite working continue to him urging A., dean of Prague of dean A.,

hi

mov

s magister 126

election to the office of scolastico

…; CDB II, 177. II, …; CDB ed Leopold VI, duke of Austria, sent a plea to the pope lest Arnold lest pope the to plea a sent Austria, of duke VI, Leopold

out of an educational context into a more disciplinary role and ,

to benefices in the Diocese of Prague. of Diocese the in benefices to

chapter Arnold magister

Wratislauiensibus id

124

that he had received information on the quality of of quality the on information received had he that

not comply. 37 , royal chaplain as well. A similar letter similar A well. as chaplain royal ,

Egidius, archdeacon of Zawichost in a letter a in Zawichost of archdeacon Egidius, ,

archbishop. bis n hr s a is there and o o Olmütz/Olomouc of hop 121 . operegion. his as well as in … 120

,

125 KDW The editors resolved his name as name his resolved editors The 122

The pope soon sent a letter to letter a sent soon pope The

Egidius was one of the pope , n. 109. ,

mention of a of mention 123

What is interestingis What conducted , ,

regarding the the regarding wh scholasticus scolastic ile another

was

against

sent us to ’ s . CEU eTD Collection 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 Bohemia. the and hierarchy ecclesiastical betwe ties dynamic and frequent the of account take summoning witnesses inthecase. judges of group this of part therefore V. designate moreis noEnoch informationand standing about his inHungary. the case o Johanne de Scacario Honorius’ letter, where the king confirms this agreement and calls John Prague. of bishop the This 1221. in Bohemia clergyof the when Honoriusabbot ofStrahov ordered torestoreArnold the monastery i others. by restored be

, CDB II, 292 II, CDB editors. the byResolved 291 II, CDB 254. I, MES 197. II, CDB 193. II, CDB 232. II, CDB 186. II, CDB

the A document dated after 1226 provid letter a sent Honorius Pope A note ona scolasticus d

f

the the judges assigned to the case of the bishop of Olmütz/Olomouc. the tithe between thebishopofVeszprém andthe Hospitallers.

magister Misnensi . John was court, of aostensibly theking’s part . John one. an important

127

129

Arnold was still not reinstated as the dean of Prague until at least 1222 least at until Prague of dean the as reinstated not still was Arnold

ute ifrain n Jo on information Further

John, ,

s eeae b te psoi Se Udalrico See. Apostolic the by delegated as eastern 134 a in 1225 to 1225 in

procurator magister When When ;

h eta Erpa area, European Central i mnind n nte lte fo the from letter another in mentioned is e es information analysing John magister 38

appears

instigated

the entire group isnecessary it of sources to en the German archbishoprics and general and archbishoprics German the en hn Enoch, archdeacon of Nyitra/Nitra about about Nyitra/Nitra of archdeacon Enoch, in aletter from Honorius IIIaddressed to appears

on

how the bishop of Breslau/Wrocław an agreement between the king and and king betweenthe agreement an

n catr ae so after soon dated charter a in m ost procurator noster magister apparent 131 n his

132

Other than there this 133

There he mentions

former f ese was Meissen of in the case of of case the in

130

same office.

year 128

,

CEU eTD Collection 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 1232 regarding the immunity of the church in Dobrowo, again only as a witness. the abbot ofBřevnovthebishopPrague. and of canon the of tithe the over Prague disapproving the made decisions by of chaplain. the of magister canon of Prague. in the letter including a officials ecclesiastical of number a mentions Gregory that is interesting quite is What issue. that city. the of bishop new the as election his and legate of Olmütz/Olomouc. This case had previously been investigated to some extent by the popes own Waldsassen into the case between R

KDW, no. 136. no. KDW, 7. III/I, CDB 5. III/I, CDB Strigoniensis… Thomes. Canonico physic Jacobo …magistro “homegrown” a indicate it could this accepts interpretation If one Zdislavus. as Resolved 298. II, CDB 293. II, CDB Esztergom. ,

Gregory de Crescentio. Wlasdislaw, Duke of Poland, mentions a mentions Poland, of Duke Wlasdislaw, of II John Bishop and Břevnov of convent the between 1231 in quarrel a with Dealing 1230 In year the in Later order IX, Gregory pope, new the year following The Manasses, archdeacon of archdeacon Manasses, Breslau/

138

,

uig h msin y eiis cali o te oe tee s eto o a of mention is there pope, the of chaplain Aegidius, by mission the during Wroclaw. rgr I rfr t ti msin y eiis n i lte i Otbr 1231 October in letter his in Aegidius by mission this to refers IX Gregory

magister ,

Pope 139 monastery of St. Mary St. of monastery

135 Thomas was again noted in the pope’s letter on the case between case the on letter pope’s the in noted again was Thomas Gregory dealt with the matter of John the John of matter the with dealt Gregory

S. , obert, bishop of Olmütz/Olomouc, and Orăștie 137

canon of Prague / Szászváros 136 140 39

The bishop of Passau was supposed to deal with deal to supposed was Passau of bishop The

magister

,

Gregory IX call IX Gregory , MES, 272. MES, and ,

and a

Andre magister magister

ed w of Cracow in a letter sent in in sent letter a in Cracow of w

an inquiry by Eberhard of of Eberhard by inquiry an Jacob, canon of St. Thomas St. of canon Jacob, s

upon a upon

Petrus whowas dean and magister sch magister olasticus magister 141

Five years later Sigfrid, canon .

of Prague of

Thomas, CEU eTD Collection 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 giveyearsnot to In himaspecial license. later to Palestrina Nádasd. of Nicholas against Pannonhalma of abbey the of case the regarding Esztergom court. king’s the of chancellor the is magister sen prelates German of 1240 cited charters. as a witnessinboth Po of Vincent St. and Tyniec of Wroclaw. monasteries the between agreement an in arbiters as served one ofthe witnesses donateWladislaw

MES I, 358 I, MES 358. I, MES 337 I, MES 341. III/II, CDB 197. no. 196, no. KDW, 160. no. KDW, 203. no. KDW, zna t

an interesting of in1241ontheposition letter theprepositure ofSzékesfehérvár and presents ,

ń the archdeacon of Passau had Stephen

Several years pas years Several 1234 In in 1236 conferring possessions conferring 1236 in B 143 enedict enedict

Then magister

,

Thomas d there are as

, substantial privileges to the church of Pozna church of substantial privileges tothe

. 147 including the archbishops of Salzburg, Passau, and Regensburg. and Passau, Salzburg, of archbishops the including 142

provost of Buda, describing him as provident and honorable and saying he he saying and honorable and provident as him describing Buda, of provost

Sixtus, a cleric of Esztergom of cleric a Sixtus,

Only a few days later the pope sent a dispensation through the bishop of bishop the through dispensation a sent pope the later days few a Only , sed

ihp f rca ad a and Wroclaw of bishop two mentions ofatwo mentions

until there until

144

146

was on In 1245 Innocent IV sent a letter to the archbishop of archbishop the to letter a sent IV Innocent 1245 In

,

the monastery of of monastery the

the written record of a new a of record written magister Sixtus apparentlySixtus a became 40 scholasticus

,

over the error of his parentage and decided and parentage his of error the over magister magister Polonus Polonus chartersin two by Paul of bishop

of Prague Heinrichau ń iads acdao o Opole of archdeacon Rinaldus,

and a and a , magister magister scholasticus

excommunicate a number magister magister / Henryków scholasticus Nic Theodorico

of Prague. In Prague. of holas, son of of son holas, . Polonus is Polonus . 145 . 148

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CEU eTD Collection 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 Esztergom. of archbishopric a to letter a sent IV Innocent Győr of bishop the as archbishop task church. Roman the for task arduous and great a for benefices more however, famil his from aside Gerard on information benefice provide tryand to first the canonthe with line in is Gerardforbenefice a provide by stipulated problem the of part one of Palestrina. Albert relatedto was who Esztergom, of canon his diocese. Among tho in possessions Templar of tithe the regarding issues over Templars the with meeting a arranging and as a witnessthere Duke Boleslaw. The duke produced a charter in 1247 describing a donation to the church of Pozna

MES I, 416. I, MES 415. I, MES exhibuit… devotum et obsequiosum se negociis Romanae arduisecclesiae et inmagnis ...qui … 403. I, MES 294. no. KDW, no. KDW, , Consobrino Alberti notarii papalis… notarii Alberti Consobrino

but it is app is it but In 1253 Innocent IV ordered the bishop of Győr to provide a benefice for Pozna of church The a of note a is there Poland In Innocent IVsen Innocent 263.

151

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Gerard of Parma, a canon of Esztergom, who excelled in doing a doing in excelled who Esztergom, of canon a Parma, of Gerard

magister The content of this is repeated in a subsequent letter as well. as letter subsequent a in repeated is this of content The oe u i 1251 in up comes s , a cery o been not clearly had who Bartholomew

MES I, I, 403. MES for instructors of grammar and theology. and grammarof instructors for magister Canon 11 of the council: F council: the of 11 Canon magister Peter, provost of Čazma on the matter of debts of matter the on Čazma of provost Peter, y

153 associated with the secular rulers, in this case with case this in rulers, secular the with associated ,

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CEU eTD Collection Mályusz, Elemér see pursuits medievalHung societyin [Ecclesiastical secular and ecclesiastical 157 156 on brought change for impetus the Considering onwards. century tenth the from transformations presumptuous, as wouldbeoveremphasis. its scholasticus twenty to references nuanced Namely region. the a in education of to approach one rather is answer immediate The least. at century, thirteenth the of end the the of middle the from Europe medieval in structures educational of study Central Europe? The short answer is no, while a long people engaged inintellectual work excommunicati as far as even , ecclesiastical an of activitiesmultitude from thebasic witn the that seem would it rather sense, professional the in to referred is instructors the of none that is point first reform.The educational the of image by of a new educational system under the superior vision of the pope and the realization of this vision Esztergom, a without more but detailed description. more once appears Čazma of Peter

MES I, 417. I, MES For a comprehensive list of list comprehensive a For the various bishops various the eta Europe Central East in education clerical on impact no or little had 11 canon that mean then this Does r thorough A Dseadn a eti ipc o te orh aea Cucl ol se t be to seem would Council Lateran Fourth the of impact certain a Disregarding .

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the sources searching for instructors and possible clues to the rise the to clues possible and instructors for searching sources the

n ra f dyn of area an with the ra the with ary] (Budapest: Műszaki Kiadó, 2007), 33 2007), Kiadó, Műszaki (Budapest: ary] in Hungary in the thirteenth century and an analysis of their engagement in in engagement their of analysis an and century thirteenth the in Hungary in II. 3. are ,

lacking. arig the carrying “Frontier Christendom” of essing of charter signingsessing designated of by totheinquiries nk of instructor. Of that number only five only number that Of instructor. of nk

,

during the pontificates of the four popes there are are there popes four the of pontificates the during 42 157 mc eorpi, cnmc ad political and economic, demographic, amic

156 magistri magistri ghz traao a öékr Magyarországon középkori a társadalom Egyházi answer

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would require a more comprehensive prelates. Yet, references to them as them to references Yet, prelates. and

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scholastici -

56.

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CEU eTD Collection 161 160 2001) Press, CambridgeUniversity Berend, 195 in 159 900 c. 158 with deal to how c Christendom Latin new a for discipline and education clerical on reform Fourt the identity. non recent quite a having as well as Christianity embracing of verge the on populace, communication. Yet Europe Central where pagan into Christendom areas Bohemia Monarchy Christian volume the in Christendom” “new of areas other encompassing comparativeaeffort researched been hasin and transformation expansion of period century.This Latin into region this of integration t iscrucial it Christendom the and Christianity of advent the by part small no in rusades and Jews and rusades

Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices and Concepts Frontiers: Medieval For For more on the idea and concept of Nora Berend, ed., Moore, Moore, Moore, - 215; for an account of Hungary as a frontier society and the pla the and society frontier a as Hungary of account an for 215; - 1200 At At the Gate of Jews, Christendom: Muslims and ‘Pagans’ in Medieval Hungary, c. 1000 Precisely there the idea of a “frontier of Christendom” form Christendom” of “frontier a of idea the there Precisely A , Innocent III Innocent III Innocent LtrnCucli 1215. in Council Lateran h

were notonly fullyable translate to toreceive and butalso thepractice expand Latin of (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). University Press, Cambridge (Cambridge: t this point the idea of the “frontier” intersects with the idea of reform as postulated by by postulated as reform of idea the with “frontier”intersects the of idea the point this t the Christianization Christianization and the Rise of the Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus’

and other non otherand , 157 , 228 , .

the the “others”, within Christian kingdoms and on their borders. their on and kingdoms Christian within “others”, 158 was - - 158, 240.

borderareas y h ed f h tefh etr Hnay Pln, and Poland, Hungary, century twelfth the of end the By o consider the perspective of the region in the first half of the thirteenth thirteenth halfofo consider first the region the ofthe the perspective in

the “testing area” of of area” “testing the

241. .

from

–

the region as frontier see Nora Berend, “Hungary, ‘the Gate of Christendom’ the council also dealt with everyday secular issues, such as such issues, secular everyday with dealt also council the - Christians

the Balticthe totheCuma

160 of

, ed. David Abulafia and Nora Berend (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), 2002), Ashgate, (Aldershot: Berend Nora and Abulafia David ed. , this regi this T he previous chapters dealt mostly with mostly dealt chapters previous he

. Several of the decrees of the council gave an idea of of idea gavean council the decreesof the of Several . –

the formation the 43 on and kingdoms its W

estern ideas, but as a vibrant region of mutual mutual of region vibrant a as but ideas, estern

n presence in Hungary. ce of non of ce

of

a reformed cleric and intellectual intellectual and cleric reformed a Christianization and t and Christianization - Christians in the kingdom see Nora see kingdom the in Christians ed

were . 159

Not as a one a as Not

populated by a diverse apopulated diverse by 161 - c. c. 1300

This escalat This the

o n extent an to -

(Cambridge: way streetway he Rise of of Rise he - impact of impact Christian ion the the , ”

CEU eTD Collection Moore, ba go to than way Lord’s the know to not evil lesser a is it For freely themselves offered to the Christian religion may be kept to its observance by a salutary and necessary coercion. th by prevented wholly be shall people such that decree therefore we on, put be not should together wool and linen from woven is that garment a and paths, two of decorum the upset they rite, former their of remnants keeping in For, perfectly. more new the on put to order in person old the off cast 166 Tanner, pagans.” to thing the same extend We assumed. irreverently he which office the shame with surrender shall he and acquired, so office his of reason by Christians from dio obtained the of directions thehas with he accordance until in matters Christians, poor other of in use and the to business converted in Christians with commerce denied be shall appointed so official Any matter: we forbid Jews to be appointed to public offices, since renew in this canon, on account of the boldness of the offender, what the council of Toledo providently decreed in this 165 Tanner, dress their of character the by tim all at and such province Christian every in sex, that ofeither persons decree we kind, this of mistake a of excuse the under further, spread not may mixing damnable a such of with or JewishSaracen join Christians mistake by that happens sometimes it Whence . indistinguishable are they that so developed has confusion certain a 164 Foreville, see Lateranlegislation the for 265 satisfaction 1990), Press, University Georgetown D.C.: (Washington Tanner adequate made have they until an Christians with contact from removed without iftoo, Christians immoderateneed by burden. be, shall censure, the possibility of be compelled ecclesiastical be to are they then i excessive and oppressive extort pretext, any on future, in Jews ifthat decree synodal this by 163 Crusad the Baltic and Fonnesberg Iben see areas Christianised newly these in Church a of establishment the and work 162 Muslims better of the Council. The d of holding public office, council problems byupcoming the defined The Crusade. the Baltic. Christianity extend in to and bishops local papacy the of continuingeffort onpart aalso followed

For For an analysis of papal policy immediately preceding the Fourth Lateran Council, including crusading, missionary Canon 67: Canon 70: Canon 68: 68: Canon appeal, to abstain from commerce with them,” in in them,” with commerce from abstain to appeal, economy Canon 69: “It would be too absurd fo absurd too be would “It 69: Canon avoidance Innocent III Innocent Decrees or aos 6 truh 70 through 67 canons, Four

and pagans, essentially most of the “others” in Christian Europe. The motiva Europe. and inChristian pagans, the“others” essentiallyof most 162 “…Wishing totherefore see that Christians are not savagely oppressed by Jews in this matter, we ordain “Certain people who “Certain people have voluntarily waterscome to the of , sacred as we notdo whollylearnt, “A difference of dress distinguishes Jews or Saracens from Christians in some provinces, but in others others in but provinces, some in Christians from Saracens or Jews distinguishes dress of difference “A - related canons, and the canons related to Jewish matters

, 266; Moore, 266; , , 241. ,

of possible mixing between the two communities. This was also applicable to applicable also was This communities. two the between mixing possible of the Christian religion by such a mixing. Since it is written, cursed is he who enters the land by by land the enters who he is cursed written, is it Since mixing. a such by religion Christian the es 1147

ressing practices were related to distinguishing Christians from Jews, and for

165

and and Jewish converts. - – 1254 Innocent III Innocent

seeing moreover that this was enjoined upon them by Moses himself, as we read…” read…” we as himself, Moses by them upon enjoined was this that moreover seeing

Latran

(Leiden: Brill, 2007), 79 2007), (Leiden: Brill,

women, and Jews or Saracens with Christian women. In order that the offence that thewomen. offence Inorder with Christian Jewswomen, or and Saracens , 287 , r a blasphemer of Christ to exercise power over Christians. We therefore therefore We Christians. over power exercise to Christ of blasphemer a r , 241. , ,

- e prelates of churches from observing their old rite, so that those who those that so rite, old their observing from churches of prelates e 306; Moore, Moore, 306; el ih es ad h final the and Jews, with deal

166 Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils Ecumenical the of Decrees

44 The problem of usury Innocent III Innocent

- under cover of them they are very hostile to Christians… 131. ck on it after having known it,” Tanner, Tanner, it,” known having after it on ck es, are to be distinguished in public from other people people other from public in distinguished be to are es,

- ranged from usury,ranged from Decrees 266; for an analysis of the canons as part of the the of part as canons ofthe an analysis for 266; , , 241.

, 266 , - we , 267; Moore, Moore, 267; was 71 cesan bishop, whatever he has has he whatever bishop, cesan re left for the final canons st

put in following a series ,

ao das ih the with deals canon 163 , vol. 2, ed. Norman P. Norman ed. 2, vol. , nterest from Christians, Christians, from nterest

dress practices, Innocent III Innocent - Schmidt, Schmidt, Decrees tion behindtion The Popes The , 241. , , 267; 267; ,

164

CEU eTD Collection est reversus apostolicam sedem ad negotio finem imponeret antequam legatus, petebat...idem candempnari eos sretandas sibi quas ad questionem, reverencia 171 274 ostendas ipsis vite viam accedens, eos ad personaliter iterum ut obsecrantes, attentius pervenerunt, gratiam 170 214 prosequatur utiliter inchoavit, 169 Berend, 690; committit officium legationis Brodinia et Cumania in eique absolvit 168 World his and III Innocent Pope 241 “Bishops and Jews in the Middle Ages 167 jurisdict a in reiterating the need for the the to letter another in 1231 in lines same the along continued Gregory he which Cumans, the of conversion the pursue effectively con converting vow crusading his of him absolving 1227 in Robert B communiqu vibrant exchanged IX Gregory C Rome to back reported that Christendom throughout frontiers various O exclusion. and crusades with ending conversion and work missionary peaceful from developing decrees, these of implications Christian clearly of creation the is decrees of set this é ouncil

For For more on the relationship between bishops and Jews at the time of the Fourth Lateran Council see Norman Roth, … … ... la …

- eso ws tpc gi i te et er n i lte to letter his in year next the in again topic a was version 251; for 251; Belam natum Andreae II regis Hungariae rogat et obsecrat, ut conversionem Cumanorum, quam laudabiliter quam Cumanorum, conversionem ut obsecrat, et rogat Hungariae regis II Andreae natum Belam

super gent super in gratiam Cumanorum convertendorum et baptizandorum a voto peregrinationis in subsidium Terrae sanctae sanctae Terrae subsidium in peregrinationis voto a baptizandorum et convertendorum Cumanorum gratiam in Prenestrini episcopi, dum in in dum episcopi, Prenestrini of Hungary of aig omd hs rmwr i i iprat o xmn te osbe practica possible the examine to important is it framework this formed Having .

M s , dominant in Europe,, dominant in clear as wouldremainasstrong and ever. a study of study a onitoring the situation after the Gates of C of Gates n baptis and ional dispute over the bishop of Cumans in 1235. in Cumans of bishop the over dispute ional em Cumanorum clementer respiciens, eis salvationis hostium salvationis eis respiciens, clementer Cumanorum em

on converting and baptising the Cumans. Gregory sent a letter to Archbishop Archbishop to letter a sent Gregory Cumans. the baptising and converting on Innocent III’s policy towards Jews see Robert Chazan, “Pope Innocent III and the Jews,” in in Jews,” the and III Innocent “Pope Chazan, Robert see Jews towards policy III’s Innocent hristendom

ing , Gombos, ,

Robert’ , ed. John C. Moore (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999) Ashgate, (Aldershot: C.Moore ed. John , the the , 214. ,

atbs nai lgtoi ofco ugrtr.dpnne ue oeini et obedientia super fungeretur...deponente officio legationis Ungarie partibus uas n cnimd i dte i Cumania. in duties his confirmed and Cumans , ne cannot be sure where sure be cannot ne ” The The Catholic

s Catalogus , MES I, 312 I, MES , duty duty as C , 1087; Potthast, Potthast, 1087; , legate legate in Cumania. ouncil é s with Archbishop Robert of Esztergom and Esztergom of Robert Archbishop with s Historical Historical Review - 313. 45 defined

,

however, reveals to

, Gombos, , the Holy Land Holy the the where identities and communities Regesta all of all

had had 80, 80, no. 1 (1994): 11 170 171

praiseworthily started already. started praiseworthily

the “trouble spots” “trouble the aperuit hiis diebus…per te ad baptismi ad te diebus…per hiis aperuit I, 703; Berend, 703; I, The The

Catalogus P ,187 The bishop of Palestrina was Palestrina of bishop The ic B rince several several interesting a rchbishop rchbishop became engaged - 204. archbishop of Esztergom Esztergom of archbishop in favour of the task of of task the of favour in

167 n preparation in , 1086; Potthast, 1086; ,

é

a mlrn hm to him imploring la - 13; 13; Moore,

Gates of Christendom of Gates 168

h Cuman The were Innocent Innocent III processes Regesta for , MES I, I, MES , on the the on P rince

the the 169

I, l . , ,

CEU eTD Collection ord dicto Berend, de Theodericum illis partibus 179 in et parefecerit converterit, Cumanorum multitudinem 178 177 Berend, see wholecentury thirteenth the through Kingdom 176 175 dotet possessionibus amplis eamque 174 173 Christendom pertinere Apostolicae Sedis jurisdictionem ad immediate et decernit, 172 Christianity of acceptance Cumans the that claims however, Berend, degree. some to archbishop archbishop. the to IX Gregory Cumans. was legate task.Ev inthis Dominic. St. of wishes express the on tradition, later a to according Hungary, to went friars five when 1221 in started Dominican order continued the conversion process the and Andrew King with conflicts to due position its lost soon order Teutonic The baptism. Burzenland, of area incursions. the in strategically placed were They 1211. in measure defensive welcome a be would Knights Teutonic the thought II Andrew King Béla tosupportt status his retained archbishop See. Apostolic the under directly placed and Esztergom of archbishop the of jurisdiction In issue. the resolve to authority granted

Regem Regem Belam, primogenitum regis Hungariae, rogat ut monet quatenus episcopo Cumanorum ecclesiam construat Fonnesberg Berend, Berend, Strigoniensi arhciepiscopo, apostolico legato, de Cumanorum conversion gratulatur conversion Cumanorum de legato, apostolico arhciepiscopo, Strigoniensi Episc For a detailed study on the political implications of the Cuman conversion and integration into the Hungarian Hungarian the into integration and conversion Cuman the of implications political the on study detailed a For Priori ordinis Praedicatorum in Ungaria mandate quatenus, cum Strigoniensis archiepiscopus non parvam parvam non archiepiscopus Strigoniensis cum quatenus, mandate Ungaria in Praedicatorum ordinis Priori Gates of Christendom of Gates opum Cumanorum ejusque successors a cujuslibet subjection, preterquam Romani Pontificis, liberos esse esse liberos Pontificis, Romani preterquam subjection, cujuslibet a successors ejusque Cumanorum opum The Cumans had become an issue for the Hungarian kings from the early thirteenth century. 178

…, Reg. Reg. …, Gates of Christendom of Gates Chri of Gates , 215. , 175

The obvious success of the missionary effort is evident in acongratulatory letter from - Schmidt, Schmidt,

oe uas lde algac t te itros ugras n accepted and Hungarians victorious the to allegiance pledged Cumans Some

he Cuman bishop. he Cuman Greg. IX., no. 185; Berend, Berend, 185; no. IX., Greg. Popes and Popes stendom

177 , 214 ,

entually, in1228,Theoderic, a Dominican,appointed of was bishop the Their mission was supported by Archbishop Robert of Esztergom whoEsztergom of Robert Archbishop by supported was mission Their , 213; Fonnesberg 213; , 214 , -

, Reg. Greg. IX, no. 2156. no. Reg.IX, , Greg. 215. Baltic Crusasdes the as legate as 179 - 215.

At least that was the perception in Rome and probably by probably and Rome in perception the was that least At 174

until 1231/1232 until Gates of Christendom of Gates - Schmidt, Schmidt, 29 h Cmn ihpi ws eaae fo the from separated was bishopric Cuman the 1229 , 159, n. 109; Berend, Berend, n.109; 159, , 46 Gates of Christendom of Gates

. 176 Popes and th and Popes

The Dominican mission among the Cumans , 173 , 214 ,

, Reg. Greg. IX., no. 345,; Berend, Berend, 345,; no. IX., Greg. Reg. , and i and e Baltic Crusasdes Baltic e - 215 n 1231, the pope asked of Prince of asked pope the 1231, n

Gates of Christendom of Gates

anticipating possible Cuman Cuman possible anticipating , 213 , - 223. ...

Reg. Greg. IX., no. 187; 187; no. IX., Greg. Reg. n i eicpm jam episcopum in ine , 159. ,

, 216. ,

ae of Gates 172

The the CEU eTD Collection 185 Christianity Latin D (Budapest: Laszlovsky Medieval József of Frontiers the Expanding Order: Military and Crusades The in Prussia,” in Crusades of Beginning the and Orders “Military Starnawska, Maria see century thirteenth the of half Central European University, 2001), 429 Christianity Latin Medieval the and Missions “Prussian Pósán, László see in Kulmerland,” into Order Teutonic the Baltic of Invitation the in presence original Order’s Teutonic the and Prussia in Fonnesberg 1230; 184 Contemplatives, Crusaders, Holiness: of Review History International “Ideals Hamilton, Bernard see society crusade a 183 in 229 1999), Ashgate, (Aldershot: Approval,” to Route The Enthusiasts: Evangelical and 182 181 180 Polish Dominicans were acti 1236. and 1234, 1232, in order Teutonic the supporting Prussia; in crusades the for preach to knights and friars and a model for the future. Dominicans in Bohemia and Poland were called upon Livonia.” and Prussia in commissioned “to preach a crusade in support of were the Teutonic Knights who Bohemia, are fighting the pagans and Poland of provincials the including Dominicans, the 1243, September In but later on they would also play a role (along with Franciscans) in preaching for the B 1225, in Land Holy the to crusade II’s Frederick for preached Wildeshausen of John as crusade, were they Europe Christendom. throughout under the Mongol invasion. Lithuanians. century fourteenth and thirteenth or Bulgarians was more of a diplomatic play,

Lawrence, Fonnesberg of part mendicantsas on more for century, thirteenth the in the crusades preach to commissioned wereoften They III “Innocent Andrews, Frances see Lateranreform the in movements evangelical mendicantsand of place Onthe Eadem Berend, The role of the Dominican Order was paramount for the success of many reform efforts efforts reform many of success the for paramount was Order Dominican the of role The , 218. , Gates of Christendom of Gates Friars - Schmidt, Schmidt,

- Schmidt, Schmidt, , , 185 key papal agents as preachers. as agents papal key Popes and the Baltic Crusades the and Popes

- 186; 186; The Dominicans were commissioned on a similar mission by Gregory IX in September , ed. Zsolt Hunyadi & József Laszlovsky (Budapest: Department of Medieval Studies Studies Medieval of Department (Budapest: Laszlovsky József & Hunyadi Zsolt ed. , Popes and the Baltic and Crusades Popes

17, no.4 (1995): 693 no.4 (1995): 17, 184 182 epartment of Medieval Studies Studies Medieval epartment of -

241. 181

, 216 , The crusade in Prussia was fr was Prussia in crusade The ve in their missionary work, sent by Pope Honorius to Russia in 1222. In addition to the already mentioned impact on education in Westernin education on impact alreadymentioned the to Inaddition

rather

- 217. - 448.; 448.; and for the Order’s subsequent involvement in the Crusades in the first

than an actual acceptance, comparing them to early medieval - 712. 712. The Crusades and Military Order: Military and Crusades The , 199. ,

47 , , 195

183 oe noet I ad i World his and III Innocent Pope

–

- They were often engaged in preaching the preaching in engaged often were They

199; for 199; morework missionary the on beginnings of Central European University, 2001), 417 2001), University, CentralEuropean om early on a combined effort by the by effort combined a on early om 180

The bishopric perished in 1241 in perished bishopric The

Expanding the Frontiers of Frontiers the Expanding d sl uyd & Hunyadi Zsolt ed. , and Mendicants”, Mendicants”, and ed , . John C. Moore Moore C. John . altic crusade. - 428.

The The 185 –

CEU eTD Collection 189 Barabas, see ofPecorara the and legation ofJacob 188 187 186 showing keeping thatHonorius was a eye keen very reform program. onthe Council, Lateran Fourth the of 69 canon with line in is Toledo of Council the to letter the in years later the archbishop of Kaloc Christians being subject non to servants. Christian holding Mus of matter the on 1221 in royals Hungarian the reprimanded III if one reads papal correspondence with Hungarian prelates, the Muslims and Jews were. Honorius the within body separate kingdo jurisdictionally a support to stage, early this at authority, secular the by unwillingness an was there that indicate also could support for prince the to mandates p the from removed point, some at problem a become have to seems also Cumans the of bishop The same. the stayed conversion toward position ecclesiastical The place. their take to Dominicans the allowed and area contested t pushed Andrew King the by pressure internal the though as more looks it on, went time as posture threatening less a assumed papacy the that indicate to seem would this While Order. Dominican the with then and Order Teutonic the with first policy, given was approval. Russia for bishop a decade a within and Kiev in convent a established friars The

Reg. Hon. III., no. 5611. no. Reg.III., Hon. Cf. Fonnesberg Reg. Hon. III., no. 3 no. III., Hon. Reg. Berend, Berend, m. The Cumans were not a real factor in the public life of the Kingdom, not yet at least, but, least, at yet not Kingdom, the of life public the in factor real a not were Cumans The Converting the Cumans was seen as a priority and the papacy responded to this by an 186 187

-

Gates of Christendom of Gates Schmidt, Schmidt, 301, 3296; Berend, Berend, 3296; 301, Popes and the Baltic Crusades the and Popes

188

- , 215. , Christians Christians and the possible risk of falling “paganinto Four error”. oois hn eerd o h ernos rcie f baptized of practice erroneous the to referred then Honorius revious authority of the archbishop of Esztergom. The pope’s pope’s The Esztergom. of archbishop the of authority revious sa received a similar reprimand from Honorius.

Gates of Christendom of Gates , 223 , 48 Papsttum und Ungarn und Papsttum

,

152; for more on papal Hungarian relations in the the in relations Hungarian papal on more for 152; he strong military order out of the the of out order military strong he , 234 , lims enslaving Christians and and Christians enslaving lims - 245.

189

The reference

active CEU eTD Collection 196 286 I, MES ofEsztergom; chapter and the archbishop to property 195 194 193 uxores in dampnabiliter ducunt illas etiam 192 191 Iudeorumque Sarracenorum 190 of Palestrina, as todeal legate Hu his therising tensionsin with bishop cardinal Pecorara, of Jacob sent Gregory pope. the to and Robert Archbishop to appealed ways. his mended he unless punishment with threatene was palatine the continue, to state a such allowing for accused officials the Amongst Christianity. over Islam preferring people more possibly with escalate to threatened situation Musli and Jews observed. non of position the on decrees that saw he as counsellors king’s the punish Council. again is letter entire This Hungary. in affairs of state Jews and Muslims holding public offices. faith. their renounce to compelled being Christians expressly. stated is duress under wives their as women Christian taking Muslims of practice the where Muslims, th Continuing Hungary. in liberties greater enjoy and position better a have Muslims how mentions also Jews. and Muslims of hands the at poor Christian the of oppression the of rumours heard

Zimmermann, … compellunt apostare ipsas et Christiana… mancipia Sarraceni preterea Emunt … … Berend, Berend, ... videntes Sarracenos melioris conditionis et maioris libertatis prerogative gaudere prerogative libertatis maioris et conditionis melioris Sarracenos videntes passim Iudei ac Sarraceni publicis officiis preponuntur officiis publicis Sarraceni ac Iudei passim non solum per errorem christiani Sarracenorum et Sarraceni Sarraceni et Sarracenorum christiani errorem per solum non ornu… d o rmr sedt itr alia… inter ascendit… rumor nos ad Horrendus… The situation came to a head in 1232 when Archbishop Robert of Esztergom moved to moved Esztergom of Robert Archbishop when 1232 in head a to came situation The a sent IX Gregory 1231 In

ae o Christendom of Gates ls o “orr fo Hnay i te nemnln o fle Crsin and Christians fallen of intermingling the is Hungary” from “horrors of list e P äpstliche Legation äpstliche 192

Furthermore, Muslims acquiring Christian possessions was seen to seen was possessions Christian acquiring Muslims Furthermore,

..., MES I, 275 ..., I, MES s ee acrig o oet epoe i pbi ofcs n this and offices public in employed Robert, to according were, ms , 157; King Andrew resolved the situation, for a moment at least, by returning returning by least, at moment a for situation, the resolved Andrew King 157; ,

, 109. , , MES I, 275 I, MES , letter to Archbishop Robert of Esztergom stating that he had had he that stating Esztergom of Robert Archbishop to letter

194

Robert was given authority to deal with the disturbing 195

49

King Andrew sought to resolve the situation and situation the resolve to sought Andrew King

, MES I, , I, MES

193 rpe opesoe crsinrm aprm et pauperum, christianorum oppressionem propter

in line with Canon 69 of the Fourth Lateran Fourth the of 69 Canon with line in

- There was also an omnipresent practice of practice omnipresent an also was There 287. christianorum mulieribus commiscentur, verum verum commiscentur, mulieribus christianorum 275

ngary. , MES I,275 MES , 196

…, MES I, 275 MES …, I, - Christians were not not were Christians

lead to lead 190

He 191 d

CEU eTD Collection 199 198 providisse destinandum officio, plenae legationis ipsi commisso Hungariae, partes pr emendanda ad se significat eique objicit, Hungariae regno in etc. subversam quibus multi libertatem ecclesisticam Christiani insupportabiles Christi gravabantur, exactiones fidelibus 197 converts. new the on identity Christian reformed the of expansion the through reform Lateran be taken as part of a systemic effort by the papacy. This is in line with the original meaning of the m Christianisation the of bearers standard the as Order Dominican the through afterward and Knights Teutonic the through support Papal Christianity. to them convert to Church Hungarian the of efforts the supporting are popes the and Cumans the areand l seenLatin Muslims isstill clearly as belonging thedoor not to Christendom, stance towards Cumans on the one hand and and Jews Muslims on the other. First, while the Jews Kingdom. the on interdict the promulgated Hungary of powers ecclesiasticalthe Again, legate. the by made agreements and oaths various the enforce to supposed were Bosnia of bishop the and Esztergom from kingdom the prevent not could he yet royal dignitaries, other and princes enlisting policy, exclusion this supporting base the widen to worked Pecorara of Jacob Legate sanction. papal of independently himself conduct to continued Andrew money mint, and “treasury the Bereg, which essentially and guaranteed ecclesiastical privileges and excluded Jews and interdict Muslims from through punishment their and men, necessary.if excommunication, king’s the by misdoings of claims his

Berend, Berend, Berend, A[ndreae]. Regi Hungariae, oppre Hungariae, Regi A[ndreae]. Several points c The king was caught between two fires and the pope fully supported Archbishop Robert in Gates of Christendom of Gates Christendom of Gates 199

ome out regarding the impact of the Lateran Council and the general papal , 159 , 159. ,

- ssionem pauperum Christianorum, dominatum Sarracenorum et Judaeroum in Judaeroum et Sarracenorum dominatum Christianorum, pauperum ssionem 197 - changing, salt intendants and tax and intendants salt changing,

160.

The resolution seemingly came about in 123 in about came seemingly resolution The

50

ove towards the east is evident and should should and evident is east the towards ove

changing back after he left. Robert of of Robert left. he after back changing aedicta J[acobum]. Praenestinum electum, ad ad electum, Praenestinum J[acobum]. aedicta - collectors.” ..., Reg. Greg. IX., no. 1498. no. Reg.IX., Greg. ..., 198 3 with the oath ofoath the with 3

However, King However, eft open for

CEU eTD Collection 82. Twelfth Century: Remarks on the Hungaria Pontificia,” M Sectio Prima Pars XIIe Nova aux hongroise l’église de hiérarchie la envers papauté la de Incertitudes regalibus’ 200 i more and Esztergom, in predecessor Robert’s including Council, Lateran the at present were prelates Hungarian plausible. equally is Council Lateran the to due it feel overemphasizes do thepolitical archbishop. role ofthe I interpretation, this dismiss completely to reluctant Although Hungary. in power provocateur an essentially and informer main pope’s the as Esztergom of Robert Archbishop portrays Herana kingdom. the in Cumans and Muslims, Jews, of position the of issue the with precisely dealing ecclesiast local and government secular,royalaffairs. in Why Hungary special? was papacy the of interventions the and problem a such with contend to interdict and excommunication of high officials of the kingdom. Neither Poland nor Bohemia had HungarianforKingdom t the in relations strained issue The offices. public of issue the with deals which 69, canon with clearly most matters, such on decisions council’s the with accordance in again is This not. was what is acceptable, and having Jews and Muslims “oppres gentle newcomers. for the hand th of Appreciation

On papal

It is naturally difficult to speak of the bishop’s motivation, but the notion of reform fervour century, thirteenth the in Hungary of account comprehensive a written has Berend Nora to as clear are letters popes’ The gently. treated be to not clearly were Muslims and Jews lysis of royal activities and the ensuing conflict between King Andrew and Pope Gregory Gregory Pope and Andrew betweenKing ensuing conflict the and activities royal of lysis - Hungarian relations in relations the twelfth inHungarian “’Iurisdictionem and thirteenth see Kiss, century abbatibus Gergely

within the Kingdom. The goal behind it all was of course the ar the course of was all it behind goal The Kingdom. the within e Cumans’ position is also stated in a specific approach by the Church, a more more a Church, the by approach specific a in stated also is position Cumans’ e

ediaevalis en years reached withtheen promulgation it breakingof point until the the

(01: 83 (2011): 6 - 0; sl Hnai “Papal Hunyadi, Zsolt 101; Specimina Nova Specimina Pars Prima Sectio Mediaevalis 51

sing” Christians ain Christian kingdom 200

mportantly Robert himself as as himself Robert mportantly - Hungarian Relations in the Late Late the in Relations Hungarian - XIIIe siècles,” XIIIe chbishop’s quest for quest chbishop’s

6 6 (2011): 73 Specimina Specimina agent agent ical - CEU eTD Collection relinquendum duximus prudentie tue id ga indulgentia eadem ipsos, paganos contra pugnent ut eisdem iniuncto dignaremur absolvere peregrinationis 204 203 indulgetur... Ierosolime p Crucesignatos retinendi barbariem paganorum pugnaturos, concessa tibi et illis ea que peccatorum, venia Crucesignatis transituris ad partes licentiam tibi nichilominus dare et dignaremur, absolvere infirmitas, absolvit te ipsa asserunt, ut quo, a labore, peregrinationis Ierosolimitane 202 201 L Holy the from resources the pagans on Polish borders in Prussia were a problem,definite enough so as to divert troops and to the indulgences the general council had granted to the crusaders. Prussia. in pagans the battling of favour in Jerusalem to pilgrimage of vow their from them absolving about 1217 in crusaders Polish the and Gniezno of archbishop the to letter a sent had III Honorius crusades. period, this in fervour Christian one’s expressing of way second the in active more was however, Poland, period. the in correspondence papal to according not least at territory, their in Christians offices intheKingdom. non with dealing when clearly most reform, Lateran the of part a be to seem efforts their light, In this efforts. reform certain promulgating at time easier an mean would b Hungarian the for position political stronger A 1215. in pronounced wholeheartedly so reform line withthe in not was thatthis sense the in leaders. Troubling behaviour secular by their prelat other with along of politics, and at times perhaps not so fine, yet it is quite possible that the archbishop of Esztergom bishop of Veszprém...... 59. footnote See ut omnes Crucesignatos, saltem duorum ducatuum Polonie qui sunt magis vicini paganis, a voto Ierosolimitane Ierosolimitane voto a paganis, vicini magis sunt qui Polonie ducatuum duorum saltem Crucesignatos, omnes ut sane prefati episcopi atque atque sane prefati episcopi princ approbatione Concilii generalis Crucesignatis generalis Concilii approbatione It is interesting to note th note to interesting is It

202 , KDW, no. 92. no. KDW, , 201

The pope provided an immediate reference to reference immediate an provided pope The

es of the Hungarian Kingdom were actively engaging with “troubling” “troubling” with engaging actively were Kingdom Hungarian the of es The actions of bishops in this period are often coloured with the finer lines

and.

204 ipes nobis humili instantia supplicarunt, ut illius te ipes terre supplicarunt, inspecta, humili instantia a nobis necessitate

..., KDW, no. 92. no. KDW, ...,

at Poland and Bohemia did not have serious issues with non with issues serious have not did Bohemia and Poland at In the matter of church hierarchy the final part of the letter wasletter the of part final the hierarchy church of matter the In

generaliter indulgetur generaliter

52 rovincie memorate per triennium contra predictorum predictorum contra triennium per memorate rovincie

, KDW, no. 92. no. KDW, , 203

the council in 1215, referring 1215, in council the

But clearly, already in 1217, - Christians holding public holding Christians

ishops ishops visuri, -

CEU eTD Collection aggravan servilibus eos oneribus statim suscepisse, gratiam regenerationis nove constitutis Prussiam per gentilibus e aliquos intelligunt cito 211 sunt Deo spiritussi ex probans sed spiritui, omni credens subito non ut mandatis, in litteris multam virtutem promiserat, prophetam per sicut 210 predicari, Evangelium iussit daret evangelizantibus suum creature omni qui sua... 209 v socii, 208 67. no. KDW, fidelium numerus ibidem adeo clementia faciente divina donec impendas, pastoralis officii curam tandiu noscuntur, spectare cultum religionis Christiane ampliandum ad que aliis 207 Borkowska,see period this impact in Polish more for the on 67; no. KDW, 206 presumat intrare exercitu cum episcopi sui permissione 205 legatine power by the pope to punish the oppression of Christians if necessary, and his active hand oppression. against Prussia in faithful Christian fledgling like previous letter, reiterated the necessary support of the archbishop of Gniezno in protecting the effortChristian inPrussia. before. Order. in a letter to the Cistercian general chapter, as Christian and Philip were members of the bishop. orga ecclesiastical proper Philip. and Christian monks the of efforts the support to Gniezno of archbishop the ordered pope the been subject conversion. to significant, as the pope strictly prohibits armed incursions into the parts of Prussia that had already

In ha ... venerabili fratri nostro Gnesnensi archiepiscopo, de cuius discretione fiduciam gerimus pleniorem, nostris damus nostris pleniorem, damus gerimus de fiduciam cuius discretione archiepiscopo, fratri nostro Gnesnensi venerabili ... Universis abbatibus in generali Cisterciensi Capitulo congregatis. Dilecti filii Christianus et Philippus ac eorum ac Philippus et Christianus filii Dilecti congregatis. Capitulo Cisterciensi generali in abbatibus Universis olim de nostra licentia licentia nostra de olim ... hoc utique quidam vestrum sicut accepimus minime attendentes, et querentes que sua sunt non que Christi, quam sub interminatione autem anathematis districtius inchibemus, ne quisquam terram baptizatorum de Prussia sine sine de Prussia terram baptizatorum ne quisquam districtius inchibemus, anathematis autem sub interminatione eisdem monachis et fratribus su fratribus et monachis eisdem estri Ordinis fratres estri Ordinis 208 206 c siquidem laborare vinea dilecti filii Christianus, Philippus et quidam alii monachi pio desiderio cupientes 209 207 Concluding his account on th o matter a been already had effort conversion This

The archbishop was supposed to take care of the newly Christianised population until auntil population Christianised newly the of care take to supposed was archbishop The The monks had begun their work spreading the word of God in Prussia several years several Prussia in God of word the spreading work their begun had monks The The pope does not fail to mention, again, the role of the archbishop of Gniezno in the in Gniezno of archbishop the of role the again, mention, to fail not does pope The Further details on the monks’ mission to Prussia were given by Innocent two years later

…, KDW, no. 75; 75; no. KDW, …, t, et venientes ad Christiane fidei libertatem deterioris conditionis efficiunt conditionis deterioris libertatem fidei Christiane ad venientes et t,

inceperunt seminare in partibus Prussie verbum Dei, ut eundo et flendo mittentes semina semina mittentes flendo et eundo ut Dei, verbum Prussie partibus in seminare inceperunt ,

KDW, no. 75. no. KDW, 210 nisation was set up, that is, until the Prussians received their own own their received Prussians the until is, that up, set was nisation 205

is nec non et aliis ad fidem de novo conversis, in ecclesiasticis Sacramentis et Sacramentis ecclesiasticis in conversis, novo de fidem ad aliis et non nec is Fonnesberg

e Prussian mission, Innocent III, in a note dated August 1212, - Schmidt, Schmidt, ... 53 ,

KDW, no. 92. no. KDW,

Pop

augeatur, ut proprium possint episcopum obtinere episcopum possint proprium ut augeatur, es and Baltic Crusades es and 211 f interest to Innocent III in 1210, when when 1210, in III Innocent to interest f

Archbishop Henry had been gran been had Henry Archbishop “Poland and Hungary”, 1186 Hungary”, and “Poland , 81 , , KDW, no. 75. no. KDW, - 82.

..., KDW, no. 76. no. KDW, ...,

- Cistercian 1187.

ted ...,

CEU eTD Collection adversus Teutonicorum Mariae sanctae hospitalis commutent Prutenos fratrum succursum in Hierosolymitanae peregrinationis vota 216 1185. 215 conquiescas cetero de onere legationis huiusmodi ab ut commissum... Sede 214 communimus patrocinio scripti presentis et confirmamus apostolica verbum ad verbo de tenorem cuius continetur, plenius autentico ducis eiusdem inet quiete et obtines iuste eas sicut concessas, liberalitate tibi pia Kalis villa salutem... 213 eosde ecclesiasticam censuram per premissa, monitione defendat et Deum propter propensius 212 Olomouc Robert ofLand Gregory and urged directed Holyagain towardsyears wasthe focus the order. Teutonic the of support in Prussians pagan a letter to the Dominicans in Bohemia ordering them to preach the crusade in the north against the t in Christendom mobilize andwho Archbishop Henry, app strong the to connected possibly was This influence. Polish strong of independent be should bishopric new the that fit saw papacy the as Prussia, in legation his end to was archbishop Polish of legationarchbishop theburden of Council. Lateran Fourth the of time the at established Duke to importance Rome. prime of was Prussia in community Christian developing the with dealing in

... Apparently Innocent granted Henry special privileges in a letter sent in 1207; 1207; sent in letter a in privileges special Henry granted Innocent Apparently ...... Fonnesberg roach of Polish nobles, especially if one considers the good relationship between the between relationship good the considers one if especially nobles, Polish of roach cum cum tibi olim pro in novella plantatione Pruscie partibus fidei Christiane legationis nos enim venerabili fratri nostro H. Gnesnensi archiepiscopo nostris damus litteris in mandatis, ut tales foveat foveat tales ut mandatis, in litteris damus nostris archiepiscopo Gnesnensi H. nostro fratri venerabili enim nos mandat, ut mandat,

Władysław 212 Bohemia was not the vanguard of Christendom, but it, too, was part of papal efforts to efforts papal of part was too, it, but Christendom, of vanguard the not was Bohemia h when 1218 in matters Prussian to returned III Honorius

m de Cecoviz et libertates ac immunitates secularium exactionum, a dilecto filio Wladizlavo duce de de duce Wladizlavo filio dilecto a exactionum, secularium immunitates ac libertates et Cecoviz de m -

Shmidt, assumpto sanctae praedicationis officio ‘pauperum et debilium crucesignatorum in regno Boemie’ Boemie’ regno in crucesignatorum debilium et ‘pauperum officio praedicationis sanctae assumpto ..., CDB III/1, 15. III/1, CDB ...,

six years before, and here he mentions the Prussian bishop, a new institution new a bishop, Prussian the mentions he here and before, years six oe ad atc Crusades Baltic and Popes

he fight against non against fight he m

the pope presenti pagine duximus annotandum, tibi et per te ecclesie tue auctoritate auctoritate tue ecclesie te per et tibi annotandum, duximus pagine presenti

to allow the Prussian bishopric to flourish on its own. its on Prussianbishopric toflourish to allowthe m a molestiis indebitis et pressuris, oppressores eorum indebitos, indebitos, eorum oppressores pressuris, et indebitis molestiis a m made legate. ..., KDW, no. 76. no. KDW, ..., 8, 126 81, , - Christians at the frontier. In 1232 Gregory IX sent sent IX Gregory 1232 In frontier. the at Christians 54

216 215 -

128, 135, 180; 180; 135, 128, The situation was not clear cut, for in two in for cut, clear not was situation The 213

..., KDW, no. 105. no. KDW, ...,

The pope decided to relieve the Polish the relieve to decided pope The ..., KDW, no. no. 105. KDW, ..., e confirmed privileges given by by given privileges confirmed e venerabili fratri...episcopo Pruscie Pruscie fratri...episcopo venerabili Borkowska, Borkowska,

fuerit fuerit officium ab apostolica “Poland and Hungary”, Hungary”, and “Poland papacy 214

The CEU eTD Collection mittat eam nequiverit sivenire aut pa imperator, Romanorum 217 b had papacy The Christendom”. of “frontiers the of landscape religious the redefine to efforts various in possibilities interchangeable became they processes, juxtaposed seemingly a on and Rome in had notbeen present before thecouncil. that degree a to crusade propaganda of acquisition an and ethos crusadingthe of appropriation an and logical also is program refined newly this promoting in indispensable were 1215 in come in formulating and applying their “holy labours” widely. That bishops present at the Council the not was immediate goal. The founda Jerusalem, of liberation repeated the remained always which goal, primary the Land in a closer, quicker, and logistically much simpler way. This was only possible in times when later German missionaries and crusaders could operate, fulf advocating goals. thecrusadecommon of vigorously insupport cr of forefront the on been have not might it threats to Christendom with immediate intent. Bohemia was not an island in this respect and though expansive and in reality so flexible that popes, prelates, and secular princes could react to perceived liberandam seventy the and Lateran Council Fourth the but policy, a such ascertain policyBohemia in rega to provide aid for the Crusade in

psoo Olom Episcopo Both the crusading and conversion narratives were actively used by ecclesiastical officials and Polish first where field a provided endeavour Crusade and conversion Prussian The

resolved the issue of crusade policy for decades. The framework provided framework The decades. for policy crusade of issue the resolved cni ad qaeu a sbetoe Eceie po uu lbrae una Fridericus, tuenda libertate cujus pro Ecclesiae, subventionem ad quatenus manda ucensi

local level. Although at this point relatively clearly defined and perhaps perhaps and defined clearly relatively point this at Although level. local

ratus erat magnifice prosequi, proximo futuro martio aut cum decenti militia ipse veniat, veniat, ipse militia decenti cum aut martio futuro proximo prosequi, magnifice erat ratus rding the Crusades? Considering might sourcesit thelimited seemrding theCrusades? hard to tions tions laid by Innocent III in 1215 proved invaluable for generations to ,

Reg. Greg. IX., no Reg.IX., Greg.

outremer

in March 1235. . 2243; 2243; . 55 usading, it still had clergyman on its territory territory its on clergyman had still it usading,

CDB III/I, 109. III/I, CDB 217 illing their vows of liberating the Holy

Did the papacy then have a sustained

- first canon or the bull bull the or canon first

assumes

was so was ecome ecome Ad CEU eTD Collection between and thepopes princesof day. ha trying staffs, bishops’ and royal of game European Central the in players regional or local remained they However, Christendom”. “newer to expansion the and efforts, conversion work, missionary supported they expansio and the Christendom, for of protection case, Baltic the in as or Christendom of liberation the for enterprise great a Crusade, the like ideas universal to adhered Bohemia and Hungary, Poland, in Bishops regularly defined regar non towards practice Church of variety of field true a being changes century providedframework it a forpreachers work bishopsand to inthefield with. thirteenth the for identity Christian defined Council the since but Council, the of agenda reform non of marginalisation the and crusading to related those specifically possible, when ideas reform the spread to tried bishops the though as seems it plan thesereceived marginalization of non and conversion, crusading, included that agenda reform stable a with needed, when situation, loca the by faced challenges the and region the about informed well clearly were here analysed popes four the First, IV? Innocent of death returning that those Christian hadfallenthe orthodox away from as well as community Christian the of reform internal the perfecting about went it additionally non new encountering in experienced The specificity of the region is the fact that it is s What then was the image of the “frontier(s) of Christendom” from Innocent III up until the –

especially true for Hungary, consider the Mongol invasion of 1241 of invasion Mongol the consider Hungary, for true especially s is difficult to define more definitely due to the scarcity of sources. However, sources.However, scarcityof the to definitely definemoredue difficult to is s dless dless of kingdoms or duchies, always looking to strengthen Christian unity. - Christians. HowChristians. thebishopsandclergy and inBohemia,Poland, Hungary - hitas n h otkrs f ai Crsedm and Christendom Latin of outskirts the on Christians

l ecclesiastical hierarchy. They responded to the the to responded They hierarchy. ecclesiastical l 56

- Christian. Conversion wa Conversion Christian. o exposed to migrations and demographic - Christians. Papal policy remained remained policy Papal Christians. faith back thefold. into rd to find their own places own their find to rd

s not prime on the on prime not s –

that it leads to it to leads it that

n and and n CEU eTD Collection Moore, Moore); C. (translationJohn by III Innocent for epitaph anonymous stilus cadetque lingua cedet Attendes, lingue munera si opes, mentis si mundo speciem, SiQuid Deo. habebat, quidve quod reddere posset, hoc notat versum, tenens utrumque Nomen erat Orbis et Urbis pater iste Innocentius; 218 theocracy. Thismoves thefocus th away from power secular toward stance combative period new a into papacy the of transition InnocentIVII.EmperorFrederick realize extra Liber Gr and reform, the of promotion the continued popes The hand. vigorous a require would promotion its andCouncil were Fourt the at present were whom of both IX, Gregory and III Honorius through on went fall did pen Innocent’s Although champion. its without left now was agenda reform w time in moment manydo to happenstancea novel was not Buthis pontificate. this

Nox Nox accede, quia cessit sol, lugeat Orbis, In medio lucis lumen obisse suum. Lumen obit mundi, quia decessit pater egory even published a compilation of law incorporating many of the Lateran decrees, the decrees,Lateran the of many incorporating law of compilation a published even egory The reform was, from aRoman perspective, more important than any one pope. However, When eee re o ovn gnrl council general a convene to tried even He . times P ope Innocent III died on July

afterwards, with afterwards, members as the reform. Industriously defined and promoted only half a year before, the before, year a half only promoted and defined Industriously reform. the as

C ONCLUSION

of Innocent’sof ofCardinals. College

only a few opting for retirement. The important feature of this this of feature important The retirement. for opting few a ;

d

some scholars would go on to on go would scholars some –

, this this

THE THE END OF REFORM 16 moving ever so closely to a more authoritative and and authoritative more a to closely so ever moving e reform,of thisthesis. the original theme , You see: the tonguewill You cease, fall will thepen 57

plan 1216

what he could give the world and what to God: to what hecould and what give theworld Come, night, since sunlight fails, earthmourns Come, sincefails, night, sunlight Has died. Father of Rome and world, h Has died. andworld, Father Rome of

Each name in turn, took note of what hehad, Eachnote ofwhat name took inturn, in 1245, in Lyon.Hi in in 1245, , ;

in Perugia a great and energetic pope ended

popes had died before and would continue continue and beforewould died had popes Beauty, tongue. wealth ofmind,andgifted The world’s light passes, light The world’s father Innocent ,

although that effort was thwarted by by thwarted was effort that although

Innocent III Innocent ?

s pontificate s To lose its light midday. light loseits To , , 288 call call - 289. this hierocracy or or hierocracy this

,

marked the reform the h Lateran h

e bore

; . the the

218 an an

CEU eTD Collection for to sought it and reactive on perspective the impac papalthe efforts legates supportinglocal of episcopate. the Hungarian Church presumably authority German under was hierarchy Bohemian The assemblies. provincial through agenda reform the supported 1233 in Syradia of held Far from clinging to the yearlyideal of councils legislat provincial of lack unfortunate f others, than more matters, of kinds These yetrefere century,direct thirteenth coun scholastici C by the archbishop of Esztergom is the only example fully in accordance with the Lateran Council’s Gerard of Parma evidence period early this in sources examples anon 11. However, However, 11. anon

to se

l. deal with pressing issues The crusades and the general approach towards non The reform of clerical morals w Did

of from

were present in the region, working as court officials, providing valued expertise and and expertise valued providing officials, court as working region, the in present were

h reform the h tee o rfrig lrcl dcto ad oas Te xml of example The morals. and education clerical reforming of themes the

Hungary, Poland, and Bohemia it would seem m a clear Christian identity in contrast in identity Christian clear a m ,

who was supposed to be allotted a benefice, first by the bishop of Győr and then ,

but provincial councils were seen to be an active part of Church life. The The life. Church of part active an be to seen were councils provincial but supports as the only example only the ae n mat in impact an have are

that assumption and i and assumption that

under the answer to that, yet even those few sources provide interesting provide sources few those evenyet that, to answer the ,

of which clerical morals were surely high on the list. The council nces to this part of the reform seem to be limited in the region.the in limitedbe to reformseempartthe of this to nces went t of t the decrees. The ion as

leads to speculation and only hints at a sustained eff sustained a at hints only and speculation to leads an ongoing struggle, continuing for a long time after the

it the reform under the direct supervision and guidance of

does not indicate an absence of im of absence an indicate not does Central Europe? Europe? Central el 58 udr h priw f rvnil onis The councils. provincial of purview the under l ,

it it seems reasonable to assume that council

t seems as though the archbishop of Gniezno Gniezno of archbishop the though as seems t to heretical or other non other or heretical to c - ouncil ouncil left little in way of tolerance as Christians, Christians, provides a more restrictive to have been Taking

into account the various various the account into

fairly limited. The pact. - Christian ones Christian Magistri Magistri M agister agister s

were few and and ort. ,

CEU eTD Collection wishing toretain establishment neighbouring The position. independent more a wanting by the papacy as it soon became a jurisdictional issue with the newly established pa was Baltic the mean could terms ecclesiastical In expansion. territorial crusade successful a Additionally pilgrimage. holy a on noblemen unruly send getting of way agreeable an was This realm. the Christianity. them for intended pope’s the task the doing in we engaged mendicants the that Hungary seems it this, in Considering Cumania. in Dominicans work missionary the while Prussia, in crusading and work on missionary focused Dominicans Bohemian and Polish The crusades. the preaching and missionaries game,for rather thana quick for possible opting chance martyrdom. answer, promoting a more reform forceful w bishops local Oftentimes these decisions and decided the implementation of these decrees f officials church of idea the perhaps was others, and Muslims Jews, excluding Christians, to makes which Secular rulers were more supportive of the crusades because they were aimed outside of outside aimed were they because crusades the of supportive more were rulers Secular b field, this in fore the to come Dominicans especially orders, mendicant The nevertheless the policies of most bishops were aimed at sustained reform, playing the long

it difficult to ascertain the precise intent of this influence. Restricting publ Restricting influence. this of intent precise the ascertain to difficult it rt of an effort toward Christianising the area, and thus it needed to be regulated be to needed it thus and area, the Christianising toward effort an of rt its

importanceand traditionally inthe region. strong position

ere how far they would support their spiritual superior, the pope, in Rome.

caught in a balancing act between Rome and their prince, at times times at prince, their and Rome between act balancing a in caught ,

at seeking times toappease theruler. Again, i there e ll ll on the secular arm of government. ,

the situation was more complicated. The crusade in in crusade The complicated. more was situation the – 59

welcoming a wider audience to the message of of message the to audience wider a welcoming rid of internal discord, as it allowed the ruler to to ruler the allowed it as discord, internal of rid

in G in P rinces and kings niezno niezno

Prussian bishopric re successfully successfully re was reluctant was s nosimple ic offices offices ic t as oth made made ,

but but ,

CEU eTD Collection The enterprise. joint their of failure and success bishops authority and imposed on them an obligation to be the reform, as he saw through them the reform, although it seems nothing else the Lateran decrees granted bishops and clergy a playbook for how to proceed. Church betweenguid taking in somewhere themselves set majority the while not, were others and zealous more were bishops apparent, although perhaps not e was reception the region, the of background political the account into taking council, the after early the period of dynamics the throughall Ithat end. think its as well failureas successor its to measureRoman impact ofthe bec Vienne of council the and 1274) (1245, Lyon in councils two the through reform, success III’s Innocent which in way The Europe. foundation of the first universities in the region centur fourteenth and thirteenth the through education and preaching on general andespecially topic ofeducation. the The development oftheimpact ofmendican Furthermore a century entire the topics ofreform that were stressed inth ofantitopic the Bosnia,as in instancefor supranat a as crusades the of subject The Europe. Central in The fact remains that the situation changed situation the that remains fact The Concluding about the reform inCentral Europe it is difficult to give There are ,

it would be insightful to see the developing trends of the episcopate and clergy in in clergy and episcopate the of trends developing the see to insightful be would it ,

of course ance fromance d o e i tee a a epr eeto o tee da ad concepts. and ideas these of retention deeper a was there if see to nd quite ,

other other avenues of research on the impact of the Fourth Lateran Council

more prominent leaders.

institutional, was a very personal affair. Innocent III had given the venly distributed. As with other parts of Latin Christendom, some a me slowlyevident. is

- thesis could beexpanded chronologicallythesis could toencompass heretical action theredeservesactionre heretical ,

60 w c ere

ors convoke ors ouncil was Innocent’s moment, but th but moment, Innocent’s was ouncil ;

the playing field was altering quickly, and if if and quickly, altering was field playing the

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ional endeavour invites more study, more invites endeavour ional d

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