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Home , Babuino, Janiculum, Lateran council, Lateran Council (769), Palazzo Farnese, Ponte Sisto

REFORM OF THE CHURCH BEFORE AND AFTER THE :

1512 in against simony (buying, selling church offices) financial & moral

1537 Advice on Reforming the Church commission appointed by Paul III denunciation of city of Rome as “brothel” COUNTER REFORMATION INSTITUTIONS

1) 1545-63 general council called to reform Church in response to Protestant Reformation

2) ROMAN : founded in 1542, jurisdiction only in

3) INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS 1559-1960

4) SOCIETY OF , OR JESUIT ORDER (S.J.) founded by Ignatius Loyola, Spanish goal is reconversion of Europe, missionary activity Rome: Church of Il Gesù

COUNTER REFORMATION INSTITUTIONS:

COUNCIL OF TRENT 1545-63 general council called to reform Church in response to Protestant Reformation

“Tridentine” Church = adjective from “Trent” (to 1960’s) called by Pope Paul III Farnese

Roman family, builder of Farnese ( of Alexander VI’s mistress)

Tridentine decrees on 1) reform of – clerical morality, seminaries for education

2) against Protestant Reformation doctrines

Lutheran and other theological positions

declared to be “anathema” -- heretical, rejected

Titian

Paul III Farnese

The “” Pope: looking forward to Catholic reform and back to his earlier life (mistress, children, )

Nepotism: appointment of a person’s nephews, but often sons 1545-46

Paul III Farnese with his grandsons Ottavio and Cardinal Alessandro Farnese

(nepotism) 1530 designed by San Gallo and now the French Embassy 1542 - 1797

jurisdiction only in Italy founded in 1542 by Gian Pietro Carafa later Pope Paul IV 1555-1559 modeled on , founded 1478 Spanish trials against converted Jews

directed against Protestant heretics: Lutherans, Calvinists, Anabaptists (adult baptizers) famous trials: Giordano Bruno trial 1598-1600 : plurality of worlds (not one creation) denies God’s Providence burned alive in Campo dei Fiori, 1600 Galileo Galilei 1630-33: of (sun centered universe)

Campo dei fiori (Field of Flowers) now an open air produce market

Statue of Giordano Bruno, with UW Rome Center in back Statue of Giordano Bruno

Campo dei Fiori

erected in 1889 after unification of Italy 1889 anti-Papal Inscription:

“To Bruno from the century that he foresaw, here, where the fire burned.” Galileo Galilei

Astronomer Mathematician Physicist Philosopher

Copernican versus the traditional Copernican ancient Universe Ptolemaic Universe: Sun at center Geocentric 1543 (earth as Copernicus center)

Heavenly Bodies> Galileo

1630

Copernican versus Ptolemaic, with Simplicissimus as spokesman for old world view 19 C painting of Galileo before Inquisition note the background painting (location is inaccurate but interesting) Galileo: house arrest 1633-1642 in Arcetri outside Florence

3) INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS 1559-1960’s all books from Reformation, Enlightenment, 19th century “modernist” books

4) , OR JESUIT ORDER (S.J.) founded by Ignatius Loyola, Spanish goal is reconversion of Europe, missionary activity Rome: Church of Il Gesù

Loyola as Spanish soldier wounded in Spanish Hapsburg Wars

Conversion during recovery Rubens 1620

Ignatius Loyola Rome:

Church of Il Gesù

First Jesuit Church

Tomb of St. Ignatius Apotheosis of in Church of Ignatius Loyola Rome Ignatius with Jesuit Motto:

Ad maiorem Dei gloriam

[All things should be done] To the greater glory of God.

(including school work!)

Rome City Planning: Changes in maps of Rome from late to 16th C.

Hills in red ( on left)

15th C. map of Rome with ancient and Christian sites

Woodcut from 1549 – realistic detail, lettered buildings

Street in 19th C. photo

RENOVATION OF CITY OF ROME 15th C. Pope Nicholas 1450’s

Motives: repair: neglected & ruined streets, churches after absence of Papacy in Avignon religious instruction through grandeur: Church can appeal to the illiterate population through "grandiose spectacles and magnificent buildings ... monuments in some sense perpetual that appear almost to testify to the hand of God himself.” authority of the church: visually asserted through rituals, buildings, and

Possesso: from Vatican to St. John Lateran after crowning of Pope in St. Peters

16th C. engraving showing Old St. Peters with New St. Peter’s going up behind it.

Note the trident formation at top of map; two straight road on either side of : (Sixtus IV) and (Julius II)

Via Papale

(to north of modern Vittorio Emmanuele

RENOVATION OF CITY OF ROME

• Sixtus IV 1471-84 rebuilds over 30 churches, builds seven new ones, classical statues in museum on Capitol Hill

• 1475: Jubilee Year builds Sisto first post-classical bridge over the Tiber

• Construction of Via della Lungara from to Vatican

Melozzo da Forli Inscription Sixtus IV

“You gave your city temples, streets, squares, fortifications, bridges and restored the Aqua Vergine as far as the Trevi..." 1475

Julius II

Raphael portrait 1503-13: Julius II della Rovere

Via Giulia now a wealthy neighborhood Via Giulia at intersection with Ponte Sisto with graffiti : (

1534-49: Paul III Farnese: North

1538: lays down trident at the Via Lata (del Corso) the Via Paolina (now Via del )

Via della Ripetta (built by Leo X) Note triangular streets starting from top of this aerial photo 1585-90 (Peretti) renovation of city of Rome

DOMENICO FONTANA papal architect

Projects: Urban planning Streets new wide, straight streets

Obelisks: Re-erecting fallen Roman obelisks at key points throughout city

Bellini Sixtus V

North → Entrance Schematic Map showing new straight roads

│→North

(but older roads like Via Papale│ have also been straightened out, so a bit misleading..)

Obelisk in Piazza del Popolo

Frescoes in Vatican of obelisks being re-erected

Façade of Old St. Peter’s with New St. Peter’s going up Fontana’s plan for moving the Vatican obelisk 1586

New site of the

Vatican obelisk

(moved from south side of

St. Peter’s) Obelisk at S. Giovanni in Laterano Obelisk at Idealized drawing of Sixtus V’s boulevards and obelisks Central church is Santa Maria Maggiore, to right is San Giovanni in Laterano at top is Santa Croce in Jerusalemme

Rome as “Caput orbis”

Head of the world as the seat of St. Peter Piazza del Popolo Churches of Santa Maria dei Miracoli (right) and Santa Maria del Montesanto (left) built 1660-1680’s

Bernini’s elephant with Egyptian obelisk

In front of Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva