REFORM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH BEFORE AND AFTER THE REFORMATION: 1512 LATERAN COUNCIL in Rome decrees against simony (buying, selling church offices) financial & moral corruption 1537 Advice on Reforming the Church commission appointed by Pope Paul III denunciation of city of Rome as “brothel” COUNTER REFORMATION INSTITUTIONS 1) COUNCIL OF TRENT 1545-63 general council called to reform Church in response to Protestant Reformation 2) ROMAN INQUISITION: founded in 1542, jurisdiction only in Italy 3) INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS 1559-1960 4) SOCIETY OF JESUS, OR JESUIT ORDER (S.J.) founded by Ignatius Loyola, Spanish goal is reconversion of Europe, missionary activity Rome: Church of Il Gesù COUNTER REFORMATION INSTITUTIONS: COUNCIL OF TRENT 1545-63 general council called to reform Church in response to Protestant Reformation “Tridentine” Church = adjective from “Trent” (to 1960’s) called by Pope Paul III Farnese Roman family, builder of Farnese palace (brother of Alexander VI’s mistress) Tridentine decrees on 1) reform of Catholic Church – clerical morality, seminaries for education 2) against Protestant Reformation doctrines Lutheran and other theological positions declared to be “anathema” -- heretical, rejected Titian Paul III Farnese The “Janus” Pope: looking forward to Catholic reform and back to his earlier life (mistress, children, nepotism) Nepotism: appointment of a person’s nephews, but often sons Titian 1545-46 Paul III Farnese with his grandsons Ottavio and Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (nepotism) Palazzo Farnese 1530 designed by San Gallo and Michelangelo now the French Embassy ROMAN INQUISITION 1542 - 1797 jurisdiction only in Italy founded in 1542 by Gian Pietro Carafa later Pope Paul IV 1555-1559 modeled on Spanish Inquisition, founded 1478 Spanish trials against converted Jews directed against Protestant heretics: Lutherans, Calvinists, Anabaptists (adult baptizers) famous trials: Giordano Bruno trial 1598-1600 heresies: plurality of worlds (not one creation) denies God’s Providence burned alive in Campo dei Fiori, 1600 Galileo Galilei 1630-33: heresy of heliocentrism (sun centered universe) Campo dei fiori (Field of Flowers) now an open air produce market Statue of Giordano Bruno, with UW Rome Center in back Statue of Giordano Bruno Campo dei Fiori erected in 1889 after unification of Italy 1889 anti-Papal Inscription: “To Bruno from the century that he foresaw, here, where the fire burned.” Galileo Galilei Astronomer Mathematician Physicist Philosopher Copernican versus the traditional Copernican ancient Universe Ptolemaic Universe: Sun at center Geocentric 1543 (earth as Copernicus center) <On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies> Galileo <Dialogue On the Two Great World Systems> 1630 Copernican versus Ptolemaic, with Simplicissimus as spokesman for old world view 19 C painting of Galileo before Inquisition note the background painting (location is inaccurate but interesting) Galileo: house arrest 1633-1642 in Arcetri outside Florence 3) INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS 1559-1960’s all books from Reformation, Enlightenment, 19th century “modernist” books 4) SOCIETY OF JESUS, OR JESUIT ORDER (S.J.) founded by Ignatius Loyola, Spanish goal is reconversion of Europe, missionary activity Rome: Church of Il Gesù Loyola as Spanish soldier wounded in Spanish Hapsburg Wars Conversion during recovery Rubens 1620 Ignatius Loyola Rome: Church of Il Gesù First Jesuit Church Tomb of St. Ignatius Apotheosis of Saint in Church of Ignatius Loyola Rome Ignatius with Jesuit Motto: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam [All things should be done] To the greater glory of God. (including school work!) Rome City Planning: Changes in maps of Rome from late middle ages to 16th C. Hills in red (Janiculum on left) 15th C. map of Rome with ancient and Christian sites Woodcut from 1549 – realistic detail, lettered buildings Street in Roman Ghetto 19th C. photo RENOVATION OF CITY OF ROME 15th C. Pope Nicholas 1450’s Motives: repair: neglected & ruined streets, churches after absence of Papacy in Avignon religious instruction through grandeur: Church can appeal to the illiterate population through "grandiose spectacles and magnificent buildings ... monuments in some sense perpetual that appear almost to testify to the hand of God himself.” authority of the church: visually asserted through rituals, buildings, and processions Possesso: procession from Vatican to St. John Lateran after crowning of Pope in St. Peters 16th C. engraving showing Old St. Peters with New St. Peter’s going up behind it. Note the trident formation at top of map; two straight road on either side of Tiber: Via della Lungara (Sixtus IV) and Via Giulia (Julius II) Via Papale (to north of modern Vittorio Emmanuele RENOVATION OF CITY OF ROME • Sixtus IV della Rovere 1471-84 rebuilds over 30 churches, builds seven new ones, classical statues in museum on Capitol Hill • 1475: Jubilee Year builds Ponte Sisto first post-classical bridge over the Tiber • Construction of Via della Lungara from Trastevere to Vatican Melozzo da Forli Inscription Sixtus IV “You gave your city temples, streets, squares, fortifications, bridges and restored the Aqua Vergine as far as the Trevi..." Ponte Sisto 1475 Julius II Raphael portrait 1503-13: Julius II della Rovere Via Giulia now a wealthy neighborhood Via Giulia at intersection with Ponte Sisto with graffiti : ( 1534-49: Paul III Farnese: North 1538: lays down trident at Piazza del Popolo the Via Lata (del Corso) the Via Paolina (now Via del Babuino) Via della Ripetta (built by Leo X) Note triangular streets starting from top of this aerial photo POPE SIXTUS V 1585-90 (Peretti) renovation of city of Rome DOMENICO FONTANA papal architect Projects: Urban planning Streets new wide, straight streets Obelisks: Re-erecting fallen Roman obelisks at key points throughout city Bellini Sixtus V North → Entrance Porta del popolo Schematic Map showing new straight roads │→North (but older roads like Via Papale│ have also been straightened out, so a bit misleading..) Obelisk in Piazza del Popolo Frescoes in Vatican of obelisks being re-erected Façade of Old St. Peter’s with New St. Peter’s going up Fontana’s plan for moving the Vatican obelisk 1586 New site of the Vatican obelisk (moved from south side of St. Peter’s) Obelisk at S. Giovanni in Laterano Obelisk at Santa Maria Maggiore Idealized drawing of Sixtus V’s boulevards and obelisks Central church is Santa Maria Maggiore, to right is San Giovanni in Laterano at top is Santa Croce in Jerusalemme Rome as “Caput orbis” Head of the world as the seat of St. Peter Piazza del Popolo Churches of Santa Maria dei Miracoli (right) and Santa Maria del Montesanto (left) built 1660-1680’s Bernini’s elephant with Egyptian obelisk In front of Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva .