MAGAZINE Making Arctic inroads 8 No. 3 Asian States weigh in 12 2014 THE CIRCLE Seeking natural resources 22

ASIA IN THE ARCTIC

PUBLISHED BY THE WWF GLOBAL ARCTIC PROGRAMME

TheCircle0314.indd 1 26.08.14 12:48 THE CIRCLE 3 .2014 ASIA IN THE ARCTIC Contents EDITORIAL Asia and the Arctic 3 ASIAN STATES WEIGH IN 12 IN BRIEF 4 CHINA: GUIDE JIA China in the Arctic 14 KOJI SEKIMIZU Challenge and opportunity 6 KOREA: CHO HEE-YONG Protection before development 16 ANNE-MARIE BRADY Making Arctic inroads 8 INDIA: NAVTEJ SARNA The third pole 18 OLAV SCHRAM STOKKE The promise of involvement 10 SINGAPORE: SIMON WONG WIE KUEN One degree north 20 DAVID WRIGHT Seeking natural resources 22 THE PICTURE 24

The Circle is published quar- Publisher: Editor in Chief: Clive Tesar, COVER: Panda in the Arctic. terly by the WWF Global Arctic WWF Global Arctic Programme [email protected] Illustration: Ketill Berger, Film & Form. Source: Panda: George Lu. Ice: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Sky: Patrick Kelley, Programme. Reproduction and 8th floor, 275 Slater St., Ottawa, U.S. Coast Guard. Alle photos are posted on Flickr with Creative quotation with appropriate credit ON, Canada K1P 5H9. Managing Editor: Becky Rynor, Commons license. . are encouraged. Articles by non- Tel: +1 613-232-8706 [email protected] affiliated sources do not neces- Fax: +1 613-232-4181 ABOVE: Drift ice camp in the mid- sarily reflect the views or policies Design and production: dle of the Arctic Ocean seen from of WWF. Send change of address Internet: www.panda.org/arctic Film & Form/Ketill Berger, the deck of Chinese icebreaker and subscription queries to the [email protected] Xue Long (Snow Dragon). address on the right. We reserve ISSN 2073-980X = The Circle Photo: Timo Palo, Wikimedia Commons. the right to edit letters for publica- Printed by St. Joseph Communications tion, and assume no responsibil- Date of publication: ity for unsolicited material. Aug., 2014. Thank you for your interest in The Circle. Many of our ­subscribers have moved to an e-version. To receive an electronic copy in your email 2 The Circle 3.2014 instead of a paper copy, please write to us at [email protected] and help us reduce our costs and footprint.

TheCircle0314.indd 2 26.08.14 12:48 THE CIRCLE 3 .2014 EDITORIAL

Asia and the Arctic

AS THE CHINESE government representative states in this diate challenge of climate change. Pressures for energy edition of The Circle, China is a “near-Arctic country”. and economic growth in China and other Asian countries This translates into an interest in the Arctic in terms of are playing an increasing role in driving greenhouse gas its potential use as a transit route for goods. It is also a emissions. As Asian countries work to meet the legiti- potential source of raw materials. The Arctic is already mate aspirations of their populations to raise their living home to four of the largest fisheries in the world, and standards, they must also be careful that their route to their importance may expand as supplies dwindle else- more general prosperity does not prove to be short-term where, and the Arctic ice recedes for longer periods. The gain for longer term pain. While climate change is hav- Arctic is also thought to hold hydrocarbons—90 billion ing faster, stronger and more visible impacts in the Arctic barrels of oil, 1,669 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and with the shrinkage of summer sea ice, those effects do 44 billion barrels of natural gas liquids according to a not stay in the Arctic. Feedbacks from the shrinkage of 2008 estimate by a United States Arctic ice and snow government agency. These close- THERE IS STILL A THREAT will rebound on by routes and resources are of Asian countries obvious interest to Asian coun- TO THE ARCTIC FROM NEW and the rest of the tries. INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS world, accelerat- But proximity to the Arctic ing warming and is not really a prerequisite for extreme weather on states to affect the Arctic, either directly or indirectly, and a planetary scale, and raising sea levels. LO ZSE PING is CEO of for the Arctic to affect them in turn. Traces of pesticides Cities such as Tianjin and Shanghai have WWF China. used on cotton crops in Asia have showed up in the fat of already experienced rising water levels. Arctic animals. It was data from the Arctic, showing that The Yangtze, the third longest river in the world, could chemicals from far away were showing up in the Arctic be pushed beyond the bounds of sustainability by climate environment and in Arctic peoples, that helped drive impacts piled on top of other human uses of the river an international response. Thankfully, the more toxic system. pesticides were dealt with by the Stockholm Convention China and the other Asian countries have shown that on Persistent Organic pollutants which has been ratified they can be world leaders in innovation and manufac- by all the Asian observer countries at the Arctic Council. turing. These countries could and should harness those This is a positive example of Asian countries realizing powers in the pursuit of renewable energy technologies. that they were having an unintended and indirect nega- Creating and distributing such technology on a regional tive effect on the Arctic, and stepping up to take respon- and a global scale could help us meet the need of keep- sibility. ing the planetary temperature increase well under two There is still a threat to the Arctic from new industrial degrees, and slow the contribution of climate feedback chemicals, and we must be vigilant to ensure that they from the Arctic. This would not only be in the interests do not disrupt the environment or peoples’ health. That of the Arctic, but also in the interests of China, the other threat is currently taking a back seat to the more imme- Asian countries, and the world.

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30% of its hidden natural gas reserves. “This is important to Cana- dians, especially those in the north, as this is their future and prosperity at stake.” Under the UN Conven- tion on the Law of the Sea, a coastal nation can claim exclusive economic rights to natural resources on or beneath the sea floor up to 200 nautical miles (370km) beyond their land territory. But if the continental shelf extends beyond that distance, the country must provide evidence to a UN commission which will then make recom- mendations about establish- ing an outer limit. Photo: Paul Nicklen Dr. Eric Dewailly

Through the lens THE INTERNATIONAL science THE ARCTIC COUNCIL’S Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna working group, in celebra- community is mourning the tion of the Arctic Biodiversity Congress, is inviting people to participate in the Arctic Bio- death of Dr. Eric Dewailly, diversity “Through the Lens” photography competition. who died in an accident while One grand prize winner will receive a trip to the Ilulissat Icefjord, in Greenland, a on holiday. As a professor at World Heritage Site. Selected images will be displayed at the Arctic Biodiversity Con- Laval University in Montreal, gress December 2-4th, 2014 in Trondheim Norway, and will be exhibited across Arctic Quebec, Dr. Dewailly was countries. The competition includes a special prize for two young photographers, one renowned for his ground- under the age of 18 and one under the age of 14. The deadline for submission is October breaking research into the 5th 2014. presence of contaminants in Further information can be found at www.arcticbiodiversity.is/photo-contest Arctic peoples. His research uncovered the presence of record levels of PCBs in the ing our sovereignty while Russia and Denmark have breast milk of Inuit moth- Canada joins race expanding our economic and also made competing claims ers from Nunavik (Northern scientific opportunities by on a vast area of Arctic sea- Quebec). Further studies led CANADA has launched a mis- defining Canada’s last fron- bed around the Lomonosov by Dr. Dewailly and others sion to extend its territory up tier,” said Environment Min- Ridge. were important in motivating to the North Pole. ister Leona Aglukkaq. All three countries are the international commu- Two Canadian icebreakers The region is believed to seeking scientific proof that nity to negotiate a treaty on left St John’s, Newfoundland, include large oil and gas the ridge is an underwater reducing and eliminating the in August to collect data from reserves. extension of their continental production and use of some an undersea ridge that starts Last December Canada shelf. contaminants. near Ellesmere Island and filed an application with the The area is estimated “The international Arctic runs to the Pole. UN seeking to vastly expand to hold 13% of the world’s science community has lost “Our government is secur- its Atlantic sea boundary. undiscovered oil and up to a dear friend and colleague.

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do we have the technology overlooked and underappre- to safely drill for oil and gas ciated. An extremely impor- in the Arctic”, said Knizh- tant and sensitive dimension nikov. “It’s necessary to test of ecosystem services in the methods for cleanup of oil Arctic is the cultural value spills in ice conditions before and living resources the land active development begins.” and sea represent to Indig- Following the meeting Putin enous peoples. The report said all suggestions will be from the scoping study will included in the government’s be presented to the Arctic action plan. Council Ministerial in spring

2015. For more information Creative Commons Flickr, Photo: Brian Hoffman,

Photo: Isabelle Dubois contact Joan Eamer. (joa- Rock sandpiper nest, Rat Island, Alaska Maritime Dr. Dewailly led the 2004 Putting a price on [email protected]) National Wildlife Refuge. Nunavik Health Survey on board the CCGS Amundsen. Arctic “services”­ Norway sinks THE ARCTIC’S vast natural and cultural values are the Alaskan birds We will greatly miss Eric’s focus of a project between the Chinese tycoon’s passion, commitment and Arctic Council’s CAFF work- laying earlier significant contributions to ing group, UNEP, WWF and ambitions on Inuit health and well-being,” Grid Arendal. Modeled after due to climate said Russell Shearer, Direc- The Economics of Ecosystem Svalbard tor of Northern Science and and Biodiversity (TEEB), change Contaminants Research, the project’s objective is to NORWAY has decided to buy a Aboriginal Affairs and North- get a more comprehensive large tranche of private land SEVERAL BIRD SPECIES are ern Development Canada. understanding of the benefits on its Arctic island of Sval- laying eggs earlier due to “His research had an influ- biodiversity and ecosystems bard after a Chinese property earlier snow melt, accord- ential impact on achieving a contribute to the well-being tycoon said he wanted the ing to findings published in global, legally-binding agree- of Arctic residents and global land to build a resort for Polar Ecology. The research ment on persistent organic citizens. The TEEB-guided wealthy travellers. shows birds such as sand- pollutants (POPs) - the effort will identify services Trade Minister Monica pipers have advanced their UNEP Stockholm Conven- that Arctic nature provides, Maeland told the Associ- egg-laying dates over the past tion.” and recognize their value. ated Press that the “common nine years by as much as a This can be done by acknowl- good” is best served if the 216 week. This adaptation allows edging and accounting these square kilometres (83 square for the young to hatch at the WWF tells Putin services, although in some miles) is in public hands. same time as when food is cases there may also be an Developer Huang Nubo had most abundant. attempt to place a monetary hoped to persuade hardy Chi- Steve Zack, a spokesman technology can’t value on the benefits people nese and Russian tourists to for the Wildlife Conservation derive from a particular visit the icy island famous for Society, says the shifts in the ensure safe ecosystem service. The most its snow-covered mountains, birds’ behaviour may not be commonly known services fjords and glaciers. Huang’s sustainable.“We’re concerned ­Arctic drilling are those that provide food, purchase would have given that there will be a threshold materials, or fuel such as him a foothold along a poten- where they will no longer be WWF’S Alexey Knizhnikov firewood. Less prominent tial Arctic shipping route that able to track the emergence met with Russian President natural processes which safe- could cut weeks off the cur- of these earlier springs, Vladimir Putin to advise him guard clean drinking water, rent trade route from the Far which may impact breeding on the risks of Arctic drill- prevent coastal erosion or East to European and North success or even population ing. “Nowhere in the world regulate the climate are often American markets. viability.”

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TheCircle0314.indd 5 26.08.14 12:48 SHIPPING IN THE ARCTIC Challenge and opportunity Economic development and increasing commercial activity in the Arctic region is a con- tentious subject. But KOJI SEKIMIZU says the issue is not whether this is good or bad, but that it is happening, quickly. So how do we manage it so that commercial advantage is not gained at the expense of Indigenous peoples or the environment? Photo: Patrick Kelley, U.S. Coast Guard Photo: Patrick Kelley,

THE OPENING UP of the Arctic to greater I am most grateful to the Russian Gov- able development in shipping. The world maritime activity due to receding sea ice ernment for giving me the opportunity looks to the International Maritime provides both an unusual challenge and to experience the challenges of shipping Organization to provide that framework. a unique opportunity. in that region. It reinforced for me how IMO measures are designed, among Last year, I was lucky enough to expe- vital it is that regulators, governments, other things, to promote safety, protect rience first hand the realities of naviga- policy makers and administrators work the environment, improve efficiency and tion in this harsh, remote and environ- together to create the conditions in ensure a properly trained workforce. mentally-sensitive which Arctic development can be safe, This contributes to the three pillars of region. I undertook environmentally sound and sustainable. sustainability – environmental, econom- a 1,700-mile voyage A universally accepted regulatory ic and societal. from the Kara Sea framework is a prerequisite for sustain- Just as the Arctic Council recognizes to the East Sibe- the work of IMO in striving to ensure KOJI SEKIMIZU is the rian Sea aboard the that developments in the Polar Regions Secretary-General of nuclear-powered WE WILL NEED TO FIND are safe, secure and sustainable, IMO the International Mari- icebreaker 50 Let respects the responsible and entirely time Organization Pobedy. During the WAYS TO MONITOR THE appropriate stance taken by the Arctic voyage, I was able to Council in these matters. I note with closely observe the ENVIRONMENT AND appreciation that the Arctic Council has operation of the vessel, communication already moved to include non-Arctic systems, charts and other navigational PROPERLY ASSESS THE states in its discussions, through the aids, and to assess the development of EFFECTS OF INCREASED conferring of observer status. This is a the search and rescue coordination cen- clear recognition that there is a wider, tres at Dikson in the Kara Sea and Pevek COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY international dimension at play here in in the East Siberian Sea. matters such as safety and environmen-

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TheCircle0314.indd 6 26.08.14 12:48 Arctic sea routes tal protection surrounding shipping in Arctic shipping routes and through Arctic waterways. North east sea route The most important initiative for the North west sea route development of appropriate safety and 200 miles economic zone environmental regulation for Arctic ship- A Summer ice extent: C T ping is the development of the mandato- I C September median C ry polar code. Where existing guidelines 1981-2010 I R C L for ships operating in polar waters are Record minimum, E 16 September 2012 recommendatory, the IMO membership has agreed that the polar code will be mandatory, setting out internationally binding requirements appropriate for the severe environmental conditions of the polar areas, over and above those already contained in existing instruments. Work to finalize the code by the end of 2014 is well underway, with IMO’s committees and sub-committees making special efforts to ensure the completion date is adhered to. It will provide a framework of inter- national regulations for the safety of shipping and the protection of the envi- ronment from shipping activities in the Polar Regions. But we should not see that as the end of the process. There is a need for further cooperation and col- U.S. Coast Guard Photo: Patrick Kelley, laboration in a number of areas. The maritime infrastructure must be devel- MAP: Ketill Berger, Film & Form SOURCE: Natural Earth, oped and strengthened. The provision of National Snow & Ice Data Center, NSIDC navigational charts, the establishment of search and rescue facilities under the passenger ships operating in the region a series of highly specialized technical Global Maritime and Distress Safety may need to be looked at further. The sub-committees reporting to the Marine Systems, a comprehensive network of only effective mechanism to implement Environment Protection Committee and icebreaker support and the provision of any new operational measures is through the Maritime Safety Committee. It also Maritime Safety Information all need to discussion, consultation, adoption of has an effective enforcement mechanism, be addressed in parallel with the imple- measures and implementation under embracing the flag States enforcement mentation of the polar code by the ship- the IMO mechanism to ensure universal and port State control. All stakehold- ping community. application over thousands of ships reg- ers participate in the regulatory process The polar region constitutes a unique istered in various IMO Member Govern- at IMO – not just the Member States working environment. This means we ments. themselves but also non-governmental also need to develop further specific An effective response to emergencies, bodies in consultative status with IMO, operational guidelines for seafarers, such as oil spills, requires preparation in representing the shipping industry, envi- beyond those already included in the advance. This, too, implies coordination ronmental interests, equipment manu- Standards of Training, Certification and and collaboration. We will need to find facturers and those who make up the Watchkeeping Convention. ways to monitor the environment and maritime infrastructure, such as ports We must also be ready to develop rec- properly assess the effects of increased and harbours, pilots, hydrographers and ommendations for new technology, and commercial activity. the seafarers themselves. the shipbuilding and machinery sectors IMO can offer the global forum for will need to invest in research and devel- cooperation and the development of This article is an edited version of an address opment to tailor new designs for harsh international measures. It already pro- Mr. Sekimizu gave before the Senior Arctic operating environments. vides a tried and tested mechanism for Officials in Yellowknife, Canada in March Specific operational procedures for such discussion and development, with 2014.

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TheCircle0314.indd 7 26.08.14 12:48 CHINA: Making Arctic inroads China’s Arctic interests continually make headlines: a failed plan to purchase a section of remote Iceland farmland by Chinese investor Huang Nubo and news that the China Rail- way Corporation is considering a proposal to set up a highspeed rail linking China and the USA via the Arctic are just two examples. ANNE-MARIE BRADY says these reports beg the question: what are China’s intentions in the Arctic?

IN THE LAST TEN YEARS China has What is China’s position on points of steadily expanded its Arctic presence THE ARCTIC IS CEN- contention in Arctic affairs? and is increasingly speaking out on ■■ Sovereignty: Outside the 200-mile Arctic issues. In the last twenty years, TRAL TO CHINA’S FU- zone of the littoral states, China points China has accumulated memberships TURE STRATEGIC OIL out that the Arctic Ocean is still an inter- in all Arctic-related national space. The extended continen- regional associa- AND MINERAL NEEDS tal shelf claims of various Arctic states tions it is entitled will require a combination of science to participate in; it and diplomacy to resolve, and China applied to be and intends to be involved in this process. ANNE-MARIE BRADY has become an ■■ Sea routes: International straits. is the Editor-in-chief of observer at the Arc- ■■ Strategic minerals and hydrocarbons: The Polar Journal and tic Council (ongoing ■■ Participate in international decision- global resources that should be opened a Global Fellow at the status from 2013); making on Arctic matters under inter- up to the global market. Woodrow Wilson Cent- and has become an national governance ■■ Environmental issues: China sees er, Washington, DC. active participant ■■ Bid for mineral rights and other eco- opportunity more than risk in Arctic in all international nomic opportunities climate change. organizations whose ■■ Potential to bid for deep-sea mineral responsibilities cover the Arctic Ocean. rights CHINA’S POLAR STRATEGY: In 2011 the Deputy Head of the China The Arctic is central to China’s future Arctic and Antarctic Administration, What are China’s strategic interests in strategic oil and mineral needs. Access Chen Lianzeng stated that the overall the Arctic? to polar resources, as well as Arctic goal of China’s current five year polar ■■ Security (traditional and non-tradi- sea and air routes is crucial to China’s plan was to increase China’s “status and tional): China has economic; political; future economic, political, and mili- influence” in polar affairs to better pro- and military; security interests in the tary expansion as a global great power. tect its “polar rights” Arctic. China is engaged in a 5-year assessment ■■ Resources: China wants access to (2012-2016) of polar resources and So what are China’s Arctic rights and Arctic minerals and hydrocarbons; fish- governance that will help refine China’s where can it exercise influence? ing; tourism; transport routes; and bio- existing polar strategy, policy direction, ■■ Scientific and economic activities at prospecting. and organization. Svarlbard ■■ Science and technology: access to Beijing is encouraging a multi-level, ■■ Observer status at the Arctic Council the Arctic is essential for the roll-out of multi-agency, engagement in the region; ■■ Access Arctic seas for scientific the Beidou navigational system; China’s popularising knowledge about opportu- research, transport, tourism, fishing space science programme; and accurate nities in the Arctic for Chinese citizens ■■ Cross-Arctic air routes weather forecasting in China. and companies, in order to increase

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TheCircle0314.indd 8 26.08.14 12:48 CHINA TALKS DOWN ITS INTERESTS TO FOR- EIGN AUDIENCES WHILE TALKING THEM UP TO DOMESTIC AUDIENCES.

China’s overall presence and influence in the region, and strengthen the right to speak (话语权) on Arctic affairs. China talks down its interests in the Arctic to foreign audiences, meanwhile talking them up to domestic audiences. China does not yet have a fully-articu- lated Arctic strategy document (though the broad strokes of China’s Arctic goals and interests are clearly articulated in internal publications). It is hesitant to put its cards on the table this early in the game, when many of the conten- tious issues in Arctic affairs are twenty years away from being resolved. The Chinese government aims to garner domestic support for China’s initiatives, educate the population on Arctic affairs, and inspire patriotism and confidence among Chinese youth. China is engaging in proactive diplo- macy to susceptible Arctic states: Ice- land, Greenland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden. China avoids challenging Rus- sia, Canada and the US who harbour concerns about China’s engagement in the Arctic. China is trying to find a way to work cooperatively with the Arctic states – Canada, Greenland, USA, Rus-

sia – whose territories contain oil and Palo, Wikimedia Commons. Timo Photo: gas, and strategic minerals. Deploying the ice camp on sea ice during Chinese CHINARE expedition to the cen- China is building a global coalition tral Arctic in summer 2010 on board of icebreaker Xue Long of likeminded states who will vote with China on crucial issues (not just polar), As in other global scenarios, where China should be encouraged to make such as the Group of 77 as well as bilat- China cannot affect change, it makes the a formal statement on its Arctic policy eral relations with other non-Arctic best out of the current order and quietly and interests. Transparency builds states who share China’s view on global pursues its own interests; but where the trust; while ambiguity breeds mistrust rights to Arctic resources, high seas, and possibility of creating new norms exists, and suspicion. seabed resources. Beijing acts assertively.

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TheCircle0314.indd 9 26.08.14 12:48 A WIN-WIN SITUATION The promise of involvement In the West there is a long history of distrust of Asian countries. Questions have recently been raised around attempts by Chinese businessmen to buy properties in Iceland and Svalbard. In this context, how should the arrival of several Asian countries as Arctic Council observers be viewed? OLAV SCHRAM STOKKE argues deeper Asian involvement in Council activities can only be a win-win situation for Arctic and non-Arctic countries.

EVIDENCE OF Asian-state interest in the economic and political conditions for panies from China, Japan and Korea Arctic is ample and not really as new broader use of the Northern Sea Route. are already at work on the Norwegian as many believe. Japan set up an Arc- China’s ice-capable research vessel, the continental shelf, and Indian firms are tic research station in the early 1990s Xue Long (‘snow dragon’), was acquired reported to have engaged in commercial and funded the major share of the two decades ago, and the government negotiations with Russian license hold- hitherto most comprehensive multina- agency responsible for polar activities ers in Western Siberia and Sakhalin. tional research project on the physical, added ‘Arctic’ to its name in 1996. Com- The world’s shipbuilding industry is

Smog, Hong Kong. The air pollution can travel long distances. Many Arctic environmental chal- lenges originate outside the Arctic. Photo: Daniel Lee, Flickr, Creative Commons Photo: Daniel Lee, Flickr,

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TheCircle0314.indd 10 26.08.14 12:48 now dominated by Asian firms, particu- economy by far, not least in terms of larly Korea which has positioned itself WORRIES THAT GREATER technology and innovation. Yet, many for an Arctic market. The major Asian years of growth rates considerably lower maritime states are also members of the ASIAN INVOLVEMENT IN than those achieved correspondence group under the Inter- ARCTIC AFFAIRS MIGHT by several large national Maritime Organization (IMO) ‘emerging econo- tasked with negotiating a legally binding UNDERMINE THE SOVER- mies’, such as China Polar Code that will upgrade today’s EIGN RIGHTS OF COASTAL and India, have voluntary guidelines for ships operating made clear that OLAV SCHRAM STOKKE in ice-covered waters. In short, rising this ranking is not STATES ARE UNFOUNDED specializes in inter- Asian attention to the Arctic Council is written in stone. national relations only one of many manifestations of their Although another particularly institutional interest in this region. Arctic state, Russia, analysis, resource and Two of the concerns voiced about this GEOPOLITICAL WORRIES remains the world’s environmental man- interest deserve attention. One is that Regional worries over new players in number two mili- agement, and regional deeper involvement on the part of these Arctic politics derive from clearly dis- tary power, China is cooperation. powerful actors might, in the long term, cernible geopolitical and geo-economic rapidly narrowing undermine the primacy of regional shifts, reinforced by recent debate on the gap, especially states in Arctic affairs; the second is the adequacy of the legal framework as regards conven- that it might jeopardize the unique and for Arctic governance. The USA is still tional capability. prominent position that Indigenous well ahead of any Asian competitor in Some Arctic states are concerned with Peoples have obtained within the Arctic its capacity for military power projec- the tendency of some Asian observers Council. tion and remains the world’s strongest and practitioners to approach Arctic

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TheCircle0314.indd 11 26.08.14 12:48 affairs with concepts and arguments or falls under the jurisdiction of non- that imply communal ownership, nota- IT CANNOT BE ASSUMED Arctic states. This is true for a major- bly ‘the common heritage of mankind’. ity of the persistent organic pollutants This argument lacks relevance in the THAT THE NEW OBSERV- (POPs) and heavy metals that threaten economically attractive parts of the ERS WILL PROMOTE AN to damage regional ecosystems, as well Arctic where coastal-state sovereign as the greenhouse gases that drive up rights over natural resources is not at AGENDA THAT IS INSEN- Arctic temperatures. Shipping remains issue. Among the Arctic states, Russia a high-seas freedom, also within the and Canada generally place sovereignty SITIVE TO INDIGENOUS exclusive economics zones (EEZs) – sea issues higher up on their list of Arctic zones in which the state has special priorities than do other regional states – CONCERNS IN THE ARCTIC rights over the exploration and use of partly because theirs are by far the lon- marine resources. Dealing effectively gest Arctic coastlines and partly because with these key Arctic challenges requires some of their unilateral and stricter- highly important by the Arctic Coun- regulatory action in broader interna- than-global Arctic shipping regulations cil. The rising aspirations of this body tional institutions, typically global ones have been challenged on legal grounds to produce research-based policy on like the Stockholm POPs Convention, by other states. salient issues such as energy and ship- the UN-based climate regime, and the However, any worries that greater ping developments, and to improve IMO. Asian involvement in Arctic affairs capacities for search and rescue as well Such regulatory action in relevant might undermine the sovereign rights as oil-spill preparedness and response, broader institutions is more likely if of the coastal states in the region are reflect the priorities of Arctic states, leading Non-arctic States, including unfounded. Those rights derive not from not Asian ones. Second, it cannot be Asian ones, can have a clear under- Arctic activities or regional patterns of assumed that the new observers will standing of the Arctic dimension of diplomacy, but from globally accepted promote an agenda that is insensitive global issues and firm ownership in the and regionally applicable international to Indigenous concerns in the Arctic. research that has substantiated that law. The United Nations Convention Involvement in Council activities is dimension. The Asian states that are on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) has among the factors likely to enhance now permanent observers have sig- 166 parties, with the USA as the sole such sensitivity. Third, the status of the nificant and rising polar research pro- major power not to have ratified. As six transnational Indigenous peoples’ grammes that can support the Council’s the main provisions of UNCLOS reflect associations as Permanent Participants core activities – knowledge-building international customary law, they are in the Arctic Council is much stronger and capacity enhancement. Consider for binding on all states. As did China and than that of the observers, who only instance the cooperative assessments India, the Arctic states supported and have a right to submit documents and to produced by the Arctic Council on how promoted the division of competence make statements, the latter even being global change will affect regional oppor- that emerged in the Convention; they subject to the discretion of the chair. tunities and challenges, most recently were also among the greatest winners in Observer status therefore provides the Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment. terms of spatially extended jurisdiction. no formal or de facto basis for exerting The political energy inherent in these Altering the basic deal underlying the pressure on Council decisions – only assessments serves to raise the saliency existing legal order for the Arctic would an opportunity for non-Arctic states of the Arctic dimension of broader therefore go counter to the interests to have their voice heard by those who problems and helps to mobilize politi- not only of Arctic states, but to those of make the decisions. Granting such sta- cal energy in the broader international the geo-economically ascendant Asian tus to the modest number of current institutions that have regulatory compe- states as well. new applicants is unlikely to detract significantly from the prominence of the THE INDIGENOUS VOICE Permanent Participants in the activities Also questionable are concerns that of the Arctic Council. DEEPER ASIAN INVOLVE- rising involvement of political and eco- nomic heavyweights such as the EU, ASIAN INVOLVEMENT AND ARC- MENT IN COUNCIL AC- China and India might divert the atten- TIC GOVERNANCE tion from Indigenous concerns, and Deeper involvement by Asian players TIVITIES PROMISES affect their access to high-level decision- has every potential to generate win–win TO STRENGTHEN THE makers within the Council framework. situations. Much of the activity that Indigenous concerns have always gives rise to Arctic environmental chal- POOL OF KNOWLEDGE been one of several matters deemed lenges either occurs outside the region

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TheCircle0314.indd 12 26.08.14 12:48 tence. Thus, by welcoming non-regional states into Arctic Council activities, the Arctic states may improve their abil- ity to stimulate regulatory advances in broader institutions that are crucial to Arctic governance. Asian states weigh in Such involvement makes excellent sense for Asian states as well. The Arctic Council is the hub of several transna- n China, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea and Sin- tional networks of Arctic researchers, gapore were granted observer status to the Arctic officials, and political decision-makers. Those who contribute to the research Council at its Ministerial Meeting in Kiruna, Swe- and other working group activities den in May, 2013. under the Council gain access to these networks and to potentially useful infor- n Observers have no voting rights in the Council, mation on how Arctic states and other but unlike ad hoc observers they are automati- important players think and plan con- cerning regional developments. Even cally invited to the group’s meetings. in areas where rule-making authority rests firmly with the coastal states, such n Here representatives of some of the Asian as offshore energy development, non- states weigh in on why they feel it is important for Arctic companies may obtain lucrative them to be included at the Arctic Council. roles if they can offer globally competi- ☛ tive technological solutions, equipment, or venture capital.

CONCLUSIONS The only potential influence conferred by observer status would be through persuasive arguments, which should always be welcome in international deliberations. Moreover, whereas the Council itself is gradually growing into a decision-shaping role, the Council can shape decisions in areas only where the Arctic states allow it in – and that will not happen in the many and politically salient issues where international law confers exclusive management authority to the coastal state. Asian states’ greater access to the networks of research, busi- ness and governmental actors centred on the Council provides them with information on plans, developments, and cooperative opportunities in the region. For the Arctic states, deeper Asian involvement in Council activi- ties promises to strengthen the pool of knowledge that underpins the Council’s own policy recommendations, while supporting the persuasiveness of those recommendations in areas such as ship- ping, climate change and environmental MAP: Ketill Berger, Film & Form toxins. SOURCE: Natural Earth

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TheCircle0314.indd 13 26.08.14 12:48 China

Capital city: Beijing (39.55° N, 116.23° E) GDP: USD 9.240 trillion, ranks #2 Area: 9,706,961 km² Population: 1.351 billion China in the Arctic Source: World Bank (2013) China’s Arctic activities are drawing increasing attention from the international community and creating specula- tion about this country’s motives. GUIDE JIA explains China’s Arctic aspirations, interests and future plans.

CHINA IS A non-Arctic state. So when tions, recognizes China as an impor- talking about China’s participation in tant stake-holder in Arctic affairs and Arctic affairs, the question “what has expects China to make contributions to China to do with the Arctic?” usually the work of the Council. pops up. This could first be approached The Arctic Council plays a very impor- by the geographical location of China. tant role in coordinating Arctic scientific The most northern part of the coun- research, strengthening Arctic environ- try is about 50 degrees north latitude, mental protection, and promoting Arctic bordering an Arctic State, Russia. As a economic and social development coop- near Arctic state, the natural and social eration. China highly values the Arctic changes in the Arc- Council, supports its objectives and tic have direct and is willing to actively participate in the significant impact work of the Council. Being an accred- on China’s climate, ited observer is beneficial for China. ecological environ- It allows our country to closely follow GUIDE JIA is deputy ment, and agricul- the latest developments in the Arctic, Director-General of the tural production as promote China’s Arctic research, be Department of Treaty well as social and more deeply involved in Arctic affairs, and Law, Ministry of economic develop- and further strengthen the exchange Foreign Affairs of China. ment. We often say, and cooperation with relevant parties in Arctic issues are addressing trans-regional Arctic issues mainly regional, but under the framework of the Council. some of them are trans-regional such China has recommended eight as climate change, shipping, etc. These experts to three working groups of the involve the interests of non-Arctic states Council since it was admitted as an accredited observer. It is ready to make and require the concerted efforts of both contributions in areas such as climate Arctic and non-Arctic states to address change, Arctic scientific research and these issues. Finally, under the current environment protection. legal framework of the Arctic, non-Arc- CHANGES IN THE ARC- China has yet to formulate a compre- tic states enjoy certain legitimate rights hensive set of Arctic policies. However, in the Arctic, such as the right of scien- TIC HAVE DIRECT AND there is a principled position on Arctic tific research and navigation, which has affairs. First, China recognizes the Arc- been recognized and respected by Arctic SIGNIFICANT IMPACT tic States’ sovereignty, sovereign rights States. and jurisdiction in the Arctic, respects China, along with 5 other states, was ON CHINA’S CLIMATE, their unique role and special responsi- accepted as an accredited observer to ECOLOGICAL ENVIRON- bilities on Arctic-related affairs. It also the Arctic Council in the Ministerial respects the values, interests, culture Meeting of the Council in May, 2013. MENT, AND AGRICUL- and traditions of Arctic Indigenous This is a very positive signal that the peoples and other Arctic inhabitants. Council, comprising eight Arctic States TURAL PRODUCTION China recognizes that an extensive legal and six Indigenous peoples’ organiza- framework applies to the Arctic Ocean

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Capital city: Beijing (39.55° N, 116.23° E) GDP: USD 9.240 trillion, ranks #2 Area: 9,706,961 km² Population: 1.351 billion Source: World Bank (2013) Photo: Miltos Gikas, Flickr, Creative Commons Photo: Miltos Gikas, Flickr,

including, notably, the United Nations is of the view that specific development Rice terraces in Yuanyang, Yunnan Convention on the Law of the Sea. activities should be carried out in a sus- Province, South China. China is a strong advocate of inter- tainable way that protects the environ- national cooperation regarding Arctic ment, respects the interests and con- affairs be it an Arctic state, Indigenous cerns of Indigenous peoples and abides peoples’ organization, or non-Arctic by the domestic laws of the Arctic state ment could cause. However, due to the state. Such cooperation ranges from sci- concerned and relevant international harsh natural conditions of the Arctic, entific research, environmental protec- conventions. Chinese enterprises are very cautious in tion to sustainable development of the China is both willing and able to be its participation of Arctic development. Arctic at various levels, either bilaterally a constructive player in contributing Scientific expeditions and research in or within the frameworks of regional to Arctic affairs and to promote peace, the Arctic are highly important to gain fora and international organizations. To stability and sustainable development of thorough understanding of this region. this end, China also proposes to develop the Arctic. China’s current Arctic activities centre mutually beneficial and interactive part- With the accelerated melting of ice on scientific research, which, along with nerships between Arctic states and non- and snow in the Arctic, China is begin- international cooperation on the Arctic, Arctic states. ning to pay attention to the profound will remain our country’s priorities. Regarding Arctic development, China impacts Arctic shipping and develop-

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TheCircle0314.indd 15 26.08.14 12:48 Korea

Capital: Seoul (37.33° N, 126.58° E) GDP: USD 1.305 trillion, ranks #14 Area: 219,140 km2 Protection before Population: 50,000,000 development Source: World Bank (2013) Korea was admitted to the Arctic Council as an observer country last year, and also developed a national Arctic pol- icy. CHO HEE-YONG says this is a prime example of the inter- national community’s recognition of Korea’s capabilities and the constructive role his country has already played.

IN ACCORDANCE WITH Korea’s admis- projects agreed to by Arctic Council sion to the Arctic Council, the Korean working groups; through Arctic-related government adopted Korea’s Arctic activities with international organiza- Policy at the end of last year. It out- tions such as the International Arctic lines Korea’s vision for the Arctic and Science Committee and the Internation- its intention to “become a nation that al Marine Organization; and through contributes to opening up a sustainable private sector cooperation, such as joint Arctic future.” climate change monitoring programs It contains three policy goals: build using Araon, Korea’s state-of-the-art an Arctic partnership that contributes icebreaker built in 2009. to the interna- For decades, Korea has been accumu- tional community; lating meaningful research outcomes strengthen scientific and deepening its scientific knowledge research that con- of the Arctic. For example, Korea has tributes to address- been an active member of the Interna- CHO HEE-YONG is the ing the common tional Arctic Science Committee since ambassador of South issues of human 2002. In addition, 2012 marked the Korea to Canada. society; and create 10 year anniversary of Korea’s Dasan new Arctic oppor- Arctic Research Station, which was tunities that expand established in Ny-Alesund, Norway. economic scope. It Likewise, in 2004, Korea created the should also be noted that Korea is com- mitted to raising the welfare of the Arc- tic’s Indigenous people, while protecting their rights, traditional knowledge, and FOR DECADES, KOREA culture. With the belief that the Arctic needs HAS BEEN ACCUMU- to be protected before it is developed LATING MEANINGFUL for economic gain, Korea is committed to actively participating in collaborative RESEARCH OUTCOMES scientific research activities that aim to protect the environment and support AND DEEPENING ITS sustainable circumpolar communities. With this in mind, Korea intends to SCIENTIFIC KNOWL- strengthen and expand international EDGE OF THE ARCTIC cooperation at three levels: through

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TheCircle0314.indd 16 26.08.14 12:48 Korea Korea Polar Research Institute, which Capital: Seoul (37.33° N, 126.58° E) is a government-sponsored research GDP: USD 1.305 trillion, ranks #14 operator dedicated to polar science and Area: 219,140 km2 logistic support. Moreover, last Sep- Population: 50,000,000 Source: World Bank (2013) tember, four months after becoming an observer in the Arctic Council, Korea led the Canada-Korea-USA Beaufort Sea Geoscience Research Survey, contribut- ing the Araon. Moving forward, Korea has an inter- est in cooperating with Arctic states in the development of Arctic sea routes by accumulating navigation experience, conducting international joint research, and cooperating in the expansion of Arctic coastal ports. It is also expected that the next wave of Arctic research needs and potential area for joint research cooperation will be highlighted in the State of Northern Knowledge in Canada report, which will soon be released by the Canadian Polar Commission. Korea is looking forward to this analysis, as well as the opportunity to engage in the work of the Arctic Economic Council, which will be launched under Canada’s chairmanship in the Arctic Council. This will foster sustainable development, including economic growth, environmental pro- tection, and social development in the arctic Region. Taken together, these continued efforts demonstrate Korea’s significant contributions to the Arctic. As a respon- sible middle power country, Korea anticipates that closer Arctic coopera- tion will become one of the important pillars for our strategic partnership in the international community. As the world’s largest shipbuilding country, one of the world’s top five shipping countries and a leading nation for inno- vation and technology, Korea is capable and ready to contribute to responsible Arctic development and a sustainable Arctic future for all of the Arctic states and ultimately for the world.

This article first appeared in Embassy, Can- Night, Seoul ada’s foreign policy newsletter. The views expressed in The Circle and the op-ed are solely those of the author and publisher, not Embassy. Photo: David Gómez-Rosado, Flickr, Creative Commons Photo: David Gómez-Rosado, Flickr,

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Capital city: New Delhi (28.36° N, 77.12° E) GDP: USD 1.877 trillion, ranks #10 Area: 3,287,590 km² Population: 1.327 billion The third pole Source: World Bank (2013) At a time when the world is changing in many ways – whether in the way nations engage each other in a glo- balised framework or in the way man engages with nature – the rapidly changing Arctic region presents a unique situation. NAVTEJ SARNA says this underscores the need for active cooperation within the region and beyond for mutu- al and greater good.

INDIA IS THE WORLD’S largest democracy, a mega-biodiverse country with multiple OUR OWN REGION DE- climate zones. It is home to the Himala- yas as well as 1300 islands and bounded PENDS TO A GREAT by a 7,500 km coastline. India is also a EXTENT ON THE HIMA- fast re-emerging economy and a nation with proven Science & Technology and LAYAS MOUNTAINS IN Research & Development expertise in areas as diverse as space research, NORTH INDIA, SOME- nuclear energy, biotechnology, Informa- tion Technology, earth and planetary TIMES REFERRED TO sciences and polar research. India has AS THE THIRD POLE longstanding political and economic relationships with the Arctic states individually including trade and invest- ment linkages, S&T collaboration and research. We are also an active par- ticipant in the vari- ous United Nations research, having embarked on Antarctic platforms and other exploration more than three decades NAVTEJ SARNA is multilaterals for ago. Thirty expeditions have been Special Secretary addressing global sent to the region and our permanent (International Organisa- issues of common research station, Maitri, has functioned tions and Political) in concern, be they as a successful scientific outpost. India the Ministry of External trade, scientific is one of the Consultative Parties to the Affairs, New Delhi. cooperation, climate Antarctic Treaty. Several of our research change, biodiver- programmes have contributed directly sity or sustainable to the experiments mounted under the Norway. In 2011, India joined the Arctic development. aegis of the International Council of Sci- Science Summit Meeting as an Observer India brings considerable scientific ence (ICSU). and was elected to the International and research capabilities and experience In 2007 India launched its first sci- Arctic Science Committee (IASC) the with an extensive and wide-ranging entific expedition to the Arctic. Our first following year. scientific institutional base and a very Arctic research station, Himadri, was There are several reasons for India’s large number of qualified and trained established shortly after that and con- interest in collaborating with the mem- scientists. We have developed con- tinues to operate at the International bers of the Arctic Council. Foremost siderable expertise in polar scientific Arctic Research Base at Spitsbergen in is our motivation from the scientific

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TheCircle0314.indd 18 26.08.14 12:48 India try is undertaking ambitious domestic Capital city: New Delhi (28.36° N, 77.12° E) Nanda Devi Range of the Himalayas,. actions for achieving sustainable growth GDP: USD 1.877 trillion, ranks #10 and has voluntarily committed to reduce Area: 3,287,590 km² the energy intensity of its economic Population: 1.327 billion Source: World Bank (2013) growth by 20-25% by 2020 over the 2005 levels. India is also interested in learning about the best practices and experi- ences in developing special technolo- gies in harsh environments, natural resource and biodiversity management, safer shipping, preserving the habitat, livelihoods and traditional knowledge of Indigenous peoples and local com- munities. With its own experience of a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi- cultural polity, India feels well-equipped to understand and respond to the needs and concerns of different communities. We have also noted the utility of the practical agreements that have emerged out of the Arctic Council on disaster risk reduction including oil spill manage- ment and search-and-rescue operations, which again have broad relevance. Since joining the Arctic Council as an Observer last May, India has actively participated at the meetings of the Arctic Senior Officials and some of the Working Groups. India stands commit- ted to continue its scientific research activities, including polar research, and to take them to a new level. We look forward to engaging closely with all partners within the Arctic Council, both by way of contributing to and learn- ing about issues relating to sustainable development and environment protec- tion. The philosophy guiding the Arctic Council presents a unique and evolv- ing model of confidence building and international collaboration by bringing

Photo: Allan Hopkins, Flickr, Creative Commons Allan Hopkins, Flickr, Photo: together the eight Arctic nations and six and technological standpoint. Learn- contribute to building a more holistic organizations representing Indigenous ing about the ongoing changes in the picture of global climate, including the peoples of the region. The observer Arctic will help us better understand Arctic. India is deeply interested in countries and organizations add value the climate processes of our own region understanding the cross-cutting aspects through complementing the efforts of which depends to a great extent on the of climate processes to better prepare the members of the Council in analyzing Himalayas mountains in north India, for tackling the effects of global warm- and responding to the challenges facing sometimes referred to as the Third ing. India has also been an active and the region by bringing their differing Pole. Similarly, the research on the responsible participant in the global historical and scientific experiences to Himalayas and other parts of India will Climate Change negotiations. Our coun- the table.

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TheCircle0314.indd 19 26.08.14 12:48 Singapore

Capital: Singapore (1.17° N, 103.5° E) GDP: USD 297.9 billion, ranks #35 Area: 716.1 km2 Population: 5.3 million (2012) Source: World Bank (2013)

based on the United Nations Conven- tion on the Law of the Sea will help ensure safe and responsible polar ship- One degree north ping as the Arctic region develops. Singapore is also ready to share its As a small tropical country one degree north of the Equa- knowledge of oil spill prevention and tor, Singapore has neither territorial nor resource claims maritime traffic management with in the Arctic region. However, Singapore’s Senior Arctic Arctic stakeholders. Our country places strong emphasis on the safety of navi- Official, says developments in the Arc- SIMON WONG WIE KUEN gation and the security of vessels. Its tic will have a critical effect on Singapore. advanced Vessel Traffic Information System (VTIS) ensures the safe and efficient navigation of ships, and has AS A LOW-LYING COUNTRY, Singapore’s vessels each year. It is one of the world’s the ability to handle up to 10,000 vessel tallest natural peak is a mere 163 metres busiest ports, trans-shipping one- tracks at any one time. To this end, Sin- above sea level. Global warming and ris- seventh of the world’s shipping con- gapore has participated in the meetings ing sea levels will have a profound and tainers, and is connected to 600 ports of the Arctic Council’s Emergency Pre- direct impact on our survival. Hence, worldwide. The maritime sector is an vention, Protection and Preparedness as an observer in the Arctic Council, we economic necessity for Singapore due (EPPR) and Protection of the Arctic are keen to lend our expertise to rel- to its lack of land and natural resources. Marine Environment (PAME) Working evant areas of the Arctic Council’s work, Hence, Singapore recognises the impor- Groups, as well as the Task Force on Oil increase our Arctic capabilities, and tance of maritime law and cooperation Pollution Prevention. monitor Arctic developments. in ensuring navigational safety and the protection of the marine environment. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT OF A SAFE With the opening up of the Northern Singapore has neither the interest ARCTIC REGION Sea Route, Singapore is working with nor capabilities to engage in natural Situated along the Straits of Malacca partners in the International Maritime resources exploration and development. and Singapore, one of the most impor- Organisation on the development of However, it can provide enabling tech- tant sea lines of communication, Sin- a Polar Code. An international rules- nology for Arctic development. Singa- gapore’s port receives about 120,000 based framework for Arctic shipping pore operates the most technologically

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TheCircle0314.indd 20 26.08.14 12:48 Singapore

Capital: Singapore (1.17° N, 103.5° E) Singapore has one of the world’s busiest harbours. GDP: USD 297.9 billion, ranks #35 Area: 716.1 km2 Population: 5.3 million (2012) Source: World Bank (2013) Photo: Shaun Versey, Flickr, Creative Commons Flickr, Photo: Shaun Versey,

advanced and efficient rig-building, with the importance of protecting the the Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve and conversion, ship repair, and specialised fragile Arctic environment. other protected sites in Singapore serve shipbuilding facilities in Southeast Asia. Singapore applauds the progress as important stops for Arctic migratory Currently, Singapore holds 65% of the made by the Arctic Council’s Senior birds during the northern winter. These world’s jack-up rig-building market, and Arctic Officials in early 2014 on the birds are threatened by habitat loss 66% of the global floating production creation of the Arctic Economic Council and overharvesting and conservation storage and offloading (FPSO) conver- (AEC), which aims to foster circumpolar efforts are essential sion market. A Singapore corporation, cooperation and sustainable business to ensure their sur- Keppel Singmarine, part of the Keppel development in the Arctic. We hope vival. Singapore’s Offshore & Marine group, was the first that the AEC will grow to serve as a plat- National Parks Asian shipyard to build icebreakers, form facilitating flows of know-how and Board (NParks) completing two for Russian company technology, as well as deeper business has been actively SIMON WONG WIE LUKOIL in 2008. Keppel Offshore relations between observer states, Arctic involved in the East KUEN is Deputy Sec- and Marine is also collaborating on the states and Indigenous peoples. Asian-Australasian retary (International) of world’s first Arctic-grade, environmen- Arctic research is important to the Flyway Partnership the Singapore Ministry tally-friendly “green” rig, in keeping sustainable development of the region. and also the Arctic of Foreign Affairs. He To strengthen Singapore’s Arctic Migratory Birds also represents Singa- capabilities, the National University (AMBI) Initiative, pore as its Senior Arctic of Singapore (NUS) has set up an Arc- under the umbrella Official. SINGAPORE IS WORK- tic Affairs Programme which awards of the Conserva- a research fellowship on Arctic legal tion of Arctic Flora ING WITH PARTNERS issues (under the NUS Centre for Inter- and Fauna (CAFF) national Law), as well as a study by the Working Group. In particular, Singapore IN THE INTERNATIONAL NUS Centre for Maritime Studies on aims to develop a plan under the AMBI trans-Arctic shipping routes. for co-operation on Arctic migratory MARITIME ORGANISA- bird conservation in the Southeast Asian TION ON THE DEVELOP- ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION region. NParks is also working with the Singapore lies on the East Asian-Aus- Arctic Council and other partners to MENT OF A POLAR CODE tralasian Flyway (EAAF), a major flight track Arctic waterbirds’ migratory habits path for migratory waterbirds. Sites like along the flyway. This is part of Singa- ➤

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pore’s efforts towards implementing the agreements in IUCN World Conserva- tion Congress Resolution 28, ‘Conserva- tion of the East Asian-Australasian Fly- way and its threatened waterbirds, with Seeking natural particular reference to the Yellow Sea’.

DEVELOPING HUMAN CAPITAL Singapore recognises the need to engage the Indigenous peoples of the Arctic resources region, who are most affected by the Asia in general and China in particular are increasingly changing Arctic landscape. Singapore’s Special Envoy for Arctic Affairs, Ambas- interested in the Arctic for its natural resources and navi- sador Tony Siddique, visited several gation routes. More than half of humanity lives in Asia Arctic capitals to better understand the (broadly defined as South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East concerns and needs of the Indigenous peoples. Through these visits, we have Asia), and Asian economies are growing at astonishing gained a deeper appreciation of the rates. Since 2012 there have been more billionaires in Asia Arctic, and hope to use our newfound than in North America, and China will likely surpass the knowledge to contribute more effec- tively to the region. U.S. as the world’s largest economy sometime between

In June 2012, Singapore took the first 2020 and 2030. DAVID WRIGHT says these burgeoning econo- Creative Commons Photo: Mike Beauregard, Flickr, step in organising a week-long study mies actively seek out energy resources anywhere they can visit for representatives of Arctic Indig- enous communities. The participants find and buy them. visited Singapore and were shown vari- ous aspects of Singapore’s governance, such as urban planning, port manage- ASIAN ECONOMIES will eagerly pay in the Arctic region that include partici- ment, and water recycling. The visits handsomely for the Arctic’s natural pating in Arctic affairs and developing were well-received, and a second study resources. They are also interested in natural resource exploitation there, visit to Singapore for the Arctic Council newly navigable Arctic Ocean routes. as well as safeguarding the common Permanent Participants is planned for Indeed, much of Asia seems to view interests of international society. The late 2014. climate change as more of a beckoning report maintains all of these have long- The Arctic Council is in a unique posi- economic opportunity than an impend- term significance for China in terms of tion to play a leading role in managing ing environmental catastrophe. its propping up of sustainable national the integration of different stakeholders China regards the Arctic as an essen- development and national security. and interested parties in the Arctic. As tial strategic region, according to a a “little red dot” close to the Equator, Chinese comprehensive strategic assess- Singapore does not pose any threat to ment report of the year 2013, issued by INDEED, MUCH OF the strategic interests of Arctic Council the National Defence Policy Research member states or Indigenous peoples. Centre of China’s military, the People’s ASIA SEEMS TO VIEW Rather, Singapore has real and substan- Liberation Army (PLA) Academy of CLIMATE CHANGE AS tive interests in the Arctic and, as an Military Science. The report is long observer, can make positive contribu- and has six main parts: an analytical MORE OF A BECKONING tions to the Arctic Council’s work. An introduction to global strategic trends; inclusive approach towards observers Asia-Pacific competition and coopera- ECONOMIC OPPORTU- will not only benefit the sovereign Arctic tion; new trends in cyberspace security; states and Indigenous peoples, but also development and cooperation in the NITY THAN AN IMPEND- ensure that non-Arctic countries with Arctic region; international territorial ING ENVIRONMENTAL extensive experience and knowledge competition in outer space and trends in can better contribute to the future of the guided missile defences. It affirms that CATASTROPHE. Arctic region. China has important strategic interests

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TheCircle0314.indd 22 26.08.14 12:48 Photo: Mike Beauregard, Flickr, Creative Commons Photo: Mike Beauregard, Flickr, Arctic sea-ice, Nunavut, Canada.

Coming from the highest-level power. Whether by chance or design, will not have disruptive political rami- research institute of the PLA, this is China also seems to have arrogated fications (much less military ones) in significant. China (or at very least the to itself the role of standing up for the the short and medium run. But some PLA) is reiterating that its participa- rights and interests of all non-Arctic concern about economic and especially tion in Arctic affairs and access to the states in the Arctic. It could well be that environmental stakes is warranted. region’s resources have major bearings the other non-Arctic states are content China, Japan, Sin- on China’s sustainable development and to allow the Chinese colossus to play gapore, and South national security. So, if Arctic access is this role and draw the resultant concern Korea are all enor- indeed this essential to China, might and flak. But China has recently calmed mously wealthy and China one day declare Arctic access its strong domestic rhetoric about the productive econo- one of its “core interests”? This seems Arctic. Just a few years ago, some Chi- mies. Their demand DAVID CURTIS WRIGHT unlikely. China will not for the foresee- nese commentators made extreme and for energy resources studies imperial Chi- able future actually commit military ill-considered comments about what will be insatiable, nese diplomatic and assets to defend its Arctic interests. I Chinese Arctic policy should be. One and their enormous military history, and think concerns about China possibly Chinese scholar actually suggested that wads of ready cash current Chinese Arctic attempting to establish a permanent China should stake its own territorial may well prove policy. He is the author and substantial military presence in claim in the Arctic, and a military officer strongly appealing of a number of books, Iceland or elsewhere in the Arctic are argued publicly that since China has 20% to Arctic states and including The Dragon greatly overblown. China’s approach to of the world’s population, it should have economies – per- Eyes the Top of the the Arctic is much more economic than 20% of the Arctic’s natural resources! haps, alas, even to World: Arctic Policy military or geopolitical. There is no officially articulated Chi- the extent of tempt- Debate and Discussion Politically, of all the non-Arctic states nese Arctic policy, and there may never ing them to look the in China. in the world, China has been by far and be one, given the difficulties of squaring other way and allow away the most vocal and assertive about its arguments for a global commons in environmental con- the rights of non-Arctic states to Arctic the Arctic with its own controversial cerns to slide – maybe this once, maybe access. China is looking out for its own stances regarding territorial claims in for just a little while – and then, before national interests in the Arctic, some- the South China Sea. China’s increasing long, one shudders to contemplate the thing only to be expected of any great involvement and activity in the Arctic environmental future of the Arctic.

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TheCircle0314.indd 23 26.08.14 12:48 Return WWF Global Arctic Programme 275 Slater Street, Suite 810, Ottawa ON, K1P 5H9, CANADA

THE PICTURE Roads less travelled Photo: Benoît Hostens/Flickr/Creative Commons

Iceland thwarted attempts by Chinese developer Huang Nubo to lease land to create a playground for the wealthy.

Why we are here To stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.

www.panda.org/arctic

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