Springer Polar Sciences Niels Vestergaard Brooks A. Kaiser Linda Fernandez Joan Nymand Larsen Editors Arctic Marine Resource Governance and Development Springer Polar Sciences Series editor James Ford, Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Springer Polar Sciences Springer Polar Sciences is an interdisciplinary book series that is dedicated to research on the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions and Antarctic. The series aims to present a broad platform that will include both the sciences and humanities and to facilitate exchange of knowledge between the various polar science communities. Topics and perspectives will be broad and will include but not be limited to climate change impacts, environmental change, polar ecology, governance, health, economics, indigenous populations, tourism and resource extraction activities. Books published in the series will have ready appeal to scientists, students and policy makers. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15180 Niels Vestergaard • Brooks A. Kaiser Linda Fernandez • Joan Nymand Larsen Editors Arctic Marine Resource Governance and Development 123 Editors Niels Vestergaard Brooks A. Kaiser Department of Sociology, Environmental Department of Sociology, Environmental and Business Economics and Business Economics University of Southern Denmark University of Southern Denmark Esbjerg, Denmark Esbjerg, Denmark Linda Fernandez Joan Nymand Larsen Department of Economics Stefansson Arctic Institute Center for Environmental Studies University of Akureyri Virginia Commonwealth University Akureyri, Iceland Richmond, VA, USA ISSN 2510-0475 ISSN 2510-0483 (electronic) Springer Polar Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-67364-6 ISBN 978-3-319-67365-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67365-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017959929 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. 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Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface The rates of climate and environmental change in the Arctic region greatly exceed global averages and are accelerating in response to biophysical feedbacks connected with human economic activities. How can societies address the complexities of resource development in the Arctic and also create more effective governance sys- tems that promote social justice and the rights of indigenous peoples? This important volume, the outcome of a conference on Arctic Marine Resource Governance in Reykjavik, Iceland, in October 2015, addresses opportunities for implementation of creative resource management systems and new institutional arrangements and technology for sustainable development. As sea ice declines, the emerging frontier of a new Arctic Ocean presents serious challenges to existing governance models, international regimes, and agreements. The editors have assembled a diverse group of leading scholars who use disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to focus on issues in the broad and overlapping categories of Arctic governance, fisheries, and technology and development. Reaching across important issues of energy resource extraction economics and the infrastructure demands for shipping, the authors provide a much-needed dialogue on fisheries regulation, management, and protection of the Arctic marine environment. They critique the use of a trans-boundary governance capacity framework to evaluate key relationships among the Arctic states and more recent actors such as China. A discussion of the rise of Asian state interests in the Arctic; the complex histories of political interactions between the USA, Canada, and Russia; and the distinct interests of indigenous peoples’ organizations of the Arctic is a critical bridge linking the individual chapters. The authors are convincing in making a case that the Arctic Council must be flexible and adaptive across multiple scales and uses if it is to remain the key governance forum for the Arctic region. The core of the book covers the challenge of reaching sustainable management of living resources. The economic dimensions of fisheries (and resource) governance differ across the scale of indigenous communities to industrial sectors. Sustainable v vi Preface resource development for all must keep pace with rapid climate change, shifting geopolitical interests in the Arctic, and lagging investments in critical infrastructure such as ports. As colead scholars for the Fulbright Arctic Initiative, we had the exciting opportunity to work with interdisciplinary teams of scholars to create innovative applied research on energy, water, health, and infrastructure policy challenges. This volume meets these same objectives. The authors have created a much-needed, accessible, thoughtful, and forward-looking perspective on the future of resource development and governance in a rapidly changing Arctic. Institute of Arctic Studies Ross A. Virginia Dickey Center for International Understanding Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars Michael Sfraga Washington, DC, 20004, USA International Arctic Research Center University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA Contents Part I Governance The International Political Systemic Context of Arctic Marine Resource Governance ............................................................ 3 Rasmus Gjedssø Bertelsen Reshaping Energy Governance in the Arctic? Assessing the Implications of LNG for European Shipping Companies ............... 19 Ryan Holmes, Darren McCauley, and Nick Hanley Part II Fishery Regulating Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean: Much Ado About Nothing?........................................................................... 35 Rosemary Rayfuse A Half Century in the Making: Governing Commercial Fisheries Through Indigenous Marine Co-management and the Torngat Joint Fisheries Board ............................................................ 53 Jamie Snook, Ashlee Cunsolo, and Robyn Morris Scenario Analysis for Arctic Marine Resource Policy ....................... 75 Niels Vestergaard Part III Technology and Development Long Run Transitions in Resource-Based Inuit Communities .............. 89 Brooks A. Kaiser and Alexej Parchomenko Ballast Water and Invasive Species in the Arctic ............................. 115 Henrik Holbech and Knud Ladegaard Pedersen Arctic Port Development ........................................................ 139 Julia Pahl and Brooks A. Kaiser vii viii Contents Arctic Ports: Local Community Development Issues ........................ 185 Brooks A. Kaiser, Julia Pahl, and Chris Horbel Conclusions ....................................................................... 219 Brooks A. Kaiser, Melina Kourantidou, Niels Vestergaard, Linda Fernandez, and Joan Nymand Larsen Index ............................................................................... 229 Introduction “The ecosystem changes underway in the Arctic region are expected to have significant impacts on living resources in both the short and long run, and current actions and policies adopted over such resource governance will have serious and ultimately irreversible consequences in the near and long terms.” These were the opening words for the call to the Arctic Marine Resource Governance and Policy conference held in Reykjavik, Iceland, in October 2015 with various scholars and practitioners. The conference was supported through grants from Nordregio, the Carlsberg Foundation, and the Nordic Council of Ministers. The themes of the conference were: 1. Global management and institutions for Arctic marine resources 2. Resource stewards and users: local and indigenous co-management 3. Governance gaps in Arctic marine resource management 4. Multi-scale, ecosystem-based, Arctic marine resource management These themes are all based on the observation that the global interest in economic development in the Arctic has been growing rapidly. This has been driven by both supply and demand shifts for the resources and amenities produced in the Arctic. On the cost side, there is a perception that climate change-driven impacts in the Arctic will reduce ice cover (both sea ice and land-fast ice) in the area and therefore also