Knowledge for a Sustainable Arctic 3Rd Arctic Science Ministerial Report
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Meddelelser120.Pdf (2.493Mb)
MEDDELELSER NR. 120 IAN GJERTZ & BERIT MØRKVED Environmental Studies from Franz Josef Land, with Emphasis on Tikhaia Bay, Hooker Island '-,.J��!c �"'oo..--------' MikhalSkakuj NORSK POLARINSTITUTT OSLO 1992 ISBN 82-7666-043-6 lan Gjertz and Berit Mørkved Printed J uly 1992 Norsk Polarinstitutt Cover picture: Postboks 158 Iceberg of Franz Josef Land N-1330 Oslo Lufthavn (Ian Gjertz) Norway INTRODUCTION The Russian high Arctic archipelago Franz Josef Land has long been closed to foreign scientists. The political changes which occurred in the former Soviet Union in the last part of the 1980s resulted in the opening of this area to foreigners. Director Gennady Matishov of Murmansk Marine Biological Institute deserves much of the credit for this. In 1990 an international cooperation was established between the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute (MMBI); the Arctic Ecology Group of the Institute of Oceanology, Gdansk; and the Norwegian Polar Research Institute, Oslo. The purpose of this cooperation is to develope scientific cooperation in the Arctic thorugh joint expeditions, the establishment of a high Arctic scientific station, and the exchange of scientific information. So far the results of this cooperation are two scientific cruises with the RV "Pomor", a vessel belonging to the MMBI. The cruises have been named Sov Nor-Poll and Sov-Nor-Po12. A third cruise is planned for August-September 1992. In addition the MMBI has undertaken to establish a scientific station at Tikhaia Bay on Hooker Island. This is the site of a former Soviet meteorological base from 1929-1958, and some of the buildings are now being restored by MMBI. -
Cloud and Precipitation Properties from Ground-Based Remote-Sensing Instruments in East Antarctica
The Cryosphere, 9, 285–304, 2015 www.the-cryosphere.net/9/285/2015/ doi:10.5194/tc-9-285-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Cloud and precipitation properties from ground-based remote-sensing instruments in East Antarctica I. V. Gorodetskaya1, S. Kneifel2,3, M. Maahn2, K. Van Tricht1, W. Thiery1, J. H. Schween2, A. Mangold4, S. Crewell2, and N. P. M. Van Lipzig1 1Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium 2Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany 3Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 4Observations Department, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Uccle, Belgium Correspondence to: I. V. Gorodetskaya ([email protected]) Received: 6 June 2014 – Published in The Cryosphere Discuss.: 28 July 2014 Revised: 23 December 2014 – Accepted: 5 January 2015 – Published: 11 February 2015 Abstract. A new comprehensive cloud–precipitation– Large accumulation events (> 10 mm w.e. day−1) during the meteorological observatory has been established at Princess radar-measurement period of 26 months were always associ- Elisabeth base, located in the escarpment zone of Dronning ated with snowfall, but at the same time other snowfall events Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica. The observatory con- did not always lead to accumulation. The multiyear deploy- sists of a set of ground-based remote-sensing instruments ment of a precipitation radar in Antarctica allows for assess- (ceilometer, infrared pyrometer and vertically profiling pre- ing the contribution of the snowfall to the local SMB and cipitation radar) combined with automatic weather station comparing it to the other SMB components. -
Advances in Polar Ecology Series Ed.: D
Advances in Polar Ecology Series Ed.: D. Piepenburg In recent years, the polar regions have received increased scientific and public interest. Both the Arctic and Antarctic have been recognized as key regions in the regulation of the global climate and polar ecosystems have been identified to be particularly susceptible to the ongoing environmental changes. Consequently, the international efforts in polar research have been enhanced considerably, and a wealth of new findings is being produced at a growing rate by the international community of polar researchers. The aim of the book series Advances in Polar Ecology is to foster the progress in the scientific knowledge about the polar and sub-polar regions of both hemispheres by contributing to the fast and wide-ranging dissemination of novel scientific information gained from recent studies of sea, freshwater and land biota among polar researchers, environmental managers and policy makers. Advances in Polar Ecology’s broad ecology- oriented scope encompasses environmental and biological research of both recent and past ecosystems. The Series offers an outlet to publish contributions (monographs, edited works, conference proceedings, etc.) addressing scientific topics that need more comprehensive and in-depth analysis than the length of typical journal articles allow for. These include, but are not limited to, thorough accounts of the current status of active research areas of wide importance that outline promising perspectives for future research. An international editorial board oversees the rigorous peer review that all contributions will be subjected to. Springer books available as Recently published: Printed book Available from springer.com/shop J. Berge, G. Johnsen, J. -
EMB PP25 Research Vessels
EUROPEAN Next generation Position Paper 25 MARINE BOARD European Research Vessels Next generation European Research Vessels Current status and Foreseeable Evolution Cover Photo: View from the L'Atalante afterdeck while the ship is maneuvering. The L'Atalante is a research vessel of the French oceanographic fleet operated by Ifremer. This operation named Cassiopée, took place in the Pacific Ocean in 2015. Credit: © Ifremer/Ird - N. Lamande European Marine Board IVZW Belgian Enterprise Number: 0650.608.890 Wandelaarkaai 7 I 8400 Ostend I Belgium Tel.: +32(0)59 34 01 63 I Fax: +32(0)59 34 01 65 E-mail: [email protected] www.marineboard.eu EMB_PP25_Research_Vessels_cover_11mm.indd 1-3 17/10/19 21:51 NEXT GENERATION EUROPEAN RESEARCH VESSELS European Marine Board The European Marine Board provides a pan-European platform for its member organizations to develop common priorities, to advance marine research, and to bridge the gap between science and policy in order to meet future marine science challenges and opportunities. The European Marine Board was established in 1995 to facilitate enhanced cooperation between European marine science organizations towards the development of a common vision on the strategic research priorities for marine science in Europe. Members are either major national marine or oceanographic institutes, research funding agencies, or national consortia of universities with a strong marine research focus. In 2019, the European Marine Board represents 33 Member Organizations from 18 countries. The Board provides the essential components for transferring knowledge for leadership in marine research in Europe. Adopting a strategic role, the European Marine Board serves its member organizations by providing a forum within which marine research policy advice to national agencies and to the European Commission is developed, with the objective of promoting the establishment of the European Research Area. -
Mitigation of Arctic Tundra Surface Warming by Plant Evapotranspiration: Complete Energy Balance Component Estimation Using LANDSAT Satellite Data
remote sensing Article Mitigation of Arctic Tundra Surface Warming by Plant Evapotranspiration: Complete Energy Balance Component Estimation Using LANDSAT Satellite Data Václav Nedbal 1,* , Kamil Láska 2,3 and Jakub Brom 1 1 Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceskˇ é Budˇejovice,Studentská 1668, 370 05 Ceskˇ é Budˇejovice,Czech Republic; [email protected] 2 Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotláˇrská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; [email protected] 3 Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceskˇ é Budˇejovice,Na Zlaté stoce 3, 370 05 Ceskˇ é Budˇejovice,Czech Republic * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 September 2020; Accepted: 14 October 2020; Published: 16 October 2020 Abstract: Global climate change is expected to cause a strong temperature increase in the polar regions, accompanied by a reduction in snow cover. Due to a lower albedo, bare ground absorbs more solar energy and its temperature can increase more. Here, we show that vegetation growth in such bare ground areas can efficiently mitigate surface warming in the Arctic, thanks to plant evapotranspiration. In order to establish a comprehensive energy balance for the Arctic land surface, we used an ensemble of methods of ground-based measurements and multispectral satellite image analysis. Our estimate is that the low vegetation of polar tundra transforms 26% more solar energy into evapotranspiration than bare ground in clear sky weather. Due to its isolation properties, vegetation further reduces ground heat flux under the surface by ~4%, compared to bare areas, thus lowering the increase in subsurface temperature. -
Studying Changes of Ice Coasts in the European Arctic
Geo-Mar Lett (2005) 25: 153–166 DOI 10.1007/s00367-004-0197-7 ORIGINAL Aleksey I. Sharov Studying changes of ice coasts in the European Arctic Received: 22 September 2003 / Accepted: 2 August 2004 / Published online: 18 December 2004 Ó Springer-Verlag 2004 Abstract The present extent of European ice coasts, their recently been receiving closer scientific attention since spatial changes in the past 50 years and the velocities of their dynamic environment and interesting natural scen- ice flow in marginal parts of tidewater glaciers were ery is proving highly sensitive to climatic changes determined and mapped at a regional scale using space- (Koryakin 1988; Hanson and Hooke 2000). Seaward ice borne image data, both optical and radar. The methods cliffs rising 2–50 m and sometimes even 100 m above sea of satellite photogrammetry and radar interferometry level stand at the forefront of glaciomarine interactions provided efficient solutions to the integral estimation of and represent a unique object for comprehensive envi- ice-coast dynamics in the Franz Josef Land, Novaya ronmental research at the ‘‘cutting edge’’ of several sci- Zemlya and Svalbard archipelagos. Studies revealed entific disciplines such as oceanography, glaciology and significant degradation of the ice coasts (À7.7% by coastal geomorphology. Paleogeographers consider the length) compared to the situation represented in the present glaciomarine settings along ice cliffs as being available maps. The results obtained in the laboratory analogous to those in the Ice Age and find them useful for were verified during several field campaigns. retrospective reconstructions (Korsun and Hald 1998). Glacier ice is destroyed relatively fast, even in cold water, and ice shores are thus among the most varied elements of the arctic coastline. -
Bibliography
Bibliography Books and reports Blandford, R.D. (Chair) New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics Committee for a Decadal Survey of Astronomy and Astrophysics, National Research Council, 2010 Bondi, Hermann. et al Pioneering in Outer Space Heinemann Educational Books, 1971 Clarke, Arthur C. The Exploration of Space Temple Press, London, 1951 Department of Energy/NASA Satellite Power Systems Concept Development and Evaluation Program. DoE/NASA, October 1978 http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp/library/1978DOESPS-ReferenceSystemReport.pdf Satellite Power Systems (SPS) Space Transportation Cost Analysis and Evaluation. DoE/NASA, November 1980 http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp/library/1980DOESPS- SpaceTransportationCostAnalysis.pdf Dick, Steven J. (editor) Remembering the Space Age: Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Conference. NASA SP-2008-4703, 2008 http://history.nasa.gov/Remembering_Space_Age_A.pdf © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 235 M. van Pelt, Dream Missions, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53941-6 236 Bibliography Dyson, George Project Orion: The True Story of the Atomic Spaceship Henry Holt & Company, Inc., USA, 2002 Ehricke, Krafft A. Solar Transportation In Space Age in Fiscal Year 2001, Proceedings of the Fourth AAS Goddard Memorial Symposium American Astronautical Society, 1966 Friedman, Louis. Human Spaceflight, from Mars to the Stars The University of Arizona Press, 2015 Gatland, Kenneth W. & Bono, Philip Frontiers of Space Blandford Press, UK, 1969 Hansen, James R. Chapter 9, Skipping “The Next Logical Step” in Spaceflight Revolution; NASA Langley Research Center from Sputnik to Apollo NASA History Series SP-4308, USA, 1994 http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4308/ch9.htm Koelle, Heinz-Hermann. Nova and Beyond, a Review of Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Concepts in the Post-Saturn Class Technical University Berlin, Germany, 2001 Konecci, Eugene B. -
Safeguarding the Arctic Why the U.S
Safeguarding the Arctic Why the U.S. Must Lead in the High North By Cathleen Kelly and Miranda Peterson January 22, 2015 “As the United States assumes the Chairmanship of the Arctic Council, it is more important than ever that we have a coordinated national effort that takes advantage of our combined expertise and efforts in the Arctic region to promote our shared values and priorities.” — President Obama, Executive Order on Enhancing Coordination of National Efforts in the Arctic, January 21, 20151 While many Americans do not consider the United States to be an Arctic nation, Alaska—which constitutes 16 percent of the country’s landmass and sits on the Arctic Circle—puts the country solidly in that category.2 Consequently, it is with good reason that the United States has a seat on the Arctic Council. As Arctic warming accelerates, U.S. leadership in the High North is key not only to the public health and safety of Americans and other people in the region, but also to U.S. national security and the fate of the planet. In just three months, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry will become chairman of the Arctic Council. The two-year position rotates among the eight Arctic nations3—Canada, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, the United States, and Denmark, including Greenland and the Faroe Islands—and is a powerful platform for shaping how the risks and opportunities of increasing commercial activity at the top of the world are managed. To ready the administration for Secretary Kerry’s turn to hold the Arctic Council gavel from 2015 to 2017, President Barack Obama recently issued an executive order to better coordinate national efforts in the Arctic.4 The executive order is the latest signal from the White House that President Obama and Secretary Kerry are focused on preparing the nation for dramatic changes in the Arctic and protecting U.S. -
Fish & Wildlife News
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Winter 2016 spotlight Fish & Wildlife News Get the News online weeks ahead of print. Visit <fws.gov/home/fwn> SPOTLIGHT Strategic Habitat Conservation 14 Unfinished Story 20 Sharing the Land 26 and more... what’s inside Departments Features From the Director / 1 SPOTLIGHT News / 2 Curator’s Corner / 42 STRATEGIC Our People / 43 HABITAT CONSERVATION 14 by PAUL SOUZA The Next Generation of Wildlife Conservation | and TOM MELIUS Catching On to Border Crossing / 24 Connect the Surrogates / 18 Working together across Connecticut / 30 Preserving Oregon’s state lines to protect the A landscape conservation Willamette Valley magnificent Great Lakes design for the Connecticut River watershed takes shape Protecting the Flint Conservation for Islands of Shelter Hills / 32 Sustainability / 34 by Design / 38 Surrogates of the Programs and partners Wildlife and people benefit Vast Tallgrass Prairie stand together to ensure from forward-looking the future of Alaska’s rich landscape conservation social-ecological system vision for California’s ON THE COVER: BULL ON THE NATIONAL BISON RANGE. PHOTO: DAVE FITZPATRICK, Central Valley VOLUNTEER 2 / Fish & Wildlife News Winter 2016 from the director Seeing the Big Picture One of the best parts about being the Director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is having the opportunity to travel throughout our great nation. To quote the late Johnny Cash, “I’ve been everywhere, man.” From the Artic to the Everglades, I’m continually In this issue of Fish and Wildlife News, we travel awed by the landscapes surrounding me, and to every region to provide a sense of how these wherever I go, I similarly find special people landscape-scale efforts are proceeding. -
The Jackson-Harmsworth North Polar Expedition
The Jackson-Harmsworth North Polar Expedition: An Account of Its First Winter and of Some Discoveries in Franz Josef Land Author(s): Arthur Montefiore Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 6, No. 6 (Dec., 1895), pp. 499-519 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774008 Accessed: 26-06-2016 20:45 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 129.219.247.33 on Sun, 26 Jun 2016 20:45:14 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE JACESON--HARMSWORTH NORTH POL AR EXPEDITION. 499 session, after their adventurous journey in Tibet. We also anticipate the reception of several important papers of a more specially scientific character and the afternoon meetings in the Society's map-room, which were commenced in the last session, will bei continued. As President of the International Geographical Congress, it has becotne my duty, in compliance with the terms of a resolution, to re- present the importance of Antarctic exploration to the First Lord of the Admiralty. -
THE POLAR THAW: an Analysis of the Impacts of Climate Change on the Environment and Geopolitics of the Arctic Polar Region
THE POLAR THAW: An Analysis Of The Impacts Of Climate Change On The Environment And Geopolitics Of The Arctic Polar Region Alexandra Stoicof Spring 2008 ________________________________________________________________________ SIT Geneva: International Studies, Organizations and Social Justice Adrian Herrera, Arctic Power Alexandre Lambert, School for International Training The George Washington University International Affairs and Geography Stoicof 2 Copyright permission The author hereby does grant the School for International Training the permission to electronically reproduce and transmit this document to the students, alumni, staff, and faculty of the World Learning Community. The author hereby does grant the School for International Training the permission to electronically reproduce and transmit this document to the public via the World Wide Web or other electronic means. The author hereby does grant the School for International Training the permission to reproduce this document to the public in print format. Student (please print name): Alexandra Stoicof Signature: Date: Abstract The issues facing the Arctic region today are of relatively new importance on the agendas of environmentalists, lawyers, and national governments. Global warming is affecting the polar regions at a faster pace than the rest of the world, and is drastically changing the ecosystem and viability of the indigenous groups who depend on the environment of the tundra. The forced adaptation of the natives has lead to convictions of human rights and debates over the accountability of the world to affected communities. The retreat of Arctic sea-ice also exposes another area of controversy; the claims to the resources and passageways that are becoming increasingly accessible. The beginnings of an international race to claim sea territory has lead to interpretations of the law of the sea. -
Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space
SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space December 1983 NTIS order #PB84-181437 Recommended Citation: SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space–A Technical Mere- orandum (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA- TM-STI-14, December 1983). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-600624 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword As the other major spacefaring nation, the Soviet Union is a subject of interest to the American people and Congress in their deliberations concerning the future of U.S. space activities. In the course of an assessment of Civilian Space Stations, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has undertaken a study of the presence of Soviets in space and their Salyut space stations, in order to provide Congress with an informed view of Soviet capabilities and intentions. The major element in this technical memorandum was a workshop held at OTA in December 1982: it was the first occasion when a significant number of experts in this area of Soviet space activities had met for extended unclassified discussion. As a result of the workshop, OTA prepared this technical memorandum, “Salyut: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space. ” It has been reviewed extensively by workshop participants and others familiar with Soviet space activities. Also in December 1982, OTA wrote to the U. S. S. R.’s Ambassador to the United States Anatoliy Dobrynin, requesting any information concerning present and future Soviet space activities that the Soviet Union judged could be of value to the OTA assess- ment of civilian space stations.