Aldo Chircop Floris Goerlandt Claudio Aporta Ronald Pelot Editors Governance of Arctic Shipping Rethinking Risk, Human Impacts and Regulation Springer Polar Sciences

Springer Polar Sciences Aldo Chircop Floris Goerlandt Claudio Aporta Ronald Pelot Editors Governance of Arctic Shipping Rethinking Risk, Human Impacts and Regulation Springer Polar Sciences Series Editor James Ford, Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK Springer Polar Sciences Springer Polar Sciences is an interdisciplinary book series that is dedicated to research in the Arctic, sub-Arctic regions, and the Antarctic. In recent years, the polar regions have received increased scientific and public interest. Both the Arctic and Antarctic have been recognized as key regions in the regulation of the global climate, and polar ecosystems have been identified to be particularly susceptible to the ongoing environmental changes. Consequently, the international efforts in polar research have been enhanced considerably, and a wealth of new findings is being produced at a growing rate by the international community of polar researchers. Springer Polar Sciences aims to present a broad platform that will include state- of- the-art research, bringing together both science and humanities to facilitate an exchange of knowledge between the various polar science communities. The Series offers an outlet to publish contributions, monographs, edited works, conference proceedings, etc. Topics and perspectives will be broad and will include, but not be limited to: climate change impacts, environmental change, polar ecology, governance, health, economics, indigenous populations, tourism and resource extraction activities. Books published in the series will appeal to scientists, students, polar researchers and policy makers. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15180 Aldo Chircop • Floris Goerlandt Claudio Aporta • Ronald Pelot Editors Governance of Arctic Shipping Rethinking Risk, Human Impacts and Regulation Editors Aldo Chircop Floris Goerlandt Marine & Environmental Law Institute, Department of Industrial Engineering Schulich School of Law Dalhousie University Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada Halifax, NS, Canada Ronald Pelot Claudio Aporta Department of Industrial Engineering Marine Affairs Program Dalhousie University Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada Halifax, NS, Canada ISSN 2510-0475 ISSN 2510-0483 (electronic) Springer Polar Sciences ISBN 978-3-030-44974-2 ISBN 978-3-030-44975-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44975-9 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgments The editors acknowledge the support from Module N: Safe Navigation and Environment Protection funded by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund through the Ocean Frontier Institute based at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The project administration support of Danielle Hill and Shannon Langton, Schulich School of Law, is also acknowledged. The editors further express their appreciation to Susan Rolston, Seawinds Consulting Services, Halifax, for the professional editing of this book. Halifax, NS, Canada The Editors 2 December 2019 v Contents 1 Introduction �� 1 Aldo Chircop, Floris Goerlandt, Claudio Aporta, and Ronald Pelot Part I Rethinking Maritime Risks 2 An Exploratory Application of the International Risk Governance Council’s Risk Governance Framework to Shipping Risks in the Canadian Arctic . 15 Floris Goerlandt and Ronald Pelot 3 Historical Maritime Search and Rescue Incident Data Analysis . 43 Mark A. Stoddard and Ronald Pelot 4 Search and Rescue at Sea: Do New Challenges Require New Rules? . 63 Francesco Munari 5 Unmanned Remotely Operated Search and Rescue Ships in the Canadian Arctic: Exploring the Opportunities, Risk Dimensions and Governance Implications �� 83 Jinho Yoo, Floris Goerlandt, and Aldo Chircop 6 Ambient Noise in the Canadian Arctic . 105 Emmanuelle Cook, David Barclay, and Clark Richards Part II The Human Dimension 7 Inuit Nunangat and the Northwest Passage: An Exploration of Inuit and Arctic Shipping Conceptualizations of and Relationships with Arctic Marine Spaces in Canada �� 137 Leah Beveridge vii viii Contents 8 Knowledge and Data: An Exploration of the Use of Inuit Knowledge in Decision Support Systems in Marine Management . 151 Claudio Aporta, Breanna Bishop, Olivia Choi, and Weishan Wang 9 Seafarers and Arctic Cruise Shipping: Protecting Those Who Work While Others Explore and Sightsee . 171 Joseph Anthony Loot 10 Mapping the Maritime Occupational Health and Safety Challenges Faced by Canadian Seafarers . 191 Desai Shan 11 Insights from the History of Fishing Safety: Preparing for Increased Fisheries and Shipping in the Canadian Arctic . 207 Barbara Neis, Joel Finnis, Ronald Pelot, and James Shewmake Part III Regulating Shipping and Ocean Use 12 The IMO Regulatory Framework for Arctic Shipping: Risk Perspectives and Goal-Based Pathways �� 229 Anish Arvind Hebbar, Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs, Maximo Q. Mejia, Heike Deggim, and Sascha Pristrom 13 The Regulation of Ship Emissions in Canadian Northwest Atlantic and Arctic Waters: Is There a Need for Consistency and Equity? . 249 Aldo Chircop 14 The Regulation of Heavy Fuel Oil in Arctic Shipping: Interests, Measures, and Impacts . 265 Jiayu Bai and Aldo Chircop 15 A Change in the Ice Regime: Polar Code Implementation in Canada. 285 Drummond Fraser 16 Integrated Ocean and Coastal Zone Management in France: Some Perspectives �� 301 Annie Cudennec Index �� 313 About the Contributors Claudio Aporta is a cultural anthropologist who has studied and documented Inuit environmental and geographic knowledge for over 19 years, across the totality of the Canadian Arctic. He is an associate professor at and the director of the Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Canada. Jiayu Bai is professor of law and doctoral supervisor at the School of Law, Ocean University of China, and visiting scholar at the Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University, Canada. Her research interests include international shipping law, law of the sea, international environmental law, and polar law. David Barclay is an assistant professor in the Department of Oceanography at Dalhousie University, Canada, and a Canada Research Chair (Tier 2) in Ocean Technology. He received his PhD in Oceanography from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, in 2011. His lab carries out research on the measurement and modelling of underwater ambient noise and propagation of underwater sound. Leah Beveridge is a doctoral candidate in the Interdisciplinary PhD Program at Dalhousie University, Canada, studying cross-cultural collaborations and engage- ments for marine management in the Canadian Arctic. She completed her Master of Marine Management from Dalhousie University and her BSc in Biology and Aquatic Resources from St. Francis Xavier University, Canada. Breanna Bishop is a Master of Marine Management student in the Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Canada. Currently, her research focuses on pro- cesses of documenting Labrador Inuit ocean knowledge that respects the original ontological context. Aldo Chircop is professor of law and Canada Research Chair (Tier I) based at the Marine & Environmental Law Institute, Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University, Canada. He chairs the International Working Group on Polar Shipping ix x About the Contributors of the Comité Maritime International. He has published extensively on international

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