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Miguel Ángel Salazar Urrutia PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE VALPARAÍSO CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DE ASISTENCIA LEGISLATIVA ACTORES NO ESTATALES EN LA ANTÁRTICA. UNA APROXIMACIÓN A LAS RELACIONES TRANSNACIONALES Y SUS IMPLICANCIAS EN CHILE COMO PAÍS ANTÁRTICO. POR MIGUEL ÁNGEL SALAZAR URRUTIA Trabajo Final de Graduación para optar al Grado de Magíster en Relaciones Internacionales. Profesor Guía: Mg. Mauricio Burgos Quezada Mayo 2018 Dedicado a todos aquellos que se sienten responsables por el mundo y su destino. MSU. iii AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi compañera de vida Élodie, por su incondicional apoyo y por darme ánimo en los momentos difíciles. A mis padres y hermanos por su apoyo incondicional. Al Profesor Mauricio Burgos, por su guía, apoyo y entrega en el logro de este Trabajo Final de Graduación. Al CEAL, por su ayuda entregada en el primer año del programa. Me ayudaron a empezar. A la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, por apoyar mis estudios en el segundo año. Me ayudaron a terminar. A mis compañer@s de curso que hoy son mis amig@s, y que hicieron de estos dos años y tanto de estudio, una de las más lindas etapas de mi carrera. Nunca olvidaré nuestras conversaciones. iv ÍNDICE índice de cuadro y tablas .......................................................................................... viii Glosario de términos. .................................................................................................. ix Cuadro de Abreviaturas .......................................................................................... xii Resumen .................................................................................................................... xv Capítulo I: introducción ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Antecedentes del problema ............................................................................ 1 1.2 Relevancia de la investigación ....................................................................... 5 1.3 Motivación para la elección del tema ............................................................. 6 1.4 Formulación del Problema ............................................................................. 7 1.5 Objetivo general de la investigación e hipótesis ............................................. 8 1.6 Marco metodológico ....................................................................................... 9 1.7 Orientaciones al lector sobre la organización del texto. ................................. 9 Capítulo II: El sistema del tratado antártico, orígenes y evolución de las coyunturas y sus actores. ............................................................................................................... 12 2.1 La evolución del Sistema del Tratado Antártico. Una contextualización para la emergencia de los Actores No Estatales. .............................................................. 12 2.2 El escenario internacional en la Antártica del siglo XXI................................ 14 2.3 La Gobernanza y las formas de poder en la Antártica. ................................ 17 2.4 El sistema antártico y las Reuniones Consultivas del Tratado Antártico ¿cómo funcionan estos procesos internacionales? ........................................................... 20 2.5 Conclusión del capítulo ................................................................................ 23 Capitulo III: Los actores no estatales en la Antártica. Definición, tipología y un análisis multisectorial. ............................................................................................................ 24 3.1 Definición de actores no estatales y su capacidad de influencia. ................. 24 3.2 Actores no estatales en la Antártica y sus áreas de acción. Un análisis multisectorial. ......................................................................................................... 28 3.2.1 La Ciencia para la diplomacia Antártica. El liderazgo de los Actores no Estatales. ........................................................................................................... 28 3.2.2 El Medioambiente antártico y los Actores no estatales. ......................... 37 3.2.3 Turismo y Geopolítica en la Antártica a través de los Actores no Estatales. 41 v 3.2.4 La actividad pesquera y la Convención para la conservación de los Recursos vivos marinos en la Antártica. ............................................................ 49 3.2.5 Transportes y Telecomunicaciones en los Actores no Estatales antárticos. 50 3.3 Conclusión del capítulo ................................................................................ 58 Capitulo IV: Chile como actor en la Antartica y sus relaciones con los actores no estatales. Balance y visión experta. .......................................................................... 61 4.1 Chile en el Sistema Internacional Antártico y su aporte al conocimiento científico del continente. ........................................................................................ 61 4.2 Chile: Nueva Política Antártica 2017. Visión y crítica experta, desde actores no estatales. .......................................................................................................... 63 4.3 Conclusión del capítulo ................................................................................ 68 Capítulo V: Consideraciones finales .......................................................................... 69 Bibliografia................................................................................................................. 71 General .................................................................................................................. 71 Especializada ......................................................................................................... 71 Entrevistas ............................................................................................................. 72 Sitios de internet .................................................................................................... 73 ANEXOS Y APENDICES .......................................................................................... 75 Anexo I. Entrevistas .................................................................................................. 75 Entrevista Dr. Luis Valentín Ferrada, realizada en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Chile en la ciudad de Santiago. (5 de enero 2018) ....................... 75 Entrevista Dr. Mauricio Jara Fernández. Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso. (10 de enero 2018) ................................................................................................ 87 Entrevista Dra. Consuelo León Woppke: Fundación Valle Hermoso. Centro de Estudios Hemisféricos y Polares. Valparaíso. (22 de enero 2018) ..................... 91 Entrevista Mag. Osvaldo Urrutia. Profesor de Derecho Internacional. Presidente del Comité de Cumplimiento de la CCAMLR. Director del Centro de Derecho del Mar. Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. (18 de enero 2018). ..................................... 95 Entrevista Mag. Juan Pablo Ternicien Novoa Profesor de Análisis Internacional y Geopolítica. Armada de Chile y Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. (9 de marzo 2018) ......................................................................................................... 100 vi Entrevista Dr. Claire Christian. Directora Ejecutiva Interina The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC). Washington DC. Estados Unidos (7 de febrero 2018). .................................................................................................................. 104 Entrevista Dra. Anne Choquet. Profesora e investigadora en Derecho en Brest Business School. Miembro del Comité nacional francés de investigaciones árticas y antárticas (CNFRA) Francia. (7 de marzo 2018) ................................................. 110 Anexo II: Estados miembros del Tratado Antártico y de acuerdos y tratados del Sistema del Tratado Antártico. .............................................................................................. 113 Anexo III: Directorio de medios de transporte miembros de IAATO 2017-2018. ..... 120 vii ÍNDICE DE CUADRO Y TABLAS Figura 1: Flujograma explicativo de la propuesta de investigación. .......................... 11 Figura 2: Tabla de estamentos vinculados a proyecto "Micromat". ........................... 30 Figura 3: Categorías elegidas y contribuciones nacionales para SCAR ................... 32 Figura 4: Porcentaje de Turistas por nacionalidad. ................................................... 43 Figura 5: Número de turistas por nacionalidad.. ........................................................ 44 Figura 6: Numero de visitantes por sitio continental. 2016-2017 ............................... 46 Figura 7: Mapa de la ubicación de Glaciar Unión. ..................................................... 47 viii GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS. Actor Internacional: unidad del sistema internacional, pudiendo ser una entidad, grupo o individuo, que goza de habilidad para movilizar recursos que le permitan alcanzar sus objetivos, que tiene capacidad para ejercer influencia sobre otros actores del sistema y que goza de cierta autonomía. (Barbé, Relaciones Internacionales, 2007) Actores No Estatales: entidades no soberanas que ejercitan un significativo poder económico, político, o social y que influyen tanto en un nivel nacional como internacional. (La Porte Fernández, 2016) Gobernanza: manera
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