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Facultad De Ciencias Químicas Carrera De Ingeniería Química

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Facultad De Ciencias Químicas Carrera De Ingeniería Química Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Carrera de Ingeniería Química Estado del arte sobre la ocurrencia y riesgos de los colorantes en efluentes de fábricas textiles y su remoción a través de fotocatálisis heterogénea Trabajo de titulación previo a la obtención del título de Ingeniera Química Autora: Johanna Patricia Orellana Iñiguez CI: 010575454-3 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Directora: Ing. Verónica Patricia Pinos Vélez PhD. CI: 0103550711 Cuenca-Ecuador 23-diciembre-2020 1 Johanna Patricia Orellana Iñiguez 2 Resumen: La demanda de productos textiles ha crecido de forma progresiva en la sociedad de consumo actual, prendas textiles son compradas, usadas y descartadas a una velocidad preocupante. Entre los diferentes productos químicos utilizados en los múltiples procesos productivos en la industria textil se destaca el uso masivo de colorantes. El incremento de producción textil ha generado una alta demanda de agua con la subsiguiente producción de aguas residuales coloreadas. Estas aguas son foco de atención a causa de los inconvenientes generados por ellas; para contrarestar esta problemática se han propuesto procesos de gestión de la calidad del agua que incluyen la regulación y reducción de contaminantes altamente tóxicos y peligrosos, como los tintes textiles. El objetivo del presente estudio es la revisión del estado del arte de la ocurrencia y riesgos de los colorantes en efluentes de fábricas textiles y el analisis de las propuestas para su remoción a través fotocatálisis heterogénea. Por tanto, se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica abordando: 1) la legislación nacional e internacional vigente sobre los colorantes en las aguas residuales; 2) La ocurrencia de los colorantes en aguas residuales y naturales; 3) la toxicidad de los colorantes en seres vivos y 4) análisis de métodos fotocatalíticos para la remoción de contaminantes emergentes. Palabras claves: Industria textil. Contaminantes emergentes. Fotocatálisis heterogénea. Calidad del agua. Johanna Patricia Orellana Iñiguez 3 Abstract: The demand for textile products has grown progressively in current consumer society, textile garments are bought, used and discarded at a disturbing speed. Among the different chemical products used in the multiple production processes in the textile industry, the massive use of colorants stands out. The increase in textile production has generated a high demand for water with the subsequent production of colored wastewater. This kind of water is the focus of concern due to the issues generated by them; Furthermore, to counteract this problem, water quality management processes have been proposed that include the regulation and reduction of highly toxic and dangerous pollutants, such as textile dyes. The aim of this study is the review of the state of the art of the occurrence and risks of dyes in effluents from textile factories and the analysis of the proposals for their removal through heterogeneous photocatalysis. Therefore, a bibliographic review has been carried out addressing: 1) the current national and international legislation on colorants in wastewater; 2) The occurrence of dyes in wastewater and water bodies; 3) the toxicity of dyes in living beings and 4) analysis of photocatalytic methods for the removal of emerging pollutants. Keywords: Textile industry. Emerging pollutants. Heterogeneous photocatalysis. Water quality. Johanna Patricia Orellana Iñiguez 4 Índice del Trabajo Resumen: ................................................................................................................................ 3 Abstract: ................................................................................................................................. 4 Índice del Trabajo .................................................................................................................. 5 Índice de Tablas ................................................................................................................. 8 Lista de Gráficos ................................................................................................................. 9 Lista de Ilustraciones ....................................................................................................... 10 Introducción ......................................................................................................................... 16 Objetivos del estudio ....................................................................................................... 17 Objetivo General .......................................................................................................... 17 Objetivos Específicos ................................................................................................... 17 Sección 1. Metodología ........................................................................................................ 19 1.1 Buscadores de Datos ................................................................................................. 19 1.2 Palabras Clave ............................................................................................................ 21 Sección 2. Colorantes ........................................................................................................... 24 2.1 Colorantes en la Historia ........................................................................................... 24 2.2 Colorantes .................................................................................................................. 25 2.3 Tipos de Colorantes o Tintes ..................................................................................... 26 2.3.1 Colorantes Naturales y Sintéticos ...................................................................... 26 2.3.2 Clasificación Química de los Colorantes ............................................................ 27 2.4 Colorantes o Tintes en la Industria Textil ................................................................. 30 2.4.1 Clasificación los Colorantes según su naturaleza iónica ................................... 31 2.4.1.1 Colorantes Solubles en agua ........................................................................... 32 2.4.1.2 Colorantes Insolubles en Agua........................................................................ 33 2.4.1.3 Colorantes In Situ ............................................................................................ 35 2.4.3 Auxiliares Textiles ............................................................................................... 38 2.4.4 Aplicación de Colorantes en la Industria Textil ................................................. 38 2.5.2 La Industria Textil a Nivel Nacional .................................................................... 41 Johanna Patricia Orellana Iñiguez 5 Sección 3. Toxicidad y Riesgos ............................................................................................. 43 3.1 Toxicidad y Carcinogenicidad .................................................................................... 44 3.1.1 Clasificación de Compuestos Cancerígenos y Mutagénicos ............................. 45 3.2 Colorantes como Fuentes de Toxicidad en Seres Humanos ................................... 49 3.2.1 Colorantes Azoicos: Aminas Aromáticas ........................................................... 49 3.2.2 Quinolina y derivados, Bisfenoles (BPA), Benzotiazoles (BTH) y Benzotriazoles (BTRs) ............................................................................................................................ 54 3.3 Colorantes como Fuentes de Toxicidad en el Medio Ambiente ............................. 56 3.4 Legislación sobre Colorantes Textiles a Nivel Ambiental ........................................ 57 3.4.1 Legislación Ambiental en Europa ....................................................................... 57 3.4.2 Legislación Ambiental en Estados Unidos ......................................................... 60 3.4.3 Legislación Ambiental en Ecuador ..................................................................... 61 Sección 4. Ocurrencia de los Colorantes ............................................................................. 65 4.1 Colorantes en el Agua ............................................................................................... 65 4.1.1 Colorantes en el Agua Industrial ........................................................................ 65 4.2 Ocurrencia de los colorantes en el Agua .................................................................. 69 Sección 5. Fotocatálisis para la Eliminación de Contaminantes Textiles ............................ 77 5.1 Técnicas convencionales de Eliminación de Colorantes ......................................... 78 5.1.1 Mecanismo de Eliminación de Color ................................................................. 79 5.2 Procesos de Oxidación Avanzada ............................................................................. 80 5.2.1 Procesos de Oxidación Avanzada tipo Fenton .................................................. 81 5.2.2 Procesos de Oxidación Avanzada basados en radiación UV ............................ 81 5.3 Fotocatálisis para la Eliminación de Colorantes ....................................................... 82 5.3.1 Características de la Fotocatálisis ...................................................................... 84 5.3.2 Ventajas de la Fotocatálisis Heterogénea ......................................................... 84
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