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CURRENT STATUS of WHEAT STEM RUST (Puccinia Graminis F

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CURRENT STATUS of WHEAT STEM RUST (Puccinia Graminis F CURRENT STATUS OF WHEAT STEM RUST (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) AND REACTIONS OF GENOTYPES TO PREDOMINANT RACES IN ARSI AND BALE ZONES OF OROMIA, ETHIOPIA M.Sc THESIS LIDIYA TILAHUN HADIS FEBRUARY 2019 JIMMA UNIVERSITY CURRENT STATUS OF WHEAT STEM RUST (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) AND REACTIONS OF GENOTYPES TO PREDOMINANT RACES IN ARSI AND BALE ZONES OF OROMIA, ETHIOPIA A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in CROP PROTECTION Lidiya Tilahun Hadis February 2019 i Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Thesis Submission Request Form (F-08) Name of student Lidiya Tilahun Hadis ID. No. RM1379/09 Program of study Plant Protection Title: Current status of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) and reactions of genotypes to predominant races in Arsi and Bale zones of Oromia, Ethiopia I have completed my thesis research work as per the approved proposal and it has been evaluated and accepted by my advisors. Hence, I hereby kindly request the Department to allow me to present the findings of my work and submit the thesis. Lidiya Tilahun Hadis Name & signature of student We, the thesis advisors have evaluated the contents of this thesis and found to be satisfactory, executed according to the approved proposal, written according to the standards and format of the University and is ready to be submitted. Hence, we recommend the thesis to be submitted. Major Adviser: Girma Adugna (PhD, Assoc. Professor) ____________ ___________ Name Signature Date Co-advisor: Bekele Hundie (PhD) _______________ ______________ Name Signature Date Internal Examiner: Name: Fikre Lemessa (Professor) Signature ___________ Date _________ Decision/ suggestion of Department Graduate Council (DGC) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Chairperson, DGC Signature Date _______________________ ____________ ___________ Chairperson, CGS Signature Date _______________________ _____________ ____________ ii DEDICATION I dedicate this piece of work to The Almighty God, from him, through him, and to him are all things to him be Glory forever. Amen! iii STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR I declare that this piece of research work is my own and all sources of materials used for this thesis work have been duly acknowledged. The thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Jimma University and is reserved at the University library to be made available to users. I solemnly declare that this thesis work is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. With accurate acknowledgment of the source, users are free to use this thesis without special permission. Permission for extended quotation or duplication of the manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the Horticulture and Plant Science Department Head, or Dean of School of Graduate Studies of Jimma University. In all other instances, however, permission should be obtained from the author. Name: Lidiya Tilahun Hadis Place: Jimma, Ethiopia Signature: _____________________________ Date of Submission: _____________________ iv BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author, Lidiya Tilahun Hadis, was born on 07th January 1992 in Mieso town West Harerge Zone, Oromia Regional State. She attended her elementary school at Mieso Missionary School in Mieso and secondary school at Nafiyad Primary and Secondary School in Adama. She pursued her preparatory school education at Hawas Preparatory School in Adama, Oromia Regional State. Following the completion of her preparatory education, she joined Wollo University College of Agriculture and graduated with BSc Degree in Plant Science on 08th July, 2013. After graduation, she joined the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center (KARC) under Crop Protection Research Division as a junior researcher. After two years‟ service, she has joined the graduate studies program of Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine to pursue a graduate study leading to a Master of Science degree in Crop Protection. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and for most, I would like to praise the Almighty God for his endless opportunity and help that enabled me to continue my M.Sc study and complete this research work successfully. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deepest appreciation to Dr. Girma Adugna (major advisor) and Dr. Bekele Hundie (Co-advisor). Without their keen interest in the subject, invaluable academic guidance and continuous encouragement, it would have been difficult to bring this study to its successful completion. I am greatly indebted to thank Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), for the study leave and financial support for my study. I gratefully acknowledge the immense contribution made by Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine for its facilitation and fruitful guidance during class and research work. I am also acknowledging USAID/CIMMYT/EIAR project ‘Seed Multiplication and Delivery of High-yielding Rust Resistant Bread and Durum Wheat Varieties to Ethiopian farmers’ for financial support for my research activities. My special appreciation and thanks goes to Dr. Netsanet Bacha, Dr Getaneh Woldeab, Mr Tsegaab Tesfaye, Mr Kitesa Gutu and the whole Ambo Plant Pathology team for their keen cooperation by providing different stem rust races for field evaluation and skillful technical support during seedling management and evaluation under greenhouse condition at Ambo. I am also indebted to thank Dr Erena Edae for his unreserved assistance for data analysis. Many peoples at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center provided support during the entire course of my study. Especially, I would like to thank all plant protection staff members for their valuable support. Mr. Tamrat Negash, Mr Habtemariam Zegeye and Mrs. Getenesh Demise deserve my special thanks for their genuine and unreserved support during my field work and keen facilitation during my study. Finally, all my heartfelt appreciation goes to my father Mr. Tilahun Hadis and my mother Mrs Letebirhan Bogale whose staunch support and unreserved love was a source of inspiration to complete my MSc study. I would like to acknowledge my brother Mikael Tilahun for his moral support and encouragement during my study. Last but not least, I would like to thank my husband Mr Zerihun Tadesse for his strong support in the entire period of my MSc study. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AARC - Ambo Agricultural Research Center ANOVA - Analysis of Variance APR - Adult Plant Resistance AUDPC - Area under Disease Progress Curve CSA - Central Statistics Agency CV - Coefficient of Variation DF - Degrees of Freedom EIAR - Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization IR - Infection Rate IT - Infection Types KARC - Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center m.a.s.l - Meter Above Sea Level MS - Mean Square RH - Relative Humidity SAS - Statistical Analysis System SV - Source of Variation vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................................... iii STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR .......................................................................................................... iv BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ..................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES IN APPENDIX ......................................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................................. xiii 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.1. Origin and distribution of wheat ....................................................................................................... 5 2.2. Wheat production and importance in Ethiopia .................................................................................. 5 2.3. Wheat production constraints in Ethiopia ......................................................................................... 7 2.4. Wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) .............................................................................
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