peace colloquy
The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies University of Notre Dame Issue No. 9, Spring 2006
Notes from the field experience Pioneering peace students return — pg. 4
Peace Service proposal gains momentum — pg. 9 Along with trials, Iraq needs truth — pg. 11 peace colloquy
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Kids and conflict 3 Column: The cost of living Faculty Fellow Mark Cummings is principal investigator for a four-year 4 Field experience wrap-up project in which researchers will exam- ine the impacts of political, communi- 7 Children and conflict ty, and family conflict on children. Their laboratory is Northern Ireland. 9 UN peace force — page 4 11 Iraq commentary Alumni in the Middle East Josh Vander Velde (’04) co-led an 12 Class of ’07 “Encounter Tour” of more than 50 rabbinical students and Jewish educa- 13 Distinguished alumna tors to Bethlehem, where they met with Palestinian peace activists, including 15 Alumni news Zoughbi Zoughbi (’89) and Yousef Al-Herimi (’92). 18 Kroc Institute news — page 14 22 RIREC books Post-accord analysis Scholars in the institute’s Research 23 Publications Initiative on the Resolution of Ethnic Conflict (RIREC) set out to under- 27 Column: Fighting words stand why many peace accords have not been successfully implemented. They report their findings in three new books from Notre Dame Press. — page 22
Editor: Julie Titone
Designer: Marty Schalm
Printer: Apollo Printing
On the cover: Elizabeth Serafin of Mexico (MA ’06), center, connects with students at Al-Quds University in Palestine. She was in the Middle East to participate in the Kroc field experience. Story, page 4. peace colloquy
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Tallying the cost of an above-average experience
Hal Culbertson Associate Director
ow does the cost of living in South Bend compare with, say, Kampala, Uganda? Such a comparison might not even arise in a course on global economics. But with the expansion of the Kroc Institute, questions like this have become daily fare for administrators. Thanks to the generosity of Joan Kroc, the institute has been able to grow in Hmany ways. It has enrolled more students, hired additional faculty and staff, and added a second year of study to its M.A. program. Perhaps the most ambitious component of this new endeavor is the incorpora- tion of a five- to six-month field experience for graduate students. The class of 2006 was the first to complete international field experiences. Associate Director Martha Merritt, who oversees field site development, debriefed the students upon their return. In this edition of Peace Colloquy, she gives a glimpse of what students accomplished during their internships, and what we at the institute learned about a program designed to test classroom peacebuilding knowl- edge on the ground. As budget administrator, I have focused my attention on our stewardship of Joan Kroc’s gift to the institute. What is the price tag on these field experiences? Estimating the cost of relocating 15 stu- dents around the globe and providing basic support for five months has its share of uncertainty. Given the great diversity of field sites, we estimated the likely support costs for each location, based largely on input from our field site coordinators and internship hosts. This led to discussions only a budget administrator could love: How often will a student based in Cambodia commute to her office in Phnom Penh? How much would a student in Jakarta spend on food? Do students living in big cities have to eat out more? Our students in South Bend receive a stipend of $1,000 per month to cover living expenses. (The institute pays separately for their health insurance.) As I pored over internship program expenses, an interesting fact emerged. Seven students went to field sites with support costs lower than South Bend, while seven went to sites where it cost more to live. In other words, South Bend ended up right at the median of our world of field sites. So where did Kampala fall? In fact, South Bend and Kampala had fairly similar support costs for a student, but Kampala came in slightly lower. The main difference: lower heating bills. peace colloquy
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Notes from the field experience Pioneering peace students return to Notre Dame
M ARTHA M ERRITT A SSOCIATE D IRECTOR
Brimming with stories and new understanding, 15 M.A. students in peace studies returned in January from their five-month field experiences in Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and the United States. Their activities ranged from interviewing refugees to studying reconciliation practices and testifying before parliament. Based on the students’ reports, we are fine- tuning the field experience with the goal of bringing the insights of peace studies closer to the “field” of practice. The institute’s field experience differs in significant ways from those of other graduate programs. We intend
t t
for future students to return to the same locations and e n n
organizations in order to build a sustained Kroc pres- e B
y l l
ence and to gain deep familiarity with particular con- o flicts. The idea is that each group will bring greater H expertise to their host organizations as they add to our Zamira Yusufjonova in Liberia, where she helped monitor collective knowledge. In integrating their first year of elections as part of her internship with the Atlanta-based Carter Center. academic study with practice, students should come to see approaches to peacebuilding as an important part of navigating a new culture. Finally, in their last semes- Rwanda border, using her French language skills to ter, students are responsible for a master’s project interview refugees. From South Africa, Diana Batchelor incorporating research and revelation from their field documented reconciliation initiatives in four East experiences. African countries for a book being produced by her Our hope is that students will not only learn new host organization, the Institute for Justice and cultures, but also how to learn new cultures. Host Reconciliation. To assist future interns and other schol- organizations accept students eight months in advance, ars, Diana also compiled collections of resources on tra- which gives students the spring semester at Notre Dame ditional reconciliation systems in Sudan, Mozambique, to prepare for the field experience. Students study histo- Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, and ry, politics, culture and language as their interests and Uganda. opportunities allow. We want them to construct person- Part of the Kroc Institute’s goal in having students al “tool kits” that will be lifelong resources for informed enter or reenter the world of work is to stimulate their and respectful entry into other cultures. ability to integrate peace studies and pressing real-world During their 2005 field experiences, students cov- problems. They learn how to gather information and ered even more terrain than we anticipated. Zamira craft solutions from what can be a hodgepodge of Yusufjonova interned at the Carter Center in Atlanta, resources. Georgia, and was invited to be a member of an observa- Few felt that tension more keenly than Burcu tion team for the November elections in Liberia. Münyas, who interned with Catholic Relief Services Within two weeks of Sarah Park’s arrival at the Refugee (CRS) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Shortly after her Law Project in Kampala, she was at the Uganda- arrival, a partner organization needed to know what peace colloquy
5 youth in Cambodia — 69 percent of the population tion that government should be measured by the capa- after the genocide of the 1970s — had learned about bilities of its citizens. Xiaomao Min worked for the Asia their country’s traumas. Burcu taught herself question- Society in New York City, where among other duties naire design from the Internet and a hastily sent copy of she helped to host Sri Lanka’s president in cooperation David Gray’s book Doing Research in the Real World. with the United Nations. Xiaomao was impressed when She and her Cambodian partners surveyed or ran focus President Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga said groups with a total of 202 young people in five that, though she had been unable to resist the lure of provinces. Burcu thrived in managing the project and politics, she envies those with more opportunity for remarked that she “felt liberated to be conducting my intellectual reflection. own research outside of the university environment.” Jonathan Smith, who before coming to Kroc spent The paper that resulted, “Genocide in the Mind of the two years in Palestine teaching conflict resolution, Cambodian Youth,” has been well-received by the moved to an advocacy environment at the Catholic Cambodian peacebuilding community and by promi- Parliamentary Liaison Office in Cape Town, South nent scholars. Burcu’s findings also led to the design of Africa. For his master’s project, Jonathan met with key a workshop for young people on genocide education. religious figures and members of the African National In Indonesia, the tsunami that ravaged much of Congress, as well as human rights advocates, in Cape South Asia had an impact on Sana Farid’s work with Town, Pretoria, and Johannesburg. One of his research CRS in Jakarta. During her internship, Sana’s homeland papers, on right relations between religious groups and of Pakistan also suffered a devastating earthquake, so the state in promoting peace and social justice, was fea- her personal concerns converged with the challenges she tured on the front page of the South African Catholic faced as a peacebuilder. Sana emerged from both experi- weekly, Southern Cross. ences with newfound confidence in her ability to adapt Jonathan summed up his and to be a proactive peacebuilder. In the Middle East, experience by saying he Elizabeth Serafin found herself designing courses in gained important inter- conflict resolution and Spanish — an important lan- viewing skills and a guage for communication with the Palestinian diaspora broader perspective on — as she matched her skills to evolving needs at promoting change. Wi’am, an NGO in Bethlehem dedicated to building Interns were encour- cordial relationships in the Palestinian community. aged to integrate past and Interns’ assignments often reflected a growing recog- present experience in nition among peacebuilders that advocacy is a necessary their field journals. Here part of successful practice. One of our staunchest in South Bend, Nicholas regional partners, Myla Leguro of the Philippines, is Mambule Bisase of e n r
among those convinced that grassroots peacebuilding Uganda interned at a e H must be paired with advocacy in order to address Refugee and Immigration n a l c
inequality and other forms of structural violence. Kroc Services and could com- e student Sammy Mwiti Mbuthia joined Myla and her pare our city’s programs D peacebuilding team just in time for a meeting of the with his previous work in Sammy Mwiti Mbuthia’s journal- Catholic Peacebuilding Network (CPN), held in Davao Kampala for the Uganda ism background was valuable during his Catholic Relief City last July. Mwiti has a strong journalism back- Human Rights Services internship, which includ- ground, and within days of his arrival was coordinating Commission. Isaac ed producing a newsletter. Here, media coverage of the meeting and serving as the kind Lappia, who for six years he interviews Filipino environmen- of advocate the CRS program had long desired. He was director of Amnesty tal activist Marciano Ibanez. closed out his internship as editor-in-chief and writer International in Sierra for the newsletter Mindanao PeaceLens. Calling the issue Leone, worked at the Africa Peace Forum in Nairobi. “Charting New Frontiers in Mindanao Peacebuilding,” He moved comfortably among diplomats and other Mwiti addressed many of the themes raised at the CPN prominent figures as he drew on his background in meeting. West Africa to analyze security challenges in East Africa. Mica Cayton, an attorney, brought her legal experi- What he found uncomfortable, and surprising, was the ence to the Foundation for Human Rights Initiative in lack of personal security for the homeless in Nairobi. Kampala at a time when the Ugandan president was Taras Mazyar, working at the US-Ukraine Foundation campaigning for a constitutionally prohibited third in Washington, D.C., found strong support for his term in office. Mica testified before the Ugandan research focus on democratization in his native Ukraine. Parliament, among other advocacy work; she found her- Deciding how to represent the field experience was self reflecting on Nobel laureate Amartya Sen’s sugges- in some ways as challenging as the living of it. Tom peace colloquy
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Arendshorst, an ophthalmologist who interned with Nairobi Peace Initiative, launched a second career as a Capstone course tops off writer with his “Kroc o’ Peace” journal entries. A wide graduate studies e-mail audience received 55 detailed accounts of work and other adventures as Tom and his wife Sharon grew L ARISSA F AST to know and love East Africa. Damon Lynch main- tained a photographic record of his geographic and spir- As part of the expanded M.A. program, students in itual journey wherever he went in Israel and Palestine. the class of 2006 are participating in a new capstone His pictures feature everything from a Jewish settler’s course during their fourth and final semester. Titled wedding to contested water sites, the latter relating to “Effective Peacebuilding,” this intensive seminar — his Jerusalem-based internship with the Israel-Palestine designed with input from the entire Kroc faculty, and Center for Research and Information. (You can view his taught by me — has two primary goals. One is to syn- photos at http://pbase.com/dflynch.) thesize the students’ first-year coursework and their Both the success of the field experience and the fall-semester field internships; the other is to produce maintenance of a Kroc presence depend heavily on individual master’s projects. The capstone course teamwork. The program’s field site coordinators for explores the connections and gaps between theory and practice, and attempts to bridge the gaps using 2005 — Bob Dowd, Alan Dowty, Tom McDermott, reflective scholarship and practice. Rashied Omar, and John Paul Lederach — gave a What does it mean to be a reflective scholar-practi- week’s on-site orientation and a great deal more. Tom tioner? In the first few weeks of class, we explored was in residence in Kampala for the entire term and that question through readings from various discipli- had a way of materializing on doorsteps in Uganda and nary perspectives and through processing of students’ Kenya when needed. Another who shared his time and experiences “in the field.” As a way of engaging in energy was Kroc Faculty Fellow David Burrell in reflective practice, students gave presentations in Jerusalem, who drew upon his decades of experience in which they ruminated on the themes, questions, puz- the Middle East. From the Kroc Institute side, Justin zles, issues, or lessons in peacebuilding that they Shelton, graduate program coordinator, offered logisti- found particularly enlightening or challenging. Among cal support and comfort that was particularly important common themes that emerged were the challenges of leadership, of transition, and of accountability in con- during the early months for this first group in the field. ducting research. We engaged in lively discussion Bill Hoye has been a steady partner in providing coun- about the uniqueness of, and similarities among, sel from Notre Dame’s legal office. assignments in such disparate places as Jerusalem, Life did not stop, of course, while the students were Nairobi, and Atlanta. away from Notre Dame. Damon learned at the end of The second half of the course will focus on reflec- his internship that his mother’s cancer had returned and tive scholarship. Guest speakers and scholarly flew directly from Tel Aviv to New Zealand to be with resources will help students make sense of the issues her. We plan to welcome Damon back in spring 2007. highlighted in the students’ field presentations. As I Mica and her husband, Kroc alumnus Marco Garrido, write this, a month into the class, the students are will have their first child this summer. Conveniently already working on their masters projects, many of due after Mica’s graduation in May, the baby will have which build upon original research they conducted dur- ing their internships. Most of the projects will take the an outstanding peacebuilding pedigree and, we hope, form of a traditional research article. During the final benefit from the collective wisdom of Mica and her weeks of the course, students will complete and then classmates. present their research to the Kroc community. What will we do differently in future field experi- ences? Jaleh Dashti-Gibson, director of academic pro- grams, has already drawn upon the first round to design a semester-long program to prepare students for the also have decided to tighten the program’s geographic field experience. It incorporates research design, region- focus. This first time we monitored 11 different loca- al expertise, and health and safety issues. Jaleh and tions, four in the United States alone. In 2006, the sec- Larissa Fast, who teaches Kroc’s capstone seminar in ond group of students will bring back their stories and which students complete their master’s projects, refined insights from six field sites: Kampala, Cape Town, the writing assignments from the field to focus on how Jerusalem/Bethlehem, Davao City, Phnom Penh, and the internships capture challenges for peacebuilders. We Washington, DC. peace colloquy
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What’s ‘normal,’ what’s not Major study looks at interaction of family conflict, ethnic strife
J ULIE T ITONE
A 12-year-old boy walks from a nationally for his research on segregated school past hate-filled family dynamics. His recent graffiti and clusters of teenagers research has delved into such spoiling for a fight. Does the pres- subjects as the effects of marital ence of social conflict in this child’s conflict on children’s function- life make him more likely to land ing and adjustment, emotional in prison or the unemployment security as a general theoretical line? Does his future success model for children’s develop- depend on whether he is going ment, and research-based pre- home to comfort and cookies, or to vention and parent-education parents who are arguing? programs. Kroc Institute Faculty Fellow E. Cummings compares chil- Mark Cummings is poised to dren’s difficulties to an iceberg: answer those questions. He is prin- “You don’t know what’s going n o s i cipal investigator for a $1.4 mil- r on underneath.” The Northern r o M lion, four-year project in which a Ireland study marks a change r e t e
team of researchers will examine P of direction for him, because it / o t
the impact of political, community, o expands his study of conflict h P
and family conflict. Their laborato- P and families to include con- ry is Northern Ireland. Their study A texts of ethnic conflict, contin- group will include 700 mothers, Ethnic conflict shadows the lives of children uing a line of research beyond the each of whom will be asked about in Northern Ireland. United States, and allows him to her 10- to 15-year-old child. The step beyond the family threshold children will also be interviewed. to look at social influences on behavior. The project is The researchers want to know why some children also a significant change from the norm in conflict struggle greatly in the presence of political violence, and research. “Most research on conflict resolution is done others thrive. at the political level. Then there’s a fair amount of “Children don’t just live in a vacuum,” noted co- research on domestic/family conflict, the psychological investigator Ed Cairns of the University of Ulster. level,” Cummings said. “Our goal is to bring together “Normal life goes on, parents still have rows, there’s the social ecology of political violence.” probably still gang warfare going on. We need to not “I think the findings will be generalizable to other only sort those factors out, but to look at the interac- cultures,” said John Darby, a former University of tion between them.” Ulster professor who has provided advice and contacts Together, Cairns and Cummings sought federal for Cummings. “This makes it all the more surprising funding for the major study, “Children and Political that a major study of this sort has not been carried out Violence in Northern Ireland.” Cummings holds the before.” Notre Dame Chair in Psychology, and is known inter- peace colloquy
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Darby is now a professor of Conflict Resolution and the Children of Northern Ireland: comparative ethnic studies at Towards Understanding the Impact on Children and the Kroc Institute, where he Families (No. 21: OP 1). In it, they argued for multi- directs the Research Initiative disciplinary research on the subject. on the Resolution of Ethnic The paper is posted on the institute’s web site, Conflict. One of the initiative’s where it caught Cairns’s attention. The Northern Irish areas of interest is young peo- psychologist has devoted his career to studying the ple, particularly their roles as impact of political violence, and is author of Caught in peacemakers or troublemakers. Crossfire: Children and the Northern Ireland Conflict Darby is a co-investigator (Appletree Press, 1987). He has been frustrated by the for the Northern Ireland proj- number of “academic tourists” who visit his country e n ect, as are Scott Maxwell of without seeing the big picture of children’s lives in that o t i T
e Notre Dame, Matthew A. culture. Too often researchers from other parts of the i l u J Fitzsimon Chair in Psychology, world are only interested in the conflict and forget that Professor Mark Cummings and psychology professor children in Northern Ireland have to face the same Marcie Goeke-Morey of the developmental hurdles that face all children: sibling Catholic University of America. rivalries, making friends, adjusting to new schools, mar- The project’s first year is being spent designing the ital breakups. best survey, which includes carrying out a series of focus After hearing Cummings speak at the Kroc Institute, groups involving some 60 mothers in different areas of Cairns rendezvoused with him at an international con- Belfast. The researchers are reviewing research literature ference and they agreed to collaborate on a research to find the best ways to measure marital conflict, project, bringing together their common interests in parental experience with alcohol, childhood adjust- child development, conflict process, and violence. ments, and the like. They intend for their survey meth- Before and after that meeting, Cummings made three ods to be adaptable for use in other conflict areas. groundwork-laying trips to Northern Ireland. The ini- Cummings and Cairns may seek funding for a project tial trip was made possible through support from the in Israel. Kroc Institute and Notre Dame’s Keough Institute for Over the next two years, the research data will be Irish Studies. collected in two sets of interviews — one primary, one Coincidentally, Cummings and Cairns became follow-up — conducted by professional surveyors in the aware on the same day that the National Institute of subjects’ homes. Child Health and Human Development was calling for The project is a good example of the Kroc Institute’s proposals to study children exposed to violence. After role in bringing together researchers from different dis- applying twice, they beat long odds and were awarded a ciplines. The research opportunity presented itself to grant in June 2005. Cummings in the context of his undergraduate teaching The research findings will be released as they and mentoring. He became acquainted with Erin become available, in journal articles and conference Lovell, a political science major with a concentration in papers. Cummings expects the ultimate product will be peace studies, when she took his psychology course on a book. conflict in families. After a year abroad in the Dublin “We’re hoping for the widest possible impact, reach- program, she was interested in the impact of political ing people at the political level, sociologists, people conflict on families, particularly in Northern Ireland, interested in the well-being of children in war-torn where, in a long and often violent conflict known as areas,” he said. “I want to take the next step and make “the Troubles,” Catholics have sought, and sometimes this useful.” fought for, jobs and educational opportunities enjoyed Armed with solid, research-based information, by the majority Protestants. counselors, educators, and politicians may be better Cummings served as mentor for Lovell’s University able to ensure that the Irish school child has the sup- Honors Thesis on this topic. In 2001, he and Lovell co- port system necessary to thrive despite the legacy of authored a Kroc occasional paper titled Conflict, the Troubles. peace colloquy
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Emergency Peace Service proposal gains momentum
J ULIE T ITONE
Robert Johansen is known for coming up with ideas that are ahead of their time: proposals having to do with world order, international ethics, global gover- nance, and the maintenance of peace and security. Thirty years ago, for example, he described the need for a United Nations rapid reaction force that could stop genocide and other crimes against humanity — an idea now getting traction on the world’s political landscape. Johansen, a Kroc Institute senior fellow, is chief writer for a coalition of academic experts, former offi- cials, and representatives of human rights organizations who are working to establish a United Nations Emergency Peace Service. This service, dubbed UNEPS, e n
would be a permanent agency able to set off for an o t i T
emergency zone within 24 hours after UN authoriza- e i l u tion. Because members of the service would be individ- J ually recruited among volunteers from many countries, Senior Fellow Robert Johansen envisions a UN Emergency Johansen notes, it would not face the usual reluctance Peace Service of UN members to deploy their own national units. Because it would be an integrated service, including conflict-transformation specialists, civilian police, and economies, and wasted hundreds of billions of dollars. judicial and military personnel, it would not suffer from In recent years, concerned governments, several United lack of essential components or from confusion about Nations study groups, the UN secretary-general, and the chain of command. many independent experts have all stressed the need for Such a law enforcement service could have stopped more effective rapid-reaction capability. Yet, govern- genocide in Rwanda in 1994, and is undeniably needed ments are not taking the lead. in places such as Sudan’s Darfur region, Johansen con- To fill the leadership void, Johansen helped to create tends. “Everyone knows that at times innocent people the independent Working Group for a United Nations are ruthlessly killed simply because of their national, Emergency Peace Service. As its rapporteur, Johansen ethnic, racial, or religious identities. We also know that authored “A United Nations Emergency Peace Service such killings and other crimes against humanity are to Prevent Genocide and Crimes against Humanity,” a prohibited by existing international law,” says Johansen, statement that grew from the coalition's first meeting, a professor of political science and peace research. “The in 2003, in Santa Barbara, California. Following a sec- international community could prevent many of these ond meeting of experts in Cuenca, Spain, in 2005, plus crimes if it would act quickly and send a professional many international conference calls, Johansen wrote security force to enforce the law.” another report that details the principles on which par- If a peace service had been established years ago, he ticipants agreed. Titled “Discussion of the Proposal for argues, it could have curtailed some of the atrocities a United Nations Emergency Peace Service: The that have killed hundreds of thousands of civilians, Cuenca Report,” it also identifies questions for further forced millions from their homes, destroyed entire research, including: How can the legitimate interests of peace colloquy
10 ‘No emergency telephone number to call’
The following text is excerpted from a resolution both the Global South and the North be advanced by introduced on March 17, 2005 to the U.S. House of UNEPS? How might UNEPS be authorized for deploy- Representatives by Albert Wynn, D-Maryland, in sup- port of a U.N. Emergency Peace Service. The resolu- ment if the Security Council is deadlocked during a cri- tion was also introduced by Jim Leach, R-Iowa, and sis? How might UNEPS and the International Criminal co-sponsored by eight other congressmen. It was Court work together to implement human rights law? referred to the House Committee on International Should UNEPS address terrorist violence? Relations. The Ford Foundation, which helped pay for the Mr. Speaker, most Americans have the comfort of Cuenca conference, made a second grant in November knowing that in the event of an emergency, police, fire, 2005 in support of future study, with Johansen as and emergency services are just a phone call away. research director. The Working Group will meet again Unfortunately, in too much of the world today, there is in June 2006 in Vancouver, with financial help from the no emergency telephone number to call in the event of Ford Foundation and Simons Foundation, to discuss a humanitarian crisis. members’ research and strategy for building worldwide Today, Congressman Leach and I are introducing a resolution to encourage the creation of an internation- support for the initiative. al emergency service for the world community — The Organizations that have shaped the UNEPS propos- United Nations Emergency Peace Service (UNEPS). al and support it in principle include Human Rights The service would consist of 15,000 expertly trained Watch and the Union of Concerned Scientists. Juan and equipped professionals, ready to respond immedi- Mendez, the UN secretary-general’s special representa- ately in the early stages of a crisis, be it caused by tive for genocide (and a former Kroc Institute faculty violent conflict or natural disaster. The Emergency fellow), has endorsed the idea. So have individual legis- Peace Service ranks would be made up of military lators in national parliaments and congresses around the peacekeepers, civilian police, military, humanitarian world. and judicial professionals, and other emergency The working group includes former Canadian response and relief personnel. ... They could respond Foreign Minister Lloyd Axworthy; Sir Bryan Urquhart, to crises within days or weeks, rather than months, thereby saving lives around the globe. the former UN under-secretary-general for special polit- Mr. Speaker, despite this administration’s current ical affairs, who has worked on UN peace operations focus on Iraq and terrorism, the U.S. cannot solve our with five different UN secretaries-general; Lt. General security problems alone. Increasingly, being safe at Satish Nambiar of the Indian Armed Forces, who com- home means making others feel secure in their manded UN peacekeeping operations in Bosnia; homes. Professor Hussein Solomon, director of the Centre for Failing states quickly become failed states. They International Political Studies, University of Pretoria, provide breeding grounds for terrorism and internation- South Africa; and Professor Alcides Costa Vaz, al crime. It is, therefore, in the United States’ security University of Brasilia, security expert and consultant to interests to prevent destabilizing events from causing the Brazilian government. Some members, particularly the collapse of states. William Pace, the convener of the Coalition for an The creation of an Emergency Peace Service is also in our financial interest. The fact is: It is much International Criminal Court are drawing on experi- cheaper to prevent an emergency by intervening early ences gained in the worldwide effort that succeeded in in its development than it is to respond after an emer- establishing the court. gency has reached its tipping point. According to the In mid-1990s, when the discussions for the court Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, began in earnest, no one would have predicted that the the international community could have saved nearly treaty for an international court could have been com- $130 billion of the $200 billion it spent on managing pleted by 1998 and that it would be a reality by 2002, conflicts in the 1990’s by focusing on prevention Johansen points out. With appropriate research, discus- rather than reconstruction… sion, and coalition building, he believes that the United Rwanda, Haiti, Sierra Leone, Bosnia and Kosovo, Nations Emergency Peace Service can be established in Liberia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and now the foreseeable future. Darfur; these are just a few of the places where the U.N. and its member states should have responded Links to Johansen’s papers on this subject are available more rapidly and robustly. As a result, more people on his faculty web page, found at http://kroc.nd.edu. died, and more people suffer. The world can do better. peace colloquy
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Along with trials, Iraq needs truth
D ANIEL P HILPOTT
Editor’s note: This commentary was first published in the steps backward, including assassinations, detonations, Boston Globe on December 8, 2005. and proliferating jihadi factions. Trials are unlikely to assuage these wounds. In fact, The trial of Saddam Hussein will likely result in his news reports indicate that Saddam’s trial is already pit- execution. Thus satisfied will be the Greek goddess of ting his sympathizers against his avowed enemies, fos- justice. Blind, with scales in her hand, she balances evil tering yet another source of division. with justice, dollar for dollar, punishment equaling What is needed is a dulcet voice in the din, a strong debts. It was her signature principle, retributive justice, antidote to communal violence. Where might such that animated the trials of Nazi war criminals at medicine be found? One source of hope lies in a truth Nuremberg, and trials following war, dictatorship, and commission, a body charged by a state to investigate its genocide in Yugoslavia, East Germany, Greece, past. Roughly 30 countries have turned to this solution Argentina, and Rwanda. Only retribution for the in dealing with their own troubled histories. ancient regime, claim the defenders of trials, can estab- Arising from the rhetoric of truth commissions is an lish the rule of law in Iraq under its new Constitution. ancient principle found in Jewish, Christian, and But trials have their limitations. Politically, they Muslim scriptures: reconciliation. Connoting the often backfire. Erich Honecker, the deposed premier of restoration of right relationship, reconciliation provides communist East Germany, arrived at his trial in the a blueprint for dealing with the past. newly unified Germany pumping his fist in the air, It begins by publicly acknowledging the suffering of decrying victors’ justice — and became more popular thousands of victims of political violence. One of the for it. remarkable themes to emerge from truth commissions Trials rarely succeed in prosecuting more than a in South Africa, Guatemala, El Salvador, and East fraction of major perpetrators, even when they are Timor was victims finding healing through public testi- lengthy and expensive. The International Criminal mony. Interviews with ordinary Iraqis find them wel- Tribunal for Rwanda has spent more than $1 billion coming just such an opportunity to speak publicly over eight years to produce 20 convictions, out of about the injustices that they and their loved ones have 125,000 alleged genocidaires awaiting trial. Political suffered at the hands of the state and to discover the pressures frequently undermine verdicts. Due process, truth about injustices that the state has hidden. The legal procedures, and adversarial incentives often hinder same exposure of deeds can foster accountability for the public revelation of the truth about past injustices. perpetrators and assist trials. Under pressure for a speedy execution, Saddam’s prose- Truth commissions even encourage apology and for- cutors may exclude from their case his colossal mas- giveness. Following the publication of the final report of sacres of Shiites and Kurds, thus inhibiting the public Chile’s truth commission, President Patricio Aylwin exposure of these atrocities. called for nationwide repentance for injustices commit- Most of all, trials will contribute little to the chief ted during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. U.S. foreign policy goal of a stable, democratic regime. Enjoined by the Koran, apology and forgiveness might The persistent hindrance is hatred. Historical wounds also be realized in Iraq. fester between Sunnis and Shiites, Kurds and Arabs, For entire societies, truth commissions create a pub- Islamists and secularists, and now Iraqis and Americans, lic historical record. The report of Argentina’s truth breaking out in continual attack, revenge, and counter- commission, Nunca Mas (“Never Again”), became a revenge. Steps forward — elections, rebuilt institutions, and a new Constitution — seem constantly checked by continued on next page peace colloquy
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Iraq needs truth, continued
bestseller on the streets. Perpetrators are thereby denied Daniel Philpott, a Kroc Institute faculty member and associate professor of political science, is spending the 2005-06 academic the lies through which they vindicate and re-empower year as a faculty fellow at the Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center themselves, and new regimes are founded on truth and for Ethics at Harvard University. In 2006-07, he will be an accountability. Alexander von Humboldt Foundation fellow, in residence at the To realist ears, reconciliation sounds remote from Hertie School of Governance and the Wissenschaftszentrum the necessities of sandbags, M-16s, and barbed wire. Berlin, both in Berlin. During his sabbatical, Philpott is writing a book tentatively But to sound the principle is not to expect a utopian titled Just and Unjust Peace: A Political Ethic of Reconciliation. reconciliation of all with all. It is rather to urge a set of Drawing upon Christian theology and political philosophy, it will practices that can begin to heal the social divisions that develop a theory of reconciliation as a conception of justice for now endanger a new regime. On this logic, many Iraqis political orders that are facing past evils. have called for a truth commission, including a broad consensus of Iraqi citizens interviewed for a report by the International Center for Transitional Justice. As his- tory’s schisms roil on, the Iraqis’ plea emerges not mere- ly as an alternative concept of justice, but also as sound foreign policy.
Institute welcomes Class of ’07
A Colombian lawyer-teacher who set up conflict-resolution programs; an American who designed programs to assist women survivors of war; an Ethiopian project officer focusing on governance and human rights. They are among the 16 peace studies graduate students enrolled in the fall of 2005. Members of the Class of 2007, whose biographies are posted on the Kroc web site (http://kroc.nd.edu), are:
Tania Alahendra of Sri Lanka Yatman Cheng of China Silke Denker of Germany Mark Fetzko of the United States John Filson of the United States Hala Fleihan of Lebanon Lison Joseph of India Meedan Mekonnen of Ethiopia Lisa Nafziger of Canada Denis Okello of Uganda Ramesh Prakashvelu of India Tatyana Shin of Uzbekistan Alicia Simoni of the United States Patrick Tom of Zimbabwe e r o h
Said Yakhyoev s
of Tajikistan a C
t t
María Lucía Zapata of Colombia a M
Members of the Class of ’07 will depart in summer 2006 for their field experiences. peace colloquy
13 | alumni features |
Hannah Wu champions human rights
L ISON J OSEPH To implement human rights checks and balances effectively, the UN depends on support from member Even after working for a decade for the United states, she added. “The UN will only be what its mem- Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human bers would let it be,” she said. Rights, Kroc Institute graduate Hannah Wu (’90) keeps Wu has worked closely with civil society actors as asking herself: “Am I making any difference?” well as government representatives, and has been among Wu is a specialist in international human rights the privileged few to brief the UN Security Council. standards. Her long stint at the UN has dispelled any The luxury of her office, with a panoramic view of illusions she had about implementing human rights Lake Geneva, does not lessen her focus on the chal- norms such as the right to liberty, freedom from tor- lenges of human rights protection. In fact, the contrast ture, or protection from arbitrary arrest. Her work, between the comfort of life in Switzerland and the reali- which has taken her to some of the world’s most trou- ty of the human rights situation worldwide constantly bled places, is difficult and often frustrating. Yet she dis- reminds her that there is a mission to be accomplished agrees with those who consider universal human rights and that there is no time to be lost. to be a utopian notion. Wu’s roots are a long way, in both distance and The Kroc Institute awareness, from Geneva. She still has trouble explaining honored Wu with the complexity of her work to her family in Shenyang, its 2005 in northern China. Wu left China to study at Distinguished Manchester College in Indiana, where she learned Alumni Award. She about the peace studies program at Notre Dame. returned to the She recalled how her thought processes and beliefs institute in October were reshaped during her time at the Kroc Institute. In e r o to accept the award, h addition to a master’s degree, she took away “an invalu- s a
C and to address Kroc able life experience.” She particularly appreciates a t t a faculty and advisory M number of her professors for instilling in her a vision of council members Hannah Wu (MA ’90) specializes in inter- a better world, in which human rights are respected. national human rights standards and peace studies After graduating from Notre Dame, Wu taught at a students. In her lec- high school in Washington, D.C. In 1991 she took up ture, “A Journey to Human Rights,” and in an inter- a year-long internship with the Women’s International view afterward, she talked about the challenges of League for Peace and Freedom in Geneva and New human rights work. York, followed by more than a year with the United The human rights focus of the United Nations is Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia. Since shifting from formulating norms to putting them into joining the UN Office of the High Commissioner for practice, Wu said. “A strategic plan of action charting Human Rights in 1994, her work has taken her to out the path for implementing human rights norms at countries around the world, including Cambodia, the national level was unveiled during the 2005 UN Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Tajikistan, Albania, and Summit.” Macedonia. Wu does not depict the UN as flawless or efficient. For peace students interested in pursuing a United It is one of the largest bureaucratic institutions on the Nations career, Wu’s advice is to be realistic about the international stage and its decision-making process can restraints placed upon those who work in an interna- be tiresome and painstaking, she said. “Once you are tional, bureaucratic organization. “The question is able to put that in the context of the ultimate objectives whether you have the patience and the perseverance to of what you are doing — protection and empowerment make it happen, given all the limitations,” she said. of the most vulnerable sections of the population in dif- “There is no lack of opportunities for those interested ferent parts of the world — you can overcome the frus- in the UN.” trations of dealing with the bureaucracy.” Lison Joseph, a journalist from Kerala, India, is a member of the Kroc Institute’s Master of Arts in Peace Studies program, class of 2007. peace colloquy
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US and Palestinian alumni work together in inter-religious education
In November 2005, Josh Vander Velde (’04) co-led an “Encounter Tour” of more than 50 American, Canadian, and British rabbinical students and Jewish educators to Bethlehem, where they met with Palestinian peace activists, including Kroc alumni Zoughbi Zoughbi (’89) and Yousef Al-Herimi (’92). The trip participants, most of whom are studying in Israel for the year, met with Zoughbi at Wi’am, the Palestinian Conflict Resolution Center, which he directs.
s
Zoughbi, a Christian, engaged the b o c a
group in difficult questions, sur- J
a i r
prising them by beginning his a presentation by asking what the D word “Palestinian” brought up for them, getting stereo- types out on the table. He then took the group on a Joshua Vander Velde (MA ’04) looks on while Zoughbi Zoughbi tour of the Israeli-built wall that surrounds Bethlehem, (MA ’89) leads a tour of the Israeli-built Separation Wall that surrounds Bethlehem emphasizing its impact on daily Palestinian life. The Israeli government has argued that the Wall is necessary to prevent terrorist attacks. Palestinians and Israeli peace and politics, just living their lives 20 minutes from my activists have countered that the Wall confiscates too own life. I heard their thoughts on daily life, the diffi- much Palestinian land and makes Palestinian daily life culties and the joys (a recent wedding, a new grand- impossible. child). I found myself connecting to their struggle, one Later in the day, Yousef, who is Muslim, spoke to human being relating to another. Returning to the group as part of a panel of Palestinian peace activists Jerusalem, I wondered: Is there any way to keep this sharing their personal stories. He described how, even family in mind in my prayers? How can I pray the tra- after the Israeli army demolished his house when he was ditional liturgy and think about a Palestinian family a young man, he continued on a path of religious toler- trying to make a life for themselves in Bethlehem?” ance and dialogue. He emphasized how his personal One outcome of the trip is that Josh and six other relationships with Jews (such as with his dentist when trip participants have begun studying Islam with Yousef he was younger) have contributed to his advocacy for once a month in Bethlehem. Josh, who is studying peaceful coexistence. Hebrew and Jewish religion in Jerusalem, is leading Most of the trip participants chose to receive similar groups of students to Bethlehem and Hebron Palestinian home hospitality for the night, a first-time this spring. Zoughbi notes, “Dialogue between open- experience for virtually all of them. One rabbinical stu- minded people is a timely response to the terrible things dent commented, “The most powerful part of the trip happening in the world. The dialogue of religions and was staying overnight at a Palestinian family’s house... cultures is replacing the dialogue of ignorance.” Here was a family that was removed from the rhetoric peace colloquy
15 | alumni news |
USA — Christine Matusik-Plas (’89) is executive the Siberian Network of European Union Studies director of HM Housing Development Corporation in Centers, a Tempus/Tacis Project in which five Siberian Lorain, Ohio, a non-profit organization offering sup- and four European universities are cooperating. E-mail: port to homeless single-parent families with special
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ROMANIA — Oana Cristina Popa (’96) was appoint- USA — Shiva Hari Dahal (’99) of Nepal writes that, ed Romanian ambassador to Croatia in July 2005. She after graduating from Notre Dame, “I returned home to joined the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in realize that a violent conflict was waiting for an inter- 2002, and served as deputy chief of vention by peace activists. In consultation with like- mission at the Romanian Embassy in minded colleagues, we founded the National Peace Zagreb for two years. Oana previous- Campaign in 2000, and began our work for peace and ly directed the Bucharest office of the conflict resolution in the country.” The campaign has Fulbright Commission for four years engaged senior political leaders in a cross-party and earned a Ph.D. in history and approach to conflict resolution and democracy building, international relations from Babes- and has led trainings and workshops on conflict resolu- Bolyai University. In 2001 she com- tion and peacebuilding for members of civil society in pleted the Partnership for Peace Nepal. In the fall of 2005, Shiva began a PhD program fellowship of the NATO Defense at George Mason University’s Institute for Conflict Oana Cristina Popa College in Rome with research on Analysis and Resolution. E-mail: regional cooperation in Southeast
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USA — Karana Dharma (Stanley Olivier) (’02) has SIERRA LEONE — Munah Hyde (’04) is a communi- been appointed program officer for Africa at the ty development project officer with the German National Endowment for Democracy in Washington, Technical Cooperation, a partner of the United Nations DC. The NED, a publicly funded nonprofit, makes High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Sierra hundreds of grants each year to support groups in Leone. In 2005, UNHCR funded 297 community Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, Latin empowerment projects, designed to resettle and reinte- America, the Middle East, and the former Soviet grate returnees and refugee populations of war-ravaged Union. Karana previously worked as a field supervisor communities in the south and eastern regions in Sierra with CARE International in Ituri, Democratic Republic Leone. The projects address the construction and reha- of Congo, where he coordinated a peacebuilding pro- bilitation of social infrastructure, agriculture, income gram in Eastern Congo. He also teaches a graduate generation, the elimination of gender-based violence, course on post-conflict reconstruction and peacebuild- and capacity-building. Munah writes, “My tasks include ing at Syracuse University. E-mail:
CZECH REPUBLIC — Oldrich Bures (’04) earned his SRI LANKA — Mirak Raheem (’04) is a researcher in Ph.D. in political science from Palacky University, the Conflict and Peace Analysis Unit of the Centre for Czech Republic, in December 2005, with a dissertation Policy Alternatives (CPA) in Colombo. He coordinates titled “United Nations Peacekeeping in the 21st a project, “Monitoring Factors Affecting the Sri Lankan Century: Bridging the Capabilities-Expectations Gap.” Peace Process,” which examines aspects of peace talks, He is a senior lecturer in the Department of Politics politics, economics, relief and reconstruction, and social and European Studies at Palacky University and also perceptions of the process in order to inform donor continues research with the Counter-Terrorism decision-making. He also advocates for human rights Evaluation Project of the Kroc Institute and the Fourth and Muslim inclusion in the peace process, and teaches Freedom Forum. Olda’s recent publications include a diploma course on conflict resolution for public ser- “Private Military Companies: A Second-Best vants, military personnel, and politicians. At Mirak’s Peacekeeping Option?” in International Peacekeeping invitation, Kroc Professor John Darby spoke at a July (Winter 2005) and “EU Counterterrorism Policy: A 2005 conference Mirak organized in Colombo on the Paper Tiger?” in Terrorism and Political Violence (Spring “International Dimensions of the Sri Lankan Peace 2006). E-mail:
18 | kroc news |
Experts at faith forum decry those with “all the answers”
Kroc Institute Director Scott Appleby chaired the Afsaruddin discussed Western perceptions of Islamic organizing committee for the first Notre Dame Forum, women, which she believes too often focus on the wear- titled “Why God? Understanding Religion and ing of headscarves. “In the West, we assume this knee- Enacting Faith in a Plural World.” The forum, which jerk reaction that the headscarf is a symbol of drew 3,000 audience members to the Joyce Center on oppression, whereas many Muslim women are adopting September 22, was among events marking the inaugura- the headscarf of their own free will. Many women see it tion of Rev. John Jenkins, C.S.C., as president of the very much as a symbol of liberation, and an expression university. The forum was moderated by former NBC of their identity.” Nightly News anchor Tom Brokaw. Okello, a journalist from Uganda, said he believes Panelists addressed a range of topics, including the that reporters can take a more proactive role in promot- role of women in religion and society, human rights, ing peace without losing their credibility. He noted and economic development. But they spoke at greatest Danforth’s comment that only the strident, extremist length about extreme religious fundamentalism, which religious voices are being heard, and wondered why that all rejected. was so. As the final commenter, he ended the forum “Fundamentalists think they have all the answers to with a question to focus further discussion: “What are all the questions, and that terrifies me, and it should the most practical, concrete responses we can make to terrify all of us,” said Naomi Chazan, a professor at extremist religions?” Hebrew University in Jerusalem and a former member To view a video of the forum on the Internet, go to of the Israeli Knesset. http://streaming.nd.edu/n&i/inaugural/forum.wmv. “The loudest religious voices today are the people who advocate divisiveness and conflict,” said John C. Danforth, former U.S. senator, former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, and an Episcopal priest. “Those who advocate otherwise have been strangely quiet, and it’s time for them to speak out.” Other panelists were Cardinal Oscar Andrés Rodriguez Maradiaga, S.D.B., archbishop of Tegucigalpa, Honduras, and Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf, chief executive officer of the American Society for Muslim Advancement and imam of New York City’s largest mosque. The second half of the forum featured four addi- tional panelists. They were Notre Dame faculty mem- bers Asma Afsaruddin, associate professor of Arabic and Islamic studies and a Kroc Institute faculty fellow, and Lawrence E. Sullivan, professor of world religions in the theology and anthropology departments; and students Kathleen Fox, a junior theology and philosophy major, and Denis Okello, a Kroc Institute graduate student.
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Denis Okello (MA ’07) speaks at the Notre Dame Forum peace colloquy
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Kroc organizes bishops’ colloquium on ethics of war
Is the doctrine of preemptive war that has been used to justify the Iraq intervention compatible with Catholic social teaching? Does the global terrorist threat require a rethinking of the just war tradition? These were among the topics discussed on November 11 at the Colloquium on Ethics of War after 9/11 and Iraq, for which the Kroc Institute served as a principal organ- izer. It was held at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. s r
The purpose of the colloquium “was not to rehearse e w o P
past debates, but rather to reflect on future moral chal- . F
d lenges in light of what we have learned from recent r a r e experience,” explained Bishop John Ricard, the outgo- G ing chairman of the Bishops’ International Policy Cardinal Theodore McCarrick speaks at the Committee. Georgetown colloquium Taking part in the invitation-only event were the bishops and their staff, military and policy experts, lead- ers of Catholic organizations, and academics represent- In addition to Cardinal McCarrick and Fr. Langan, ing a variety of perspectives. In addition to terrorism speakers included Catherine Kelleher of the Naval War and preventive war, the colloquium had sessions on College, Maryann Cusimano Love of the Catholic arms control, disarmament, and the proliferation of University of America, Keith Pavlischek of the U.S weapons of mass destruction; preventive peace and Marine Corps Reserve, Albert C. Pierce of the U.S. alternatives to war; and the role of the Church in Naval Academy, Douglas Roche of the Holy See’s addressing these issues. Delegation to the UN General Assembly, Daniel Speaking to the role of the Church, Cardinal Philpott of the Kroc Institute, and a number of other Theodore McCarrick, Archbishop of Washington, prominent specialists. noted the difficulties in bringing ethics into the debate: The colloquium was sponsored by the Committee “There is frequently a risk that pragmatic or strategic on International Policy of the United States Conference considerations will eclipse moral ones, especially in the of Catholic Bishops in conjunction with the Kroc life and death decisions of war and peace. Likewise, par- Institute and Georgetown University’s Edmund A. tisan and ideological agendas can overwhelm ethical Walsh School of Foreign Service, Mortara Center for considerations.” International Studies, and Initiative on Religion, John Langan, S.J., a noted ethicist at Georgetown’s Politics and Peace. School of Foreign Service, argued that the “concept of a While the discussions were off-the-record, the agen- war on terrorism contributes to blurring the questions da and written presentations of speakers can be found which moral analysts should be asking.” The right to under “past events” at the Kroc Institute web site wage a “war on terrorists,” he maintained, “does not (http://kroc.nd.edu). establish a right to wage preventive or even preemptive war against states.” peace colloquy
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Researchers advise UN on counter-terrorism efforts
Nearly 100 United Nations diplomats and staff assess, and share information about the capacity of members gathered on November 27 in New York to member nations to fight terrorism; and that the CTC hear Research Fellow David Cortright explain how the facilitate the provision of technical assistance by poten- UN can combat terrorism more effectively. tial donors in a timely and sustainable manner. Cortright summarized the latest report of the Specific recommendations include prioritizing com- Sanctions and Security Project, a joint venture of the mittee tasks, conducting regional workshops, and devel- Kroc Institute and Fourth Freedom Forum. Senior oping a more accessible and user-friendly assistance Fellow George A. Lopez, the other principal researcher, database. was also present at the UN meeting. The report was well-received, Cortright agreed. “What we conclude is simple, though perhaps not “The response of the UN officials was very encourag- easy: that member nations staffs and their computer ing. They pointed to a number of continuing policy networks start communicating better, and that they challenges that our research project will address in the establish a list of priorities,” Lopez said. “At the top of coming months.” the list should be UN support for countries needing to Besides Cortright and Lopez, co-authors on the improve their ability to monitor terrorists within their report were Alistair Millar, Jason Ipe, Tona Boyd, and borders. There was much nodding of heads as David Linda Gerber. “Recommendations for Improving the laid out our ideas.” United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee’s The report, based on a nine-month study, was com- Assessment and Assistance Coordination Function” is missioned by the Japanese government. Its primary rec- available on the Sanctions project page at the Kroc ommendations are that the UN’s Counter-Terrorism Institute web site (http://kroc.nd.edu). Committee (CTC) find more creative ways to collect, y m e d a c A
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Research Fellow David Cortright, second from right, summarized the counter-terrorism report in November at the Japanese Mission to the United Nations. With him, from left, are Lauro L. Baja, permanent representative of the Republic of the Philippines to the UN; Kenzo Oshima, permanent representative of Japan to the UN; John Hirsch, vice president of the International Peace Academy; and Ambassador Javier Ruperez, executive director of the Counter- Terrorism Executive Directorate. peace colloquy
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Lebanese ballplayers Student activist wins net lessons Marshall Scholarship at Notre Dame Peter Quaranto, a senior majoring in peace studies and political science, is one of 43 U.S. scholars awarded “Basketball is to Lebanon what football is to Notre Marshall Scholarships for graduate school at British Dame,” says Hala Fleihan, a peace studies graduate stu- universities in 2006. He will attend the University of dent who holds dual Lebanese-U.S. citizenship. As co- Bradford for an M.A. in international politics and secu- founder of the Center for Conflict Resolution and rity studies. Peace-Building in Beirut, she sees the value of harness- After studying in Uganda in 2004-05, Quaranto ing the Lebanese passion for basketball and using it to cofounded the Uganda Conflict Action Network, a defuse tension in a country where religious differences campaign to end the two-decades-old war in that coun- often lead to conflict. Before coming to Notre Dame to try. He earlier spent time in Cambodia, where he join the M.A. Class of ’07, Fleihan and center Director organized youth peacebuilding workshops. At Notre Christine Crumrine wrote a proposal to involve Dame, he has been a leader in social justice campaigns, Lebanon in the Unity Through Sport program. Known a Big Brother, and a political columnist for the student as USPORT, the program is funded by the U.S. State newspaper. Department to promote healthy lifestyles, tolerance, The Marshall Scholarship pro- and leadership among the youth in the Middle East. gram was established by the British As a result, twelve high school basketball players and government in gratitude for two coaches from Lebanon came to the Kroc Institute American assistance in rebuilding on November 9 for lessons in religious tolerance. Europe after World War II. Joining them as an observer from the Jordanian Quaranto was chosen from among Basketball Board was a coach who may propose 800 applicants this year, according e
USPORT participation for his country. n o t
to Roberta Jordan, University i T
The November session wrapped up the athletes’ e i of Notre Dame fellowships l u three-week visit to the United States. The visit was J coordinator. organized by the Indiana Center for Cultural Exchange, “We are thrilled for Peter per- Peter Quaranto a partnership that includes Notre Dame, Indiana sonally — that he received this University, and Purdue University. recognition for his work in and for Uganda; that he will Rashied Omar, coordinator of Kroc’s Program on receive a phenomenal graduate education at Bradford; Religion, Conflict, and Peacebuilding, has been active and that he will be introduced to and be a part of a net- in USPORT. Omar taught one of the November ses- work of other amazing people who are destined to do sions for the basketball players and coaches. “What was great things,” Jordan said. “We are also pleased for the most memorable about our discussions was the frank- ND departments and centers that supported and ness and uninhibited manner in which the high school inspired Peter.” students spoke about the difficult challenge of religious Quaranto gives special credit to the Kroc Institute. tolerance in Lebanon,” he recalled. “My peace studies major has given me the tools, The discussions continue in Lebanon, thanks to the insights, and confidence to actively engage the world, coaches who conduct training sessions to share with naming conflicts and eliciting peaceful solutions,” he colleagues and athletes what they learned from partici- said. pating in the exchange. In April, the University of Notre Dame Alumni Association will honor Quaranto with its 25th annual Distinguished Student Award. peace colloquy
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RIREC book series explores post-accord peacebuilding
During the 1990s, a new type of peace process truth telling contributes to the elements needed for sus- emerged, one primarily driven by internal negotiators tainable peace: reconciliation, human rights, gender and by optimism that international violence was in equity, restorative justice, the rule of law, the mitigation decline. In 1991 and 1992 the number of interstate and of violence, and the healing of trauma. intrastate armed conflicts exceeded 50. This had dimin- Youth are the victims of violence as often as they ished to 30 or fewer in 2003 and 2004. In many of are the perpetrators, both during and these cases, war was succeeded not by peace but by a after wars. McEvoy-Levy’s book, stalemate, harried by intermittent violence, economic Troublemakers or Peacemakers? Youth and struggle, crime, persistent suspicion, and public dissatis- Post-Accord Peace Building, explores the faction. Agreements signed in Israel-Palestine (1994), attitudes, needs, lived experiences, and Colombia (1999), Eritrea-Ethiopia (2000) and else- social and political roles of young people where have collapsed into violent confrontation. Even in periods of transition in internal armed in South Africa, Guatemala and El Salvador, often conflicts. Contributing authors develop regarded as among the most enduring peace agree- theories and policy recommendations ments, post-war recovery has been undermined by high based on research in Sierra Leone, crime and low economic growth, themselves partly the Rwanda, Guatemala, Colombia, Angola, consequences of the war. Northern Ireland, Bosnia, and Troublemakers or This disappointing record of post-accord reconstruc- Israel/Palestine. They conclude that Peacemakers, edited tion is the backdrop to the three books emerging from greater and more imaginative involve- by Siobhán McEvoy-Levy the Kroc Institute’s Research Initiative on the ment of youth through participatory, Contributors are Siobhán Resolution of Ethnic Conflict (RIREC). Published by inclusive processes of reconstruction can McEvoy-Levy, Michael Wessells, Notre Dame Press (www.undpress.nd.edu), the books reduce the effects of violence and Davidson Jonah, Victoria Sanford, Marc Sommers, identify and explore three aspects of the post-war land- enhance post-war stability. Carolyn Nordstrom, Ed Cairns, scape: truth-telling, youth, and violence. The editors are Despite common preconceptions to Frances McLernon, Wendy Moore, Ilse Hakvoort, Jaco John Darby, Kroc director of research and professor of the contrary, post-war violence is more Cilliers, Jeff Helsing, Namik comparative ethnic studies at Notre Dame; Tristan often strategic than spontaneous. That Kirlic, Neil McMaster, Nir Sonnenschein, Sami Adwan, Anne Borer, associate professor of government at necessitates a nuanced understanding of Dan Bar-On, Jessica Senehi, Connecticut College; and Siobhán the motives and methods used by the Sean Byrne, and Johan Galtung. McEvoy-Levy, assistant professor of state and its opponents, if peace is to pre- political science at Butler University. vail. Darby’s book, Violence and Among the major findings Reconstruction, adopts a four-part analy- of the series: sis, examining in turn violence emanating If societies coming out of from the state, from militants, from periods of violent conflict do not destabilized societies, and from the chal- publicly deal with their legacies of lenge of implementing a range of policies violence, history is likely to repeat including demobilization, disarmament, itself — and the very act of uncov- and policing. Contributing scholars draw ering the truth about the past can attention to the increased willingness of Telling the Truths, edited by Tristan deter political violence in the the state to turn to militias in order to Anne Borer future. So conclude contributors to carry on violence by proxy; to the impor- Borer’s Telling the Truths: Truth tance of distinguishing between the stated Violence and Contributors are Tristan Telling and Peace Building in Post- aims and actions of different militant Reconstruction, Anne Borer, Charles Villa- edited by John Darby Vicencio, Jennifer J. Conflict Societies. These experts from groups; to a post-war rise in violent con- Llewellyn, Juan E. Méndez, the fields of political science, law, ventional crime; and to the importance of Contributors are John Darby, Debra L. DeLaet, Pablo De Kristine Höglund, I. William Greiff, Brandon Hamber, anthropology, psychology, philoso- the restoration of civil society. Zartman, Marie-Jöelle Zahar, David Becker, and Shari phy, and theology examine how Virginia Gamba, Dominic Eppel. Murray, Robert MacGinty, and Timothy D. Sisk. peace colloquy
23 | publications |
Books not only on its territorial dimension this region, and Fred Dallmayr, Small Wonder: but also on its emotional and psy- discloses the Global Power and Its Discontents chological levels. Without addressing intricacies of (Lanham, New Jersey and New York: those dimensions, they argue, no both missionary Lexington Books, 2005). lasting resolution can be reached. actions and African responses. As a corollary of globalization, Scott Mainwaring and Frances Kollman con- human aspirations as well as human Hagopian, eds., The Third Wave of tends that, like follies and vices are being magnified Democratization in Latin America: the Africans they and globalized, leading to global Advances and Setbacks (Cambridge, evangelized, these superpowers, mammoth accumula- U.K. and New York: Cambridge Catholic missionaries differed from tions of wealth, and huge military- University Press, 2005). today’s missionaries — and from industrial complexes. Unrestrained others missionaries of the 19th cen- This volume, edited by two faculty by ethical and political barriers, this tury — in important ways often fellows, offers an ambitious and drive to bigness is accompanied by overlooked. African responses did comprehensive overview of the big disasters, from holocausts to ter- not follow missionary expectations, unprecedented advances as well as ror wars. That the one should lead to and helped constitute the contempo- the setbacks in the post-1978 wave the other, Faculty Fellow Fred rary church. Dallmayr contends, is really unsur- of democratization. It explains the sea change from a region dominated prising and “small wonder” — in Keir A. Lieber, War and the by authoritarian regimes to one in one of the senses this phrase is used Engineers: The Primacy of Politics over which openly authoritarian regimes in the title. Against the big self- Technology (Ithaca, New York: are the rare exception, and it analyzes images or self-deceptions of our age, Cornell University Press, 2005). this book marshals an array of critical why some countries have achieved intellectuals, from Theodor Adorno striking gains in democratization In War and the Engineers, the first and Maurice Merleau-Ponty to while others have experienced ero- book systematically to test the logical Edward Said and Arundhati Roy. sions. The book presents general the- and empirical validity of offense- Their critiques reveal that today oretical arguments about what causes defense theory, Faculty Fellow Keir goodness and truth can only survive and sustains democracy and analyzes A. Lieber examines the relationships in smallness, in the “small wonder” nine theoretically compelling coun- among politics, technology, and the of everyday life that cannot be co- try cases. causes of war. Lieber’s cases explore opted by big power. the military and political implica- Paul V. Kollman, The Evangelization tions of the spread of railroads, the Elie Podeh and Asher Kaufman, of Slaves And Catholic Origins in emergence of rifled small arms and eds., Arab-Jewish Relations: From Eastern Africa (Maryknoll, New artillery, the introduction of battle Conflict to Reconciliation? (Brighton, York: Orbis Books, 2005). tanks, and the nuclear revolution. U.K.: Sussex Academic Press, 2005). Incorporating the This book by a Kroc faculty fellow new historiogra- describes the evangelization of slaves This book, co-edited by Kroc faculty phy of World by the Congregation of the Holy member and Assistant Professor of War I, which Ghost, a central feature of the mis- History Asher Kaufman, reviews the draws on archival sionary strategy on the coast of east- protracted history of the Arab-Israeli materials that ern Africa from 1860 until the late conflict and the different attempts at only recently 1880s. Close attention to archival reaching its peaceful resolution. The have become records shows how the today-bur- contributors illustrate the shades of available, Lieber gray of the conflict by shedding light geoning Catholic Church began in peace colloquy
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challenges many common beliefs Chapters and alternate socioeconomic systems. about the conflict. His central con- R. Scott Appleby, “Global Civil Faculty Fellow Asma Afsaruddin sug- clusion is that technology is neither a Society and the Catholic Social gests that the injection of traditional cause of international conflict nor a Tradition,” in John A. Coleman and religious virtues such as humility and panacea; instead, power politics William F. Ryan, eds., Globalization patience into corporate cultures has remains paramount. and Catholic Social Thought: Present the potential to humanize globaliza- Crisis, Future Hope (Ottawa, Novalis, tion. Conscious inculcation of such Mary H. Moran, Liberia: The 2005), pp. 130-40. virtues may promote, for example, a Violence of Democracy, Ethnography concern for the equitable sharing of From the of Political Violence Series, Cynthia global resources as their humble cus- perspective Mahmood, ed. (Philadelphia: todians rather than as their rapacious of Catholic University of Pennsylvania Press, consumers. The author draws on the Social 2005). Qur’an as well as the exegetical and Teaching, a ethical literature of Islam, including This book, the latest in a series edit- globalized the writings of the Turkish Sufi ed by Senior Fellow Cynthia civil society thinker Said Nursi, to explore Mahmood, argues that democracy is must foster Muslim ethical responses to the not a foreign import into Africa. the thick social and economic consequences of Rather, author Mary Moran, associ- web of asso- globalization and modernity. ate professor of anthropology at ciational Colgate University contends that ties shared by people rooted in a par- Fred Dallmayr, “Dialogue among essential aspects of what people in ticular place and time who are Civilizations,” in Hermann-Josef. the West consider democratic values responsible for that place and time, Scheidgen, Norbert Hintersteiner are part of the indigenous African writes Kroc Institute Director and and Yoshiro Nakamura, eds., traditions of legitimacy and political Professor of History Scott Appleby. Philosophie, Gesellschaft und Bildung process. In Liberia, these democratic Place and time are precisely the con- in Zeiten der Globalisierung traditions include local, institutional- ditions that globalization seeks to (Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi, ized checks and balances that allow overcome or to render irrelevant; but 2005), pp. 68-84. for the voices of women and younger they are, Appleby argues, the binding men to be heard. Moran argues that glue of civil society. In this chapter, This essay argues in favor of intensi- the violence and state collapse that he defines the conditions under fied cross-cultural interactions as an have beset Liberia and other West which a global civil society might antidote to the “clash of civilizations” African countries in recent decades flourish, and explores ways in which and unending terror wars. cannot be attributed to ancient tribal Catholics are increasingly involved in hatreds or leaders who are modern creating those conditions. Fred Dallmayr, “Empire or versions of traditional chiefs. Rather, Cosmopolis: Civilization at the democracy and violence are intersect- Asma Afsaruddin, “Patience is Crossroads,” in Raul Fornet- ing themes in Liberian history that Beautiful: Qur’anic Ethics in Said Betancourt, ed., New Colonialisms in have manifested themselves in many Nursi’s Risale-i Nur,” in Ian North-South Relations contexts. Markham and Ibrahim Ozdemir, (Frankfurt/London: IKO Verlag fuer eds., Globalization, Ethics and Islam: Interkulturelle Kommunikation, The Case of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi 2005), pp. 45-70. (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate The author argues that modern civi- Publishing, 2005), pp. 79-88. lization stands at a parting of the Globalization has been criticized for ways: moving in the direction either promoting uneven economic devel- of a global Leviathan or a peaceful opment and rank profiteering on the cosmopolitan community. part of transnational corporations without due regard for human rights peace colloquy
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K. C. MacKinnon and Agustin despite its promise of secular salva- with it by diverse commentators. Fuentes, “Reassessing male aggres- tion via technological rationality, The article deals with the semantic sion and dominance: The evidence development has not eliminated reli- and cognitive purview of these con- from primatology,” in Susan gion. This essay explores the ques- cepts and of related notions, such as McKinnon and Sydel Silverman, tion, why not? martyrdom, over a broad span of eds., Complexities: Beyond Nature time and indicates how these terms and Nurture (Chicago: University of are being interrogated and deployed Chicago Press, 2005), pp. 83-105. Articles by Muslims and non-Muslims. Asma Afsaruddin, “Muslim Views Afsaruddin concludes by reflecting The evidence for the diversity and on Education: Parameters, Purview, on whether these evocative concepts complexity of nonhuman primate and Possibilities,” Journal of Catholic can continue to serve as useful behavior has complicated generaliza- Legal Studies, vol. 44 (2005): 143- springboards for meaningful discus- tions from primate to human behav- 178. sions on the future of Islam and ior. Yet, at the same time, certain Muslims, and to what uncharted ter- reductionist accounts — stemming This essay is part of a paper sympo- ritory they point as arenas of fruitful primarily from sociobiology and evo- sium titled “Religious Education and engagement. lutionary psychology — have found the Liberal State,” in which Faculty their way into popular narratives that Fellow Asma Afsaruddin traces the Haya Shamir, E. Mark Cummings, rely on analogies between primate development of Islamic educational Patrick T. Davies, and Marcie C. and human behavior that have little systems from the medieval to the Goeke-Morey, “Children’s Reactions basis in the evidence of primatology. contemporary. She calls for a revival to Marital Conflict in Israel and in This chapter, co-authored by Faculty of the philosophy of classical Islamic the U.S.,” Parenting: Science and Fellow Agustin Fuentes, focuses on education with its holistic emphasis Practice, vol. 5, no. 4 (2005): 371- the tension between these trends in on the religious and secular disci- 386. the uses of primatology, particularly plines and its ethos inclusive of as they relate to discussions of male women and religious minorities. Gaps in cross-cultural study limit aggression and male dominance. The Such a revival would serve as an anti- understanding of whether effects of authors examine the representation dote to the militancy that has afflict- marital discord are culture specific or of sex roles and aggression in nonhu- ed a minority of reactionary religious culture universal. Kroc Institute man primate species and consider schools in South Asia, for example. Faculty Fellow Mark Cummings and how the resulting constructs intersect Afsaruddin concludes by advocating his fellow researchers studied 79 with notions of gender behavior and a healthy marriage between religious Israeli and 215 U.S. kindergartners, aggression in humans. values and universal liberal princi- who responded to analog presenta- ples, which could breathe new life tions of resolved and unresolved Denis Goulet, “On Culture, into faith-based schools in the marital conflicts. Both groups reacted Religion, and Development,” in Islamic heartlands and in diaspora. more positively to resolved conflicts. Reclaiming Democracy: The Social However, U.S. children reported Justice and Political Economy of Asma Afsaruddin, “Of Jihad, more happiness for resolved conflicts, Gregory Baum and Kari Polanyi Terrorism, and Pacifism: Scripting and more distressed emotions (anger, Levitt, Marguerite Mendell, ed. Islam in the Transnational Sphere,” sadness) and coping responses (medi- (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Global Dialogue, vol. 7 ation) to unresolved conflicts. University Press, 2005), pp. 21-32. (Summer/Autumn 2005): 120-133 Moreover, only the expectations of U.S. children about future marital “Development” — an image of In this essay, the author considers the relations (anger, happiness) were secure affluence and fulfilling lives various ways in which Islam has been affected by resolution of the con- for all — is the most potent political scripted and staged after September flicts. Alternative explanations for myth of the 20th century and the 11, bringing to the forefront key these cross-cultural differences first years of the 21st, contends concepts such as jihad, terrorism, include differences in collectivistic Faculty Fellow Denis Goulet. Yet and pacifism that are often linked peace colloquy
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values, the role of extended family, Denis Goulet, “Global Governance, gests that transnational social move- and conflict resolution in geopolitical Dam Conflicts, and Participation,” ment organizations do not simply context. Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 27 reproduce world-system stratifica- (2005): 881-907. tion, but help sow the seeds for its Fred Dallmayr, “On the Natural transformation. Large dams, long viewed as beneficial Theology of the Chinese: A Tribute and essential to development, have to Henry Rosemont, Jr.,” Ex/Change Jackie Smith, “Building Bridges or become sites of major social conflict. (Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, Building Walls? Explaining Participatory decision making by City University of Hong Kong), no. Regionalization among Transnational “affected” populations in macro sec- 13 (July 2005): 67-84. Social Movement Organizations,” tors of development is viewed by Mobilization, vol. 10, no. 2 (Spring The essay pays tribute to Henry many as impossible, notwithstanding 2005): 251-270. Rosemont, who in turn paid tribute its advocacy by the World to the philosopher Leibniz, who fol- Commission on Dams on the basis Before the mid-1980s, most transna- lowed Matteo Ricci in pleading for of its “rights and risks” approach. Yet tional social movement organizations an accommodation between Western such participation is feasible, writes (TSMOs) organized across the and Asian theologies. Faculty Fellow Denis Goulet, using North-South divide. However, since Brazilian initiatives to make his case. the mid-1980s data show that more Larissa Fast and Reina Neufeldt. Lessons yielded by dam conflicts in TSMOs are organized exclusively 2005. “Building Blocks for Northeast Brazil suggest how authen- within either the global North or Peacebuilding Impact Evaluation,” tic participation can occur in South. These researchers found that Journal of Peacebuilding and water/dam policymaking and other groups in the global South were Development, vol. 2, no. 2 (2005): arenas of globalization. more likely than their Northern 24-41. counterparts to maintain cross- Jackie Smith and Dawn Wiest, “The regional ties while Northern groups Development agencies wishing to Uneven Geography of Global Civil were significantly more likely to evaluate their peacebuilding pro- Society: Explaining Participation in report only regional ties. At the same grams are challenged by political, Transnational Social Movement time, environmental and women’s social and economic changes; by Organizations,” Social Forces, vol. 84. organizations were the most likely to intangible changes in attitudes and no. 2 (December 2005): 621-652. maintain only regional ties while relationships; and by the need to economic justice and human rights take a long-term perspective. Authors The world has witnessed an explo- organizations were the most likely to Larissa Fast, visiting assistant profes- sion in transnational citizen activism, report cross-regional ties. sor of sociology, and Reina Neufeldt, and more analysts and scholars advisor for peacebuilding for acknowledge the expansion of what Jackie Smith, “Response to Catholic Relief Services in Southeast they call “global civil society.” But Immanuel Wallerstein: The Struggle Asia, provide an analytical frame- participation varies widely. Associate for Global Society in a World work for evaluation that also can be Professor of Sociology and Kroc fac- System,” Social Forces, vol. 83 used in program design and planning ulty member Jackie Smith and her (March 2005): 1279-1285. stages. Their article presents strategic co-author ask what factors influence http://socialforces.unc.edu/epub/pub and comprehensive frameworks, who takes part in transnational civil _soc/socialforcesessay3.pdf drawing upon the work of scholars society. Contrary to popular assump- and practitioners in development What does contemporary global jus- tions, the state remains important and/or peacebuilding. tice activism have to say about while global economic integration appropriate strategies for addressing has little role in determining which persistent global inequality? This countries’ citizens participate in short essay contributes to Social transnational associations. Rich Forces’s “public sociology” forum, countries’ citizens are more active where prominent scholars discuss transnationally, but low-income what social science can add to policy countries with strong ties to the debates. The author proposes ways in global polity are also more tied to which scholars can contribute to global activist networks. This sug- social change activism. peace colloquy
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Peace warriors and other verbal ironies
Julie Titone in Iraq. I learned his name, Kainoa Li, and tracked him Director of Communications via e-mail to his native Hawaii. He told me he had been a combat paramedic as well as martial arts trainer. He It’s hard to avoid the language wrote: “A strong sense of faith, in my case Catholic, of war, even at an institute with reinforces the sanctity of life and realization that the “peace” in its name. There is true aim of every soldier is in fact peace.” Some folks inevitable talk of fighting for might argue with that last insight, although I doubt what’s right and combating injus- they would want to go mano a mano with someone who tice. When our alumni director, Anne Hayner, contem- taught hand-to-hand combat to Green Berets. plated creating a web-site report called “Dispatches,” Our friend Damon thinks that anyone who regular- she even wondered if that word was too military ly or dramatically puts body or reputation on the line sounding. for the sake of peace deserves to be called a warrior. He This verbal irony came to mind again last spring, adds: “Could I? A skinny-arsed white guy who knows when I read e-mail exchanges among our grad students. how to use a word processor but not a gun? I don’t They addressed each other as peace warriors. I imagined think so!” them marching off as a poly-ethnic platoon to begin the Not so fast. On the battlefield of public opinion, internships that would give them practical experience in words are more effective than bullets. George Lakoff, a peacebuilding. University of California linguist, points out how politi- That construction metaphor — building peace — is cians sell wars by using the language of business (lives a powerful and increasingly common alternative to bat- lost are “costs”), fairy tales (heroes, victims, villains) and tle language. Linguist M. J. Hardman of the University even medicine (bomb raids as “surgical strikes”). of Florida, who delves into this issue of language and The promoters of peace might take a lesson from violence, favors the carpentry motif. She would change the people who turned the Department of War into the the sentence “This is a battle over principles” to “This Department of Defense. We can’t eliminate aggressive discussion is built on principles.” She also offers words from our vocabulary. What we can do is co-opt metaphors from weaving (“a discussion woven on prin- and transform them by eliminating their connotations ciples”), art (“a discussion drawn upon principles”), and of violence. Some day, maybe the old taunt “Them’s travel (“a discussion mapped out of principles”). While fightin’ words!” won’t conjure up clenched fists, but such placid domestic phrases are useful in many situa- simply strength, struggle, and action. tions, in others they are — to use that favorite scholarly Kudos for a word warrior: Few people brandish adjective — insufficiently robust. words in the cause of peace as forcefully, and often, as David Cortright, who is both an anti-war activist Senior Fellow George Lopez. Kroc aficionados may not and Army veteran of the Vietnam conflict, won’t be be aware of the extent of George’s commentaries, which deleting “fighting” from his vocabulary. The Kroc go well beyond his articles in publications such as research fellow likes to quote abolitionist Frederick Foreign Policy and Arms Control Today. They’re unlikely Douglass, who proclaimed: “If there is no struggle, to hear the interviews he gives to radio hosts in such there is no progress; those who profess to favor freedom far-flung places as the Florida Keys, or to read his and yet deprecate agitation are men who want crops monthly columns in La Opinión, the largest Spanish- without ploughing the ground; they want rain without language daily in the United States. But George’s con- thunder and lightning.” David notes that Gandhi, who tributions do not go unnoticed by the folks at the organized an ambulance corps for the British Army in Notre Dame Office of News and Information. That is South Africa’s Boer War, probably would be quite com- why they honored George with their 2005 Media fortable being called a peace warrior. Legend Award, given annually to the faculty member Damon Lynch, a Kroc student whose internship whose contributions to the media have most enhanced was in Jerusalem, heard about a U.S. Special Forces vet- the university’s reputation. George also won two awards eran who, to Damon’s mind, deserves the “peace war- last year for outstanding teaching, and kept up with rior” label. This storied fellow traveled to the Middle research involving travel and tight deadlines. Imagine East on his own to carry a message of peace to both what he would accomplish if he did not, at least occa- Israeli and Palestinian soldiers, and to American forces sionally, have to sleep. peace colloquy
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Munah Hyde (MA ’04), at center in red, is a community development project officer who works with refugees in her native Sierra Leone. She poses here with villagers in Mano Kpendeh, where her agency, the German Technical Cooperation, built a school. See Alumni News, page 17.
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