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ANNUAL REVIEW of Global Peace Operations 2006 FM.Fin.Qxd 2/2/06 5:17 PM Page Ii FM.fin.qxd 2/2/06 5:17 PM Page i ANNUAL REVIEW OF Global Peace Operations 2006 FM.fin.qxd 2/2/06 5:17 PM Page ii This volume is a product of the Center on International Cooperation (CIC) Evolution of Multi- lateral Security Institutions project. The CIC is an independent institution housed at New York University. Project Team VOLUME EDITOR AND LEAD SCHOLAR Ian Johnstone SERIES EDITOR Bruce D. Jones SERIES COORDINATOR Richard Gowan PUBLICATION CONSULTANT Lisa Molinelli CONTRIBUTORS Rahul Chandran, Feryal Cherif, Craig Collins, Gillian Cull, Humayun Hamidzada, Kristina Jeffers, Carol McQueen, Barnett Rubin, Cornelia Schneider, Tomas Valasek The project’s Advisory Board is composed of Lakhdar Brahimi, Jayantha Dhanapala, Rosario Green, Funmi Olonisakin, John Ruggie, and Sir Rupert Smith. The CIC is grateful for their advice and support. The Center on International Cooperation is solely responsible for the content of this publica- tion. Any errors of fact or interpretation, and any and all judgments and interpretations about missions and operations discussed herein, are those of the CIC alone. This project was undertaken at the request of and with the support of the Best Practices Sec- tion of the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Additional support for the project was provided by the International Peace Academy. FM.fin.qxd 2/2/06 5:17 PM Page iii ANNUAL REVIEW OF Global Peace Operations 2006 A PROJECT OF THE Center on International Cooperation FM.fin.qxd 2/2/06 5:17 PM Page iv Published in the United States of America in 2006 by Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 1800 30th Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301 www.rienner.com and in the United Kingdom by Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 3 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London WC2E 8LU © 2006 by Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved ISBN: 1-58826-441-6 Printed and bound in Canada The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1992. 5 4 3 2 1 FM.fin.qxd 2/2/06 5:17 PM Page v Contents Foreword, Jean-Marie Guéhenno vii Preface, Bruce D. Jones ix Map of Peace Operations, 2005 xiv List of Mission Acronyms xvi 1 Dilemmas of Robust Peace Operations, Ian Johnstone 1 2 Kosovo: In Search of a Public Order Strategy, Richard Gowan 19 3 Mission Reviews Reverse chronological order based on start date of operation 33 3.1 Sudan (UNMIS and AMIS) 34 3.2 Haiti (MINUSTAH) 41 3.3 Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI and Operation Licorne) 48 3.4 Liberia (UNMIL) 54 3.5 Timor-Leste (UNMISET/UNOTIL) 61 3.6 Afghanistan (ISAF and UNAMA) 67 3.7 Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) 73 4 Mission Notes 81 Reverse chronological order based on start date of operation 4.1 Aceh, Indonesia (EU and ASEAN countries) 82 4.2 Mindanao, Philippines (IMT) 84 4.3 Burundi (ONUB) 86 4.4 Iraq (MNF-I, NTM-I) 89 4.5 Central African Republic (FOMUC) 92 4.6 Sri Lanka (SLMM) 95 4.7 Solomon Islands (RAMSI) 97 4.8 Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) 100 4.9 Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) 102 4.10 Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR, EUPM, OSCE, NATO HQ Sarajevo) 105 4.11 Abkhazia-Georgia (UNOMIG, CIS) 111 4.12 South Ossetia–Georgia (CIS) 114 4.13 Moldova–Trans-Dniester (CIS) 116 4.14 Western Sahara (MINURSO) 118 v FM.fin.qxd 2/2/06 5:17 PM Page vi vi • CONTENTS 4.15 Middle East, Non-UN Operations (MFO Sinai, TIPH 2) 120 4.16 Cyprus (UNFICYP) 122 4.17 India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) 125 4.18 Middle East, UN Operations (UNTSO, UNDOF, UNIFIL) 127 5 Global Statistics on UN Missions 131 6 Global Statistics on Non-UN Missions 151 7 UN Mission-by-Mission Statistics 161 Reverse chronological order based on start date of operation 7.1 UNOTIL (UN Office in Timor-Leste) 165 7.2 UNMIS (UN Mission in the Sudan) 173 7.3 ONUB (UN Operation in Burundi) 181 7.4 MINUSTAH (UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti) 189 7.5 UNOCI (UN Operation in Côte d’Ivoire) 196 7.6 UNMIL (UN Mission in Liberia) 204 7.7 UNAMA (UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan) 215 7.8 UNMEE (UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea) 221 7.9 MONUC (UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) 231 7.10 UNAMSIL (UN Mission in Sierra Leone) 242 7.11 UNMIK (UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo) 253 7.12 UNOMIG (UN Observer Mission in Georgia) 262 7.13 MINURSO (UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara) 268 7.14 UNIFIL (UN Interim Force in Lebanon) 275 7.15 UNFICYP (UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus) 283 7.16 UNDOF (UN Disengagement Observer Force) 291 7.17 UNMOGIP (UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan) 299 7.18 UNTSO (UN Truce Supervision Organization) 304 Index 311 About the Book 317 FM.fin.qxd 2/2/06 5:17 PM Page vii Foreword The past year has been an extraordinary one for countries in which we operate—even those in UN peace operations. It has seen major which operations have moved forward success- progress in our collective efforts to roll back fully—remain potentially unstable, and some armed conflict in the world, and to give peoples could even relapse into conflict if we are not emerging from war the chance to decide their vigilant. The new Peacebuilding Commission political futures. should strengthen our efforts in this regard, if it In Afghanistan, the United Nations sup- receives the support it needs to do its work. ported the country’s first-ever fully democratic Another concern is with the peacekeeping parliamentary elections, marking another major system itself. In 2004, it was marred by accusa- step forward in the implementation of the Bonn tions of sexual exploitation and abuse, and I Agreement mediated by Lakhdar Brahimi in have worked with member states in 2005 to put 2001. In Burundi, UN peacekeepers presided in place systems that should allow us to prevent over both a constitutional referendum and full further abuse, and to identify and punish any election, leading to the peaceful transfer of abuses that continue to occur. These efforts power to a new government. In Congo, with have produced some important results, but robust support from UN peacekeepers, voters more needs to be done to strengthen the institu- endorsed a constitution, opening the door to full tion of peacekeeping and to ensure that any election in 2006. In Liberia, peacekeepers over- type of abuse is dealt with effectively. saw elections that produced Africa’s first demo- Both of these issues, although so distinct in cratically elected woman president. many ways, highlight the need for a better Troops have been withdrawn from two informed debate on peacekeeping and peace- more operations, their work accomplished. The building, on the need for greater transparency, last UN troops left Timor-Leste in May, five- and on the need for greater accountability. It is and-a-half years after Sergio Vieira de Mello therefore a pleasure to welcome this first Annual established the Transitional Administration that Review of Global Peace Operations as a major preceded full independence. UN troops left contribution to our understanding of this crucial Sierra Leone in November, having provided area in international affairs, and especially in security for two rounds of elections and an putting detailed data on peacekeeping in the extensive program of disarmament, demobi- public domain. I look forward to future editions lization, and reintegration. of the review, and hope that they will both Yet despite these dramatic advances, con- record and contribute to the evolution of new cerns remain. The first is that many of the approaches to making and securing peace. Jean-Marie Guéhenno Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations United Nations vii FM.fin.qxd 2/2/06 5:17 PM Page viii FM.fin.qxd 2/2/06 5:17 PM Page ix Preface nomic recovery. It can generate, or at least facil- Why Peacekeeping Matters itate, democratic transformation. In 2005, mis- The start of the twenty-first century has seen sions of the UN Department of Peacekeeping the resurgence of peacekeeping as a strategic Operations oversaw or assisted in referendums tool. After a slump in the mid-1990s follow- and elections in countries with populations ing failures in Bosnia and Rwanda, the Secu- totaling over 100 million people. And as polls rity Council authorized ambitious new mis- from the Balkans to Iraq have demonstrated, sions in Kosovo, Timor-Leste, Sierra Leone, this political dimension of peace operations can and the Democratic Republic of Congo—the help resolve conflicts of global strategic impor- first in a new generation of operations that tance. In short, peacekeeping matters. But this have driven the expansion of the UN’s goals is frequently obscured by partial failures, ineffi- and capacities. In 1998 the UN deployed ciencies, and scandals. 14,000 peacekeepers worldwide—today over That peace operations sometimes fail is 90,000 military and civilians are in the field. beyond question. Indeed, several of the UN’s Meanwhile, NATO has deployed outside greatest failures have been in places where Europe to lead an operation in Afghanistan, peacekeeping missions have been deployed— and the European Union has reached beyond in Rwanda, in Angola, and elsewhere. But the its traditional role to mount missions in the UN has not been alone in experiencing trou- Balkans, Africa, and Asia. bles: the US failure in Somalia shaped the And while peacekeeping has suffered strategic culture of the Clinton years, while many setbacks, it has also scored strategic both NATO and the EU have learned hard successes: the end of violence in war-torn lessons in the Western Balkans—these oper- Liberia, the creation of a free and independent ations reveal weaknesses in organizations state in Timor-Leste after thirty years of occu- ostensibly more capable and certainly more pation, the consolidation of peace in Sierra powerful than the UN.
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