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Distribution, Utilization and Management of the Extra-Limital Common Warthog (Phacochoerus Africanus) in South Africa
Distribution, utilization and management of the extra-limital common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) in South Africa Monlee Swanepoel Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Conservation Ecology and Entomology) in the Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University Promoter: Prof Louwrens C. Hoffman Co-Promoter: Dr. Alison J. Leslie March 2016 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained herein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously submitted it, in its entirety or in part, for obtaining any qualification. Date: March 2016 Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements I wish to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to the following persons and institutions: My supervisors, Dr. Alison J. Leslie and Prof. Louwrens C. Hoffman for invaluable assistance, expertise, contribution and support and patience. The Meat Science team of Department of Animal Sciences at Stellenbosch University, including the technical and support staff for their extensive assistance, support and encouragement Academics, staff and colleagues of this institution and others for their contribution and assistance. An especial thank you to Prof. Martin Kidd, Marieta van der Rijst, Nina Muller, Erika Moelich, Lisa Uys, Gail Jordaan, Greta Geldenhuys, Michael Mlambo, Janine Booyse, Cheryl Muller, John Achilles, Dr. -
ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES in PRIMATES Katherine Brown Bsc
ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUSES IN PRIMATES Katherine Brown BSc, MSc Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2015 Abstract Numerous endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are found in all mammalian genomes, for example, they are the source of approximately 8% of all human and chimpanzee genetic material. These insertions represent retroviruses which have, by chance, integrated into the germline and so are transmitted vertically from parents to offspring. The human genome is rich in ERVs, which have been characterised in some detail. However, in many non-human primates these insertions have not been well- studied. ERVs are subject to the mutation rate of their host, rather than the faster retrovirus mutation rate, so they change much more slowly than exogenous retroviruses. This means ERVs provide a snapshot of the retroviruses a host has been exposed to during its evolutionary history, including retroviruses which are no longer circulating and for which sequence information would otherwise be lost. ERVs have many effects on their hosts; they can be co-opted for functional roles, they provide regions of sequence similarity where mispairing can occur, their insertion can disrupt genes and they provide regulatory elements for existing genes. Accurate annotation and characterisation of these regions is an important step in interpreting the huge amount of genetic information available for increasing numbers of organisms. This project represents an extensive study into the diversity of ERVs in the genomes of primates and related ERVs in rodents. Lagomorphs (rabbits and hares) and tree shrews are also analysed, as the closest relatives of primates and rodents. -
Multiscale Perspectives of Species Richness in East Africa
Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Analysis of the relation between ungulate species richness in East Africa and climatic and remotely sensed productivity indices Mohammed Y Said1,2,∗, Andrew K Skidmore2, Jan de Leeuw2, Hesbon M Aligula1 Lalit Kumar 2 and Herbert H T Prins3 1Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS), P.O. Box 47146 Nairobi, Kenya 2International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), P.O. Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands 3Tropical Nature Conservation and Vertebrate Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Bornsesteeg 69, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate whether climatic or remotely sensed indices are a better predictor of ungulate species richness. Our hypothesis is that the remotely sensed index the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) integrates the influence of climatic and environmental factors, it should be a better predictor of species richness than climatic variables. The study was conducted in East Africa, which has high ungulate species diversity. Out of 95 ungulate species found in Africa, 55 are found within this sub-region. The vegetation is highly heterogeneous, with great variability in productivity that is influenced by the spatial and seasonal distribution of climatic variables, including precipitation and temperature. Species richness was regressed against each environmental variable, using linear, polynomial, logarithmic and exponential models. A test of the equality of two population regression coefficients was used to compare the models. The results show that the strongest correlates of species richness were rainfall and NDVI, with 69% and 55% of the variance explained. A unimodal pattern was exhibited for ungulate species richness with both rainfall and NDVI. -
The African Bush Elephant Can Grow up to 13 Ft Tall and Weigh Almost 6 Tonnes
Introduction: Have you ever wondered what the largest land mammal is? The African bush elephant can grow up to 13 ft tall and weigh almost 6 tonnes. That is around the same weight as 6 small cars! If you would like to find out more about this magnificent creature, then read on! A labelled diagram of an African Elephant. Main Features: Most people think the elephant is just one species of animal. In fact, there are 3 species of elephant; the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. All elephants have large ears in order to help release excess body heat into the air. Additionally, their trunk is used for a variety of purposes. It helps elephants to breathe, smell, hold things, touch and produce the famous elephant trumpeting! Despite elephants being generally calm and peaceful, elephants can be extremely dangerous. Their tusks, which are made of ivory, are used to dig, move branches, and fight. Diet: Although they are an enormous animal, elephants are herbivores. Their main diet includes tree bark, flowers, leaves, wild fruits and twigs. Due to their size, adult elephants must consume around 150-170kg of food every day! Current Status: Unfortunately, some people poach elephants in order to take their tusks, which are made from a precious material called ivory. The ivory is then used to produce ornaments, jewellery, or other expensive objects. Elephant poaching was banned worldwide in 1990, but elephants are still being hunted down ille- gally. According to the WWF, around 55 African elephants are killed for their tusks every day. -
Beatragus Hunteri) in Arawale National Reserve, Northeastern, Kenya
The population size, abundance and distribution of the Critically Endangered Hirola Antelope (Beatragus hunteri) in Arawale National Reserve, Northeastern, Kenya. Francis Kamau Muthoni Terra Nuova, Transboundary Environmental Project, P.O. Box 74916, Nairobi, Kenya Email: [email protected] 1.0. Abstract. This paper outlines the spatial distribution, population size, habitat preferences and factors causing the decline of Hirola antelope in Arawale National Reserve (ANR) in Garissa and Ijara districts, north eastern Kenya. The reserve covers an area of 540Km2. The objectives of the study were to gather baseline information on hirola distribution, population size habitat preferences and human activities impacting on its existence. A sampling method using line transect count was used to collect data used to estimate the distribution of biological populations (Norton-Griffiths, 1978). Community scouts collected data using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and recorded on standard datasheets for 12 months. Transect walks were done from 6.00Am to 10.00Am every 5th day of the month. The data was entered into a geo-database and analysed using Arcmap, Ms Excel and Access. The results indicate that the population of hirola in Arawale National Reserve were 69 individuals comprising only 6% of the total population in the natural geographic range of hirola estimated to be 1,167 individuals. It also revealed that hirola prefer open bushes and grasslands. The decline of the Hirola on its natural range is due to a combination of factors, including, habitat loss and degradation, competition with livestock, poaching and drought. Key words: Hirola Antelope Beatragus hunteri, GIS, Endangered Species 2.0. Introduction. The Hirola antelope (Beatragus hunteri) is a “Critically Endangered” species endemic to a small area in Southeast Kenya and Southwest Somalia. -
All About Elephants
All About Elephants Elephants are big mammals. They can have: a long trunk two tusks big ears Elephants can grow very tall. They are very heavy. They can weigh the same as three cars! A group of elephants is called a herd. The oldest female leads the herd. A male elephant is called a bull. A female elephant is called a cow. A baby elephant is called a calf. Did You Know…? An elephant’s skin can burn if it stands in the sun for too long. You might see an elephant with mud or dirt on its back. They do this to stop their skin from burning. Page 1 of 1 visit twinkl.com All About Elephants Questions 1. What is a baby elephant called? Tick one. a bull a calf a cow 2. What is a herd? Tick one. a big mammal an old female a group of elephants 3. Which of these is true? Tick one. Elephants are very heavy. Elephants are very light. Elephants are very thin. 4. Who leads a herd? Tick one. the biggest bull the oldest female the smallest baby 5. What can an elephant weigh the same as? Tick one. three cars three trucks three boats Page 1 of 1 visit twinkl.com All About Elephants Answers 1. What is a baby elephant called? Tick one. a bull a calf a cow 2. What is a herd? Tick one. a big mammal an old female a group of elephants 3. Which of these is true? Tick one. Elephants are very heavy. Elephants are very light. -
{TEXTBOOK} Elephant
ELEPHANT PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Raymond Carver | 128 pages | 05 Jul 2011 | Vintage Publishing | 9780099530350 | English | London, United Kingdom Elephant - Wikipedia The seeds are typically dispersed in large amounts over great distances. This ecological niche cannot be filled by the next largest herbivore, the tapir. At Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda, the overabundance of elephants has threatened several species of small birds that depend on woodlands. Their weight can compact the soil, which causes the rain to run off , leading to erosion. Elephants typically coexist peacefully with other herbivores, which will usually stay out of their way. Some aggressive interactions between elephants and rhinoceros have been recorded. At Aberdare National Park , Kenya, a rhino attacked an elephant calf and was killed by the other elephants in the group. This is due to lower predation pressures that would otherwise kill off many of the individuals with significant parasite loads. Female elephants spend their entire lives in tight-knit matrilineal family groups, some of which are made up of more than ten members, including three mothers and their dependent offspring, and are led by the matriarch which is often the eldest female. The social circle of the female elephant does not necessarily end with the small family unit. In the case of elephants in Amboseli National Park , Kenya, a female's life involves interaction with other families, clans, and subpopulations. Families may associate and bond with each other, forming what are known as bond groups which typically made of two family groups. During the dry season, elephant families may cluster together and form another level of social organisation known as the clan. -
The State of Hunting in Ethiopia
African Indaba e-Newsletter Volume 9, Number 4 Page 1 For the s ustainable use of wildlife Conseil International de la Chasse et de la Conservation du Gibier AFRICAN INDABA Internationaler Rat zur Erhaltung des Wildes und der Jagd International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation Dedicated to the People and Wildlife of Africa Volume 9, Issue No 4 eNewsletter July 2011 Dear Reader, capital expenditure. David Mabunda, CEO of SANParks said not so long ago that “SANParks needs to find sustainable methods to The northeastern corner of Africa is one focal areas of this fund the operations and protection of the entire national parks issue: Peter Flack’s first hand report from a recent trip to Ethiopia system and hence SANParks views responsible tourism as a (Article 2) makes grim reading and Fred Pearce’s account on the conservation strategy.” Maybe it is time to evaluate conservation agribusiness boom in Ethiopia does not provide comfort either hunting as one more option. SANParks could produce sustainable (Article 10). The emerging nation of South Sudan faces serious NET PROFITS in the region of 40 to 50 million Rand annually from challenges (Article 6). Tanzania’s President Kikwete has now very limited and strictly controlled hunting without compromising signaled that instead of the controversial Trans-Serengeti the SANParks Conservation Strategy. The National Treasury could Highway, some unpaved roads will connect villages to the national apply the subsidies paid to SANParks in the past to service road network and a southern bypass of the park is envisaged delivery on many fronts. My proposal will be challenged with all (News from Africa). -
Foraging Ecology and Conservation Biology of African Elephants: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives on Elephant-Woody Plant Interactions in African Landscapes
Foraging ecology and conservation biology of African elephants: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on elephant-woody plant interactions in African landscapes Item Type Thesis Authors Dudley, Joseph Paine Download date 27/09/2021 15:01:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9523 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter free, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. -
Virus-Host Interactions Underpinning Resistance to African Swine Fever, a Viral Hemorrhagic Disease
fgene-10-00402 April 30, 2019 Time: 16:53 # 1 REVIEW published: 03 May 2019 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00402 The Genetics of Life and Death: Virus-Host Interactions Underpinning Resistance to African Swine Fever, a Viral Hemorrhagic Disease Christopher L. Netherton1*, Samuel Connell1, Camilla T. O. Benfield2 and Linda K. Dixon1* 1 The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom, 2 Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom Pathogen transmission from wildlife hosts to genetically distinct species is a major driver of disease emergence. African swine fever virus (ASFV) persists in sub-Saharan Africa Edited by: through a sylvatic cycle between warthogs and soft ticks that infest their burrows. The Andrea B. Doeschl-Wilson, virus does not cause disease in these animals, however transmission of the virus to Roslin Institute, University domestic pigs or wild boar causes a hemorrhagic fever that is invariably fatal. ASFV of Edinburgh, United Kingdom transmits readily between domestic pigs and causes economic hardship in areas where Reviewed by: Filippo Biscarini, it is endemic. The virus is also a significant transboundary pathogen that has become Italian National Research established in Eastern Europe, and has recently appeared in China increasing the risk of Council (CNR), Italy Christine Tait-Burkard, an introduction of the disease to other pig producing centers. Although a DNA genome University of Edinburgh, mitigates against rapid adaptation of the virus to new hosts, extended epidemics of United Kingdom African swine fever (ASF) can lead to the emergence of viruses with reduced virulence. *Correspondence: Attenuation in the field leads to large deletions of genetic material encoding genes Christopher L. -
134 Appendix 19 a Serological Survey for Foot-And-Mouth Disease In
Appendix 19 A serological survey for foot-and-mouth disease in wildlife in East Africa Bronsvoort 1 B.M.deC., Parida 2 S., McFarland 1 S., Handel 1, I.G., Flemming 2 L., Hamblin 2, P., Paton 2, D. and Kock 3* R. 1University of Edinburgh, The Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom. 2Institute of Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom. 3Pan African Programme for the Control of Epizootics, P.O. Box 30786, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya (*current address Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London, NW14RY, United Kingdom.) Abstract: Serosurveillance for FMD in Africa is complicated by the need to screen for up to six of the seven serotypes of FMD using VNT which is time consuming, requires virus containment and is expensive. The availability of the non-structural 3ABC ELISA kits has the potential to improve this situation. This study used the Ceditest ® to screen 731 sera from East African wildlife, predominantly buffalo, for FMD NSP antibodies. The results suggest that there are high levels of exposure in buffalo populations and only very low levels of exposure in other wild ungulates. We also describe preliminary attempts at parameter estimation analysis of the data using a Bayesian formulation of the Hui-Walter model for parameter estimation in the absence of a gold standard. Introduction: Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla ) caused by the single stranded +’ve sense RNA foot-and-mouth disease virus ( Aphthovirus , Picornaviridae ). -
Amazing Species: Desert Warthog
© Yvonne A. de Jong & Thomas M. Butynski A. de Jong & Yvonne © Amazing Species: Desert Warthog The Desert Warthog, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, is listed as ‘Least Concern’ on the IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM. Only recently has it become widely accepted that there are two species of warthog: the Desert Warthog and the Common Warthog, Phacochoerus africanus. The present geographic distribution of the former is not well known, but is presently known from eastern Kenya, south-eastern Ethiopia and Somalia. Peculiarly, the Desert Warthog lacks incisors – one of the traits that make it the most specialized of the Geographical range world’s pigs. www.iucnredlist.org wildpigspecialistgroup The current conservation status of the Desert Warthog is poorly known. The species is www.wildsolutions.nl present at many localities in Kenya where it is common in some places, particularly where Help Save Species Islam is the predominant religion. Threats to the long-term survival of this species are www.arkive.org poaching, habitat degradation and competition for water with humans and livestock. The Desert Warthog is probably Africa’s least-studied large mammal. Present research is focused on assessing the distribution and conservation status of this species. Enforcement of anti-poaching laws and effective management of protected areas and their buffer zones are key to the long-term survival of this impressive wild pig species. The production of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is made possible through the IUCN Red List Partnership..