DOCSLIB.ORG

Frank Macfarlane Burnet: Two Personal Views

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Frank Macfarlane Burnet: Two Personal Views HISTORICAL COMMENTARY Frank MacFarlane Burnet: two personal views Frank Fenner & Gordon Ada In honor of the fiftieth anniversary of Frank MacFarlane Burnet’s presentation of the clonal selection theory, two of his former staff reminisce about their interactions with this Nobel prize–winning scientist. here is no shortage of publications about experiments that kindled his interest in anti- TFrank MacFarlane Burnet. His autobiogra- body production. http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology phy1, Sexton’s biography2 and the biographical In 1931, he received an offer that changed memoir for the Australian Academy of Science3 his life: two years at the National Institute of all provide detailed information about his Medical Research in London, to study animal career as a scientist. Here, in honor of the fifti- virology. There, he witnessed the first isolation eth anniversary of Burnet’s presentation of the of human influenza virus, an agent that was clonal selection theory, we attempt to convey, to dominate much of his subsequent scientific in a more personal manner, an account of our work, and he initiated investigations using interactions with and impressions of Burnet. developing chicken embryos to grow various viruses (a technique still used in 2006). Back Burnet’s early work in Melbourne, he continued this work and also Nature Publishing Group Group Nature Publishing As a child, Burnet was an enthusiastic collec- published his first book, Biological Aspects of 7 tor of beetles. He graduated MB BS in 1922 Infectious Diseases5. 200 and MD (by examination) in 1924, and after © serving as a house physician to the leading neu- Frank Fenner’s association with Burnet rologist of Melbourne, Australia, Sir Richard In October 1944, while I was still serving in Stawell, he was convinced that his future lay the Australian Army, my boss, the Director of Frank MacFarlane Burnet at the time of his retirement. Courtesy of the Walter and Eliza Hall in clinical neurology. However, the Melbourne Hygiene and Pathology, Colonel E.V. Keogh, Institute of Medical Research. Hospital superintendent judged (correctly) made arrangements for me to work at WEHI that his character and personality were more for six weeks. In July 1945, I received a letter compatible with laboratory medicine. In from Burnet offering me a senior position influenza in the United States. In contrast, he 1924, he was appointed to the position of hos- there, to work on the experimental epidemi- allowed me complete freedom to do as I wished pital pathologist, then operated as part of the ology of ectromelia virus, which he had just in my project on ectromelia. He did not like Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI). The shown to be closely related to the vaccinia driving a car, so the laboratory manager used new director of the Institute, Charles Kellaway, virus. I took up the post in February 1946 and to pick him up and take him home. He worked decided that Burnet should train overseas and worked with Burnet’s group until August 1948, at the laboratory bench from 9:30 a.m. until sent him to the Lister Institute in the UK, where when I went to the Rockefeller Institute in New 4 p.m. each weekday. Although we met at the he gained a PhD working on bacteriophages York as a postdoctoral fellow. tea room, he was a reserved man and talked at the University of London. Back in Australia Burnet was the most creative and imaginative little. He smoked cigarettes then, although in 1928, he was asked by Kellaway to carry out scientist that I have known; and I worked for a he later campaigned energetically against bacteriological investigations on children who year at the Rockefeller Institute in 1948–1949, smoking. died after immunization against diphtheria4. when it was the leading medical research insti- When I had completed an investigation and Burnet showed that these deaths were due tute in the world, and at Cambridge University written it up, I would give the draft to Burnet. to staphylococcal infection and carried out in 1961–1962. When I arrived at WEHI in 1946, He would read it that evening, and at 4 p.m. the Burnet and all other staff were working on next day we would meet in his office to discuss Frank Fenner and Gordon Ada are at the Australian influenza virus. Burnet kept tight control over its publication. He would ask about my cur- National University, Canberra, Australian Capital their investigations, for in those days of almost rent and ongoing work; and in contrast to the Territory 2601, Australia. nonexistent overseas travel, he thought that practice common in many laboratories then e-mail: [email protected] he had to compete with large teams studying and now, Burnet never put his name on a paper NATURE IMMUNOLOGY VOLUME 8 NUMBER 2 FEBRUARY 2007 111 HISTORICAL COMMENTARY involving bench work unless he had done some Burnet, internationally recognized for his complementary patterns (receptors having the of that work himself. As a result, all 11 of the work on viruses, especially influenza virus, but same specificity as the secreted antibodies). papers on mousepox (as we later called ectro- with a strong interest in immunology, went to This would result in the preferential prolifera- melia) were published under my name, some- Harvard University in 1943–1944 to deliver tion of these cells, so that the response to a sec- times linked with that of my wife Bobbie, who the Dunham Lectures. He was due to return to ond dose of the same antigen would be much was my unpaid technician. Melbourne as the new director of WEHI, but greater and more rapid, a phenomenon that Although Burnet’s work focused largely on upon seeing how well-equipped the Harvard he had described in the first and second WEHI influenza, he retained a deep interest in anti- laboratories were, he was tempted to accept a monographs10,11. In contrast, Jerne discussed body production stemming from his early work professorship offered by Harvard. Nonetheless, the interaction of antigen with the secreted on children immunized against diphtheria. In Burnet finally decided to return to Australia, antibody, and its fate. Because one of his earlier the 1930s, the chemists Breinl and Haurowitz6 where he later received a grant of £20,000 from ‘bright ideas’ books13 had been severely criti- and Mudd7 had suggested that antibody pro- the Australian government to purchase equip- cized, Burnet published a brief account of his teins were folded in specific ways after contact ment. The senior biochemist at WEHI, Henry concept, which he called the clonal selection with antigenically important parts of antigens, Holden, told him about my experiences; hence theory, in a local Australian journal. Essentially, which acted as templates; this theory formed the letter in early 1948 inviting me to come to the article proposed that individual B lympho- the basis for an essentially ‘instructive’ hypo- the Institute and assist Holden in establishing cytes produce antibodies of a single specific- thesis about antibody production8. Some a biophysical unit. I accepted. ity14. There was much discussion of the theory years earlier, Glenny and others studying anti- At the time, WEHI housed about 30 insti- at WEHI seminars, and although he admitted body responses to diphtheria toxin had shown tute staff, most of whom were young virolo- he could not guarantee that there was not more that there were profound differences between gists. I spent all my time doing collaborative than one antibody specificity per B lympho- primary and secondary antibody responses9. research, which was easy to arrange. Burnet cyte, he very much preferred one. His book on In the early 1930s, Burnet repeated these spent most of the day in the laboratory that this topic was published two years later15. experiments with staphylococcal toxoid and he shared with others. He sat at a set spot at Then came the surprise. At a special staff http://www.nature.com/natureimmunology concluded that the exponential increase in lunch, and this was the place to catch him for meeting late in 1957, he announced that antibody titer that occurred during the sec- a quick discussion on a serious topic. Having henceforth all laboratory research in WEHI ondary response indicated that the multipli- earlier seen the effects of the 1918–1919 pan- would focus on immunological topics; virology cation of some entity concerned with antibody demic influenza in Melbourne, he decided that would be phased out. At about this time, the production was involved and therefore that the most laboratory staff should work on influenza eminent bacterial geneticist Joshua Lederberg instructive hypothesis must be wrong. virus, in the hope that such studies might lead arrived on a quick visit to discuss viral gene- He did not publish these results until 1941, to a vaccine. Seminars were held on Saturday tics with Burnet. A recent medical gradu- when he produced the first WEHI monograph, mornings, and though we all appreciated his ate, G.J.V. Nossal, also arrived, intending to The Production of Antibodies10, in which he set attendance, Burnet was basically a shy person work on a virology topic for his PhD. Instead, out his reasons for discarding the instruc- and could be uncomfortable when answering using Lederberg’s expertise, together the two Nature Publishing Group Group Nature Publishing tive hypothesis. Early in 1948, he asked me to some questions. He would usually return later devised a unique microscopic assay to deter- 7 collaborate with him in producing a second with a precise reply. mine whether rats, each immunized with two 11 200 edition of The Production of Antibodies . In the early 1950s, I was collaborating with serologically distinct salmonella flagella, pro- © Although I helped chase up some of the work Joyce Stone.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Global Eradication of Smallpox and the Work of Frank Fenner
    In Focus The global eradication of smallpox and the work of Frank Fenner CR Robert George and William Rawlinson Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia Email: [email protected] The 1950s and 1960s represented a golden era in scientific poxvirus research. Multiple obituaries document his life, achieve- – discovery when many believed science would solve the ments, and his death in November 20102 10. world’s greatest problems. It was the era when colour tele- A DNA virus called variola (Orthopoxvirus, Poxviridae) causes vision was introduced and the role of DNA described, space smallpox. Case fatality rates varied depending on the infection type, programmes, the introduction of vaccines for polio, measles reaching up to 30% in the historically most common form variola and mumps, and the structures of proteins began to be major11. Smallpox has influenced the course of history and deci- described. Many discoveries were controversial, but there mated populations. For example, historians have debated whether was a strong belief science was taking the world forward and up to one-third of the Aztec population was decimated by smallpox reducing medical problems rapidly. The Intensified Small- in 1520 after Hernando Cortes accidently introduced the virus thus pox Eradication Program (ISEP) won united support from facilitating the European conquest of South America12. Elsewhere, both the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the native Virginian inhabitants were depopulated to one-third of their United States of America (USA). The initiative was passed by former number in 1689, and numerous North American tribes were only a small margin (two votes) and came on the back of affected13.
    [Show full text]
  • The John Curtin School of Medical Research Annual Review 2012
    THE JOHN CURTIN SCHOOL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH ANNUAL REVIEW 2012 ANU College of Medicine, Biology & Environment CONTENTS Annual Review 2012 From the Director 3 The John Curtin School of Medical Organisation Chart 4 Research Committees 5 COMMUNITY 7 Official Opening of Stage 3 8 Launch of The John Curtin Medical Research Foundation 9 Professor Gordon Ada 10 Open Day 11 Community Activities 12 RESEARCH IN REVIEW 2012 15 Eccles Institute of Neuroscience 16 Department of Genome Biology 29 Department of Immunology 36 Department of Pathogens and Immunity 45 Department of Molecular Bioscience 47 Department of Translational Medicine 56 Australian Phenomics Facility 60 Biomolecular Resource Facility/Genome Discovery Unit 61 STAFF AND STUDENT ACHIEVEMENTS 63 VISITORS AND COLLABORATIONS 69 STAFF AND STUDENTS 85 Department of Genome Biology 86 Department of Immunology 87 Eccles Institute of Neuroscience 88 Department of Pathogens and Immunity 90 Department of Molecular Bioscience 90 Department of Translational Medicine 92 APF and Animal Services 92 School Services 94 School Administration 95 Students 96 PUBLICATIONS, PRESENTATIONS AND COMMUNITY OUTREACH 99 SUPPORT 129 Grants 130 Financial Overview 134 Donors 135 Sponsors 136 Annual Review 2012 1 2 The John Curtin School of Medical Research FROM THE DIRECTOR Zinkernagel. He will be sadly missed by his many friends and colleagues at the School, who have established the annual Gordon Ada New Investigator Award in his memory. In 2012, we finally completed the long and very necessary redevelopment project that resulted in the new John Curtin School of Medical Research building on the ANU campus. All our staff and students are once again under one roof, carrying out their research in state of the art laboratories and facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientists' Houses in Canberra 1950–1970
    EXPERIMENTS IN MODERN LIVING SCIENTISTS’ HOUSES IN CANBERRA 1950–1970 EXPERIMENTS IN MODERN LIVING SCIENTISTS’ HOUSES IN CANBERRA 1950–1970 MILTON CAMERON Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Cameron, Milton. Title: Experiments in modern living : scientists’ houses in Canberra, 1950 - 1970 / Milton Cameron. ISBN: 9781921862694 (pbk.) 9781921862700 (ebook) Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index. Subjects: Scientists--Homes and haunts--Australian Capital Territority--Canberra. Architecture, Modern Architecture--Australian Capital Territority--Canberra. Canberra (A.C.T.)--Buildings, structures, etc Dewey Number: 720.99471 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design by Sarah Evans. Front cover photograph of Fenner House by Ben Wrigley, 2012. Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2012 ANU E Press; revised August 2012 Contents Acknowledgments . vii Illustrations . xi Abbreviations . xv Introduction: Domestic Voyeurism . 1 1. Age of the Masters: Establishing a scientific and intellectual community in Canberra, 1946–1968 . 7 2 . Paradigm Shift: Boyd and the Fenner House . 43 3 . Promoting the New Paradigm: Seidler and the Zwar House . 77 4 . Form Follows Formula: Grounds, Boyd and the Philip House . 101 5 . Where Science Meets Art: Bischoff and the Gascoigne House . 131 6 . The Origins of Form: Grounds, Bischoff and the Frankel House . 161 Afterword: Before and After Science .
    [Show full text]
  • The Bursa of Fabricius Award 12 ASI Councillors' News 13 Caption Competition 16 ASI Inc
    NEWSLETTER Australasian Society for Immunology Incorporated PP 341403100035 ISSN 1442-8725 March 2004 How to win a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Gordon Ada, John Curtin School of Medical Research When one thinks of winners of Nobel Prizes November to celebrate his contributions and at the Institute for 19 years when Frank came in these disciplines, there is a tendency to achievements. Peter and Rolf were present as to visit me in 1967. He told me he had visualize mature scientists who after many well as many of his past students (from 1972 relinquished the Headship of the Department years of laboratory work have accumulated to 2003) and others who worked in the of Microbiology to become the Director of lots of evidence to prove a particular concept Department, mainly in the 1970s. The the John Curtin School. He asked whether I or theory. This certainly happens, but there contributions, especially by past students, would let my name go forward as a candidate are many other situations. For example, one were remarkable for the variety of topics to succeed him as Head of the Microbiology recipient has provided the concept which a presented. Department? I decided yes, because under co-recipient has independently proven it to Frank Fenner, the Microbiology Department be correct. (e.g. Immunological tolerance, In the late 1960s I was happily working at the had reached international status and if I went Burnet and Medawar, 1960). In contrast, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI) with there, I could bring virology and immunology 1996 Prize resulted from a rather unusual Gus Nossal as a close colleague.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections ...Gordon
    Reflections . Gordon Ada Life as a Biochemist Coming to Grips with Viruses Foreword It must be hard for recent graduates in many biological disciplines to appreciate what the frontiers of our knowledge were 50 years ago. The author majored in Biochemistry at the University of Sydney during the war and in 1948, joined the staff of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI) officially to help establish new biophysical techniques (moving boundary electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation), but spent most of the time doing research on virus-related topics. Macfarlane Burnet, a famous virologist, had become the Director of the Institute in 1942. This account describes some of the relevant biochemical findings made during the period 1948-60. Discovering the Secrets of the Influenza Virus The 1918-19 influenza pandemic killed at least 20 million people, more than the combined casualties of the two World Wars. Burnet, part way through his medical course at Melbourne University when it reached Australia, fortunately suffered only a mild infection, but the global and local effects remained a strong memory. On becoming Director of WEHI, and concerned that a similar pandemic might soon occur, he decided to make a determined effort to understand how the influenza virus infected and replicated inside cells and caused disease. Virtually all non-clinical scientists in the Institute were to become involved in this task. When I arrived in 1948, there were two other biochemists - Henry Holden, who earlier had achieved fame in the UK in elucidating the structure of haemoglobin, and Alfred Gottschalk (see Box 1), a carbohydrate specialist, who had escaped from Nazi Germany and joined the Institute in 1942.
    [Show full text]
  • What Price Australian Naway and an R Ami I R Fugees, 'Illegals' AUSTRALIAN BOOK REVIEW
    The Vatic -Edmund Campion on the Australia What price Australian naway and An r ami I r fugees, 'illegals' AUSTRALIAN BOOK REVIEW SEPTEMBER: Humphrey McQueen on Chris wattace~-Gra th e Chinese connecti on Dorothy Porter, Michael Hofmann, Fay Zwicky, Anthony Lawrence, Rolling Column by Mark Davis Anita Heiss, Merlinda Bobis, Tien Hoang Nguyen, Deb Westbury, Kerryn Goldsworthy on Thea Astley' s MTC Cronin, Dry lands Geoff Goodfellow and many mo re Marilyn Lake on Beryl Beaurepajre I melbourne Mari on Halli gan on Andrew Riemer's new memoir festival of Subscribers $55 for ten issues plus a free book Ph (03) 9429 6700 or Fax (03) 9429 2288 poetry september Art Monthly 1999 AUSTRALIA IN THE SEPTEMBER ISSUE chapel off Peter Hill interYiews Liz Ann Macgregor, new Director of the Museum of chapel Contemporary Art • prahran Daniel Thomas talks about being a curator 9522 3382 ArtRage - Mat Gallois on r;"t.,~;:;:;::::;-;;;;;::rn!l:;n~..r.w,,.,;::;;=rr-""""IIPII Off Chapel being an emerging artist in Sydney inHiative supported by Arts The Immigration Museum and the Victoria Millionth Migrant exhibition Out now _ S-1.9.'i, .fimn good boohlwps and ncii'Sagcnls. Or plu111c ()] 62-19 3986 jin· your mbsaiption Volume 9 Number 7 September 1999 A magazine of public affairs, the arts and theology CoNTENTS 4 COMMENT With Mark McKenna and 32 Francis Sullivan. AFTER THE BIG WAVE Photographic essay by Peter Davis. 'He loved to 7 speculate, CAPITAL LETTER 34 INDONESIAN WITNESS sometimes almost 8 Peter Mares interviews Ibu Sulami, dangerously, LETTERS activist, feminist and political survivor.
    [Show full text]
  • AMREP Research Report 2011
    The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Research Report 2011 Research and Education Precinct Medical Research The Alfred 2 011 The Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia www.amrep.org.au The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct - AMREP - is a partnership between Alfred Health, Monash University, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Burnet Institute, La Trobe University and Deakin University. AMREP is located on the campus of The Alfred hospital, Melbourne. Alfred Medical Research & Education Precinct Commercial Road Melbourne, Victoria 3004 Australia www.amrep.org.au Acknowledgements Produced by Research Office, Alfred Health and Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Design by abCreative | abCreative.com CONTENTS AMREP Highlights 2011/2012 2 Andrew Way Research Output 4 Chief Executive, Human Ethics 6 Alfred Health Animal Ethics 7 Chair, AMREP Council Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute 8 Nucleus Network 14 Burnet Institute 16 As I set out in my 2010/11 report, the benefits of Academic Health Monash School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine 24 Science Centres (AHSCs) continue to be widely discussed. Both Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine 25 State and Federal government departments are known to be Global Health 27 taking an increasing interest in their potential. AMREP, established Centre for Obesity Research and Education 28 in 2002, is Australia’s first and longest existing example of such Australasian Cochrane Centre 29 an endeavour, although when created no one at the time would Rheumatology (Musculoskeletal Epidemiology) 30 have thought – Academic Health Science Centre.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010-2011 Annual Report
    Annual Report 2010-2011 Mastery of disease through discovery | www.wehi.edu.au Contents 1 About the institute 3 Director’s and Chairman’s report 5 Discovery 8 Cancer and Haematology 10 Stem Cells and Cancer 12 Molecular Genetics of Cancer 14 Chemical Biology 16 Molecular Medicine 18 Structural Biology 20 Bioinformatics 22 Infection and Immunity 24 Immunology The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute 26 Autoimmunity and Transplantation of Medical Research 28 Cell Signalling and Cell Death 1G Royal Parade 30 Inflammation Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia Telephone: (+61 3) 9345 2555 32 Molecular Immunology Facsimile: (+61 3) 9347 0852 34 Publications WEHI Biotechnology Centre 36 Awards 4 Research Avenue 37 Translation La Trobe R&D Park Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia Translating our research 38 Telephone: (+61 3) 9345 2200 40 Developing our research Facsimile: (+61 3) 9345 2211 42 Patents www.wehi.edu.au www.facebook.com/WEHIresearch 43 Education www.twitter.com/WEHI_research 46 2010-11 graduates ABN 12 004 251 423 47 Seminars Acknowledgements 48 Institute awards Produced by the institute’s Community Relations department 49 Engagement Managing editor: Penny Fannin Editor: Liz Williams 51 Strategic partners Writers: Liz Williams, Vanessa Solomon and Julie Tester 52 Scientific and medical community Design and production: Simon Taplin Photography: Czesia Markiewicz and Cameron Wells 54 Public engagement 57 Engagement with schools Cover image 58 Donor and bequestor engagement Art in Science finalist 2010 Vessel webs 59 Sustainability Dr Leigh Coultas, Cancer and Haematology division 60 The Board This image shows the delicate intricacy in the developing eye of a transient population of web-like blood vessels.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Commercial Outcomes from Public Research (Scopr) 2019 Report
    techtransfer.org.au SURVEY OF COMMERCIAL OUTCOMES FROM PUBLIC RESEARCH (SCOPR) 2019 REPORT Survey and report delivered by FOREWORD There is an ever-present imperative to capture the commercial value of our research endeavour for our future wellbeing. To do so strategically, decision makers from laboratory, institutional and government levels need insights into how the research sector is currently engaging with industry to transfer knowledge and innovation, and thereby deliver benefits to our society from the fruits of our research. For many years in Australia there has been a focus on improving innovation metrics, thus I am delighted to acknowledge the initiative of gemaker and Knowledge Commercialisation Australasia (KCA) in producing the inaugural Survey of Commercial Outcomes from Public Research (SCOPR). The SCOPR takes its lead from the National Survey of Research Commercialisation (NSRC) produced since 2000 by the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources. To avoid duplication, the Department has decided to cease the NSRC and will work with KCA to share knowledge, and access data collected by SCOPR. As we face the COVID-19 pandemic, effective knowledge transfer is more important than ever, so I hope that this report will spur our research institutions to even greater achievements. Realising effective knowledge transfer will depend on having skilled commercialisation professionals who can help researchers turn great ideas into beneficial products and services. I applaud KCA’s support for technology transfer professionals
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of Immunology
    TIMELINE OF IMMUNOLOGY 1549 – The earliest account of inoculation of smallpox (variolation) occurs in Wan Quan's (1499–1582) 1718 – Smallpox inoculation in Ottoman Empire realized by West. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, observed the positive effects of variolation on the native population and had the technique performed on her own children. 1796 – First demonstration of smallpox vaccination (Edward Jenner) 1837 – Description of the role of microbes in putrefaction and fermentation (Theodore Schwann) 1838 – Confirmation of the role of yeast in fermentation of sugar to alcohol (Charles Cagniard-Latour) 1840 – Proposal of the germ theory of disease (Jakob Henle) 1850 – Demonstration of the contagious nature of puerperal fever (childbed fever) (Ignaz Semmelweis) 1857–1870 – Confirmation of the role of microbes in fermentation (Louis Pasteur) 1862 – Phagocytosis (Ernst Haeckel) 1867 – Aseptic practice in surgery using carbolic acid (Joseph Lister) 1876 – Demonstration that microbes can cause disease-anthrax (Robert Koch) 1877 – Mast cells (Paul Ehrlich) 1878 – Confirmation and popularization of the germ theory of disease (Louis Pasteur) 1880 – 1881 -Theory that bacterial virulence could be attenuated by culture in vitro and used as vaccines. Proposed that live attenuated microbes produced immunity by depleting host of vital trace nutrients. Used to make chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines" (Louis Pasteur) 1883 – 1905 – Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages (polymorhonuclear leukocytes) (Elie Metchnikoff) 1885 – Introduction of concept of a "therapeutic vaccination". Report of a live "attenuated" vaccine for rabies (Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux). 1888 – Identification of bacterial toxins (diphtheria bacillus) (Pierre Roux and Alexandre Yersin) 1888 – Bactericidal action of blood (George Nuttall) 1890 – Demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bio21 Institute's 2020 Annual Report Is Available to Download
    Annual Report 2020 Image of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 taken by Andrew Leis and Jason Roberts. Courtesy of the Doherty Institute. The Bio21 Molecular Science and Director Associate Director – Platform Biotechnology Institute Professor Michael W. Parker Infrastructure University of Melbourne DPhil (Oxon) FAA FAHMS Professor Malcolm McConville PhD 30 Flemington Road Deputy Director Associate Director – Commercialisation Parkville Victoria 3010 Professor Frances Separovic AO Professor Spencer Williams PhD Telephone: (03) 8344 2220 PhD FAA www.bio21.unimelb.edu.au Associate Director – Engagement @Bio21Institute Professor Sally Gras PhD @Bio21Institute Scientific Research Manager Dr David Keizer, PhD Produced by the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology External Relations Advisor,b Bio21 Florienne Institute Loder Annual Report 2020 Contents Our Mission 2 Our Vision 2 About the Institute 3 Director’s Message 4 Bio21 Leadership 8 Deputy Director, Professor Emeritus Frances Separovic AO 8 Associate Director Engagement – Professor Sally Gras 10 Associate Director Commercialisation – Professor Spencer Williams 13 Associate Director Platform Infrastructure – Professor Malcolm McConville 14 ACRF Facility for Innovative Cancer Drug Discovery 16 Impacts of Research 19 OHS Report 31 Equity Diversity and Inclusion 32 Industry Engagement and Commercialisation 35 Announcing the Ruth Bishop Building and Ian Holmes Imaging Centre 36 Events and Conferences 39 Graduate Research Students and Early Career Researchers 41 Institute Members Honoured 42 Grant Successes 43 Governance 46 Bio21 Scientific Research Team 47 Bio21 Research Groups 48 Bio21 People 50 Institute in Numbers 56 Bio21 Institute Theses submitted in 2020 57 Bio21 Steering Committee 58 Industry partners 63 Produced by the Bio21 Molecular Science aFontn Front cover image: Bio21 precinct aerial photograph, courtesy of Kane Jarrod Photography.
    [Show full text]
  • 2Nd Postdoc Methods Symposium Program
    Program Thursday, 13th September Event Approximate Time Location Registration Opens 8:30 – 9:00 Tapestry Lounge (in front of the Davis Auditorium) Session 1 9:00 – 10:20 Davis Auditorium 9:00 – 9:05 Organising Committee Welcome and Introductions 9:05 – 9:20 Daniel Brown An overview of single-cell omics methods, from Walter and Eliza Hall Institute technology to applications 9:20 – 9:35 Belinda Phipson Kidneys in a dish: examining the reproducibility Murdoch Children’s Research Institute of organoid differentiation using transcriptomics 9:35 – 9:50 Joanna Sacharz SELEX: In search of solubilizing nucleic acids Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne KEYNOTE: A primer on single cell RNA-seq analysis 9:50 – 10:20 Matthew Richie Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Morning Tea 10:20 – 11:00 Tapestry Lounge posters & sponsor exhibits 2nd Postdoctoral Methods Symposium 2018 #PDMS2018 Event Approximate Time Location Session 2 11:00 – 12:15 Davis Auditorium MCFP sponsored talk Biological Imaging via Helium ion Microscopy 11:00 – 11:15 Babak Nasr University of Melbourne 11:15 – 11:30 Mohamed Fareh Single-molecule fluorescence reveals the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre dynamics of microRNA recognition by Dicer- TRBP complex 11:30 – 11:45 Charis Teh Capturing the cellular gymnastics of survival Walter and Eliza Hall institute and killer proteins by mass cytometry (CyTOF) 11:45 – 12:00 Jieqiong Lou Phasor analysis and image correlation Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne spectroscopy of histone FLIM/FRET reveals spatiotemporal regulation of chromatin organization by the DNA damage response. Session 2 Flash talks 12:00 – 12:15 Davis Auditorium Rachel Lundie Flow FISH as a method to elucidate the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute transcriptional effects of M.
    [Show full text]