Arok Dedes Dan Pararaton

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Arok Dedes Dan Pararaton View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Crossref AROK DEDES DAN PARARATON: TRANSFORMASI DAN DINAMIKA SASTRA DALAM WACANA GLOBALISASI SASTRA Arok Dedes and Pararaton: Transformation and Literary Dynamism in Literary Globalization Issues Trisna Kumala Satya Dewi Jurusan Sastra Indonesia, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Dharmawangsa Dalam Selatan 2A Surabaya, pos-el: [email protected] (Makalah diterima tanggal 22 Oktober 2012—Disetujui tanggal 24 April 2013) Abstrak: Arok Dedes karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1999) merupakan sebuah potret dinamika sastra sebagai akibat transformasinya dari karya terdahulu, yaitu Pararaton karya sastra Jawa Kuna yang termashur. Novel Arok Dedes, dalam hal relevansinya dengan konteks seJarah pun, merupakan suatu geJala sastra yang dinamis sebab dinamika sastra tidak terlepas dari seJarah. Dalam novel Arok Dedes, lewat kepiawaian dan proses kreatifnya, Pramoedya Ananta Toer ber- usaha mengungkapkan kembali peristiwa pada abad ke-13 sebagai sebuah sindiran untuk pe- ristiwa masa kini, khususnya pada abad 20-an. Arok Dedes mengisahkan perebutan kekuasaan pertama dalam seJarah bangsa Indonesia, yang konon merupakan pengulangan peristiwa masa lalu. Pramoedya Ananta Toer sebagai pengarang Arok Dedes cukup berhasil dalam mengangkat ’mitos’ Dedes dan mengungkapkannya dalam wacana globalisasi. Peran Dedes cukup menonJol da- lam percaturan politik, kekuasaan, dan negara sebab Dedeslah penyusun strategi pemindahan ke- kuasaan dari suaminya (Tunggul Ametung) ke tangan Arok. Mitos tentang Ken Dedes yang me- miliki kharisma ’kebesaran’ atau ’prabawa’ (kewibawaan) yang digali oleh Pramoedya Ananta Toer dari Pararaton ini menjadikan Arok Dedes sebagai karya sastra modern yang patut disimak, khususnya dalam wacana globalisasi sekarang ini. Dedes, sebagai sosok perempuan, berkaitan dengan kekuasaan, politik, dan kenegaraan. Kata-Kata Kunci: transformasi, wacana, globalisasi Abstract: Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Arok Dedes (1999) is a potrait of literary dynamics as the re- sult of its transformation from the previous work, namely Pararaton – an outstanding literary work of old Java. The novel of Arok Dedes, in its relevance with historical context, means a dynamic litera- ry phenomenon because the literary dynamics cannot be separated from history. In the novel Arok Dedes, through his creative sophistication and process, Pramoedya Ananta Tour attempted to retell the 13th century of event as a satire on present events, especially in the 20th century. Arok Dedes narrated the struggle for the first power in Indonesian history, which is a repetition of preceding events. Pramoedya Ananta Tour, as the author of Arok Dedes, was successful enough in presenting Dedes’ myth and expressing it in globalization discourses. The role of Dedes was noteworthy in poli- tical domain, power, and state because Dedes was the mastermind of power transfer from her hus- band (Tunggul Ametung) to Arok. The myth of Ken Dedes having prestige or wisdom dug by Pramoedya Ananta Tour from Pararaton makes Arok Dedes a significant modern literary work, particularly in the current globalization discourses. Dedes, as woman figure, was related to power, politics, and state. Key Words: transformation, discourse, globalization 119 ATAVISME, Vol. 16, No. 1, Edisi Juni 2013: 119—128 PENDAHULUAN keistimewaan (prabhawa) yang dapat Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1999) melalui mengangkat setiap laki-laki yang men- proses kreatifnya (kepengarangannya) dampinginya sebagai suami. Dalam ke- berusaha mengungkapkan kembali pe- rangka globalisasi sastra, mitos Ken ristiwa sekitar abad ke-13 sebagai sebu- Dedes dalam Pararaton cukup menarik ah sindiran (satire) sejarah masa kini untuk diangkat sebagai sebuah wacana (abad 20-an) yang konon menurut sang dalam Arok Dedes. pengarang berulang lagi; yaitu sebuah kudeta kekuasaan.1 ‘Kisah Arok Dedes’ TEORI ini merawikan peristiwa kudeta pertama Transformasi dan Dinamika Sastra dalam sejarah Nusantara. Dalam rangka memahami sebuah teks Pararaton atau Katuturanira Ken sastra, penting dipertimbangkan karya- Arok merupakan karya anonim. Parara- karya terdahulu yang memungkinkan ton diperkirakan berasal dari peristiwa berbagai efek signifikasi (Culler, saat Ken Dedes bercengkerama dengan 1981:103). Dalam menghadapi sebuah suaminya, Tunggul Ametung, di sebuah teks, pembaca dibatasi oleh berbagai taman bernama Boboji. Pada saat itu, ti- ikatan sebagaimana dikatakan oleh ba-tiba datang angin kencang yang me- Culler, “Reading is not innocent activity”. nyingkapkan kain Ken Dedes hingga ke- Keterikatan dan keterbatasan ini dise- lihatan betis dan pahanya, bahkan jauh babkan oleh sarana untuk mewujudkan ke ujung yang disebut Pararaton atau teks itu sendiri, yakni bahasa yang sebe- ‘rahasianya’. Pada saat itu, Ken Arok be- lum dipakai oleh penulis sudah merupa- kerja sebagai tukang kebun istana dan kan sistem tanda (Sardjono, 1987:38). menyaksikan peristiwa tersebut hingga Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, melihat pararaton ‘rahasianya’ Ken Julia Kristeva mengatakan bahwa “setiap Dedes. Hal ini tentu dimaklumi bahwa teks terwujud sebagai mozaik, sitiran, se- pengarang naskah Pararaton amat rapan, dan transformasi dari teks-teks menghargai Ken Dedes, sehingga dengan lain (Kristeva dalam Culler, 1975:130). bahasa yang eufemistis ia menyebut kata Sebuah karya sastra dapat dibaca dalam ‘rahasianya’ dengan pararaton.2 kaitannya ataupun pertentangan dengan Naskah Pararaton merupakan wari- teks-teks lain, yang merupakan kisi. Me- san nenek moyang yang terekam dalam lalui kisi itu, teks dibaca dan diberi struk- sastra Jawa. Pararaton merupakan kro- tur dengan harapan agar pembaca me- nik berupa bunga rampai yang memitos- metik ciri-ciri yang menonjol dan mem- kan Ken Arok. Pada zamannya, Parara- berikan sebuah makna. Pada hakikatnya ton dipandang sebagai sejarah atau kisah pembaca dibawa untuk mengacu kepada sejarah. Pararaton pada pengertian se- teks-teks pendahulu sebagai sumbangan karang dapat digolongkan sebagai karya pada suatu kode yang memungkinkan sastra sejarah atau dianggap sebagai his- efek signifikasi atau pemaknaan yang toriografi tradisional (local tradition). bermacam-macam. Aspek intertekstuali- Dalam tulisan ini dibicarakan Arok tas semacam ini oleh Riffaterre disebut Dedes dan Pararaton berkaitan dengan hipogram. Teks lain yang menjadi hipo- transformasi dan dinamika sastranya. gram tidak hadir begitu saja dalam sebu- Sebagai sebuah karya sastra Jawa Kuna ah karya; ia muncul dalam proses pema- yang amat terkenal, Pararaton telah haman dan harus disimpulkan sendiri mengilhami Arok Dedes, khususnya da- oleh penikmat (Riffaterre, 1978:94). lam hal ‘mitos’ Ken Dedes sebagai seo- Dalam kaitannya dengan studi per- rang perempuan yang mempunyai naskahan (filologi) dan ilmu sastra, 120 Arok Dedes dan Pararaton … (Trisna Kumala Satya Dewi) Wiryamartana (1990) mengatakan bah- mampu menjadikan dirinya secara aktif wa kritik teks dapat diarahkan pada pe- sebagai agen perubahan zaman (agent of warisan teks yang mempunyai peranan change). Sebagai sebuah ”agen penting dalam rangkaian sambutan perubahan”, kebudayaan dan kesenian pembaca. Variasi teks dihargai secara le- pertama-tama harus ”mengubah” diri- bih positif dan ditimbang relevansinya nya sendiri, memperbarui dirinya, mem- dalam rangka sambutan sastra. Pada perluas cakrawalanya, melebarkan su- suatu tahap pewarisan teks mungkin se- dut dan pandangan dunianya (world kali suatu variasi teks menjadi sumber view) (Piliang, 2000:112). Dalam kaitan- kreasi, seperti pemberian komentar, pe- nya dengan globalisasi sastra, pada Arok nerjemahan, dan penyaduran. Dalam ka- Dedes dapat dilihat Pramoedya selaku sus ini, penyalin dapat dipandang seba- pengarang mampu memperluas cakra- gai pembaca yang kreatif, yang berkat wala sudut pandang dan pandangan du- tanggapannya sekaligus menjadi pencip- nianya terhadap peristiwa ratusan tahun ta sastra. Dengan demikian, terjadilah yang lalu dan mengaitkannya dengan pe- transformasi teks, suatu teks dibaca, di- ristiwa abad ini. pahami, dan ditafsirkan. Hasil pembaca- Terkait dengan tulisan ini, hal yang an, pemahaman, dan penafsiran itu di- menarik ialah pada saat peristiwa di Ta- wujudkan menjadi teks baru, sama atau man Boboji, saat kain Ken Dedes ter- berlainan bahasa, jenis dan fungsinya singkap hingga jauh ke pararaton. Ken (Wiryamartana, 1990:10; Teeuw, Arok melihat cahaya memancar dari 1998:266—267; 322—323). rahasia Ken Dedes. Ken Arok sangat ter- Novel Arok Dedes karya Pramoedya pesona pada kecantikan Ken Dedes dan Ananta Toer (1999) merupakan salah ia jatuh cinta. Ken Arok akhirnya mene- satu contoh dinamika sastra sebagai aki- mui seorang brahmana bernama Dhang bat transformasinya dari teks terdahulu, Hyang Lohgawe dan meceritakan perihal yaitu Pararaton. Mengapa Pramoedya peristiwa di taman Boboji. Lohgawe me- dengan bekal kepengarangannya me- ngatakan kepada Ken Arok bahwa wani- ngacu pada Pararaton, karya sastra Jawa ta yang memiliki prabhawa seperti Ken Kuna yang amat terkenal itu? Sastra mo- Dedes apabila diperistri akan menjadi- dern itu bersifat dinamik tidak statis. Hal kan suaminya seorang raja besar kenda- itu disebabkan pandangan bahwa karya ti sang pria berasal dari golongan papa sastra selalu berada dalam ketegangan dan miskin. antara konvensi dan kreasi; karya sastra Mitos tentang Pararaton Ken Dedes tidak hanya melaksanakan konvensi je- yang bersinar, bercahaya (mubyar amu- nis sastra, tetapi sering sekaligus melam- rub) membawa dampak sejarah besar paui bahkan merombaknya
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