Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(1): 298-306

E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Assessment of grasshopper diversity along a JEZS 2017; 5(1): 298-306 © 2017 JEZS pollution gradient in the Al-Tebbin region, South Received: 15-11-2016 Accepted: 16-12-2016 Cairo, Egypt

Mustafa M Soliman Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo Mustafa M Soliman, Asmaa A Haggag and Mohamed M El-Shazly University, Giza, P. O. 12613, Egypt Abstract The effects of long-term industrial pollution, characterized by elevated soil concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Asmaa A Haggag and Zn, were examined on the abundance and diversity of grasshopper communities in grass strips along Department of Entomology, the edges of farmland at various distances from an industrial complex in the Al-Tebbin region of South Faculty of Science, Cairo Cairo, Egypt. Six sites up to 10 km downwind from the main sources of industrial pollution were University, Giza, P. O. 12613, selected. Grasshoppers were collected monthly from June to October in 2012 and 2013 by sweep-net Egypt sampling. Although significant differences were found for the total abundance of grasshoppers between Mohamed M El-Shazly sites (t = –5.33, p = 0.006), none were found for species diversity, richness, and evenness between Department of Entomology, moderately and highly polluted sites, but all values were higher in the moderately polluted sites. Faculty of Science, Cairo Diversity and richness indices decreased with increasing soil metal levels with no statistical significance University, Giza, P. O. 12613, observed for species richness; only Cd and Pb were significantly correlated with species diversity (r = Egypt −0.94, for Cd; r = −0.82, for Pb). No trend was observed between species evenness and metal concentrations in soil. Multivariate analyses grouped the study sites based on the degree (moderate or high) of heavy metal contamination; significant differences were detected between grasshopper community structures in moderately and highly polluted sites using one-way analysis of similarities (ANOSIM, R = 0.740).

Keywords: Acridids, biodiversity, abundance, heavy metal pollution, bioindicator

1. Introduction Heavy metal contamination is one of the most serious and widespread forms of soil pollution [1, 2]. Many industrial and urban areas are polluted with heavy metals as a consequence of a wide range of activities, such as industrial manufacturing, mining, metallurgy, and transportation, as well as via the application of metal-containing pesticides and fertilizers to [3, 4] agricultural systems . Some elements (e.g., Cd and Pb) are not known to have any essential [5] biological functions, and are toxic even at low concentrations , whereas other metals (e.g., Cu and Zn) play a role in physiological and biochemical processes in both plants and and are therefore essential in trace amounts, but become toxic to living organisms when present in excessive concentrations [6]. Trace metals, like other stress factors, interfere with an

organism’s fitness by altering metabolic, physiological, and life history traits, and thus consequently affect natural environments at scales ranging from single individuals to entire ecosystems [3]. Monitoring of invertebrate communities to detect the impacts of metal pollution is at an early stage of development for terrestrial ecosystems than for aquatic ecosystems [7]; however,

research on the effects of heavy metals have been conducted for a wide range of terrestrial [8] [9] [3, 10] [11, 12] invertebrates, including ground beetles , wild bees , spiders , collembola , oribatid mites [13, 11], earthworms [1, 12], and nematodes [14, 15]. Acridids are a dominant group of herbivorous that account for 20–30% of all biomass [16]; as such, they play a significant role in terrestrial food webs, and are an important

source of protein for other , amphibians, small reptiles, birds, and small mammals [17] , and therefore their absence or declining abundance may disturb the trophic structure of an Correspondence ecosystem. They are also important bio indicators because of their specific microhabitat Mustafa M Soliman preferences, functional importance in ecosystems, sensitivity to changes in their habitats, and Department of Entomology, ease of sampling [18, 19]. Because of the increased potential for soil contamination by heavy Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, P. O. 12613, metals in the Al-Tebbin region, and the important role acridids play in nutrient cycling and Egypt energy flow, understanding the effects of metals on grasshopper communities is ~ 298 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

important for assessing the impacts of heavy metals on this 2. Materials and Methods agroecosystem. A continuing challenge in orthopteran 2.1 Study area ecology is to understand what factors shape grasshopper The study area was located in the Al-Tebbin region of Helwan community structure and distribution in a particular Province, east of the Nile River and 20 km south of Cairo. ecosystem [20, 21]. Previous research has focused on variations This area is the largest industrial zone in Egypt, accounting in grasshopper diversity and abundance due to climate change for approximately 16.5% of Egypt’s total industrial activity. [22], plant species composition [23, 24], livestock grazing [20, 25, The main industrial activities conducted in this region consist 26], vegetation patterns [21, 27, 28], intensity of anthropogenic of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgical work, and coke, habitat disturbances [29, 30], and geographical ranges and chemical, and cement processing operations [33, 34]. Six sites spatial heterogeneity [28, 31, 32], but there remains a paucity of were selected at various distances from the industrial information concerning the effects of heavy metals on complex, with the furthest located 10 km downwind (Fig. 1). grasshopper communities. Grasshoppers were collected from the grass strips along the Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate the edges of farmland in the region, where plants are naturally impacts of long-term industrial pollution, characterized by abundant, with the most common plant species consisting of elevated soil concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn, on the Paspalum distichum L., Brachiaria deflexa (Schumach.) C.E. abundance and diversity of grasshopper communities in grass Hubb. ex Robyns, and Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf. Abiotic strips along the edges of farmland situated at different (humidity, temperature) and biotic (vegetation type) distances from an industrial complex in the Al-Tebbin region conditions were similar for all six study sites. of Cairo, Egypt, using standard biodiversity indices and multivariate analyses.

Fig 1: Map of Egypt showing the locations of the six study sites and the Al-Tebbin industrial complex

2.2 Soil sampling and heavy metal analysis were expressed as mg/kg dry weight. Chemicals, stock Five topsoil samples (~500 g each) were taken at random solutions, and reagents were all of analytical grade (Merck). from each of the sites where grasshoppers were collected All glassware and plastic materials were washed with distilled during the summers of 2012 and 2013. Soil samples were water before use, soaked in 2N nitric acid overnight, and then oven-dried (70 °C) until a constant weight was attained, rinsed thoroughly with ultrapure water. ground to a homogenous powder, and preserved in polythene bags. Soil digestion was based on the protocol described by 2.3 Grasshopper sampling and identification Moor et al. [35]. Soil samples (0.5 g) were placed in a digesting A total of ten samplings were conducted from June to October flask and pre-digested with a 12 mL of 37% HCl: 65% HNO3 (the peak season of grasshopper abundance and maturity) in (3:1) mixture for 24 h at room temperature. The suspension 2012 and 2013 using sweep nets, which is the most was then digested to near dryness on a thermostatically commonly used method for estimating grasshopper species controlled hotplate at 90 °C in a fume cupboard, following composition [36]. Sampling plots measuring about 5 m in which 2.5 mL of 37% HCl and 2.5 mL of 30% H2O2 were width and 20 m in length were delineated at each study site, added to complete the digestion. The resultant mixture was and one hour of sweep-net sampling was performed in all heated again and then cooled to ambient temperature. The plots between 10:00 am and 2:00 pm by one person, flask walls were washed with 10 mL of ultrapure water and alternating between mornings and afternoons to avoid the suspension was then filtered through Whatman filter paper sampling bias. Timed quadrat surveys are an appropriate (No. 41) in a volumetric flask, diluted to 50 mL, and stored in method of grasshopper collection in areas with low polyethylene bottles at 4 °C for later analyses. Concentrations grasshopper density and a short grass sward [36]. Acridids of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the soil samples were determined by collected from each site during the entire sampling period inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES-Jobin Yovin ultima2, were considered one sample. All collected arthropods were France). A certified reference material (NIST 2709) and a placed in labeled jars containing ethanol, then transported to reagent process blank were performed for each analytical the laboratory, where grasshoppers were separated from other batch to assess accuracy, and mean values of three replicates material, counted, refrigerated, and later identified to species were calculated for each determination. Metal concentrations [37, 38]. ~ 299 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

2.4 Biodiversity measures patterns using the abundance data for all acridids. A one-way Patterns of grasshopper species diversity were examined analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) [42] was performed to test using the Shannon index (H) of species diversity, the the significance of multivariate differences among site groups Margalef richness index (DM), and the Pielou evenness index using the same PAST program. Sampling positions were (J). The Shannon index may be more appropriate for assessing recorded with GPS, and ArcGIS 9.3 was used to develop the the effects of toxic chemicals due to its sensitivity to changes location map. in the abundance of rare species in a community [39], whereas DM is a measure of the number of species corrected for 3. Results and Discussion sample abundance and J is a measure of how evenly 3.1 Soil distributed individuals are among taxa in a community. All Heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples taken from indices were calculated using the PAST program version 3.10 each of the six sampling sites are shown in Table 1. A clear [40], and were defined as: gradient of element concentrations in the soils was observed among the study sites, especially for Cd. Metal concentration varied significantly among sample sites; Cd (H = 16.596, p = 0.005) had the highest significant differences among the sites, whereas Zn (H = 15.409, p = 0.009) had the lowest significant differences. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the soils from S1, S2, and S3 (distances of 1–2 km from the industrial

area) were 4–35 times, 7–27 times, 2–6 times, and 3–6 times higher than those from S4, S5, and S6 (distances of 4–10 km from the industrial area), respectively (U test, p≤0.05). Cadmium concentration ranged from a low of 1.9 mg/kg (S6) Where Pi = ni/N is the observed relative abundance of a to a high of 67.5 mg/kg (S1), Pb concentration ranged from a particular species, ni is the number of individuals of a species low of 6.0 mg/kg (S6) to a high of 160.2 mg/kg (S1), Cu i, N is the size of the entire community, and S is the total concentration ranged from a low of 51.3 mg/kg (S4) to a high number of species. of 292.0 mg/kg (S1), and Zn concentration ranged from a low of 98.2 mg/kg (S6) to a high of 605.0 mg/kg (S2). Pollution 2.5 Data analysis zones with high metal concentrations in soil and biota are Kruskal-Wallis H-tests and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used often found near industrial areas [43]. It should be noted that to test for significant differences in metal concentrations the predominant wind direction in our study area is northerly, between sites [41], and a Student t-test was carried out to resulting in comparatively high levels of soil contamination in determine differences in abundance and the diversity indices areas south of the industrial complex. Concentrations of Cd, (H, DM, and J) of grasshoppers between moderately and Cu, and Zn in the highly polluted sites exceeded the threshold highly polluted sites [41]. Correlation analyses of percentage values (3 mg/kg for Cd, 140 mg/kg for Cu, and 300 mg/kg for [44] abundance and diversity indices (H, DM, and J) between Zn) set by the European Union ; Pb concentration in all grasshoppers and heavy metal concentrations were conducted sites was, however, below the threshold value (300 mg/kg) using Spearman’s rank correlation [41]. Cluster (based on the [44]. Based on the background levels of heavy metals in Bray-Curtis similarity coefficient matrix) and principal unpolluted agriculture soils in Egypt [45–48], S1–S3 were component analyses (PCA) were performed using the PAST classified as highly polluted, and S4–S6 were classified as program version 3.10 [40] to assess the structure of community moderately polluted.

Table 1: Heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples collected at each site and the distances of the six study sites from the industrial complex

Heavy metals* Study sites Distance (km)** Pollution status Cd Pb Cu Zn S1 (El Shobak) 1.0 67.5±2.8a 160.2±4.9a 292.0±5.7a 524.7±7.4a S2 (El Shobak El-Sharqi) 1.5 38.5±2.3b 72.3±2.9b 195.0±7.2b 605.0±13.4b Highly polluted S3 (El Shurafa) 2.0 18.0±2.0c 91.0±2.8c 115.0±6.5c 391.4±8.9c S4 (Kafr Turkhan) 4.2 5.1±0.43d 10.0±1.5d 51.3±2.7d 115.7±4.3d S5 (Al Ikhsas Al Qiblyyah) 6.0 2.9±0.14e 8.3±0.34d 56.0±1.6d 121.4±7.7d Moderately polluted S6 (Ghammazah Al Kubra) 10 1.9±0.35f 6.0±0.83d 68.5±4.0e 98.2±12.7d Threshold values set by the EU [44] 3.0 300.0 140.0 300.0 * Data are presented as mean ± SE in mg/kg dry weight. Different letters within the same column denote significant differences (Mann- Whitney U test, p≤0.05) ** Distance from the pollution source

3.2 Species composition, abundance, and diversity of more abundant locally than species with more restricted grasshoppers distributions; it is also worth mentioning that A. thalassinus is A total of 2,992 acridids belonging to 13 species in 3 families the most widely distributed grasshopper in the agricultural were collected (Table 2). The most common grasshopper areas of Egypt [38]. The total number of species collected per species were Aiolopus thalassinus (composing 26.7% of the site ranged from a minimum of 8 at S1 to a maximum of 13 at total abundance), Pyrgomorpha conica (23.2%), Calephorus S6. In terms of the total catch, the greatest number of acridids compressicornis (14.5%), Truxalis grandis (9.1%), Acrotylus was found in S6 (21.2%) followed by S5 (19.8%) and S4 patruelis (7.7%), Heteracris annulosa (5.6%), and (18.5%), whereas the smallest number was found in S1 Tropidopola cylindrica (4.2%). These 7 species were (11.7%). Species of Acrididae were the most dominant collected at all study sites (Table 2). According to Hanski et (71.9%) of the 3 families in terms of numerical abundance. al. [49], species with more extensive distributions tend to be Total abundance of grasshoppers differed significantly ~ 300 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

between the moderately and highly polluted sites (t = –5.33, p reduction in grasshopper abundance observed in the present = 0.006). In addition, analyses using Spearman’s rank study may be due to the high levels of toxic trace elements in correlation revealed significant (p<0.05) inverse relationships the soil, which may detrimentally impact the development of between grasshopper abundance at each site and metal deposited eggs [54, 55]. In a previous study carried out by concentration (with the exception of Cu) in the soil (Fig. 2). Schmidt et al. [17] using soils treated with heavy metals (Hg, This result accords with the observations of Watson et al. [50], Cd, and Pb), a number of symptoms that strongly reduced the who reported that both total arthropod density and biomass oviposition rate of successive generations of the grasshopper decreased with increasing concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, and A. thalassinus were observed for all of the tested metals, Zn at sites adjacent to a lead mining-smelting complex in including reductions in nymphal hatchability from eggs laid in Missouri, and Strojan [51], who also reported reductions in the treated soil, prolongation of nymphal duration, reduced adult density of forest litter arthropods near a zinc smelter in body weight, and a shortening of the adult lifespan. Such Pennsylvania, in a region where forest litter had been toxicological symptoms and the dying out of grasshopper contaminated by heavy metals, including Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. populations cannot be attributed to a single factor; Likewise, Gargasz [52] reported that spider abundance presumably, heavy metals are toxic to virtually every system decreased significantly with increasing pollution levels at in the body [17]. The aforementioned toxicological effects sites in the vicinity of copper and nickel smelters. In addition, attributed to trace elements have been noted in previous the abundances of other invertebrates groups, such as research on different grasshopper species [54, 55]. Our findings Lumbricidae, Enchytraeidae, and microarthropods, were may be explained similarly; nevertheless, they are found to decrease with increasing levels of pollution [53]. inconsistent with other studies that reported either no Grasshoppers are sensitive to many soil chemicals, including influence of heavy metal pollution on the distribution and heavy metals [16, 17]; moreover, because grasshoppers deposit abundance of soil invertebrates [56, 57] or an increase in their their eggs in the soil, any chemicals present in the soil may numbers [58, 59]. affect egg development. As such, we suggest that the

Fig 2: Grasshopper abundance in the study sites plotted against the concentrations of heavy metals in the soil at each site. Values of the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient test (rs), degrees of freedom (df), and probability (p) are given for each metal.

Table 2: Species composition and abundance of grasshoppers collected from each of the six sites

Sites Species Total (%) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Acrididae Acrotylus patruelis 24 33 48 30 38 58 231 (7.7) Aiolopus thalassinus 96 122 116 158 166 142 800 (26.7) Calephorus compressicornis 57 46 50 86 126 68 433 (14.5) Heteracris annulosa 17 22 20 32 42 36 169 (5.6) Duroniella fracta 0 5 8 24 13 19 69 (2.3) Locusta migratoria 1 0 2 2 4 12 21 (0.70)

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Ochrilidia gracilis 0 3 0 8 2 22 35 (1.1) Tropidopola cylindrica 14 12 16 13 36 35 126 (4.2) Truxalis grandis 39 61 27 45 54 48 274 (9.1) Pyrgomorphidae Chrotogonus homalodemus 0 0 9 0 7 16 32 (1.0) Pyrgomorpha cognata 0 15 24 18 11 28 96 (3.2) Pyrgomorpha conica 104 91 125 136 94 146 696 (23.2) meridionalis 0 0 1 3 0 6 10 (0.33) Na 352 410 446 555 593 636 2992 (100) aTotal abundance of grasshoppers at each site

Grasshoppers appear to be particularly sensitive to soil 1.52, p = 0.20 for the Margalef index; t = –0.11, p = –0.91 for pollution, and as such, have the potential to be highly useful the Pielou index), although the values of the Shannon and bioindicator organisms. Moreover, some acridid species – Margalef indices were higher in the moderately polluted sites Ochrilidia gracilis, Locusta migratoria, Duroniella fracta, (Table 3); moreover, these indices reflected declining species and Pyrgomorpha cognata – were absent in one or two of the diversity with increasing metal concentrations. However, no highly polluted sites, most notably the site closest to the statistical significance was detected for the Margalef index industrial area (S1), and thus may be important bioindicator (p>0.05), and only Cd and Pb were significantly correlated species for metal pollution. Kemp [60] demonstrated that there based on the Shannon index (r = −0.94, p<0.01 for Cd; r = is a direct proportional relationship between grasshopper −0.82, p<0.05 for Pb) (Fig. 3). No trend was observed population density and the number of species, most likely between the Pielou index and metal concentrations in soil. because rare species are insufficiently abundant to reach According to Gebeyehu and Samways [25], “variation in detection thresholds in these highly polluted sites. However, species assemblages is not an absolute but only has meaning Bargagli [61] noted that total abundance alone is not a suitable relative to a particular scale of observation”; this statement parameter for evaluating the impacts of metal pollution, as the could explain the small degree of variation between decline of some species or groups of species may be abundance and the diversity indices observed in our study. compensated for by an increase in the number of individuals Furthermore, reductions in diversity are better represented by from more metal-tolerant taxa. both diversity indices and relative abundance. Besides species In contrast to abundance, grasshopper species diversity did richness, Putman [62] emphasized that the diversity of a not differ significantly between the moderately and highly community is also a function of the relative abundances of polluted sites (t = –1.80, p = 0.14 for the Shannon index; t = – organisms in the species population.

Table 3: Diversity, richness, and abundance of grasshopper communities along the metal pollution gradient

Sites Shannon index Margalef index Pielou index Abundancec Highly polluted S1 1.72 1.19 0.83 352.0 S2 1.89 1.49 0.82 410.0 S3 1.96 1.80 0.79 446.0 Mean±SE 1.86±0.07a 1.49±0.17a 0.81±0.01a 402.6±27.4a Moderately polluted S4 1.96 1.74 0.78 555.0 S5 1.99 1.72 0.80 593.0 S6 2.21 1.85 0.86 636.0 Mean±SE 2.05±0.08a 1.77±0.04a 0.81±0.02a 594.6±23.3b cTotal number of individual grasshoppers at each site

In the present study, no variation in species evenness between sites. Although available information on the effects of moderately and highly polluted areas was detected for acridid pollution on grasshopper biodiversity is scarce, Jana et al. [63] grasshoppers. The most abundant 3 species (A. thalassinus, P. reported similar results in a study of five insect orders, noting conica, and C. compressicornis) comprised a markedly that species richness was highest in an unpolluted greater proportion of the acridid communities in both area of the Haldia region of West Bengal, India; moreover, moderately polluted (62.9% of total abundance) and highly the authors found that orthopteran diversity was 36.8% lower polluted (66.8% of total abundance) sites, which may account at sites located within 8 km of an industrial complex in for the nearly constant evenness. However, the decline in Haldia. At higher taxonomic levels, assessment of arthropod species diversity in the highly polluted sites was related to an (Protura, Oribatida, Mesostigmata, Hemiptera nymphs, increase in the abundance of these dominant species, which Diptera larvae, Symphila, and Coleoptera) community constituted 73.0% of total abundance in S1, the site with the structures in three exposure zones of the Colline Metallifere lowest species diversity, and 56.0% of total abundance in S6, in southwestern Tuscany, Italy, determined that arthropod the site with the highest species diversity. Moreover, the diversity and abundance were lower in zones highly polluted decline in species diversity was related to a corresponding with heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd) [64], a pattern similar reduction in species richness, which ranged from 8 to 12 in to that observed in the present study. highly polluted sites and from 12 to 13 in moderately polluted

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Fig 3: Relationship between the diversity indices [Shannon index (H), Margalef index (DM), and Pielou evenness index (J)] of grasshoppers and heavy metal (Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn) concentrations in soil. Values of the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient test (rs), degrees of freedom (df), and probability (p) are given for each index.

The total number of grasshopper species identified in this within 2 km of the pollution source (S1, S2, and S3) formed a study was consistent with that of grasshoppers inhabiting wild distinct cluster, sharing approximately 84–85% similarity in grasslands growing in cultivated fields in three different species, whereas sites situated beyond 2 km (S4, S5, and S6) Egyptian governorates (Giza, El-Beheira, and Fayom), where formed a second cluster, sharing approximately 82–87% species richness values ranged from 8 to 12 [65]. At the global similarity. Moreover, significant differences were found level, species richness in Al-Tebbin was lower than that between the community structures in moderately and highly reported by Chen et al. [30], who observed grasshopper polluted sites (ANOSIM, R = 0.740). The separation of the diversity in four different land utilization variants of lac-based composition and structure of acridids between moderately and agroecosystems in the mountainous areas of Luchun County, highly polluted sites indicated an effect of heavy metal Yunnan Province, China. Based on their a priori knowledge pollution on the diversity pattern of these insects, especially in of the grasshopper fauna of the region and recognition of the areas close to industrial sources. drawbacks of sweep-net sampling, the authors noted that, in In a local area, the richness of species mirrors the features of addition to the 31 species identified, a further 3 to 5 species the local habitat, which is subjected to a variety of biotic and were not collected. On the other hand, the species richness we abiotic factors [63]. The spatial distribution of grasshopper observed in Al-Tebbin was slightly higher than that (11 communities in an ecosystem is the result of vegetation grasshopper species) recorded in Calabar, Nigeria, which structure and physical habitats [68, 69], as well as anthropogenic were collected as part of a study was performed to assess the disturbance by humans [70]. Given that our study area covered abundance and distribution of grasshoppers in open and an aerial distance of only 10 km and all of the sites featured cultivated plots [66]. Such discrepancies in species richness more or less the same vegetation structure and physical may be at least partially explained by spatial heterogeneity factors, there should have been homogeneity in the theory, which suggests that there is a positive relationship community structure of grasshoppers among the sites; between habitat heterogeneity and the number of species in however, we observed a reduction in the abundance and that habitat: the more spatially heterogeneous the habitat, the diversity of grasshoppers at sites progressively closer to the greater the range of micro-habitats, thus supporting more sources of the industrial pollution. Thus, heavy metal species capable of co-existing within that ecosystem [31, 32, 67]. pollution resulting from anthropogenic activities is the most A scatter plot generated from a principal component analysis likely factor influencing grasshopper community structure in (PCA) of grasshopper abundance showed a clear grouping of our study area, particularly with respect to Cd and Pb, given the study sites based on whether they were moderately or that these two elements are much more toxic to arthropods highly polluted with heavy metals (Fig. 4), a segregation than other heavy metals, are not known to have any essential supported by cluster analysis (Fig. 5). The three sites located function in living organisms, and are toxic even at low ~ 303 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

concentrations [5]. Consequently, even microscopic need for continued research focused on gaining a better differences in Cd and Pb concentrations may cause marked understanding of the hazards posed by heavy metals to the differences in the spatial distribution of grasshopper species. biodiversity of global terrestrial ecosystems. Jeffries [71], for instance, noted that anthropogenic pressures are important factors in both the creation and destruction of 5. Acknowledgments local diversity. This work was financially supported by Scientific Research Sector- Cairo University. We would like to thank Dr. Hasnaa A. Hosni, professor of plant in Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University for providing help in grass species identification.

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