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Estudio Y Seguimiento De La Fauna De Departamento de Zoología Universidad de Córdoba ESTUDIO Y SEGUIMIENTO DE LA FAUNA DE ORTHOPTERA DE UN ENTORNO NATURAL SOMETIDO A UN PROGRAMA DE RESTAURACIÓN ECOLÓGICA EN EL SUR DE LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA TESIS DOCTORAL Lourdes Moyano Ayala Córdoba, 2014 TITULO: Estudio y seguimiento de la fauna de Orthoptera de un entorno natural sometido a un programa de restauración ecológica en el sur de la Península Ibérica AUTOR: Lourdes Moyano Ayala © Edita: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba. 2014 Campus de Rabanales Ctra. Nacional IV, Km. 396 A 14071 Córdoba www.uco.es/publicaciones [email protected] UNIVERSIDAD DE CÓRDOBA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE ZOOLOGÍA ESTUDIO Y SEGUIMIENTO DE LA FAUNA DE ORTHOPTERA DE UN ENTORNO NATURAL SOMETIDO A UN PROGRAMA DE RESTAURACIÓN ECOLÓGICA EN EL SUR DE LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA Memoria presentada por Lourdes Moyano Ayala para optar al Grado de Doctora en Biología por la Universidad de Córdoba Directora Ana María Cárdenas Talaverón Codirector Juan José Presa Asensio Córdoba, 2014 Grillo o saltamontes a mí que más me da si lo que sabe es cantar. Como si fuera un piano viene el grillo a cantar y con su sutil sonido potente a más no parar lo usaban los aztecas para representar en códices y medicina natural. En jaulas de oro los romanos los sacaban a pasear y los empleaban en magia para apartar, digo yo, a los malos espíritus que por el Coliseum debían rondar. Su nota es imposible de igualar y no hay pianista en el mundo capaz de interpretar canto tan melodioso en un dulce despertar. Grillos como los de Italia en España son fáciles de encontrar todo es cuestión de darle tiempo al tiempo y esperar a que saltamontes, tábanos, libélulas, abejas, avispas y todo un santoral de animales con alas para volar encuentren su lugar en ese bosque de árboles caducos con animales grandes fauces capaces de acabar con el estado de bienestar José Vte. Navarro Rubio Este logro ha sido posible gracias ti… AGRADECIMIENTOS Hace ya unos años comencé con muchísima ilusión este trabajo de investigación, gracias al cual me introduje de lleno en este mundo tan apasionante. Desde entonces he aprendido y madurado tanto a nivel personal como profesional, es por ello que han sido numerosas las personas que han contribuido de manera muy importante con su apoyo, cooperación y afecto al desarrollo del mismo, por lo que quiero mostrarles mi total agradecimiento. En primer lugar, me gustaría dar las gracias a la directora de este Proyecto, la Dra. Ana Mª Cárdenas, por la confianza depositada en mí desde el primer momento para desempeñar este trabajo y por su ayuda incondicional durante toda mi etapa de investigación. A Juan J. Presa, codirector de la presente Memoria, por aceptar su participación en la misma y revisar detalladamente todo el trabajo realizado, y sobre todo, por su simpatía, motivación y ánimo transmitidos. Al Dr. Miguel Gaju, por su confianza, ayuda, su trato, siempre amable, y sobre todo por haber sido un gran maestro. Al personal técnico de INGENIERÍA Y GESTIÓN DEL SUR. IPA y a los propietarios y guardas de las fincas, por su colaboración en este Proyecto. A Juan, compañero del departamento, que tan bien me aceptó en el comienzo de este trabajo. Gracias por las imágenes cedidas desinteradamente para ilustrar este trabajo y por la ayuda durante estos años. Patricia, más que mi compañera, mi amiga, sólo tengo palabras de agradecimiento por ayudarme absolutamente en todo y ser mi gran apoyo, tanto a nivel profesional como personal. Gracias también a mis chicas del „coffee‟: Raquel, Eu, Carmen, Raquel “peces”, de nuevo Patri, y Ramón, lo siento chico, pero para mí eres una más; por todas esas mañanas de risas, cotilleos, problemas, lloros,.. no tenéis ni idea de los momentos tan buenos que he pasado con vosotros, y que nunca olvidaré, y mucha la confianza que me habéis dado. Para mí, sois vosotros los que llenáis de vida este edificio, y os echare mucho de menos en mis desayunos. No me canso de agradeceros el haberme abierto las puertas como una más, el soportarme y el ofrecerme vuestro apoyo y ayuda. Por supuesto, mi más profundo agradecimiento a mis amigos, por el aguante que han tenido conmigo durante todo este tiempo. Gracias por estar siempre ahí y aguantar mis desahogos, y sobre todo por esforzaros en subirme el ánimo y ayudarme a continuar en una época tan dura de mi vida. Especialmente tengo que nombrar a mis amigos Luke y Antonio, por las veces que os he dado el peñazo con las imágenes. Gracias por todo chicos. Como no, dar las gracias de manera muy especial a mi familia, porque aunque durante estos años todo se ha complicado demasiado, habéis sacado fuerza para apoyarme. Gracias por transmitirme la fuerza necesaria en los momentos adecuados: Papá, Mamá, Juanlu, María, porque vuestra simple existencia me alegra la vida. Y como no a David, por su apoyo incondicional, infinita paciencia, cariño, por estar siempre ahí, en los buenos y malos momentos convirtiendo mi tristeza en alegría, gracias por cuidarme. Y por último, a ti, porque aunque no pueda verte se que estas a mi lado y has hecho posible que hoy haya conseguido este gran reto. Gracias por tu eterna confianza, tu apoyo incondicional, ...gracias por quererme como me has querido. ÍNDICE CAPÍTULO 1: Introducción y Objetivos ...................................................................... 1 1.1. Marco general y Justificación de la Propuesta de Investigación ........................ 3 1.2. Antecedentes del .. Grupo ................................................................................... 8 1.2.1. Posición sistemática de los Ortópteros ..................................................... 10 1.2.2. Diagnosis morfológica del Orden Orthoptera .......................................... 11 1.2.3. Biología g eneral ........................................................................................ 18 1.3. Objetivos y estructura de la Memoria de Tesis ................................................... 23 1.4. Bibliografía .......................................................................................................... 25 CAPÍTULO 2: Área de Estudio ................................................................................... 35 2.1. Situación geográfica ........................................................................................... 37 2.2. Descripción general: fisiografía y vegetación ..................................................... 39 2.3. Área de muestreo: descripción de cada parcela de actuación y subparcela de trabajo ....................................................................................... 44 2.4. Bibliografía ......................................................................................................... 58 CAPÍTULO 3: Material y Métodos .............................................................................. 59 3.1. Procedimientos generales de muestreo ............................................................... 61 3.2. Procedimientos específicos ................................................................................. 65 3.2.1. Relativos al estudio faunístico ................................................................. 65 3.2.2. Relativos al estudio de la distribución temporal de las especies ............... 66 3.2.3. Relativos al estudio del efecto de la revegetación sobre la fauna de Ortópteros .................................................................... 67 3.2.4. Relativos a la biología de las especies ...................................................... 73 3.3. Bibliografía ......................................................................................................... 80 CAPÍTULO 4: Resultados ............................................................................................ 87 4.1. Estudio faunístico .............................................................................................. 89 4.1.1. Caracterización faunística ........................................................................ 89 4.1.1.1. Inventari o de Ortópteros ............................................................ 90 4.1.1.2. Catálogo faunístico .................................................................... 94 4.1.1.3. Estudio corológico .................................................................... 125 4.1.1.4. Catálogo fotográfico .................................................................. 130 4.1.2. Estudio de la comunidad de Ortópteros ................................................... 148 4.1.2.1. Caracterización general de la comunidad .................................. 148 4.1.2.2. Caracterización poblacional por parcela s ................................... 149 4.1.2.3. Afinidad ambiental en función de la fauna de Ortópteros ........ 159 4.1.3. Discusión .................................................................................................. 161 4.1.4. Bibliografía ............................................................................................... 167 4.1.4.1. Citada en el texto ....................................................................... 167 4.1.4.2. Consultada ................................................................................ 175 4.2. Distribución temporal de las especies ............................................................... 184 4.2.1. Evolución anual ........................................................................................ 185 4.2.2. Fenología de las esp ecies ........................................................................
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