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The Grey Falcon The Grey Falcon Hamza Malik - 9789004383692 Downloaded from Brill.com12/03/2018 07:17:54PM via University College London Islamic History and Civilization Studies and Texts Editorial Board Hinrich Biesterfeldt Sebastian Günther Honorary Editor Wadad Kadi volume 155 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ihc Hamza Malik - 9789004383692 Downloaded from Brill.com12/03/2018 07:17:54PM via University College London The Grey Falcon The Life and Teaching of Shaykh ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī By Hamza Malik LEIDEN | BOSTON Hamza Malik - 9789004383692 Downloaded from Brill.com12/03/2018 07:17:54PM via University College London Cover illustration by Omair Barakatulla. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Malik, Hamza, author. Title: The grey falcon : the life and teaching of Shaykh 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani / by Hamza Malik. Description: Boston ; Leiden : Brill, [2018] | Series: Islamic history and civilization ; Volume 155 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018037079 (print) | LCCN 2018037519 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004383692 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004383685 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī, -1166. | Qādirīyah members–Biography. Classification: LCC BP189.7.Q32 (ebook) | LCC BP189.7.Q32 M35 2018 (print) | DDC 297.4092 [b] –dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018037079 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill‑typeface. ISSN 0929-2403 ISBN 978-90-04-38368-5 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-38369-2 (e-book) Copyright 2019 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Hamza Malik - 9789004383692 Downloaded from Brill.com12/03/2018 07:17:54PM via University College London Contents Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction 1 1 Literature Survey 3 1.1 Works of Jīlānī 4 2 Primary Source Material 8 2.1 Biographical Works 13 2.2 Hagiographical Works 15 2.3 Modern Works 18 3 Scope and Aims 22 4 Sufism and Sufis 26 Part 1 Time Place and Person 2 Setting the Scene: Baghdad around the Time of Jīlānī 33 1 The City of Baghdad 33 1.1 The Urban Topography 35 2 The Political Situation 36 2.1 The Buwayhid Period (334–446/945–1055) 38 2.2 The Seljuk Period (446–596/1055–1200) 42 3 Groups and Sects in Baghdad 46 3.1 The Zaydīs 46 3.2 The Ismāʿīlīs 47 3.3 The Imāmiyya 48 3.4 The Muʿtazilīs 51 3.5 The Ashʿarīs 52 3.6 The Ḥanafīs 54 3.7 The Shāfiʿīs 56 3.8 The Ḥanbalīs 58 3.9 The ʿAyyārūn 65 4 The System of Education 66 4.1 The Jāmiʿ 67 4.2 The Masjid 67 4.3 The Madrasa 69 Hamza Malik - 9789004383692 Downloaded from Brill.com12/03/2018 07:17:54PM via University College London vi contents 3 The Life of Shaykh ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī 74 1 The First Phase 74 2 The Second Phase 90 3 Miracles 97 Part 2 Thought Practice and Experience 4 Theology I: the Ḥanbalī Foundation 103 1 Jīlānī’s Theology 107 2 God’s Attributes 113 2.1 Comparison 116 2.2 Summary 118 3 Ṣūra of Ādam 119 3.1 Comparison 119 3.2 Summary 120 4 The Status of the Qurʾān 120 4.1 Comparison 123 4.2 Summary 125 5 Faith 125 5.1 Comparison 127 5.2 Summary 129 6 Afʿāl al-ʿIbād 130 6.1 Comparison 131 6.2 Summary 132 7 Early Muslim History (The Caliphate) 132 7.1 Comparison 136 7.2 Summary 138 8 Conclusion 138 5 Theology II: Names and Nomenclature 140 1 Names 140 2 The Topics 141 3 The Sects 145 6 Sufism I: Reading the Ghunya 150 1 The Structure as Guide 151 2 The Position of Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal 153 3 An Ocean of Knowledge 157 Hamza Malik - 9789004383692 Downloaded from Brill.com12/03/2018 07:17:54PM via University College London contents vii 3.1 Tafsīr 158 3.2 Arabic Language 159 3.3 Fiqh 159 4 The Use of Ḥadīths 161 5 Names 165 7 Sufism II: the Path to the Truth 170 1 What is Sufism? 170 2 Prerequisites of the Path 172 2.1 The Importance of a Shaykh 173 2.3 Which Shaykh? 174 2.4 The Role of the Shaykh 174 2.5 How to Behave with the Shaykh 175 3 Foundations of the Path 176 3.1 Mujāhada 177 3.2 Tawakkul 180 3.3 Ḥusn al-Khulq 180 3.4 Shukr 181 3.5 Ṣabr 181 3.6 Riḍā 182 3.7 Ṣidq 182 4 Travelling the Path 183 4.1 The Four States 185 4.2 Breaking the Nafs 189 4.3 Experiencing Tribulation 191 4.4 Aḥwāl and Maqāmāt 193 4.5 Dealing with Destiny 196 4.6 Understanding Fanāʾ 198 4.7 The Role of the Prophet 200 4.8 The Samāʿ 202 5 Conclusion 204 8 The Figure of Shaykh ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī 207 1 His Life 207 2 His Interactions 209 3 His Insight and Acumen 214 4 His Mannerisms 220 5 His Death 225 6 Conclusion 228 Hamza Malik - 9789004383692 Downloaded from Brill.com12/03/2018 07:17:54PM via University College London viii contents Concluding Remarks 229 Select Bibliography 233 Index 248 Hamza Malik - 9789004383692 Downloaded from Brill.com12/03/2018 07:17:54PM via University College London Acknowledgments This work could not have come to fruition without the help and support of many people. It began life as a dissertation submitted to SOAS, University of London, under the supervision of Professor Hugh Kennedy, to whom I owe great thanks for all his help. He is the most knowledgeable, humble and encour- aging supervisor that one could have. It would also not have been possible without the many years of support and encouragement from both my parents and family, who not only made this study possible, but were also vital in every- thing that led up to it. I must also extend my thanks to the following people who helped in the pro- duction stage: Shadee Elmasry for encouraging me to choose the particular area of study, Malik A. Shaheen for his amazing insights and overall help, Kashif Zak- iuddin for his general advice and help with identifying sources, Ussra Kadiri for all the inspiration and encouragement, my first supervisor, Gavin Picken, for his help in the initial stages, Sandra Fahy for her suggestions, Anees Lodhi for his advice on the introduction, Lucy Stuart for her help with the map, Mustafa Shah for his help with the sources, in addition to all the people who helped foster ideas: Amirjan Malik, Taniem Mueen and Mansoor Khan, Imad Ahmed, Abdul- fattah Hussain, Abdulmumin Hussain, Adel Mozammel, Tahir Saeed, Imran Khan, and Shaist Khan. Teddi Dols for her advice and patience with my delays and Atef Alshaer for his steadfast help and encouragement. Hamza Malik - 9789004383692 Downloaded from Brill.com12/03/2018 07:17:54PM via University College London Hamza Malik - 9789004383692 Downloaded from Brill.com12/03/2018 07:17:54PM via University College London chapter 1 Introduction In the summer of 2007 while the rest of Baghdad was engulfed under the oppression of daily car bombings and unyielding sectarian violence, there was an area of the city where the pervasive ferocity of the aggressive mood seemed all but absent. This was an area where the local residents felt safe enough to venture out and about, relax at the local cafes, and mingle with other people, regardless of their sect or religious persuasion. The centrepiece of this area, the Gaylani Mosque, has stood in the same location for more than nine hundred years and houses the shrine of its patron, Shaykh ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī, after whose epithet the entire area takes its name. Many of the residents of Bāb al- Shaykh put down this incredible blessing as a clear manifestation of the baraka of who, for them, was their pride and local saint. Their belief was further con- firmed for them by the scores of pilgrims who arrived daily to visit this shrine, despite the dire political situation. For the visitors, as for the residents, the feel- ing of safety in the protection of their destiny was provided by their celebrated benefactor, the Ghawth al-Aʿẓam.1 The importance of Shaykh ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī to the Muslim world is unquestionable; not only is he esteemed and revered as the founder of the largest Sufi order in the world today, the Qādiriyya, but he is also hailed as a pious scholar and formidable preacher even by those not concerned with the Qādirī order or Sufism in general. While the average Muslim individual might not be familiar with a well-known Muslim scholar from the past such as Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111), they are likely to be aware of Jīlānī. He is certainly better known in some regions than others, but the familiar- ity of his name may be compared to a figure such as St.
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