DOCSLIB.ORG

A Valley in a Valley: Colonial S Truggles Over Land and Resources in the Hunter Valley, NSW 1820–1850

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Valley in a Valley: Colonial S Truggles Over Land and Resources in the Hunter Valley, NSW 1820–1850 A Valley in a Valley: Colonial s truggles over land and resources in the Hunter Valley, NSW 1820–1850 Mark Dunn A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Languages Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences June 2015 i Abstract 350 words maximum: This thesis investigates the colonial Hunter Valley from the closing years of the penal station at Newcastle in the early 1820s until the end of convict assignment in the early 1840s. It examines the gaps in the historiography of the colonial Hunter Valley, namely the post-contact Aboriginal valley and the place of convicts in the establishment and development of the Hunter. These two groups, highly visible during the period have all but disappeared from the written history of the Hunter. Instead much of the colonial history of the valley has focused on the arrival and settlement of free emigrants, post 1820, who were given access to large grants of land to farm. The legacy of this period can be seen in the remnant grand mansions and homesteads that remain standing throughout the valley, dominating prominent hillsides and riverfront properties. These homesteads are the prism through which much of the colonial history of the Hunter Valley has been viewed. They represent a civilised landscape, a place that was settled by Europeans with seemingly little of the frontier violence and trauma that affected other areas like Bathurst or the Liverpool Plains. However they are facades behind which hide much of the realities of the colonial Hunter Valley. By a close reading of contemporary letters, journals, reports and documents, the contact and connectedness between Aboriginal people and convict, emancipist and free Europeans is examined and the interdependency that each group had on the other revealed. Violence was juxtaposed with co-operation, with alliances and friendships established across race and class. The thesis also considers the role of the physical environment in the process. The colonial history of the Hunter cannot be fully understood without a consideration of the environment of the place itself. The valleys natural resources drew people to it, both Aboriginal and European, while its rivers, forests and mountains, shaped the way they lived, worked and interacted with each other. By returning these lost peoples and elements to the colonial history of the Hunter Valley, this thesis illustrates the complexities, influences and ambitions that shaped the place and its occupants. i ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed … Date ………16 September 2015…. ii iii Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... 2 List of Illustrations .................................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ 6 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 6 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 1: A Valley within a Valley…………………………………………………………………………………… 41 Chapter 2: Entering an occupied Valley ................................................................................. 66 Chapter 3: As fine a country as imagination can form......................................................... 116 Chapter 4: In expectation of receiving an extra grant of land… .......................................... 142 Chapter 5: We have taken possession of their land ............................................................ 188 Chapter 6: The contact zone ................................................................................................ 236 Chapter 7: Daily annoyances and petty tyranny .................................................................. 279 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …330 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 338 iv 1 Acknowledgments This thesis had its genesis in Wambo homestead, built and owned by an emancipist and threatened by encroaching coal mines in the middle of the Hunter Valley. This fine house and its surviving outbuildings appeared anomalous compared with traditional colonial histories of the Hunter, in which convicts hardly featured outside the bonds and chains of popular history, let alone made good and settled the land. Thanks must go firstly to Sharon Veale, who supported and encouraged me at the very beginning of the process and continued to provide excellent advice and guidance throughout. Thanks also to my supervisor Associate Professor Grace Karskens, who was encouraging me to pursue the topic before I had begun and generously agreed to take me on as a student when I started. It is hard to imagine approaching the complexities of the colonial Hunter Valley without her vast knowledge, generous help and assurances that it was possible. Thanks also to Dr Ruth Balint who acted as my co-supervisor and stepped into the breach when Grace was overseas. Thank you to the staff of the State Library of NSW, the specialist’s librarians in the Mitchell Library and the archivists at State Records NSW, whose knowledge of their vast collections and how to get the most from them was invaluable. Special thanks to Mitchell Librarian Richard Neville and former Mitchell Librarian Elizabeth Ellis who both pointed me in the direction of a number of obscure collections and references. In Newcastle, thank you to the Cultural Collections Staff in the University of Newcastle archives, especially University Archivist Mr Gionni Di Gravio. Many historians, both in academic and public history gave me advice and listened to my ideas over the years. Special thanks to David Roberts, Carol Liston, Terry Kass, Richard 2 Waterhouse, Tanya Evans, Lisa Ford, Paul Ashton, Paula Hamilton, Shirley Fitzgerald, Matthew Kelly, Julie McIntyre, Nancy Cushing and Lyndall Ryan for advice on convicts, the Hunter Valley, rural living, colonial life, Aboriginal culture and resistance as well as on research techniques, structure and keeping sane. Paul Irish and Michael Bennett helped enormously with my understanding of Aboriginal history and navigation of the sources available, as did Ray Kelly, who helped with explaining the meaning and significance of the Aboriginal languages across the Hunter. To my fellow candidates at UNSW, thank you for your advice, questions and answers to my questions about the thesis and the process. To Meredith Walker, whose tireless enthusiasm and passion for history and heritage, and her promotion of my research to others was extremely generous. Her donation of her large collection of Hunter Valley research material, maps and books made the task that much easier, thank you. Thank you to Cecilie Knowles, graphics extraordinaire. Your maps make the words make sense. This thesis would not have been possible without the love and support of my family, particularly my mum and dad, Ruth and Mick Dunn, both descended from first generation Hunter Valley convicts and proof that convicts stayed on and made lives in the Hunter. Thank you also to my sisters Jane, Fran, Catherine and brother Peter, who have heard more about the Valley in which we all grew up than they probably wanted to hear. The biggest thank you to Lisa Murray, fellow historian and partner; your encouragement, advice, love and support, even as you had your own book to write, made the whole thing possible. 3 List of Illustrations Figure Page Figure 1: The Hunter Valley. (Source: NSW Planning and Environment Commission 10 1977) Figure 2 : Looking across the steep cliffs and outcrops of the Broken Back Range 47 where it meets the flat lands of the Hunter Valley. (Source: Author’s collection) Figure 3 : Baiami Cave, Milbrodale showing the human like figure with 63 outstretched arms, surrounded by stencilled hands, boomerangs and axes. (Source: Author’s collection) Figure 4 : A map of the Hunter Valley showing the approximate areas occupied by 68 the identified Aboriginal people of the area. (Source: Brayshaw, Aborigines of the Hunter Valley ) Figure 5 Grant’s survey ship the Lady Nelson at anchor in the Coal River looking 83 from the Newcastle shoreline. (Source: SLNSW PXD 942) Figure 6 : ‘Ca -la -watum -ba, a native of the Coal River’ c1810. (Source: SLNSW 87 P2/425) Figure 7 : Grant’s camp on the Paterson River, 1801 as sketched by J. W. Lewin . 88 (Source: SLNSW PXD 388) Fig ure 8 : Five Aboriginal men as painted by James Wallis, c1817. (Source:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gunnedah Urban Riverine Sustainability Project
    Gunnedah Urban Riverine Sustainability Project COUNCIL NAME Overview Gunnedah Shire Council The Gunnedah Urban Riverine Sustainability Project has improved the water quality and environmental WEB ADDRESS sustainability of the Namoi River within the urban limits of Gunnedah. Best practice weed removal and gunnedah.nsw.gov.au revegetation have contributed to improved water quality and flow, a reduction of noxious weeds, increased SIZE biodiversity and improved bank stability. The revegetated area is now providing enhanced opportunities 4994 square kilometres for future recreational use. POPULATION 12,162 Gunnedah Urban Landcare Group volunteers clearing invasive trees at Cushan’s Reserve in 2012. Background Namoi Councils (Gunnedah, Liverpool Plains, Narrabri and Walcha Shire Councils, the Tamworth Regional Council and the Namoi Catchment Management Authority) received funding from the NSW Environmental Trust to undertake the program titled ‘Namoi – Towards a Sustainable Future’ which includes the Gunnedah Urban Riverine Sustainability Project. The project objectives include: 1. Improve water quality and steam hydrology 2. Promote natural regeneration through the rehabilitation of the bank with native trees, shrubs and grasses and on going maintenance and weed control 3. Achieve urban riverine sustainability through improved water quality and efficiency and reduced erosion. 4. Removal of willows (Control Class 5 – Noxious Weeds Act 1993), Johnson Grass and Noogoora Burr (Control Class 4 – Noxious Weeds Act 1993) 5. Involve community volunteers. REFERENCES Implementation gunnedah.nsw.gov.au The project plan was developed in consultation with Department of Primary Industries – Fisheries and the Namoi CMA and was underpinned with scientific data. The project took 12 months to complete. The project involved contractors and volunteers removing willow trees from 1.4 km from the southern bank and 400 metres from the northern bank of the Namoi River.
    [Show full text]
  • Phanfare May/June 2006
    Number 218 – May-June 2006 Observing History – Historians Observing PHANFARE No 218 – May-June 2006 1 Phanfare is the newsletter of the Professional Historians Association (NSW) Inc and a public forum for Professional History Published six times a year Annual subscription Email $20 Hardcopy $38.50 Articles, reviews, commentaries, letters and notices are welcome. Copy should be received by 6th of the first month of each issue (or telephone for late copy) Please email copy or supply on disk with hard copy attached. Contact Phanfare GPO Box 2437 Sydney 2001 Enquiries Annette Salt, email [email protected] Phanfare 2005-06 is produced by the following editorial collectives: Jan-Feb & July-Aug: Roslyn Burge, Mark Dunn, Shirley Fitzgerald, Lisa Murray Mar-Apr & Sept-Oct: Rosemary Broomham, Rosemary Kerr, Christa Ludlow, Terri McCormack, Anne Smith May-June & Nov-Dec: Ruth Banfield, Cathy Dunn, Terry Kass, Katherine Knight, Carol Liston, Karen Schamberger Disclaimer Except for official announcements the Professional Historians Association (NSW) Inc accepts no responsibility for expressions of opinion contained in this publication. The views expressed in articles, commentaries and letters are the personal views and opinions of the authors. Copyright of this publication: PHA (NSW) Inc Copyright of articles and commentaries: the respective authors ISSN 0816-3774 PHA (NSW) contacts see Directory at back of issue PHANFARE No 218 – May-June 2006 2 Contents At the moment the executive is considering ways in which we can achieve this. We will be looking at recruiting more members and would welcome President’s Report 3 suggestions from members as to how this could be Archaeology in Parramatta 4 achieved.
    [Show full text]
  • Second Interim Report: Food Production in Australia
    Chapter 2 Issues 2.1 This chapter discusses a number of concerns raised in relation to proposed coal and gas exploration and mining/drilling on the Liverpool Plains area of NSW, in particular by BHP Billiton Ltd (BHP), Shenhua Watermark Coal Pty Ltd (Shenhua) and Santos Ltd (Santos). Particular concerns were raised at the potential for these developments to adversely impact on agricultural activities in the area. Background 2.2 The Liverpool Plains covers an area of 12 000 square kilometres located in the north-west of New South Wales some 400 kilometres from Sydney. It is bounded by the Great Dividing Range to the east, the Liverpool Range to the south and the Warrumbungles to the west. The area is a sedimentary flood plain that has been laid down over several million years to provide a very rich, fertile farming area.1 Importance of the Liverpool Plains to food production 2.3 The area's fertile black soils have a high water holding capacity with reliable summer and winter rainfall. The crops in the area consistently produce 40 per cent above the national average. The area grows a diverse range of crops such as wheat, sorghum, oats, soybeans, barley, corn, sunflowers and cotton. It also produces chickpeas, mungbeans, canola, olives, turkeys, chickens, pigs, lambs and wool. In addition it has a significant beef industry. The area is unique in that it produces two crops per year, unlike the majority of farming areas. The Liverpool Plains contributes an estimated $332 million to GDP annually.2 2.4 The area produces 28 per cent of the state's sorghum, 33 per cent of sunflowers and 16 per cent of the state's maize.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter 2012 SL
    –Magazine for members Winter 2012 SL Olympic memories Transit of Venus Mysterious Audubon Wallis album Message Passages Permanence, immutability, authority tend to go with the ontents imposing buildings and rich collections of the State Library of NSW and its international peers, the world’s great Winter 2012 libraries, archives and museums. But that apparent stasis masks the voyages we host. 6 NEWS 26 PROVENANCE In those voyages, each visitor, each student, each scholar Elegance in exile Rare birds finds islets of information and builds archipelagos of Classic line-up 30 A LIVING COLLECTION understanding. Those discoveries are illustrated in this Reading hour issue with Paul Brunton on the transit of Venus, Richard Paul Brickhill’s Biography and Neville on the Wallis album, Tracy Bradford on our war of nerves business collections on Olympians such as Shane Gould and John 32 NEW ACQUISITIONS Konrads, and Daniel Parsa on Audubon’s Birds of America, Library takes on Vantage point one of our great treasures. Premier’s awards All are stories of passage, from Captain James Cook’s SL French connection Art of politics voyage of geographical and scientific discovery to Captain C THE MAGAZINE FOR STATE LIBRARY OF NSW BUILDING A STRONG ON THIS DAY 34 FOUNDATION MEMBERS, 8 James Wallis’s album that includes Joseph Lycett’s early MACQUARIE STREET FRIENDS AND VOLUNTEERS FOUNDATION Newcastle and Sydney watercolours. This artefact, which SYDNEY NSW 2000 IS PUBLISHED QUARTERLY 10 FEATURE New online story had found its way to a personal collection in Canada, BY THE LIBRARY COUNCIL PHONE (02) 9273 1414 OF NSW.
    [Show full text]
  • Dungog Area Birding Route
    Hunter Region of NSW–Barrington Southern Slopes 5 CHICHESTER DAM 7 UPPER ALLYN RIVER There are several picnic areas available The Upper Allyn River rainforests start and also toilet facilities. Walking the 10km past the junction of Allyn River road between the first picnic areas and Road and Salisbury Gap Road (and those further down below the dam wall 40km from East Gresford). Here you can be very productive. will find many locations that offer There are generally not many water birds good birdwatching opportunities. Dungog on the dam but cormorants, egrets and Noisy Pitta (in summer), Superb coot are the more common. Hoary- Lyrebird, Eastern Whipbird and headed Grebe, Black Swan and White-browed and Large-billed Musk Duck are also possible. Scrubwren can easily be seen. Area Birding You won’t miss the bell-like Check the fig trees for pigeons and calls of the Bell Miner bowerbirds. The roads are good for colony in the vicinity. The dam finding Wonga Pigeons, and if you area is secured overnight by Powerful Owl are lucky, an Emerald Dove. Route a locked gate and opening There are several places worth checking along Allyn hours are: River Forest Road, particularly at the river crossings. HUNTER REGION 8am to 4pm – Mon to Fri Allyn River Forest Park and the nearby White Rock 8.30am to 4.30pm – Sat & Sun Camping Area are also recommended, and there Rufous Fantail is the possibility of finding a Sooty Owl at night and a Paradise Riflebird by day. Note that these sites 6 BLUE GUM LOOP TRAIL Barrington This popular 3.5km loop track starts from the Williams River are often crowded during school holidays and public Southern Slopes picnic area which lies 500m to the east of the end of the holiday weekends.
    [Show full text]
  • The Millstone
    The Millstone July – August 2013 www.kurrajonghistory.org.au ISSN 2201-0920 Vol 11 Issue 4 July – August 2013 THE MILLSTONE KURRAJONG ~ COMLEROY HISTORICAL SOCIETY The Kurrajong ~ Comleroy Historical Society is dedicated to researching, recording, preserving and promoting the growth of interest in the history of the Kurrajong district, the area west of the Hawkesbury River bounded by Bilpin and the Grose and Colo rivers THIS ISSUE Colo River tour 2 Four sumpter horses CAROLYNNE COOPER John Low OAM was the guest speaker at the general meeting held wenty people had booked to go on our tour to Colo on April 9 led by Wanda on 27 May. His talk covered the 1813 Deacon. We drove down Comleroy Road to the Upper Colo church where we crossing of the Blue Mountains with Twere given an informative tour, Powerpoint presentation and morning tea before an emphasis on the role played heading off on an adventure of a lifetime. by the four sumpter horses and It is difficult to say when the Colo River was first discovered as white settlers had how horses played a pivotal role in been living on the banks of the Colo River since the early 1800s with the first land most of the expeditions of the early grants being made in 1804. Initially it was called the second branch of the Hawkes- colony. bury River. William Parr on his way northward in 1817 wrote notes on the Colo as did Benjamin Singleton six months later, then John Howe went on an expedition to the 4 The Darkiñung Abstract Hunter in 1819 passing through the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Goulburn River National Park and Munghorn Gap Nature Reserve
    1 GOULBURN RIVER NATIONAL PARK AND MUNGHORN GAP NATURE RESERVE PLAN OF MANAGEMENT NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service February 2003 2 This plan of management was adopted the Minister for the Environment on 6th February 2003. Acknowledgments: This plan was prepared by staff of the Mudgee Area of the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. The assistance of the steering committee for the preparation of the plan of management, particularly Ms Bev Smiles, is gratefully acknowledged. In addition the contributions of the Upper Hunter District Advisory Committee, the Blue Mountains Region Advisory Committee, and those people who made submissions on the draft plan of management are also gratefully acknowledged. Cover photograph of the Goulburn River by Michael Sharp. Crown Copyright 2003: Use permitted with appropriate acknowledgment. 3 ISBN 0 7313 6947 5 4 FOREWORD Goulburn River National Park, conserving approximately 70 161 hectares of dissected sandstone country, and the neighbouring Munghorn Gap Nature Reserve with its 5 935 hectares of sandstone pagoda formation country, both protect landscapes, biology and cultural sites of great value to New South Wales. The national park and nature reserve are located in a transition zone of plants from the south-east, north-west and western parts of the State. The Great Dividing Range is at its lowest elevation in this region and this has resulted in the extension of many plants species characteristic of further west in NSW into the area. In addition a variety of plant species endemic to the Sydney Sandstone reach their northern and western limits in the park and reserve.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Agricultural Company IS
    INDEX Abbreviations A. A. Co.: Australian Agricultural Company I. S.: Indentured Servant Note: References are to letter numbers not page numbers. A. A. Co.: Annual Accounts of, 936; Annual James Murdoch, 797, 968; Hugh Noble, Report of, 1010; and letter of attorney 779; G. A. Oliver, 822; A. P. Onslow, empowering Lieutenant Colonel Henry 782; George T. Palmer, 789, 874; John Dumaresq to act as Commissioner of, Paul, 848; John Piper, senior, 799, 974; 1107; Quarterly Accounts of, 936; value of James Raymond, 995; separate, for supply property of at 3 April 1833, 980; see also of coal to Colonial Department and to stock in A. A. Co. Commissariat Department, 669, 725, 727; A. A. Co. Governor, London, see Smith, John: Benjamin Singleton, 889; William Smyth, A. A. Co. Stud, 706a, 898, 940d 759; Samuel Terry, 780; Thomas Walker, Aborigines: allegations of outrages against by 784, 811; William Wetherman, 917; T. B. Sir Edward Parry and others in employ of Wilson, 967; Sir John Wylde, 787, 976 A. A. Co., 989, 1011a, 1013; alleged offer ‘Act for preventing the extension of the of reward for heads of, 989; engagement of infectious disease commonly called the as guide for John Armstrong during survey, Scab in Sheep or Lambs’ (3 William IV No. 1025; and murder of James Henderson, 5, 1832) see Scab Act 906; number of, within limits of A. A. Co. Adamant: convicts on, 996, 1073 ‘s original grant, 715; threat from at Port advertisements; see under The Australian; Stephens, 956 Sydney Gazette; Sydney Herald; Sydney accidents, 764a Monitor accommodation: for A.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Is Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Western Australia
    SURVIVING THE COLONY THE IMPACT OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN CONVICT SYSTEM ON PRISONER HEALTH, 1850-1877 Louis W. Marshall BA (Hons.), BSc This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia School of Humanities Discipline of History August 2018 THESIS DECLARATION I, Louis Marshall, certify that: This thesis has been substantially accomplished during enrolment in the degree. This thesis does not contain material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in my name, in any university or other tertiary institution. No part of this work will, in the future, be used in a submission in my name, for any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution without the prior approval of The University of Western Australia and where applicable, any partner institution responsible for the joint-award of this degree. This thesis does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. The work(s) are not in any way a violation or infringement of any copyright, trademark, patent, or other rights whatsoever of any person. This thesis does not contain work that I have published, nor work under review for publication. Signature: Date: 16/8/ ii ABSTRACT This thesis examines the severity of convict experiences in Western Australia, through an analysis of the illnesses and injuries transportees suffered. Harnessing prisoner medical records in conjunction with convict-written accounts and official correspondence and statistics, it explores the living and labour conditions convicts faced, the health impacts of their punishment, and the objectives of convict administrators.
    [Show full text]
  • Reputations on the Line in Van Diemen's Land
    REPUTATIONS ON THE LINE IN VAN DIEMEN’S LAND: a dissertation on the general theme of the Rule of Law as it emerged in a young penal colony with particular emphasis on the law of defamation by ROSEMARY CONCHITA LUCADOU-WELLS LLB., (Queensland), B.Ed., (Tasmania), MA., (Murdoch), PhD., (Deakin) This thesis is presented for the degree of Master of Laws of Murdoch University, 2012. I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. Rosemary Conchita Lucadou-Wells ABSTRACT This research focuses on the development of the jurisprudence of the infant colony of Van Diemen’s Land now known as Tasmania, with particular interest on the law of defamation. During the first thirty years of this British penal colony its population was subject to changes. There were the soldiery, who provided the basis of government headed by a Lieutenant Governor, the indigenous people, the convicts, and gradually an influx of settlers who came enthused by governmental promises of grants of land. In addition to these free settlers there were a selection of convicts who, under a process of something akin to manumission under Roman Law, became upon completion of their sentence, eligible for freedom and possibly a grant of land. There developed a spirit of competition amongst the settlers, each wanted to become more successful than the others. The favourite means of distinguishing oneself was the uttering or publication of damaging words against a person who was perceived to be a rival.
    [Show full text]
  • Thematic History
    DUNGOG SHIRE HERITAGE STUDY THEMATIC HISTORY by GRACE KARSKENS B.A., M.A. prepared for PERUMAL, WRATHALL and MURPHY PTY LTD ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNERS in association with CAMERON MCNAMARA March, 1986 Accompanying Volumes Final Report Specialist Reports DUNGOG HERITAGE STUDY THEMATIC HISTORY Prepared by: Perumal Murphy Pty. Ltd in association with Cameron McNamara For Dungog Shire Council Heritage Council of NSW July 1988 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the following persons and organizations for their assistance and advice. Archives Authority of N.S.W. Mr. Cameron Archer, Paterson Mrs. Pauline Clements, Paterson Mr. Reg Ford, Clarence Town Mrs. Marie Grogan, Dungog Mr. Brian Hartcher, Dungog Shire Council Mr. Don McLaren, Dungog Mitchell Library, Sydney Newcastle Local History Library Mr. Bryan Spencer, Gresford Mr. Jack Sullivan, Merewether CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Theme 1 : The Natural Environment 2 Theme 2 : The Aborigines 10 Theme 3 : Discovery, Exploration and Early Settlement 16 Theme 4 : The First Wave: Land Settlement 1820 - c1836 23 Theme 5 : The Early Government Influence 49 Theme 6 : The Growth of Towns and Transport Networks 61 Theme 7 : The Development of Communities 123 Theme 8 : Industries 151 Theme 9 : Post-war Period : Looking Back for the Future 200 INTRODUCTION The history of Dungog Shire presents a vivid kaleidoscope of the movement of peoples, the enterprise of individuals, the impact of economic conditions and of technological innovations, the rise and decline of towns, and the development of strong communities. The factors are interacting; the fabric of the past is closely woven. In this attempt to understand the Shire's past, and thus its present landscapes and material culture, the subject has been divided into nine themes focusing on key aspects of the Shire's development, and these themes are interrelated in order to reflect the past holistically, as a "fabric".
    [Show full text]
  • RIVERDENE TUBESTOCK (50X50x150mm)
    RIVERDENE TUBESTOCK (50x50x150mm) KEY : B= Bushtucker G= Grass F = Fodder A = Aquatic T = Timber Production C = Groundcover O = Ornamental (non Native) FN – Fern V – Vine/Climber NAME COMMON NAME COMMENT sandstone areas of the Bulga & Putty districts. Frost & sweetly scented yellow flowers. Grows to 1.5m. Abrophyllum ornans - Native Hydrangea- Tall shrub or drought hardy. Responds well to regular pruning. small tree from 3-6m high. Attractive bushy shrub, best Acacia buxifolia - Box Leaf Wattle - Evergreen shrub to B Acacia decurrens - Green Wattle - A fast growing small in a cool moist position in well drained soils. Ideal with 2m, blue green foliage and massed golden yellow to intermediate spreading tree with attractive dark green ferns. Flowers yellowish white & fragrant. Hardy to light flowers. Best in well drained soils but will withstand short fern-like foliage, & large racemes of yellow ball-flowers in drought only. periods of waterlogging. Full or part shade. Winter. Acacia amblygona - Fan Wattle - Small, spreading shrub Acacia concurrens –Curracabah - Shrub or small tree to Acacia doratoxylon – Currawong - Tall shrub or small ranging from completely prostrate in habit to about 1.5 8m high. Rod like flowers, bright yellow in spring. Very tree up to 8 meters high. Best in well drained soil in full metres high. It has bright yellow flowers over winter and hardy & useful small shade tree. Best in full sun & well sun or dappled shade. Useful forage for farm stock. spring. Likes well drained soils and sunny aspect. drained soil. Frost hardy. Hardy to frost and drought when established. Acacia barringtonensis – Barrington - Decorative shrub Acacia coriacea – Wirewood - Tall shrub 4-5m high.
    [Show full text]