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Ashby Dissertation.Pdf MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Dominic James Ashby Candidate for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy ______________________________________ LuMing Mao, Director ______________________________________ Kate Ronald, Reader ______________________________________ Jason Palmeri, Reader ______________________________________ Lisa Weems, Graduate School Representative ABSTRACT ENACTING A RHETORIC OF INSIDE–OUTSIDE POSITIONALITIES: FROM THE INDEXING PRACTICE OF UCHI/SOTO TO A REITERATIVE PROCESS OF MEANING-MAKING by Dominic James Ashby This project rethinks the study of comparative rhetoric and its contributions to the global turn in rhetorical study. It theorizes a rhetoric of inside–outside positionalities, building on the uchi/soto (inside/outside) dynamic, a feature of Japanese language and social interactions. Inside–outside positionalities offers new ways of understanding instances of meaning-making brought about by intercultural interactions, and highlights the importance of comparative approaches for engaging with global and local rhetorics. Alongside developing a new theory, the project makes a case for comparative epistemologies as both means and ends for ethical rhetorical study in a globalized world. Chapter 1 rethinks the indexical (pointing to established meanings) dynamic of uchi and soto as constitutive of new meaning. Drawing from Jane Bachnik’s work with uchi/soto, which explains Japanese social interactions as shifting between insider and outsider status, this chapter recuperates the uchi/soto dynamic as a rhetoric of inside- outside positionalities, a meaning-making principle that is reiterative (as developed by Judith Butler) rather than indexical. Chapter 2 uses inside–outside positionalities to rethink the construction of cultural identity. It explores how those things regarded as representing the innermost (i.e., essential) ideals of a culture or group draw from both outside and inside cultural influences. Such readings destabilize notions of cultural essence. Two sites are explored: The Japanese Christmas cake and the animated series Taishō Baseball Girls. Chapter 3 turns to the troping of Japanese women as an enactment of inside– outside positionalities in creating a modern national identity. The first portion of the chapter discusses the “troping” of women by Japanese elites to shape Japanese cultural identity; the latter portion addresses how these tropes can be resisted through critical recombination. Changing images of the Japanese schoolgirl identity, ranging from its early 20th century emergence to the later “kogal” identity of the 1990s and 2000s, serves as an example. Chapter 4 presents a comparison of inside–outside positionalities and Burke’s theory of identification. It shows that inside–outside positionalities complements identification as a means of interpreting and establishing affiliations, demonstrating how this global rhetoric can enrich foundational but euro-centric notions of rhetoric. ENACTING A RHETORIC OF INSIDE–OUTSIDE POSITIONALITIES: FROM THE INDEXING PRACTICE OF UCHI/SOTO TO A REITERATIVE PROCESS OF MEANING-MAKING A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English by Dominic James Ashby Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2013 Dissertation Director: Dr. LuMing Mao Dominic James Ashby 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Figures................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... vi Introduction: Inside, Outside, and the Global Turn: Positioning Japanese Rhetoric as Intercultural Meaning-Making ............................. 1 Methodological Considerations: Engaging Euroamerican and Japanese Rhetoric......... 6 Locating Japanese Rhetoric Within Comparative Inquiry.............................................. 9 Inside, Outside, and Shifting Identities in Japanese Rhetoric....................................... 11 Inside–Outside Positionalities and Its Contributions to Rhetoric and Composition..... 14 Overview of Chapters ................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 1—Negotiating Inside and Outside: From Uchi/Soto to Inside–Outside Positionalities........................................................ 18 Situating the Uchi/Soto Dynamic.................................................................................. 20 The Limitations of Uchi/Soto as Epistemic .................................................................. 24 From Shifting Relations to Making Meanings: Uchi/Soto and Chino’s Double Binary............................................................................................................... 27 From Indexing to Performativity .................................................................................. 35 Extending the Uchi/Soto Dynamic: Examining Inside–Outside Positionalities........... 36 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 2—Positioning Cultural Inside and Outside: Icons of Foreignness and Nostalgic Identities .............................................................. 40 Inside–Outside Positionalities as an Alternative to Hybridity ...................................... 42 Reading Inside and Outside in Japanese Christmas...................................................... 44 Cultural Continuity and Nostalgia ................................................................................ 51 Reading Nostalgia and Inside–Outside Positionalities in Taishō Baseball Girls......... 56 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 3—Japanese Femininity as a Trope for Maintaining a Regional Identity............................................................................................................. 66 Women as Representations of Inner Japan ................................................................... 69 Women and Ideals of Japaneseness .............................................................................. 71 Girls’ Education and Conflicting Ideals of Inside and Outside .................................... 76 Popular Media and New Ways of Being....................................................................... 80 Rethinking Tropes as Recombinant.............................................................................. 81 The Kogal as a Resistant Re-Combination of Ideals of Japanese Girlhood and Femininity .............................................................................................................. 84 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 89 iii Chapter 4—Traversing Burkean Identification: Inside–Outside Positionalities as a Theory of Transcultural Affiliations.................. 91 Some Common Ground between Identification and Inside–Outside Positionalities....................................................................................... 92 The Problems of a Universalist Perspective ................................................................. 95 Universalizing in Burke ................................................................................................ 96 Static and Dynamic Selves............................................................................................ 97 Anecdotes of Affiliation ............................................................................................. 101 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 107 Conclusion—A Generative Shifting between Japanese and Euroamerican Rhetorics .............................................................................................. 108 Reflection 1: Why Japan? ........................................................................................... 109 Reflection 2: Shifting the Goals of This Project......................................................... 110 Contributions: The What and How of Studying Inside–Outside Positionalities ........ 112 Looking Ahead: Where To Go From Here? ............................................................... 114 The Elusive “Why”: Comparative Rhetoric as Both Ends and Means of the Global Turn................................................................................................................. 115 Works Cited................................................................................................................... 117 iv TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Chino’s Double Binary, modified from Chino 25............................................. 30 Figure 2: Kogal in school uniform (photo by Purves) ...................................................... 84 Figure 3: Loose socks and short skirt (photo by Nesnad)................................................. 84 Figure 4: After hours kogals (photo by Beyond My Ken)................................................ 85 Figure 5: Ganguro style (photo by Chan)......................................................................... 85 Figure 6: Traditional whiteface (photo by Cuizon) .........................................................
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