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Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Everything Speaks: The Jewish Lithuanian Experience through People, Places and Objects Shivaun Woolfson Doctor of Philosophy (History) University of Sussex January 2013 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature: __________________________________________ University of Sussex Doctor of Philosophy, subject History Everything Speaks: The Jewish Lithuanian Experience Through People, Places and Objects SUMMARY Once regarded as a vibrant centre of intellectual, cultural and spiritual Jewish life, Lithuania was home to 240,000 Jews prior to the Nazi invasion of 1941. By war's end, less than 20,000 remained. Today, 4,000 Jews reside there, among them 108 survivors from the camps and ghettos and a further 70 from the Partisans and Red Army. Against a backdrop of ongoing Holocaust denial and a recent surge in anti-Semitic sentiment, this thesis presents the history and experiences of a group of elderly survivors in modern-day Vilnius through the lens of their stories and memories, their special places and their biographical objects. Incorporating interdisciplinary elements of cultural anthropology, social geography, psychology, narrative and sensory ethnography, it is informed, at its core, by an overtly spiritual approach. Drawing on the essentially Hasidic belief that everything in the material world is imbued with sacred essence and that we, as human beings, have the capacity through our actions to release that essence, it explores the points of intersection where the individual and the collective collide, illuminating how history is lived from the inside. Glimpses of the personal, typically absent from the historical record, are afforded prominence here: a bottle of perfume tucked into a pocket before fleeing the ghetto, a silent promise made beside a mass grave, a pair of shoes fashioned from parachute material in the forest. By tapping the material for meaning, a more embodied, emplaced, experiential level of knowing, deeper and richer than that achieved through traditional life history (oral testimony and written documents) methods, can emerge. In moving beyond words and gathering a bricolage of story, legend, artefact, document, monument and landscape, this research suggests a multidimensional historiography that is of particular relevance in grasping the lived reality of survivors in Lithuania where only the faintest traces of a once thriving Jewish heritage now remain. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the past four years, I have received support and encouragement from many sources. Firstly, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Claire Langhamer and Dr. Christian Wiese for their patience, guidance and inspiration. I also wish to thank Ruta Puisyte of the Vilnius Yiddish Institute for arranging the oral history interviews with survivors, historians, journalists and government officials, and for helping me to navigate the Lithuanian Central State Archives, Rachel Kostanian for making available the archives at the Green House Jewish Museum, Dovid Katz for providing a wealth of information on the the Holocaust in Lithuania and for introducing me to several survivors, and the archivists, librarians and curators at YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum, Jewish Community of Lithuania and Vilnius Yiddish Institute. I also wish to thank my sons, Jesse Quinones and Daniel Quinones for their participation in the videography, photography and creative displays for the Surviving History; Portraits from Vilna exhibition which emerged from this research; artists Dwora Fried, Katie Dell Kaufman and Lindsey Cleaver for their memory boxes which formed such an integral part of the exhibition; and the narrators themselves – Chasia Spanerflig, Berl Glazer, Rachel Kostanian, Fania Brantsovsky, Dora Pilianskiene, Josef Levinson, Isroel Galperin, Irena Vesaite, Cholem Sapsai, Gita Geseleva and Margarita Civuncik – who gave so willingly of their time and their memories; my parents Jacqueline Geller and Solomon Woolfson who accompanied me in spirit along this journey; and finally, my partner Frances Tay for travelling with me to Vilnius, New York, Washington and Cape Town, for her photography, exhibition display, record-keeping, graphic design, audio/visual and computer skills, advice, encouragement and love. This thesis could not have been completed without you all. Contents Foreword .............................................................................................................................. 1 Towards A Multidimensional Approach ............................................................................. 6 A Spiritual Dimension ......................................................................................... 10 The Power of Story .............................................................................................. 11 The Inner Life of Things ..................................................................................... 13 The Meaning of Place .......................................................................................... 16 Beyond the Survivor Label .................................................................................. 18 Moving Narratives ............................................................................................... 19 Models of Inquiry ................................................................................................ 21 Methodological Considerations ........................................................................... 23 Methodological Practices .................................................................................... 27 An Historical Context ........................................................................................................ 36 Rachel Kostanian – “So, we have long roots here.” ............................................ 40 Dora Pilianskiene - “Symbols, marks, marks didn't survive.” ............................ 42 Berl Glazer - “Do you know, there were four Rabbis in my mother’s family?” . 51 Fania Brantsovski – “When the man came each Friday to deliver our newspapers and he was asked who was at the door, he would answer- 'The bearer of culture.'” .............................................................................................................. 57 Chasia Spanerflig – “We were taught that we have to be as strong...” ............... 62 Josef Levinson – “In Lithuania, there were poets, famous speakers and thinkers, and they supported the ideals of hope and a brighter future for the people.” ..... 69 My Journey Begins in Ponar ............................................................................................. 96 The Mourner, the Memory Bearers and the Creatives .................................................... 114 The Mourner: An Eternal Tear ......................................................................... 115 The Memory Bearer: A Gold Compact and a Violet Brooch ........................... 140 The Memory Bearer: A Yarmulke, A Medal And A Rusty Key ...................... 171 The Memory Bearer: Invitation To An Orphanage, A Library And A Museum .......................................................................................................................... 200 The Creative: A Paintbox And A Collection Of Paintings ............................... 239 The Creative: Two Books, A Collection Of Handwritten Notes And A Pen ... 269 Living with the Past ........................................................................................................ 298 References ....................................................................................................................... 305 Archival Sources ............................................................................................... 305 Oral History Interviews .................................................................................... 306 Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 307 Appendix 1: Surviving History Exhibition Overview .................................................... 326 Appendix 2: Narrators’ Biographical Data ..................................................................... 338 List of Illustrations Figure 1. Displays of anti-Semitic sentiments, Vilnius. ..................................................... 8 Figure 2. Respublikas front page, 21 March 2009 .............................................................. 9 Figure 3. Berl Glazer - Visual Biography ......................................................................... 32 Figure 4. Rachel Kostanian at the Green House Museum. ............................................... 40 Figure 5. Dora Pilianskiene
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