Payal Chawla. et al. / Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1(2), 2013, 101 - 110.

Review Article ISSN: 2349 – 4492

Asian Journal of Research in Biological

and

Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal home page: www.ajrbps.com

A REVIEW ON PHARMACOGNOSY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF

Payal Chawla* 1, Amit Chawla 1, Gagan Shah 1, U.S. Baghel 1, R.K. Dhawan 1

*1Department of Pharmacognosy, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

ABSTRACT Aristolochia is an important genus in the family of . The genus Aristolochia consists of about 400 species of herbaceous perennials, under shrubs or shrubs bearing essential oils and is widespread across Tropical Asia, and South America. Aristolochia species has been used extensively in the traditional Chinese medicine. Its diverse biological functions include hypertension relief, leukocyte enhancement, rheumatism relief, edema therapy, as well as analgesic and diuretic effects. Various Aristolochia species have been used in herbal medicines since antiquity in obstetrics and in treatment of snakebite, festering wounds, and tumors, and they remain in use particularly in Chinese herbal medicine.

KEYWORDS Aristolochia, Traditional Chinese Medicine and Biological Functions.

INTRODUCTION Aristolochia belongs to the family Aristolochiaceae . In the indigenous system of medicine, the was Author for Correspondence: used for the treatment of skin diseases, inflammation Payal chawla, and purgative. Root extract was reported to have anti Department of Pharmacognosy, bacterial activity. A perennial climber shrub with Khalsa college of Pharmacy, woody base stocks. Leaves simple, alternate, entire, G.T. Road, Amritsar, Punjab, India. with undulate margins, acute; flowers greenish white, in auxiliary cymes; fruits rounded oblong, 6

Email: [email protected] . chambered contain numerous winged compressed seeds 1. Biological Source Aristolochia bracteolata is a shrub distributed throughout India, belongs to the family Aristolochiaceae . The genus Aristolochia consists of Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com October - December 101

Payal Chawla. et al. / Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1(2), 2013, 101 - 110. about 400 species of herbaceous perennials and plant has medicinal usage. A. bracteolata is proved shrubs. to have antioxidant property and insecticidal Synonyms properties. The plant contain Aristolochic acid, has Greek name: Aristolochos many medicinal properties in various disease English: Bracteated birthwort condition. The Phytochemical screening revealed the Gujarat: Midmari presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids and Hindi: Kitamari, Kalipaad, Hukka-bel sterols, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds Kanada: Kattackiru banagida and cardio glycosides. The present review is an Orissa: Paniri attempt to provide an up-to-date and detailed survey Sanskrit: Keetamari Dhoomrapatra, Nakuli, of literature of Pharmacognostical, ethno botanical kitamari, visanika. and traditional uses as well as Phytochemical and Tamil: Aaduthinnapalai, atutinnapalai. Pharmacological reports on A. bracteolate 4. Telugu: Gadida gadapa, gadidhagadapaaku, Ethnomedical uses of different parts kadapara, Thella esshvari. Whole plant Marathi: Gandhari, Gindhaan 2. Dermatitis, Allergic Disorder, Leprosy, Worms, Scientific classification Fever, Mosquito repellent, Anodyne, Purgative, Synonym: Aristolochia bracteata Emmenagogue. Kingdom: Plantae Leaves Order: Anti-Inflammatory, Dermatitis, Rashes, Skin Family: Aristolochiaceae Disease, For Scorpion Sting, Antipyretic, Snake Subfamily: Aristolochioideae Bite, Antiulcer, Amenorrhoea, Anthelmintic and Genus: Aristolochia Antiplasmodial. Species: Bracteolate Seeds Species Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesics and Species of Aristolochia (Figure No.1). May Toxic to Goats. A.utriformis S.M.Hwang, A.watsonii Woot. and Roots Standl. (Watson's Dutchman's Pipe), Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, Skin Diseases and Eczema. A.weddellii , A.westlandii Hemsl, A.wrightii Seem, Macroscopy A.yunnanensis Franch 3. Leaf Traditional uses Reniform, cordate or rounded, 3.8-7.5 cm long and Aristolochia bracteolata is a shrub distributed as broad as long, obtuse, cordate at the base with a throughout India, belongs to the family wide shallow sinus, entire, finely reticulately veined, Aristolochiaceae. A.bracteolata commonly called as tubescent beneath, glabrous above; petiole Worm killer in English and Aadutheendaapaalai in cylindrical, slightly grooved on upper surface 1.2- Tamil. It is used in traditional medicines as a gastric 3.1cm long (Figure No.2). It has bitter taste with stimulant and in the treatment of cancer, lung characteristic odour. inflammation, dysentery and snakebites. In the Fruits indigenous system of medicine, the plant was used as Oblong or ellipsoid capsules and seeds compressed purgative, antipyretic & anti-inflammatory agents. with cordate base 5. The root part has antifungal and antibacterial activity Microscopy and was used to treat syphilis, gonorrhoea, and skin Transverse section of leaf passing through midrib is diseases and also used during labours to increase strongly convex below, slightly elevated above, and uterine contraction. Its leaves are bitter and shows a conjoint, collateral meristele embedded in antihelmintic, antiulcer, antiplasmodial and are its parenchymatous ground tissue located at the basal medicinally important. Almost every part of the region of the two laminar extensions; 5-6 rows of

Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com October - December 102

Payal Chawla. et al. / Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1(2), 2013, 101 - 110. collenchymas lie under the upper epidermis, it being same as isoaristolochic acid, aristolochia yellow, 2-3 in rows at lower side. Lamina dorsi ventral, aristinic and aristolochic acids, but is different from shows a layer of palisade under the upper epidermis aristolochine now identified as 1-curine. Isolation of and 5-6 rows of spongy parenchyma traversed with the acid by column chromatography and obliquely cut vascular bundles both the epidermis are crystallization from the mixture of dimethyl covered with this cuticle, traversed with stomata and formamide and ethanol resulted in yellow-orange bear simple, uniseriate, covering trichomes crystals with mp 275-78 0 C. Aristolochic acid can characterized by a straight or hook shaped terminal also be isolated by extracting the plant material with cell resting on a short rectangular cell with a balloon alcohol (95%) or ammonium hydroxide (5%) and like extension 6. chromatographing the extract. Aristolochic acid is Propagation and cultivation found to occur in varying amounts in different It can be propagated by seeds which germinate in samples of drug, ranging in yield from 0.06 to 0.7% about two weeks. Seeds can be collected by bagging on dry weight basis. This variation in the yield may the fruits. The seeds are sown in June in well- be due to the varying amounts of the stems in mannered beds. Seedlings are transplanted after six different drug b samples. Aristolochic acid acts as an weeks and trained on to bamboo platforms. The anti-feedant and male sterilant for some insects. It is vines flower in September and fruit during February- toxic to houseflies; at 0.18% concentration, it caused March. They are allowed to grow for two years to 95% mortality in eight days. A study of yield roots of marketable size. The yield of roots is chemosterilization effect three insects, viz. estimated at 4500-5600 kg/ha from two year old Dysdercus koenigii Fabr ., Aedes aegypti Linn , and vines. The roots are collected in the autumn. The Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) suggests that the acid adhering earth is removed by minimum washing. brings a mitotic death or behaves as a dominant The roots are dried in the sun or by gentle heat 7. lethal mutant possibly due to the presence of – Chemical constituents COOH group with methylendedioxy phenyl ring and The roots of the plant from South India have been NO2 group in the acid 8. the subject of extensive investigation. The roots owe Phytochemistry their odour to an essential oil, and their bitter taste to The Phytochemical screening revealed the presence aristolochic acid. The essential oil had the pale of alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids and sterols, yellow colour. The oil consists of sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, saponin, phytosterols, carbohydrates, which owing to their feeble volatility with steam, are proteins, phenolic compounds and cardio glycosides. best obtained by solvent extraction. The roots Vaghasiya carried out the analysis of contain a small amount of fixed oil, which consists phytoconstituent of A.bracteata in different extracts of glycerides of palmitic, stearic, lignoceric, cerotic, (Figure No.3). The total phenolics content in the oleic and linoleic acids; non-saponifiables contain methanolic extract and acetone extract was found to considerable amount of sitosterol, and a small be 59.22 ± 0.65 and 39.67 ± 0.92respectively, were quantity of a phytosterol glycoside which is probably as the total content of flavonoids were 36.06 ± 0.17 of the type of ipuranol and on hydrolysis yields a and 130.93± 2.58 in the methanolic and acetone phytosterol and a reducing sugar. Considerable extract respectively 9. amounts of reducing sugars in free form are present Lignoceric acid in the roots. The chief active principle of the drug is Reported Pharmacological Activity aristolochic acid, though aristolic and p-coumaric Anti pyretic activity acids also appear to contribute to the activities of the Petroleum ether and acetone extracts of drug. Aristolochic acid is 8-methoxy-3;4-methylene- A.bracteolata was investigated for their anti pyretic dioxy-10-nitrophenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid. It is activity. Petroleum ether and acetone extracts of the intensely bitter and is optically inactive. It is the plant A. bracteolata were prepared using Soxhlet

Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com October - December 103

Payal Chawla. et al. / Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1(2), 2013, 101 - 110. extraction. Pyrexia produced in rats by injecting hydrazyl (DPPH)-induced free radical assay methods 20ml/kg (s.c) of 20% aqueous suspension of showed good free radicals cavenging activity, brewer’s yeast suspension. Extracts at 250 mg/kg thereby support in gits anti-inflammatory properties. exhibited significant anti pyretic activity. Aspirin Anti-arthritis activity (300mg/kg) was used as standard for which Pet. Anti-arthritic activity was demonstrated using Ether extracts was found to be more effective than Freund’s complete adjuvant in rats. The results acetone extract 10 . shows that, regular treatment of adjuvant induced Anti allergic activity arthritic rats with A.bracteolata extracts improves Anti allergic activity of A. bracteolata was evaluated ESR, Hb value and also restores body weight . by using compound 48/80 induced anaphylaxis, Significant (P<0.01) inhibitory effect was observed dermatitis rhinitis and pruritis, as a preclinical model with A. bracteolata extracton Freund’s complete for acute phase of hypersensitivity reactions. The adjuvant induced paw edema throughout the study late phase hypersensitivity was evidenced by (P<0.001). The latency to thermal stimuli and considering toluidine diisocynate induced volume of inhibitory effect on xylene induced ear edema was broncho alveolar fluid secretion and its inhibition. significantly (P<0.05) affected by oral treatment of The possible anti allergic mechanism was evaluated A.bracteolata, irrespective of solvent used for by using compound 48/80 induced mast cell extraction. Treatment of FCA induced rats with A. activation and estimated serum nitric oxide (NO), rat bracteolata extracts shown (P<0.05) increase in pain peritoneal fluid NO, broncho alveolar fluid NO and threshold, weight bearing ability , ambulation and blood histamine levels. It has been reported that the also decline in scratching, defecation and urination , chloroform extract of A.bracteolata had potent and were observed as a sign of improvement in significant inhibitory effect on compound 48/80 behavioral condition 12 . induced pruritis and dermatitis activity in Swiss Antiulcer activity albino mice. It showed significant effect in toluidine The aqueous extract of leaves of A. bracteolate diisocynate induced rhinitis in Swiss albino mice. exhibited antiulcer activity in rats. The antiulcer Mast cell membrane stabilization activity was also activity of A. bracteolata was evaluated against observed in compound 48/80 induced mast cell ethanol induced and pylorus ligation induced activation. A significant reduction was observed in models, at two different dose levels of 400 and serum nitrate levels, rat peritoneal fluid nitrate levels 800mg/kg/body wt/day. The activity was compared and BAL nitrate levels. The extract was also found with standard drug Ranitidine. Pre-treatment with the to posses’ significant inhibitory effect on blood extract resulted in a significant decrease of the histamine levels. It could be concluded that the ulcerated area. The volume and acidity of the gastric chloroform extract posses potent anti allergic juice decreased in the pre-treated rats. Among the activity, possibly through mast cell membrane two dose assessed, 800mg/kg was found to have the stabilization, inhibiting NO and histamine pathway 11 . significant activity than the lower dose. Anti-inflammatory activity Antibacterial activity The ethanollic extract of the shade dried leaves of A. A.bracteolata leaves were subjected to antibacterial bracteolata was evaluated anti inflammatory activity on disc diffusion method against bacillus activities in wistar rats by using the carrageeenan subtilus, lactobacillus planta rum, Escherichia coli, induced left hind paw edema method. Significant staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus faecalis and reduction of edema volume was observed in the drug pseudo monasaeruginosa. The leaves of Aristolochia treated group when compared with the standard and bracteolata Retz were extracted with petroleum untreated control. Antioxidant investigation of the ether, chloroform and alcohol. Alcoholic extract ethanol extract along with its two successive showed significant anti bacterial activity as fractions using nitric oxide and 1,1-diphenyl-2 picryl compared to that of other extracts. Negi PS et al

Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com October - December 104

Payal Chawla. et al. / Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1(2), 2013, 101 - 110. investigated the antibacterial activity of Aristolochia that the most active phase contained terpenoids and bracteolata root extracts. Powdered Roots of A. tannins and was devoid of alkaloids and saponins. bracteolata were extracted with ethyl acetate, The effect of plant extracts on lymphocyte acetone, methanol, and water for 8 hours each using proliferation showed low toxicity to the human cells. a Soxhlet extractor. Antibacterial activity of dried Another studies, shows that the plant extract of ex- tracts was evaluated by the pour-plate method A.bracteolata has potent antimalarial activity ( in against a few Gram-positive and Gram-negative vitro ) against schizonts maturation of Plasmodiumfal bacteria. All the crude extracts showed a broad ciparum , the major human malaria parasite. The spectrum of antibacterial activity among which ethyl whole plant extracts of Aristolochia bracteolate acetate extract was found to be the most effective. produced 100% inhibition of the parasite growth at This study shows the potential for replacement of concentration ≤ 50 µg/ml. The two most active synthetic preservatives by the use of natural extracts. showed the presence of sterols, alkaloids and According to another study, the different extracts tannins. (Aqueous, methanol and chloroform) of this plant Antioxidant properties were effective against the bacterial strains A.bracteolata Retz was investigated and 2, 2- Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas activities, reducing powers, and the amount of total fluorescents , Shigella Flexner, Proteus vulgaris and phenolic compounds of the extracts were studied. the fungal strains like Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus The antioxidant activity was by ammonium terries, Penicillium notatum and Rhizopus stolonifer. thiocyanate assay. 2, 2-Diphenyl picrylhydrazyl Among the three extracts, methanol extract was (DPPH) free radicals scavenging activity was found to have the significant activity followed by the assessed according to Blois (1958), with a slight chloroform extract against certain bacteria. Water weight modification. Absorbance was measured at extract did not have any activity against bacteria. 700 nm. Ascorbic acid solution was used for Antifungal activity assessment indicated that the comparison. Increased absorbance of the reaction tested fungal strains are more susceptible to aqueous mixture indicated increased reducing power. The extract followed by methanol extract and chloroform antioxidative effect is mainly due to phenolic extract 13 . components, such as phenolic acids, and phenolic Antifungal activity diterpenes. The antioxidant activity of phenolic The ethanolic extracts of A. bracteolata was studied compounds is mainly due to their redox properties, Antifungal activity using disc diffusion method and which can play an important role in absorbing and was found to have highest activity at minimum neutralizing free radicals, quenching singlet and concentration. The study justify that the bioactive triplet oxygen, or decomposing peroxides 14 . principles present in the extracts may be responsible Antimicrobial activity in the treatment of ring worm infection. It was The antimicrobial activity of A.bracteolata was reported that Ethanolic extract effective against investigated by Parekh et al . The antimicrobial assay Trichiophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis . was done by both the agar disc and agar well Antiplasmodial activity diffusion method against six medically important In vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium microorganisms viz. Bacillus subtilis, falciparum 3D7 (chloroquine sensitive) and Dd2 Staphylococcus subfava, Alcaligenes fecalis, Proteus (chloroquine resistant and pyrimethamine sensitive) mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and Candida tropicalis. was investigated by Ramasubramania raja R et al . It According to the study, the methanol extract was was found that extract of A.bracteolata exerted found to be more effective than the aqueous extract. activity on P. falciparum strain 3D7 with an IC50 It has been found that the aristolochic acid from the less than 5 µg/mL. Phytochemical analysis indicated root of Aristolochia bracteolata posses significant al

Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com October - December 105

Payal Chawla. et al. / Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1(2), 2013, 101 - 110. activity. Aristolochic acid I was isolated from the application may be more advantageous to treat methanolic and ethyl extract extracts of Aristolochia cutaneous melanoma, since topical treatments have bracteolata and conformed through IR, NMR and advantages for rapid, effective and natural healing of MS. The percentage purity of aristolochic acid I was cancers targeting the cancer site with much higher determined by UV and HPLC method. Antibacterial doses than could ever be achieved with oral activity of extracts of A.bracteolata and the isolated treatments alone. compound was determined by disc diffusion method. Trypansocidal effect Microbial assay of isolated compound (Aristolochic Aristolochia bracteolata was evaluated for its in vivo acid) from ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts were activity against trypanosome evansi infection in the shown good antimicrobial activity and the zone of rats. Six groups of 10 rats each aged 5-7 weeks, inhibition of both at higher concentration 50 µg/ml average weight 150grams were used. Both the were similar with the standard aristolochic acid 15 . chloroformic and methanolic extract of the plant Wound healing activity extract was administered orally at dose rates of 250 The ethno botanical knowledge base for treatment of and 500mg/kgBW. The activity was compared to cuts and wounds which includes a usage of cymelarsan which was given at a dose rate of plants/plant extracts/decoctions or pastes, methods 2.5mg/kg BW subcutaneously. Results showed that employed by tribals and folklore practices prevailing plant extract gave a promising trypansocidal effect. in India have been analysed. The ethanol extract of The chloroformic extract gave better result than that the leaves of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. was of the methanolic extract with both doses 17 . studied for its effect on wound healing in rats, using Anti implantation and abortifaciant activity incision, excision and deadspace wound models, at Ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the ethanolic extract two different dose levels of 400 and 800 mg/kg/body of Aristolochia bracteolata was tested for precoital wt /day. The plant showed a definite, positive effect and postcoital anti implantation test and abortifacient on wound healing, with a significant increase of the activities in female albino rats. In the precoital study, level of two powerful antioxidant enzymes, super the treatment at 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight oxide dismutase and catalase, in the granuloma showed significant and dose related anti implantation tissue 16 . and abortifaciant properties. In the post coital study Anti angiogenetic activity of 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg body weight doses similar Petroleum ether extract of Aristolochia bracteolata results were observed. The total anti fertility activity Lam (Aristolochiaceae) roots was screened for the of 40 mg/kg body weight was found to be activity against cutaneous melanoma using Chicken comparable to the standard ethinyl oestradiol given Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay has been for the similar period. studied. Angiogenesis and melanoma cell survival were visualized and recorded using dissecting TOXICITY AND SIDE EFFECTS microscope and imaging system. Concentrations of In goats the extracts ranging from 10mg to 50mg were Diarrhea, dyspnea, tympany, arching of the back, screened. Chemical tests of the extract revealed the loss of condition, and loss of hair from the back were presence of alkaloids, triterpenes and steroids. It was the prominent signs when Aristolochia bracteolata observed that 30mg dose notably reduced the was given orally to goats. The main lesions were proliferation of blood vessels and reduced survival hemorrhages in the lungs, heart, and kidneys, fatty rate of melanoma cells in CAM. Cultured melanoma change and congestion in the liver, mucoid cell lines were obtained from cancer research centre, abomasitis and enteritis and straw-colored fluid in Hyderabad. It was concluded that the root extract of serous cavities. An increase in aspartate amino Aristolochia bracteolate possess inhibitory effect on transferase activity, ammonia and urea proliferation of melanoma cells and its topical concentrations and a decrease in the concentrations

Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com October - December 106

Payal Chawla. et al. / Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences . 1(2), 2013, 101 - 110. of total protein and magnesium were detected in the at the rate of 500 mg/kg was more toxic than all the serum 18 . treatments. Rats In chicks Swiss albino rats were used to study the A.bracteolata is used in Sudanese folkloric medicine toxicological effect of methanolic and chlorformic for the improvement of heal th by increasing body extract of Aristolochia bracteolata . Methanolic and weight and treatment of various disorders. Bovans - chloroformic extracts were given at doses of 250 and type chicks were fed 10% A.bracteolata seed and 5% 500 mg/kg BW to Swiss albino rats. Oral mixture of A.bracteolata and Astragalus gummifer of administration of the extract caused symptoms such standard diet for two weeks. The given concentration as depression, arching of the back and tremors. mixture of the plants were t oxic but not lethal to Serum analysis indicated increase in the activi ty of chicks and caused reduced body weight gain. Mild Aspartate amino transferease (AST), Alanine amino diarrhoea was observed in te chicks on the 5% transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). mixture of two plants. Alteration of serum AST and The concentration of urea, creatinine, and ammonia ALT activities and total protein, albumin, globulin, were also increased and the concentration of total cholesterol and uric acid were cor related with protein decreased. The main lesions found were changes in haematology and pathological effects on haemorrhage in the kidney and congestion of the vital organs 19 . liver. It has been reported that chloroformic extract

A. acuminata habitus drawing A. arborea flowers

A. lindneri A. macrophylla

Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com October - December 107

Payal Chawla. et al. / Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1(2), 2013, 101 - 110.

A. maxima flowers A. pistolochia flowers

A. pontica flower Figure No.1: Species of Aristolochia

Figure No.2: Leaf of Aristolochia

Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com October - December 108

Payal Chawla. et al. / Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences . 1(2), 2013, 101 - 110.

Aristolochic acid Cerotic acid Oleic acid

Sitosterol P -coumaric acid Palmitic acid

Lignoceric acid Figure No.3: Phytoconstituents of A.bracteata CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY The study was concluded that having many functions 1. Sawarkar H A, Singh M K, Pandey A K, Biswas and phytochemical constituents. Aristolochia species D. In vitro anthelmintic activity of Ficus have been used in herbal medicines since antiquity in bengalhensis, Ficus caria and Ficus religiosa : a obstetrics and in treatment of snakebite, festering comparative anthelmintic activity, Int. J. Pharm. wounds, and tumors, and they remain in use Tech. Res , 3, 2011, 152 -153. particularly in Chinese herbal medicine . The work 2. Vandaveer and Chelsie. How did the shape of a has been used for further processing research work flower cause the death of women? 2002. the same species. 3. Grollman, Arthur P, Shibutani S M and Masaaki M. Aristolochic acid and The Etiology of ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Endemic (Balkan) Nephropathy, Pnas , 104(20), Authors are thankful to Hon. Secretary, Khalsa 2007, 12129-12134. College Charitable Society, Amritsar and Director - 4. Heinrich M, Chan J S, Wanke C N and Principal, Khal sa college of Pharmacy, Amritsar for Simmonds M S J. Local uses of Aristolochia providing facilities to carry out this Review work. species and content of nephrotoxic aristolochic Acid 1 and 2 – A global assessment based on

Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com October - December 109

Payal Chawla. et al. / Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1(2), 2013, 101 - 110.

bibliographic sources, Ethnopharmacology, 125, 12. Harborne J B, Phytochemical methods, Chapman 2009, 108-144. and Hall, London, 3rd Edition, 1988, 91. 5. Hashim H. Antibacterial and phytochemical 13. Anjum P and Muhammad Q. Pollen flora of screening of ethanolic extracts obtained from pakistan - LX.Aristolochiaceae, Pak.J.Bot, 40(6), selected Sudanese medicinal plants, Current. 2008, 2247. Res. J. Bio. Sci, 2(2), 2010, 143-146. 14. Shirwaikar A, Somashekar A P, Udupa A L, 6. Kupchan S M and Doscoth R W. Tumor Udupa S L, Somashekar S. Wound healing inhibitor, aristolochic acid, the active principle of studies of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. with Aristolochia indica , J. Med. Pharm.Chem , 5, supportive action of antioxidant enzymes, Int. J. 1962, 657-659. of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, 10(6- 7. Wink M and Schimmer, Secondary metabolites 7), 2003, 558-62. from plants inhibiting ABC transporters and 15. Lee J C, Kim H R, Jim K J. Antioxidant property reversing resistance of cancer cells and microbes of an ethanol extract of the stem of Opuntia to cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents, Front ficus-indica var. saboten , J. Agric. Food Chem , Microbiol, 3, 2012, 130. 50, 2002, 6490-6496. 8. Srivastava J. Medicinal plants: An expanding 16. Ramasubramania R R and Niranjan B M. role in development, World Bank technical , 1, Pharmacognostical Phytochemical and 1996, 320. Antifungal Activity of Aristolochia bracteolata 9. Roy K, Kumar S, Sarkar S. Wound Healing Lam in Ringworm Infection, J.Pharm and Tech , Potential of Leaf Extracts of Ficus religiosa on 4(7), 2011, 1123. Wistar albino strain rats, Int. J. Pharm.Tech Res , 17. Offermanns S and Amara S G. Reviews of 1, 2009, 506-508. physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology, 10. Kalpana D B, Kanimozhi S P and Suganya devi. Birkhäuser, 154, 2006, 56. Phytochemical screening and biological property 18. Geacintov, Nicholas E and Broyde S. of Aristolochia bracteata , J. Pharm. Res , 4(5), "Introduction and perspectives on the Chemistry 2011, 1509-1514. and Biology of DNA Damage", The Chemical 11. Manjula R R, Koteshwara R J, Seetharami R T. Biology of DNA Damage, Wiley-VCH, 2010. Ethnomedicinal plants used to cure jaundice in 19. Zarroug M A, Nuggud N D, Bashir A K and Kammam District of Andhra Pradesh, India J. of Mageed A A. Evaluation of Sudanese plants, Int phytology , 3(10), 2011, 33-35. J Crude Drug Res , 26, 1988, 77.

Available online: www.uptodateresearchpublication.com October - December 110