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Review Article bracteolata: An Overview on Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties.

Thirumal.M*, Vadivelan.R, Kishore.G, Brahmaji.V.S

Department of Pharmacognosy, Jaya College Pharmacy, C.T.H.road, Thiruninravur-602024, Chennai, T.N, India.

ABSTRACT

Aristolochia bracteolata is a shrub distributed throughout India, belongs to the family . A.bracteolata commonly called as Worm killer in English and Aadutheendaapaalai in Tamil. It is used in traditional medicines as a gastric stimulant and in the treatment of cancer, lung inflammation, dysentery and snakebites. In the indigenous system of medicine, the was used as purgative, antipyretic & anti-inflammatory agents. The root part has antifungal and antibacterial activity and was used to treat syphilis, gonorrhoea, and skin diseases and also used during labours to increase uterine contraction. Its leaves are bitter and antihelmintic, antiulcer, antiplasmodial and are medicinally important. Almost every part of the plant has medicinal usage. A.bracteolata is proved to have antioxidant property and insecticidal properties. The plant contain Aristolochic acid, has many medicinal properties in various disease condition. The Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids and sterols, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds and cardio glycosides. The present review is an attempt to provide an up-to-date and detailed survey of literature of Pharmacognostical, ethno botanical and traditional uses as well as Phytochemical and Pharmacological reports on A. bracteolata.

KEYWORDS : Aristolochia bracteolata, Aristolochiaceae, Ethno botanical.

INTRODUCTION Medicinal have been an integral in different countries and are a source of part of life in various regional many potent and powerful drugs [3]. The communities for food and drug both. use of medicinal plants to treat human India has more than 3,000 years of diseases has its roots in pre historical medicinal heritage based on medicinal times. Medicinal plants are used by 80% plants. Medicinal plants are largely used of the world population as the only by all divisions of the population either available medicines especially in directly as folk medications or indirectly developing countries [4]. The information in the preparation of recent of medicinal plants have been pharmaceuticals [1]. Numerous plants accumulated in the course of several synthesize substances that are useful in centuries based on various medicinal the maintenance of health in humans and systems such as Ayurveda, Homeopathy, animals [2]. Plants are used medicinally Naturopathy, Amchi, Modern, Siddha

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and Unani. In India, it is declared that Hindi), is a shrub distributed throughout traditional healers use 2500 plant species India. It belongs to the and 100 species of plants serve as family Aristolochiaceae. In the natural principles of medicine [5]. With a indigenous system of medicine, the plant view to increasing the wide range of was used for the treatment of skin medicinal usages, the present day entails diseases, inflammation and purgative [15, new drugs with more potent and desired 16]. Root extract was reported to have activity with less or no side effects anti bacterial activity [17] and also against particular disease [6]. Toxicity of A. bracteolata was reported Aristolochia is an important [18]. genus in the family of Aristolochiaceae. This species which had been The genus Aristolochia consists of about shown to be nephrotoxic, mutagenic and 400 species of herbaceous perennials, carcinogenic due to the cytotoxicity of under shrubs or shrubs bearing essential the Aristolochic acid constituents. The oils and is widespread across tropical leaves of the plant which are used by Asia, and South America [7]. native tribal and the villagers. It is Aristolochia species has been used commonly called as “worm killer” in extensively in the traditional Chinese English and aadutheendapaalai in Tamil, medicine. Its diverse biological due to supposed antihelminthic activity functions include hypertension relief, and trypanocidal effect [20]. It is used in leukocyte enhancement, rheumatism traditional medicines as a gastric relief, edema therapy, as well as stimulant and in the treatment of cancer, analgesic and diuretic effects [8-11]. lung inflammation, dysentery and Various Aristolochia species have been snakebites. Methanolic extract of plant used in herbal medicines since antiquity parts of A. bracteolata were the source in obstetrics and in treatment of of physiological active compounds. The snakebite [12], festering wounds, and use of plant as an anti malarial is not tumours, and they remain in use recommended in its crude form [19]. The particularly in Chinese herbal medicine whole plant was used as a purgative, anti [13, 14]. pyretic and anti inflammatory. It also Aristolochia bracteolata Linn. possess a potent anti allergic activity (Aaduthinnapalai – Tamil; Worm killer - [21] and has pronounced antibacterial and English; Gadaparku - Telugu; Bhringi- antifungal activities [22].

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Figure 1- Morphology of Aristolochia bracteolata

The present paper aims to review its Hindi: Kitamari,Kalipaad, Hukka-bel ethno medical, Pharmacognostical, Kanada: Kattackiru banagida Phytochemical, Pharmacological actions Orissa: Paniri . Ethno Botanical Survey [23] Sanskrit: Keetamari Dhoomrapatra, Nakuli, kitamari, visanika. Synonym: Aristolochia bracteata Tamil: Aaduthinnapalai, atutinnapalai. Scientific classification Telugu: Gadida gadapa, Kingdom: Plantae gadidhagadapaaku, kadapara, Order: Thella esshvari. Family: Aristolochiaceae Marathi:Gandhari,Gindhaan Subfamily: Aristolochioideae Genus: Aristolochia Ethno pharmacology Traditional uses:

Species:Bracteolata The uses of different parts of Synonyms Aristolochia bracteolata in traditional English: Bracteated birthwort system of medicine (Table 1). Gujarat: Midmari

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Table 1. Ethnomedical uses of different parts of A. bracteolate

Plant parts Traditional uses as/in Whole plant Dermatitis, allergic disorder, leprosy, jaundice[24], worms, fever[25], Mosquito repellent [26], Anodyne, purgative, emmenagogue [27, 28]. Leaves Anti-inflammatory[29], dermatitis, rashes[25], skin disease, for scorpion sting[25], Antipyretic, snake bite[30], Antiulcer,amenorrhoea,antihelmintic[5], Antiplasmodial[31,32] Seeds Antibacterial,anti inflammatory and analgesics, may toxic to goats[33,17] Roots Syphilis, gonorrhoea & skin diseases, eczema [5]. obliquely cut vascular bundles both the epidermis are covered with this cuticle, Macroscopy and Microscopy [23] Macroscopic description: Leaf, reniform, cordate or rounded, 3.8-7.5 cm traversed with stomata and bear simple, long and as broad as long, obtuse, uniseriate, covering trichomes cordate at the base with a wide shallow characterized by a straight or hook sinus, entire, finely reticulately veined, shaped terminal cell resting on a short tubescent beneath, glabrous above; rectangular cell with a balloon like petiole cylindrical, slightly grooved on extension. upper surface 1.2-3.1cm long (Figure.1). Nodal Anatomy [34]: N.C.Nair et al., has It has bitter taste with characteristic reported that in A. bracteolata the odour. Fruits are oblong or ellipsoid vascular system of the axis immediately capsules and seeds compressed with below the node consists of nine large, cordate base. widely separated collateral bundles. All Microscopy: Transverse section of leaf of them enter the lamina to display the passing through midrib is strongly palmate venation characteristic. The convex below, slightly elevated above, leaves in A.bracteolata are cordate and and shows a conjoint, collateral they are palmately veined. The stomata meristele embedded in its are present only on the surface and they parenchymatous ground tissue located at are of the Ranunculaceous type [35]. the basal region of the two laminar Anatomy of reproductive shoot: It was extensions; 5-6 rows of collenchymas lie found that the inflorescence is one or under the upper epidermis, it being 2-3 two flowered and secondary peduncle in rows at lower side. Lamina dorsi does not develop in A.Bracteolata. The ventral, shows a layer of palisade under single flower has a bract on the posterior the upper epidermis and 5-6 rows of side and is sessile, large, leafy and spongy parenchyma traversed with subreniform. The margins of the limb are revolute. Prominent multicellular

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hairs are present on the inner surface of .Pet ether and acetone extracts of the perianth. They are very small in inflated plant A. bracteolata were prepared using region becoming larger towards the tip Soxhlet extraction. Pyrexia produced in of the perianth. The tapetum is rats by injecting 20ml/kg (s.c) of 20% binucleate and glandular. When it aqueous suspension of brewer’s yeast disorganises globular oily depositions suspension. Extracts at 250 mg/kg have been observed in A.bracteolata. exhibited significant anti pyretic activity. The peduncle shows a ring of 8 in Aspirin (300mg/kg) was used as A.bracteolata. standard for which Pet. Ether extracts In A.bracteolata the median gap was found to be more effective than shows two separate vascular strands at acetone extract [41]. the nodal level and these at lower levels 2. Anti allergic activity: Antiallergic are related to two independent systems activity of A. bracteolata was evaluated of vascular strands. This feature can be by using compound 48/80 induced regarded as evidence against the anaphylaxis, dermatitis rhinitis and telometheory as applied to the pruritis, as a preclinical model for acute angiosperm leaf [36]. phase of hypersensitivity reactions. The Description of pollen type [37]: late phase hypersensitivity was Aristolochia bracteolata has non evidenced by considering toluidine aperture pollen with spheroidal shape. It diisocynate induced volume of has sexine thiner than nexine bronchoalveolar fluid secretion and its A.bracteolata tectum is rugulate- inhibition. The possible antiallergic fossulate or densely regulate and pollen mechanism was evaluated by using diameter is 46-61 µm. compound 48/80 induced mast cell Phytochemistry activation and estimated serum nitric The Phytochemical screening revealed oxide (NO), rat peritoneal fluid NO, the presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, bronchoalveolar fluid NO and blood steroids and sterols, flavonoids, saponin, histamine levels. It has been reported Phytosterols, carbohydrates, proteins, that the chloroform extract of A. phenolic compounds and cardio bracteolata had potent and significant glycosides [19, 39]. inhibitory effect on compound 48/80 Vaghasiya et al., carried out the induced pruritis and dermatitis activity analysis of phytoconstituent of in Swiss albino mice. It showed A.bracteata in different extracts. The significant effect in toluidine diisocynate total phenolics content in the methanolic induced rhinitis in Swiss albino mice. extract and acetone extract was found to Mast cell membrane stabilization be 59.22 ± 0.65 & 39.67 ± 0.92 activity was also observed in compound respectively, were as the total content of 48/80 induced mast cell activation. A flavonoids were 36.06 ± 0.17 & 130.93 significant reduction was observed in ± 2.58 in the methanolic and acetone serum nitrate levels, rat peritoneal fluid extract respectively[40]. nitrate levels and BAL nitrate levels. Pharmacological activity of A. The extract was also found to posses’ bracteolata significant inhibitory effect on blood 1. Anti Pyretic Activity: Pet. ether and histamine levels. It could be concluded acetone extracts of A. bracteolata was that the chloroform extract posses potent investigated for their anti pyretic activity antiallergic activity, possibly through

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mast cell membrane stabilization, exhibited antiulcer activity in rats. The inhibiting NO and histamine pathway antiulcer activity of A. bracteolata was [21]. evaluated against ethanol induced and 3. Anti-inflammatory activity: The pylorus ligation induced models, at two ethanollic extract of the shade dried different dose levels of 400 and 800 leaves of A. bracteolata was evaluated mg/kg/body wt/day. The activity was anti inflammatory activities in wistar rats compared with standard drug Ranitidine. by using the carrageeenan induced left Pre-treatment with the extract resulted in hind paw edema method. Significant a significant decrease of the ulcerated reduction of edema volume was area. The volume and acidity of the observed in the drug treated group when gastric juice decreased in the pre-treated compared with the standard and un rats. Among the two dose assessed, 800 treated control. Antioxidant investigation mg/kg was found to have the significant of the ethanol extract along with its two activity than the lower dose [44]. successive fractions using nitric oxide 6. Antibacterial Activity: A. and 1,1-diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazyl bracteolata leaves were subjected to (DPPH)-induced free radical assay antibacterial activity on disc diffusion methods showed good free radical method against bacillus subtilus, scavenging activity, thereby supporting lactobacillus plantarum, Escherichia its anti inflammatory properties[42]. coli, staphylococcus aureus, 4. Anti-arthritis Activity: Anti arthritic streptococcus faecalis and pseudomonas activity was demonstrated using aeruginosa. The leaves of Aristolochia Freund’s complete adjuvant in rats. The bracteolata Retz were extracted with results shows that, regular treatment of petroleum ether, chloroform and alcohol. adjuvant induced arthritic rats with A. Alcoholic extract showed significant bracteolata extracts improves ESR, Hb antibacterial activity as compared to that value and also restores body weight. of other extracts [45]. Significant (P<0.01) inhibitory effect Negi PS et al investigated the was observed with A. bracteolata extract antibacterial activity of Aristolochia on Freund’s complete adjuvant induced bracteolata root extracts. Powdered paw edema throughout the study Roots of A. bracteolata were extracted (P<0.001). The latency to thermal with ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, stimuli and inhibitory effect on xylene and water for 8 hours each using a induced ear edema was significantly Soxhlet extractor. Antibacterial activity (P<0.05) affected by oral treatment of A. of dried ex- tracts was evaluated by the bracteolata, irrespective of solvent used pour-plate method against a few Gram- for extraction. Treatment of FCA positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All induced rats with A. bracteolata extracts the crude extracts showed a broad shown (P<0.05) increase in pain spectrum of antibacterial activity among threshold, weight bearing ability, which ethyl acetate extract was found to ambulation and also decline in be the most effective. This study shows scratching, defecation and urination, the potential for replacement of synthetic were observed as a sign of improvement preservatives by the use of natural in behavioural condition[43]. extracts [46]. 5. Antiulcer Activity: The aqueous According to another study [22], extract of leaves of A. bracteolata the different extracts (Aqueous,

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methanol and chloroform) of this plant Another studies [32], shows that were effective against the bacterial the plant extract of A.bracteolata has strains Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, potent antimalarial activity(in vitro) Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella against schizonts maturation pneumoniae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, of Plasmodium falciparum, the major Shigella flexneri, Proteus vulgaris and human malaria parasite. The whole plant the fungal strains like Aspergillus Niger, extracts of Aristolochia bracteolata Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium notatum produced 100% inhibition of the parasite and Rhizopus stolonifer. Among the growth at concentration ≤ 50 µg/ml. three extracts, methanol extract was The two most active plants showed the found to have the significant activity presence of sterols, alkaloids and followed by the chloroform extract tannins. against certain bacteria. Water extract 10. Antioxidant properties: A. did not have any activity against bracteolata Retz was investigated bacteria. Antifungal activity assessment antioxidant and 2, 2-diphenyl indicated that the tested fungal strains picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical are more susceptible to aqueous extract scavenging activities, reducing powers, followed by methanol extract and and the amount of total phenolic chloroform extract. compounds of the extracts were studied 7. Antifungal Activity: the ethanolic [48]. extracts of A. bracteolata was studied The antioxidant activity was Antifungal activity using disc diffusion determined by ammonium thiocyanate method and was found to have highest assay [51]. 2, 2-Diphenyl picrylhydrazyl activity at minimum concentration. The (DPPH) free radicals scavenging activity study justify that the bioactive principles was assessed according to Blois (1958) present in the extracts may be [52], with a slight weight modification. responsible in the treatment of ringworm Absorbance was measured at 700 nm. infection. It was reported that Ethanolic Ascorbic acid solution was used for extract effective against Trichiophyton comparison. Increased absorbance of the rubrum and Microsporum canis [47]. reaction mixture indicated increased 8. Antiplasmodial activity: Invitro reducing power. antiplasmodial activity against The antioxidative effect is mainly Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 due to phenolic components, such as (chloroquine sensitive) and Dd2 phenolic acids, and phenolic diterpenes (chloroquine resistant and pyrimethamine [49]. The antioxidant activity of phenolic sensitive) was investigated by compounds is mainly due to their redox Ramasubramania raja R et al. It was properties, which can play an important found that extract of A.bracteolata role in absorbing and neutralizing free exerted activity on P. falciparum strain radicals, quenching singlet and triplet [50] 3D7 with an IC50 less than 5 µg/mL. oxygen, or decomposing peroxides . Phytochemical analysis indicated that the 11. Antimicrobial Activity: The most active phase contained terpenoids antimicrobial activity of A.bracteolata and tannins and was devoid of alkaloids was investigated by Parekh et al. The and saponins. The effect of plant extracts antimicrobial assay was done by both the on lymphocyte proliferation showed low agar disc and agar well diffusion method toxicity to the human cells [31]. against six medically important

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CRITICAL REVIEW IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES ISSN 2319-1082 microorganisms viz. Bacillus subtilis, oxide dismutase and catalase, in the Staphylococcus subfava, Alcaligenes granuloma tissue [56]. fecalis, Proteus mirabilis, P. aeruginosa 13. Anti angiogenetic activity: and Candida tropicalis. . According to petroleum ether extract of Aristolochia the study, the methanol extract was bracteolata Lam (Aristolochiaceae) found to be more effective than the roots was screened for the activity aqueous extract [53]. against cutaneous melanoma using It has been found that the Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane aristolochic acid from the root of (CAM) Assay has been studied. Aristolochia bracteolata posses Angiogenesis and melanoma cell significant antimicrobial activity. survival were visualized and recorded Aristolochic acid I was isolated from the using dissecting microscope and imaging methanolic & ethyl extract extracts of system. Concentrations of the extracts Aristolochia bracteolata and conformed ranging from 10mg to 50mg were through IR, NMR & MS. The percentage screened. Chemical tests of the extract purity of aristolochic acid I was revealed the presence of alkaloids, determined by UV & HPLC method. triterpenes and steroids. It was observed Antibacterial activity of extracts of A. that 30mg dose notably reduced the bracteolata and the isolated compound proliferation of blood vessels and was determined by disc diffusion reduced survival rate of melanoma cells method. Microbial assay of isolated in CAM. Cultured melanoma cell lines compound (Aristolochic acid I) from were obtained from cancer research ethyl acetate & ethanol extracts were centre, Hyderabad. shown good antimicrobial activity and It was concluded that the root the zone of inhibition of both at higher extract of Aristolochia bracteolata concentration 50µg/ml was similar with possess inhibitory effect on proliferation the standard aristolochic acid [54]. of melanoma cells and its topical 12. Wound healing activity: The ethno application may be more advantageous botanical knowledge base for treatment to treat cutaneous melanoma, since of cuts and wounds which includes a topical treatments have advantages for usage of plants/plant extracts/decoctions rapid, effective and natural healing of or pastes, methods employed by tribals cancers targeting the cancer site with and folklore practices prevailing in India much higher doses than could ever be have been analysed [55]. achieved with oral treatments alone [57]. 14. Trypansocidal effect: Aristolochia The ethanol extract of the leaves bracteolata was evaluated for its in vivo of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. was activity against trypanosome evansi studied for its effect on wound healing in infection in the rats. Six groups of 10 rats, using incision, excision and dead- rats each aged 5-7 weeks, average space wound models, at two different weight 150grams were used. Both the dose levels of 400 and 800 mg/kg/body chloroformic and methanolic extract of wt /day. The plant showed a definite, the plant extract was administered orally positive effect on wound healing, with a at dose rates of 250 and 500mg/kgBW. significant increase of the level of two The activity was compared to powerful antioxidant enzymes, super cymelarsan which was given at a dose rate of 2.5mg/kg BW subcutaneously. Volume 1 Issue 1 2012 www.earthjournals.org 77

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Results showed that plant extract gave a the extract caused symptoms such as promising trypansocidal effect. The depression, arching of the back and chloroformic extract gave better result tremors. Serum analysis indicated than that of the methanolic extract with increase in the activity of Aspartate both doses [20]. aminotransferease (AST), Alanine amino 15. Anti implantation & Abortifaciant transferase (ALT) and alkaline activity: Ethyl acetate soluble fraction phosphatase (ALP). The concentration of the ethanolic extract of Aristolochia of urea, creatinine, and ammonia were bracteolata was tested for precoital & also increased and the concentration of postcoital anti implantation test & total protein decreased. The main lesions abortifacient activities in female albino found were haemorrhage in the kidney rats. In the precoital study, the treatment and congestion of the liver. It has been at 20 & 40 mg/kg body weight showed reported that chloroformic extract at the significant & dose related anti rate of 500 mg/kg was more toxic than implantation & abortifaciant properties. all the treatments [60]. In the post coital study of 20, 30 & 40 In chicks: A.bracteolata is used in mg/kg body weight doses similar results Sudanese folkloric medicine for the were observed. The total anti fertility improvement of health by increasing activity of 40 mg/kg body weight was body weight and treatment of various found to be comparable to the standard disorders. bovans-type chicks were fed ethinyl oestradiol given for the similar 10% A.bracteolata seed and 5% mixture period [58]. of A.bracteolata and Astragalus Toxicity and Side Effects: gummifer of standard diet for two weeks. In goats: Diarrhea, dyspnea, tympany, The given concentration mixture of the arching of the back, loss of condition, plants were toxic but not lethal to chicks and loss of hair from the back were the and caused reduced body weight gain. prominent signs when Aristolochia Mild diarrhoea was observed in te bracteolata was given orally to goats. chicks on the 5% mixture of two plants. The main lesions were hemorrhages in Alteration of serum AST and ALT the lungs, heart, and kidneys, fatty activities and total protein, albumin, change and congestion in the liver, globulin, cholesterol and uric acid were mucoid abomasitis and enteritis and correlated with changes in haematology straw-colored fluid in serous cavities. An and pathological effects on vital organs increase in aspartate aminotransferase [61]. activity, ammonia and urea concentra- CONCLUSION tions and a decrease in the Medicinal plants have been used concentrations of total protein and as an exemplary source for centuries as magnesium were detected in the serum an alternative remedy for treating human [59]. disease because they contain numerous Rats: Swiss albino rats were used to active constituents of therapeutics value. study the toxicological effect of In recent years, ethnobotanical and methanolic and chlorformic extract of traditional uses of natural compounds Aristolochia bracteolata. Methanolic especially of plant origin received much and chloroformic extracts were given at attention as generally believed to be safe doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg BW to for human use. Through screening of Swiss albino rats. Oral administration of literature available on A.Bracteata

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CRITICAL REVIEW IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES ISSN 2319-1082 depicted the fact that it is a popular [3]. Srivastava J et al. Medicinal plants: remedy among the various ethnic An expanding role in development. groups. It is interesting to note that crude World Bank technical.1996, paper. No, extract and aqueous extracts of root and 320. leaf of A.bracteata have been screened [4]. Hashim H et al. Antibacterial for some pharmacological activities and activity and Phytochemical screening of anti-angeogenic, analgesic,anti- ethanolic extracts obtained from selected inflammatory and antioxidant, medicinal plants. Current research antibacterial, antiplasmodial, J.biological Sci. 2010; 2(2): 143-146. antimicrobial activity and trypansocidal [5]. Seliya AR and Patel NK. activity. Presently there is an increasing Department of Biology, Sheth M. N. interest worldwide in herbal medicines Science College, Patan – 384 265. accompanied by increased laboratory [6]. Roy K, Kumar S, Sarkar S. Wound investigation into the pharmacological Healing Potential of Leaf Extracts of properties of the bioactive ingredients Ficus religiosa on Wistar albino strain and their ability to treat various diseases. rats. International J. Pharm.Tech In future study the isolated principle Research. 2009; 1: 506-508. needs to be evaluated in scientifically [7]. MacMillan D. W. C. Nature. 2008; animal model and clinical trial to 455: 304-308. understand the molecular mechanism of [8]. Bensky D, Gamble A, Kaptchuk T action, in search of lead molecules from and Bensky LL. “Chinese Herbal natural resources. As the global scenario Medicine: Materia Medica”. Revised ed. is now changing towards the use of Eastland Press. Washington, U. S. A. nontoxic plant product having traditional 1993, 136. medicine use, development of modern [9]. Tang W and Eisenbrand G. 1992. drug from A.bracteolata should be “Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin- emphasized for the control of various chemistry, Pharmacology and Use in diseases. Traditional and Modern Medicine”. Acknowledgement SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Germany, 1992, We are highly thankful to the 145. Anna Sidha Institute, Arumbakkam, [10]. Mizuno M, Oka T, Yamamoto H, Tamilnadu, to carry out this work. Iinuma M and Murata H. Comparison of REFERENCE Aristolochia species with chemical [1]. Pushpangadan P, Ethnobotany in constituents. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991; India – A Status Report All India Co- 39: 1310-1311. ordinated Research Project, Ministry of [11]. Kupchan SM and Doscoth RW. Environment and Forests, Government Tumor inhibitors (I) aristolochic acid, of India, New Delhi, 1995. the active principle of Aristolochia [2]. Sawarkar H A, Singh M K, Pandey indica. J. Med. Pharm. Chem. 1962; 5: A K, Biswas D. In vitro anthelmintic 657-659. activity of Ficus bengalhensis, Ficus [12]. Meenatchi sundaram S, Prajish caria & Ficus religiosa: A comparative Parameshwari G, Subbraj T, Michael. A anthelmintic activity. International J. Studies on anntivenom activity of Pharm. Tech. Research. 2011; 3: 152- Andrographis paniculata and 153. Aristolochia indica plant extracts against Echis cainatus venom.the internet

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