DOCSLIB.ORG

CHAPTEE 11 'M of Llteeatuefi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CHAPTEE 11 'M of Llteeatuefi CHAPTEE 11 'M OF LlTEEATUEfi Weeds are as old as agriculture itself. They form one of the most deleterious and expensive component in agriculture. It is of scientific interest that man has failed to control this persistent problem. On the other hand, he has seen them helplessly to create problems by their growing, spreading and disseminating seeds freely. About 30,000 weed species are widely distributed in the world; 1800 of which cause crop yield losses every year that make up about 9.7% of total crop production. Weed control has always been an important aspect of environmental protection. Over the past century, chemical herbicides have been effectively employed to control various weeds. However, they have caused many serious side-effects such as herbicide resistant weed populations, reduction of soil and water quality, and detrimental effects of herbicide residues on non-target organisms etc. (Te Beest and Templeton, 1985). Over the last decade, weed science research has shifted it's focus from herbicide discovery and its physiology to the study of weed biology and ecology. An overriding question is what makes a species a successful agricultural weed? This central question has been tackled fi-om a variety of angles, identifying and characterizing attributes contributing to weed success. Now a day's tools of physiology, molecular biology and genomic research are being utilized increasingly in these efforts. In India, weeds in general have remained neglected for many decades, even though they affect economy of agriculture. Literature reveals that, the work on weed Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. in country and outside as well has progressed along the following lines like weed survey, physiology, phytochemistry, pharmacognosy, ecology, pathology, and microbiology etc. Aristolochia is an important genus of order Piperales from the sub-family Aristolochoideae of family Aristolochiaceae and represented by 500 species (Kiew, 1999). Etymology The name Aristolochia (meaning the best delivery or birth) is thought to be of ancient Greek origin and reflects centuries of use in obstetrics aristos meaning "best" or, originally, "most fitting" and lochia which means "delivery." This is due to its original use to expel the placenta after childbirth. Other traditional uses include 12 treatment for snakebite, scorpion stings, fever, infection, diarrhea, and inflammation (Arlt et al, 2002, Jimenez - Ferrer et ai, 2005). Aristolochia hracteolata Lam. is commonly known as English - Wormkiller, bracteated Birthwort; Hindi- Gandan, Kidmari; Sanskrit - Dhomapatra, Gridhrani, Kitkaha, Kitari; Gujrati - Kidmari; Marathi - Gandhan, Gandhati; Kanada - Kattackirubangida; Malayalam - Aduthinnapala; Orya - Paniri; Tamil - Adulthinnapalai; Telgu - Gadugagudupa (Kirtikarc-/a/.,2005). Origin and phylogenetic information Aristolochiaceae family has been recently the subject of more attention because of the suggestions that these basal angiosperms are phylogenetically close to the divergence of monocots from dicots. Aristolochiaceae was traditionally placed in subclass Magnoliidae and thought to be related to woody members of the subclass Annonales; however, the first morphological cladistic analyses of basal angiosperms supported relationships of the family with other predominately herbaceous magnoliids (Piperales, Nymphaeales, Lactoridaceae) and the monocots. Subsequent phylogenetic studies supported relationships of Aristolochiaceae with more restricted set of paleoherbs (Lactoridaceae, Piperales, monocots), as well as Magnoliales, Laurales, and Chloranthaceae (Kelly and Gonzalez, 2003). Phylogeny of Aristolochiaceae based on parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian analyses of tm L- tm F sequences has been done to resolve position of Aristolochiaceae in Piperales (Neinhuis, 2005). This study addresses the overall generic relationships in Aristolochiaceae and its position in Piperales based on dense taxon sampling and sequence data from the plastid tmL-F region. All members of Aristolochiaceae have anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate, endostomic ovules with a few exceptions (Gonzalez, 2003). Razzak et a/.,(1992) studied pollination biology of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. and reported that it is partially Protogynous. The flower exibits fly-trapping mechanism while pollen germination takes place within the dehisced anthers and on perianth parts. Geographic Distribution Aristolochia is the genus of shrubs, or rhizomatous perennial herbs, often twinning, mainly distributed throughout the tropics, but some species occur in warmer temperate regions also. The greatest diversity in Aristolochia species is found in Central and South America (USDA, 2010). In Malesian region 28 species have been 13 reported (Anonymous,!948). Aristolochia tagala Cham, has the largest area of distribution occurring from India and China, throughout South - East Asia to Austraha. (Kiew,1999). Species oi Aristolochia usually occurs scattered, often in primary forests, but some species are also found in secondary forest and scrub vegetation. The genus Aristolochia consists of species of herbaceous perennials, undershrubs or shrubs bearing essential oils and is widespread across tropical Asia, Africa and South America. Most European and tropical species of Aristolochia are believed to be pollinated by small flies attracted to the flowers by the foetid odours and purple- brown colour. Flies enter the flower when the stigmas are receptive and are trapped until after the anthers dehisce (Solereder, 1889). More than 30 Aristolochia species are native to the United States and occur in almost all states (USDA 2010). Indian Status About 15 species of Aristolochia occur in India of which three namely v4. bracteolata Lam., A. indica Linn, and A. tagala Cham, are usefiil in medicine (Santapau and Henry, 1973). The presence of Aristolochic acid, a nitrophenanthrene compound with tumour inhibiting properties, appears to be characteristic of the genus (NTP, 2008). Among these, Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. is most dominant in India and globally distributed in Tropical Africa, Arabia, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. Within India, it occurs in northern and central India from Haryana to West Bengal and southwards to Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It is one of the dominant weed species of Maharashtra often found in dry regions (Murumkar, 1993). Plant Description Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. is a slender, decumbent, glaborous perennial with 30- 45 cm long. It is found to be distributed in hedges in the plains of Northern India from Haryana and Utter Pradesh and southwards to peninsular India up to Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Leaves are varying variably in size and shape, reniform or broadly ovate, crenulate, undulate, long petioled. Flowers borne solitary, with perianth 2.2 - 5.0 cm long with subglobose base. Perianth tube cylindrical with trumpet shaped mouth and linear, dark purple coloured lip presence of glandular hairs within. Capsules are oblong-ellipsoid, 12 ribbed, glaborous. Seeds are deltoid with cordate base, rugose black on one side and whitish on the other, compressed (Wealth of India, 1982). 14 / Cultivation Several species of Aristolochia are grown as ornamentals chiefly on account of their remarkable, beautifiil and unusually shaped flowers. The plants bloom during summer as well as the monsoon, and bear a succession of highly coloured, mostly foetid flowers of variable size and shape. The individual flowers may last for a couple of days in sheltered positions. Although erroneously called 'Fly Catchers' i.e. Aristolochias are not insectivorous, but are insect pollinated plants i.e. entomophilous. The ornamental plant requires plenty of sun, protection from hot winds and mulch in the plains for overwintering. Garden soil mixed with leaf moulds and cowdung is desirable for cultivation o\ Aristolochias. Propagation is usually by seeds or by layering and cutting taken from well matured wood in early spring or at pruning time (Bor and Raizada, 1954). Germination Reports of germination studies are meagre. Only a few reports are available stating that Aristolochia seeds exhibit seed dormancy and highlighted various treatments for breaking seed dormancy. Maekawa, (2010) reported that presence of light and temperatures at 25*'C and 30 C favoured seed germination and normal seedling formation in A. esperranzae Whereas treatment of long period of cold stratifying temperatures was required for growth of underdeveloped embryos and seed germination in A.calfornica, A Macrophylla, A.tomentosa and A.manshurensis (Christopher, 2005). Anatomy Nair and Narayanan (1962) studied the Nodal and floral anatomy of Aristolochiaceae and reported that in A. bracteolata Lam. the vascular system of the axis, immediately below the node, consists of nine large, widely separated collateral vascular bundles. All of them enter the lamina to display the characteristic palmate venation. The leaves in A.bracteolata Lam. are cordate and palmately veined. The stomata are present only on the lower surface and are of the Ranunculaceous type (Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950). Foliar stomatal development in three species of Aristolochia has been studied by Philip (1983). 15 Conservation Status All species of Aristolochia are included in list A of Schedule I of the Export (Trade) Control Order, 1988 as the export of this plant and it's derivatives is banned. Collection of plant material from Reserved Forests is restricted under the Indian Forest Act. Low Risk-Least Concerned status has been assigned to the Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. in red list
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Compilation and Analysis of Food Plants Utilization of Sri Lankan Butterfly Larvae (Papilionoidea)
    MAJOR ARTICLE TAPROBANICA, ISSN 1800–427X. August, 2014. Vol. 06, No. 02: pp. 110–131, pls. 12, 13. © Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia & Taprobanica Private Limited, Homagama, Sri Lanka http://www.sljol.info/index.php/tapro A COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF FOOD PLANTS UTILIZATION OF SRI LANKAN BUTTERFLY LARVAE (PAPILIONOIDEA) Section Editors: Jeffrey Miller & James L. Reveal Submitted: 08 Dec. 2013, Accepted: 15 Mar. 2014 H. D. Jayasinghe1,2, S. S. Rajapaksha1, C. de Alwis1 1Butterfly Conservation Society of Sri Lanka, 762/A, Yatihena, Malwana, Sri Lanka 2 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Larval food plants (LFPs) of Sri Lankan butterflies are poorly documented in the historical literature and there is a great need to identify LFPs in conservation perspectives. Therefore, the current study was designed and carried out during the past decade. A list of LFPs for 207 butterfly species (Super family Papilionoidea) of Sri Lanka is presented based on local studies and includes 785 plant-butterfly combinations and 480 plant species. Many of these combinations are reported for the first time in Sri Lanka. The impact of introducing new plants on the dynamics of abundance and distribution of butterflies, the possibility of butterflies being pests on crops, and observations of LFPs of rare butterfly species, are discussed. This information is crucial for the conservation management of the butterfly fauna in Sri Lanka. Key words: conservation, crops, larval food plants (LFPs), pests, plant-butterfly combination. Introduction Butterflies go through complete metamorphosis 1949). As all herbivorous insects show some and have two stages of food consumtion.
    [Show full text]
  • European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341894994 A Review on Pharmacological Activities of Aristolochia Species Article · June 2020 CITATIONS READS 6 328 3 authors: Subbiah Latha Palanisamy Selvamani Anna University, Chennai Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 107 PUBLICATIONS 510 CITATIONS 125 PUBLICATIONS 634 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Dhivya Sundaram Anna University of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 6 PUBLICATIONS 13 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Natural Polymers View project All content following this page was uploaded by Palanisamy Selvamani on 15 July 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. ejbps, 2015, Volume 2, Issue 5, 160-167. Review Article SJIF Impact Factor 2.062 ISSN 2349-8870 Latha et al. European European Journal Journal of Biomedical of Biomedical and Pharmac eutical Sciences Volume: 2 AND Issue: 5 Pharmaceutical sciences 160-167 http://www.ejbps.com Year: 2015 A REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF ARISTOLOCHIA SPECIES S. Latha*, P. Selvamani, P. S. Dhivya and R. Benaseer Begam Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli– 24, Tamil Nadu, India. Article Received on 27/07/2015 Article Revised on 18/08/2015 Article Accepted on 09/09/2015 *Correspondence for ABSTRACT Author Aristolochia is a significant genus in the family of Aristolochiaceae. S. Latha The genus Aristolochia includes about 400 species of herbaceous Department of perennials, under shrubs or shrubs bearing essential oils and is Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, BIT extensive across Tropical Asia, Africa and South America. Campus, Tiruchirappalli–24, Aristolochia species has been used widely in the traditional Chinese Tamil Nadu, India.
    [Show full text]
  • Resolution of Deep Angiosperm Phylogeny Using Conserved Nuclear Genes and Estimates of Early Divergence Times
    ARTICLE Received 24 Mar 2014 | Accepted 11 Aug 2014 | Published 24 Sep 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5956 OPEN Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times Liping Zeng1, Qiang Zhang2, Renran Sun1, Hongzhi Kong3, Ning Zhang1,4 & Hong Ma1,5 Angiosperms are the most successful plants and support human livelihood and ecosystems. Angiosperm phylogeny is the foundation of studies of gene function and phenotypic evolution, divergence time estimation and biogeography. The relationship of the five divergent groups of the Mesangiospermae (B99.95% of extant angiosperms) remains uncertain, with multiple hypotheses reported in the literature. Here transcriptome data sets are obtained from 26 species lacking sequenced genomes, representing each of the five groups: eudicots, monocots, magnoliids, Chloranthaceae and Ceratophyllaceae. Phylogenetic analyses using 59 carefully selected low-copy nuclear genes resulted in highly supported relationships: sisterhood of eudicots and a clade containing Chloranthaceae and Ceratophyllaceae, with magnoliids being the next sister group, followed by monocots. Our topology allows a re-examination of the evolutionary patterns of 110 morphological characters. The molecular clock estimates of Mesangiospermae diversification during the late to middle Jurassic correspond well to the origins of some insects, which may have been a factor facilitating early angiosperm radiation. 1 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratoryof Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China. 2 Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China.
    [Show full text]
  • Background Document: Roc: Aristolochic Acids ; 2010
    FINAL Report on Carcinogens Background Document for Aristolochic Acids September 2, 2008 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Services National Toxicology Program Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 This Page Intentionally Left Blank RoC Background Document for Aristolochic Acids FOREWORD 1 The Report on Carcinogens (RoC) is prepared in response to Section 301 of the Public 2 Health Service Act as amended. The RoC contains a list of identified substances (i) that 3 either are known to be human carcinogens or are reasonably be anticipated to be human 4 carcinogens and (ii) to which a significant number of persons residing in the United 5 States are exposed. The Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), has 6 delegated responsibility for preparation of the RoC to the National Toxicology Program 7 (NTP), which prepares the report with assistance from other Federal health and 8 regulatory agencies and nongovernmental institutions. 9 Nominations for (1) listing a new substance, (2) reclassifying the listing status for a 10 substance already listed, or (3) removing a substance already listed in the RoC are 11 reviewed in a multi-step, scientific review process with multiple opportunities for public 12 comment. The scientific peer-review groups evaluate and make independent 13 recommendations for each nomination according to specific RoC listing criteria. This 14 background document was prepared to assist in the review of aristolochic acids. The 15 scientific information used to prepare Sections 3 through 5 of this document must come 16 from publicly available, peer-reviewed sources. Information in Sections 1 and 2, 17 including chemical and physical properties, analytical methods, production, use, and 18 occurrence may come from published and/or unpublished sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of Aristolochia Bracteolata Lam: a Review of an Antimalarial Plant
    REVIEW ARTICLE Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam: A Review of an Antimalarial Plant Lina S. Mathew*a, b, Andrew G. Mtewab, c, Clement O. Ajayib, Serawit Deynob, d, Anke Weisheitb, Casim Umba Tolob, Arop L. Denge, Patrick Engeu Ogwangb, f aDepartment of Biology, College of Education, Bahr El Ghazal University, Wau, South Sudan bPharmBiotechnology and Traditional Medicine Center, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara Uganda, Mbarara, Uganda cChemistry Section, Department of Applied Sciences, Malawi Institute of Technology, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi dDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia eCollege of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Juba University, South Sudan fDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda, Mbarara Uganda. *Corresponding to Lina S. Matthew ([email protected] or [email protected]) ABSTRACT Malaria remains one of the most common infectious diseases in the sub-Sahara African countries and other developing countries. Among the medicinal plants used in the endemic countries for the treatment of malaria is Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. due to its availability, accessibility, and traditional use. This study therefore reviewed the ethnomedicinal use, pharmacology, and the chemistry of Aristolochia bracteolata. Different electronic databases such as Medline/Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched to identify all published articles on Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. Key search words included ethnopharmacological use, pharmacological and phytochemical parameters of A. bracteolata. Retrieved articles were reviewed and synthesized. In addition, the reference list of retrieved articles was reviewed and articles which were not retrieved by previous search were hand searched.
    [Show full text]
  • Aromatic Amines and Aristolochic Acids Frederick A
    part 1 . PART 1 concordance between cancer in humans and in experimental CHAPTER 2 animals chapter 2. Aromatic amines and aristolochic acids Frederick A. Beland and M. Matilde Marques Carcinogenicity in humans uation for these dyes was raised to can be attributed to 4-aminobiphe- Group 1 based on this mechanistic nyl, o-toluidine, 2-naphthylamine, or Exposure to 4-aminobiphenyl, o-tolu- information, although at present the other aromatic amines. Hair dyes idine, 2-naphthylamine, and benzi- corresponding epidemiological data are an additional source of expo- dine (Fig. 2.1) has been consisten- are considered to provide inade- sure to 4-aminobiphenyl and o-tolu- tly associated with the induction quate evidence for the carcinogeni- idine (IARC, 2010, 2012a; Lizier and of cancer of the urinary bladder in city of these dyes in humans (IARC, Boldrin Zanoni, 2012). humans. This association is based 2010, 2012a). Exposure to phenacetin (Fig. 2.1), upon occupational exposures, pri- Cigarette smoke contains 4-amino- through its use as an analgesic, marily of workers in the rubber and biphenyl, o-toluidine, and 2-naphthyl- causes cancer of the kidney and dye industries (IARC, 2010, 2012a). amine, and tobacco smoking caus- ureter in humans (IARC, 2012c). Similarly, occupational exposure to es cancer of the bladder in humans Chlornaphazine (Fig. 2.1), a chemo- 4,4′-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (IARC, 1986, 2004, 2010, 2012a, b). therapeutic agent that has been used (MOCA; Fig. 2.1), a curing agent for The contribution of 4-aminobiphenyl, for the treatment of Hodgkin lympho- polyurethane pre-polymers, causes o-toluidine, and 2-naphthylamine ma and for the control of polycythae- cancer of the bladder in humans, al- to the induction of smoking-related mia vera, causes cancer of the though the epidemiological data are cancer of the bladder is confounded bladder in humans, presum ably due not as strong as those for the other by the presence of numerous other to metabolism to 2-naph thylamine agents (IARC, 2010, 2012a).
    [Show full text]
  • Aristolochic Acid-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Protective Approaches
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Aristolochic Acid-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Protective Approaches Etienne Empweb Anger, Feng Yu and Ji Li * Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; [email protected] (E.E.A.); [email protected] (F.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-139-5188-1242 Received: 25 November 2019; Accepted: 5 February 2020; Published: 10 February 2020 Abstract: Aristolochic acid (AA) is a generic term that describes a group of structurally related compounds found in the Aristolochiaceae plants family. These plants have been used for decades to treat various diseases. However, the consumption of products derived from plants containing AA has been associated with the development of nephropathy and carcinoma, mainly the upper urothelial carcinoma (UUC). AA has been identified as the causative agent of these pathologies. Several studies on mechanisms of action of AA nephrotoxicity have been conducted, but the comprehensive mechanisms of AA-induced nephrotoxicity and carcinogenesis have not yet fully been elucidated, and therapeutic measures are therefore limited. This review aimed to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying AA-induced nephrotoxicity with an emphasis on its enzymatic bioactivation, and to discuss some agents and their modes of action to reduce AA nephrotoxicity. By addressing these two aspects, including mechanisms of action of AA nephrotoxicity and protective approaches against the latter, and especially by covering the whole range of these protective agents, this review provides an overview on AA nephrotoxicity. It also reports new knowledge on mechanisms of AA-mediated nephrotoxicity recently published in the literature and provides suggestions for future studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Developments in Detoxication Techniques for Aristolochic Acid-Containing Traditional Chinese Cite This: RSC Adv., 2020, 10,1410 Medicines
    RSC Advances View Article Online REVIEW View Journal | View Issue Recent developments in detoxication techniques for aristolochic acid-containing traditional Chinese Cite this: RSC Adv., 2020, 10,1410 medicines Yang Fan, Zongming Li and Jun Xi * Aristolochic acids (AAs) have attracted significant attention because they have been proven to be the culprits in the mass incidents of AA nephropathy that occurred in Belgium in 1993. From then on, the door to sales of medicines containing AAs has been closed. As aristolochic acid (AA)-containing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a potent therapeutic effect on some diseases, research into detoxication techniques for AA-containing traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) should be considered to be absolutely essential. Therefore, in this paper, the use of AA-containing TCMs has been investigated and detoxication techniques, such as, processing (Paozhi, Chinese name), compatibility (Peiwu, Chinese name), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), have been reviewed in Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. detail. A large number of relevant studies have been reviewed and it was found that processing with honey or alkaline salts is the most widely used method in practical production. As the AAs are a group of weak acids, relatively speaking, processing with alkaline salts can achieve a high rate of reduction of the AAs. Meanwhile, it is necessary to consider the compatibility of AA-containing TCMs and other herbal Received 12th October 2019 medicines. In addition, PLE and SFE can also achieve an excellent reducing rate for AAs in a much Accepted 16th December 2019 shorter processing time.
    [Show full text]
  • Aristolochic Acids Tract Urothelial Cancer Had an Unusually High Incidence of Urinary- Bladder Urothelial Cancer
    Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition For Table of Contents, see home page: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc Aristolochic Acids tract urothelial cancer had an unusually high incidence of urinary- bladder urothelial cancer. CAS No.: none assigned Additional case reports and clinical investigations of urothelial Known to be human carcinogens cancer in AAN patients outside of Belgium support the conclusion that aristolochic acids are carcinogenic (NTP 2008). The clinical stud- First listed in the Twelfth Report on Carcinogens (2011) ies found significantly increased risks of transitional-cell carcinoma Carcinogenicity of the urinary bladder and upper urinary tract among Chinese renal- transplant or dialysis patients who had consumed Chinese herbs or Aristolochic acids are known to be human carcinogens based on drugs containing aristolochic acids, using non-exposed patients as sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans and the reference population (Li et al. 2005, 2008). supporting data on mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Evidence of car- Molecular studies suggest that exposure to aristolochic acids is cinogenicity from studies in experimental animals supports the find- also a risk factor for Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and up- ings in humans. per-urinary-tract urothelial cancer associated with BEN (Grollman et al. 2007). BEN is a chronic tubulointerstitial disease of the kidney, Cancer Studies in Humans endemic to Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, Bulgaria, and Romania, that has The evidence for carcinogenicity in humans is based on (1) findings morphology and clinical features similar to those of AAN. It has been of high rates of urothelial cancer, primarily of the upper urinary tract, suggested that exposure to aristolochic acids results from consump- among individuals with renal disease who had consumed botanical tion of wheat contaminated with seeds of Aristolochia clematitis (Ivic products containing aristolochic acids and (2) mechanistic studies 1970, Hranjec et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Pharmacognosy and Biological Activities of Aristolochia
    Payal Chawla. et al. / Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1(2), 2013, 101 - 110. Review Article ISSN: 2349 – 4492 Asian Journal of Research in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal home page: www.ajrbps.com A REVIEW ON PHARMACOGNOSY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF ARISTOLOCHIA Payal Chawla* 1, Amit Chawla 1, Gagan Shah 1, U.S. Baghel 1, R.K. Dhawan 1 *1Department of Pharmacognosy, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab, India. ABSTRACT Aristolochia is an important genus in the family of Aristolochiaceae . The genus Aristolochia consists of about 400 species of herbaceous perennials, under shrubs or shrubs bearing essential oils and is widespread across Tropical Asia, Africa and South America. Aristolochia species has been used extensively in the traditional Chinese medicine. Its diverse biological functions include hypertension relief, leukocyte enhancement, rheumatism relief, edema therapy, as well as analgesic and diuretic effects. Various Aristolochia species have been used in herbal medicines since antiquity in obstetrics and in treatment of snakebite, festering wounds, and tumors, and they remain in use particularly in Chinese herbal medicine. KEYWORDS Aristolochia, Traditional Chinese Medicine and Biological Functions. INTRODUCTION Aristolochia belongs to the family Aristolochiaceae . In the indigenous system of medicine, the plant was Author for Correspondence: used for the treatment of skin diseases, inflammation Payal chawla, and purgative. Root extract was reported to have anti Department of Pharmacognosy, bacterial activity. A perennial climber shrub with Khalsa college of Pharmacy, woody base stocks. Leaves simple, alternate, entire, G.T. Road, Amritsar, Punjab, India. with undulate margins, acute; flowers greenish white, in auxiliary cymes; fruits rounded oblong, 6 Email: [email protected] .
    [Show full text]
  • Balkan Endemic Nephropathy and the Causative Role of Aristolochic Acid
    Balkan Endemic Nephropathy and the Causative Role of Aristolochic Acid †,‡ § Bojan Jelakovic, MD, PhD * Zivka Dika, MD, PhD * Volker M. Arlt, PhD Marie Stiborova, PhD Nikola M. Pavlovic, MD, PhD jj Jovan Nikolic, MD ¶ Jean-Marie Colet, PhD # Jean-Louis Vanherweghem, MD, PhD ** and Joelle€ L. Nortier, MD, PhD**,†† Summary: Balkan endemic nephropathy is a chronic tubulointerstitial disease with insidious onset, slowly progressing to end-stage renal disease and frequently associated with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UTUC). It was described in South-East Europe at the Balkan peninsula in rural areas around tributaries of the Danube River. After decades of intensive investigation, the causative factor was identified as the environmental phytotoxin aristolochic acid (AA) contained in Aristolochia clematitis, a common plant growing in wheat fields that was ingested through home- baked bread. AA initially was involved in the outbreak of cases of rapidly progressive renal fibrosis reported in Belgium after intake of root extracts of Aristolochia fangchi imported from China. A high prevalence of UTUC was found in these patients. The common molecular link between Balkan and Belgian nephropathy cases was the detection of aristolac- tam-DNA adducts in renal tissue and UTUC. These adducts are not only biomarkers of prior exposure to AA, but they also trigger urothelial malignancy by inducing specific mutations (A:T to T:A transversion) in critical genes of carcino- genesis, including the tumor-suppressor TP53. Such mutational signatures are found in other cases worldwide, particu- larly in Taiwan, highlighting the general public health issue of AA exposure by traditional phytotherapies. Semin Nephrol 39:284−296 Ó 2019 Elsevier Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts from the Division of Chemical Toxicology for the American Chemical Society National Meeting in Boston, August, 2010
    Abstracts from the Division of Chemical Toxicology for the American Chemical Society National Meeting in Boston, August, 2010. NIEHS Director's Perspective: Opportunities and Challenges Linda S. Birnbaum(1), [email protected], PO Box 12233, Mail Drop B2-01, Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27709, United States . (1) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27709, United States In science, opportunity and challenge are often two sides of the same coin. Current challenges for environmental health include increased awareness of changing patterns of exposure and disease, and emerging exposures. Opportunities for environmental health include the ability to advance the research framework by promoting integrated scientific solutions, building on scientific developments, adding life-cycle analysis to environmental health research, and capitalizing on technological advances to find new solutions. Additional opportunities include new, expanded federal partnerships with non-traditional public health partners, such as the Departments of Transportation, Interior, and Housing and Urban Development. But we must remember to “close the loop” by changing how we think about environmental health, encouraging new paradigms, and translating basic science into human health protection. NIEHS is notably positioned to tackle these challenges and opportunities given our unique programs, including the Superfund Research Program and the National Toxicology Program, and the addition of new staff. 1. Structure and stability of duplex DNA bearing an aristolactam II-dA adduct: Insights into lesion mutagenesis and repair Carlos R De los Santos(1), [email protected], BST 7-147, Stony Brook New York 11794-8651, United States ; Mark Lukin(1); Tanya Zaliznyak(1).
    [Show full text]