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History is the pattern woven ex post into the chaos. Carlo Levi
P 4 P Ĥ 1 P C ( 4 X P P C 4 D 1( ( X B D 4 P ( B C [ D (( B ( X 2 P B ( P Ħ - ( X
^ [ ( 4 4 D P P ' ( 4 X P - 1 C [ ( 4 4 C ? ( X ^ ģ P C ( 4 CB C D D DX H DB C ( P 4 4 P P ɘ D Ĥ P ( X ^ Ĥ - ( 4 P DC B C [ D ( B [ ' ( 4 X ^ Ĥ ( 4 ( ' P - ( 4 ( ( ( D ɘ 4 P X ^ ( ( C 0 / * ( 4 5:: /X ^ ( ( D ( 4; B D P ( P ( ( X ^ C B B P B 4 ģ ( d B C 4; X C B 1 ( B P C ( X ^ Ĥ ( I B C ? - D 2 C D C X ^ (( D + 4 C,B C [ ( D C I C X D B C ( B (( C d C D - P ? B [ C D X ^ / * P C ( 4 4 X I @ DB + X X 2 P , * 9 > D 0 1 2 4 * X ^ 4 / C P B D D 1 5 DX ; 4 P ( * f C f C X C E ? P ( / ( D C ? (B / * C ( - ( 4 65: /X * 4 > DB D < ( 4 C / ( ( C P X
( D Ĥ The total number of inscriptions down to the year 450 or so amounts to no more than between 10 and 20 in a century, or one in every five to ten years; Those inscriptions are spread over a fairly wide area comprising large parts of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, with a much thinner sprinkling on the Continent. Yet they show a remark- able uniformity and stability… So an unknown number of runo-graphers must have been at work in this vast area at any given time during the period under consider- ation. They must have produced thousands of inscriptions in three centuries. What has survived, then, is no more than a tiny proportion of what was carved. In view of the 200-odd surviving objects ... with inscriptions in the older futhark from five centuries ... it is logical to conclude that we have had only a glimpse of runic usage. Tineke Looijenga, Texts and Contexts Of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions, p. 22
^ 4 ( ( D 4 ( D Ĥ ( X ( P B ( Y P [ 1 B C [ D 4; C [ P B 4 B X X - 4 P X ^ D C C P Y 4 4 C ( B B P ( P ( 4 ( ( X 4 ɫ It is a simple fact that nowhere in the oldest runic inscriptions, i.e., in those that stem from the period before the transition to the younger runes around A.D. 500, nowhere in these inscriptions is there even a passing mention of any particular deity. Certain inscriptions seem to be associated with vague cultic practices, ... H. Antonsen, p. 14
B ( [ 4 4 [ X H Ĥ ( 1- ( Ĥ ( 4 CX Runic writing spread to large parts of Europe through migration, acculturation + - ( ( 4 C 4 ģ , and ex- ogamy +' C C ( ( >
,. It traveled via members of the social and political upper classes, and also through the craftsmen employed by these elites. The custom of exchanging prestige- goods among the Germanic elites of North, West, Central and East Europe may have favoured the diffusion of runic writing. Indigenous runic traditions emerged in Scan- dinavia, Germany, Frisia and England, each more or less distinct from the other. Tineke Looijenga, Texts and Contexts Of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions, p. 27
On one point, however, the runologists are unanimous: writing was a matter of ex- pertise among the Germanic Peoples. Few were skilled at this art, and, probably, only members of the local upper class could read runes. This explains why most inscrip- tions contain only a few words. That was not enough, for example, to conclude a (written) contract or to praise heroic deeds. That still was done orally for many cen- turies.
* 5 D 4 ( - ? D 4 DX ^ H 0EZ 4 ( B C [ C ' P X 2 P - B D C 4 P D C ( %%
* ( C C ? ( ( 2 B E / ( B D ģ 4; C P 1 X H CB D Ĥ ( C / * d ( 4 ( D ( X From the time between about 170 and 520 CE, about 30 worn objects with runic inscriptions and a few rune-like inscriptions are known from the landfill of army equipment. Against the background of the mentioned number of individual objects (still a very small quantity), a comparison with the other portable inscription bearers of this period – with the exception of the bracteates – probably constitutes a main part of the transmission pattern.
* D Ĥ B D P D [ ( X C P B Ħ P D P C ? ( ( X ^ 4 P ^ ? ( C ( B 4 C P D D C X ^ P 4 C B 4 ? 4 / ( D P D 1 1 Ĥ C C - 1 / ( X / B B C P D C 1 ( D 4 Z Y P B [ = H 1 +* f , C f X
^ ' Ĥ4 B Ĥ4 ' B [ Ĥ P - D ' [ C 0 X 2 ( Ĥ 1 4 1 Ĥ d 4 P P P C X ^ Ĥ4 W 4 = ( D 5: /X ' D [ [ Ĥ4 X (( B C P B ; 4 Ĥ4 B 4 P B D f f < X D C ( P B D D d f f +(X 6,B [ C 4 %& ( 4 X ^ C Ĥ4 Ĥ X ^ P ( hiwiB C ( j ( j j C jX
D /B T [ C 0 B C [ P X D C / * B D B P - < [ X B ( B D 4 DB 4 D P [ - D B C D C - D D ( ( X H D C B ( 4 P X
^ 4 K +I ,B C [ P B D + D ( , ( 5:ɘ%:: /X ^ 4 B ( 4 B 4 ( P 4D X ^ ( ( ; ( 4 4 D ( X ^ ( ( ( 4 ( B 4 C C Ĥ [ ( ( - Ĥ DX ( 4 4 C * - B Z 2 ? DX %# ^ ^ 4 [ ( + 4 = ( 44 B C [ P ( C C , [ Ĥ ^ 4 B C [ C ( 4- 4 D C ģ X ( / - * D %::X ^ [ ( ( 4 4 D 4 C / 4 X ^ ( <
f P O O ( fX ^ D C B 4 ( (( 4 B ( D f P ( Y fX C P B ( 4 D D ( X
* 2D ' B ; - ? D * - 4 I C V 4 B D ģ - C P B C 0 C 2D (B C [ 4 = [ - ' ? ( C [ C X 4 = (- = 44 C (- D & : /X D * 4 [ C 0 B ( D C ( C 5 X ^ C C Y 4 5 Dd C [ D ( ( X < DB D P C 4 B 4 C f f C C (- ( C D 4 ( ( 4 X
1 ( Ĥ C C D 0 4 C P ZĤ B D H 0E 4 B ? DX ^ ( 4 ( D ( B 4 0 C ^ 4 C P C B C - X ^ ( C C >9 [ ( 4 X C P B ; Y ( B DB P D ( 4 4 C B C [ X H ( * 4 ; ( D ( ĥ ɘ * D P Ĥ X * / D Ĥ ( / B KT (? + f ( ( D,B = 6:B C Y C C B D 1[ B 4 P 4 P D The Æsir meet at Idawöll and talk about the mighty earth girdle and remember mighty events there and Fimbultyr's ancient runes. ! "TƄ ! B & ' CT p ( p' ( * 4 D p f D f + _, E P B C 4 P B B D P P d B $ C X Z ; 4 X H 4 B 2 D D 4 B B X B C X W C B D D P C X ^ B j f ( jB / X ^ + , C C + P B ( 4 D,X K &# 4 4 D From the thicket Rig appeared, Rig appeared, and runes he taught him; By his name he called him, as his son he called him, * #> ^ ( 2 ( D Ĥ D C X ^ f B C D C (X :: j< D j C C 4 X C D B C ( j? < D jB ( / The lady of the house (Gúdrun) was shrewd, made use of her wits, caught the drift of the words that they spoke in secret; the wise woman was perplexed: she wanted to help them, they had to sail across the sea and she couldn't reach them herself. She took to cutting runes; Vingi ruined them ... C = 4 B T ɝ C A 4 C Kostbera was learned, she could read the runes, she spelt out the word-staves by the firelight; she had to hold her tongue, choke back speech: they were so spoilt it was hard to read. Afterwards they went to bed, Högni and his wife; the courtly woman dreamed, and did not hide it, wisely she told her lord as soon as she awoke. `You're intending to leave home, Högni; take some advice — few folk have mastery of runes — go another time! I've read the runes your sister cut: the lovely lady hasn't invited you this time. Andy Orchard, p. 216, 217 P C C C C P B C [B 1 ( B ? B - C ? f ( D ( ģ The autumn passed and but three weeks remained till the winter. The old woman asked to be driven to the sea-shore. Thorbjorn asked what she was going to do. "A small thing only," she said, "yet maybe the signal of greater things to come." They did as she asked them. When they reached the shore, she hobbled on by the sea as if directed to a spot where lay a great stump of a tree as large as a man could bear on his shoulder. She looked at it and bade them turn it over before her; the other side looked as if it had been burned and smoothed. She had a small flat surface cut on its smooth side; then she took a knife, cut runes upon it, reddened them with her blood 5: and muttered some spells over it. After that she walked backwards against the sun round it and spoke many potent words. Then she made them push the tree into the sea and said it should go to Drangey and that Grettir should suffer hurt from it. Then she went back to Vidvik. Thorbjorn said he did not know what would come of it. The woman said he would know more clearly some day. The wind was towards the land up the fjord, but the woman's stump drifted against the wind, and not more slowly than would have been expected. Grettir was sitting in Drangey with his companions very comfortably, as has been told. On the day following that on which the old woman had cast her spells upon the tree they went down from the hill to look for firewood. When they got to the western side of the island, they found a great stump stranded there. (Ƅ )**+++ - / -*- Ƅ! 0 - / ? C C C C C ... There was a bright fire in the cave and a woman standing in it, very tall but shapely. Grim heard her greet her father, calling him Hallmund. He flung down his load and heaved a great sigh. She asked why he was covered with blood. He answered in a verse: "No man, I see, may trust his might. His luck and heart will fail at death." Then she pressed him to say what had happened, and he told her everything. "Hear now," he said, "what I tell you of my adventure. I will tell it to you in verse, and you shall cut it in runes on a staff." She did so, ... (Ƅ )**+++ - / -*- Ƅ! 0 - P ( B P 4D f Df 4 4 D K ( C D ( ( B ( 1 X ^ D P W P P Ĥ B C j2 OH ( C j (X %@ B j = P D j (X %9B jE 04 [ j (X %> B C [ Ĥ C D 6 DX H ( D - B ( 1 C / ( D X ^ P CB C P B (( X C C B C D P 4 C 4 ( ( X ^ C ( D C C C B D ; P D C ( P X C P 4 ( P - B C P 4 D ( ( X %:# Traditional connotation: B Interpretation: ^ ( C 4 B C C B D + ,B ; D (( Letter: Symbol for: * D O / 2I/2 / Deity: * Numerology: 7 Element: E Palmistry: < Healing herb: ' + ,B Geomancy: + 1 Ħ , Color: P B 4 Z Tree: H Z B 4 [ Music: ģd H Animal: * Stone: ' B ( =B Body area: ^ ; P P W ( D Fragrance: C Astrology: D ɘ < 4 X C f C P ( Flower: 1 D D + D ,B [ D - + D , Tarot: E * B Z Ogham: W + , I Ching: 1 %%B 4J ɘ Background %:5 P C C [ 4 4; B D * / X 'D DB C ( C C B C [ P D 4 C X C ( ģ C C D X f ( C ( C B D B ; DB ( B B B 4 4 0 B P ( C P B X Magical Power Y ( ( D P f P = DX E ( 4 ( ( - D (( ĥ C X H B C Ĥ B 1( ( C B 4D D C DX ^ 0 P 4 X E B ( D B ĥ C ED B X B 4 (( ; DB P B P X ( ( D B 1 [ 1 ( P B 4 [ D D B B P 4 X Key P C P D X Old English poem I ģ 1 = ( C C (( D P ( C C (( D 4 Meditation theme = D C B 4 D ( C ( D B C D D 1 X E D _ C [ ( 1( D _ 4 ( %# 4 4 C Each rune is a letter, number, sign, symbol, idea and power. ^ 4 ( X ɕ lettersB C ( 4 C 1 X ɕ 4 B P D P X ɕ B P D P ( P X ɕ + B P D ( Ĥ W D [ ( C X D ģ 4 C 4 sign D 4 Ĥ X ^ ģ 4 C C ^ C P P ( C D ( C ( X 2 D B 4 4 [ ( 4 X E 4 B W B jH C - D _j D P C d 0 Ĥ ( 0 ( X ' D 4 4 C ( X /1 ( 4 ( (X 56 C 4 ( X D Y P Ĥ C ( ģ B 4 4 f f ɞ C Ĥ ( X ( Ĥ P D C 4 f fB 4 f fB D D P 4 (( ( Ĥ X 2 B ( C %9% ^ C 1 ( P , - .$ + + Preparation ɕ E 0 ( + 4 1 ( C ɘ ? ( C D , ɕ P %: #: [ + X 5: :: , D ɕ I C ( ( ( :X91:X9 [ +%1% , Ĥ $ B 4 Z [ C X Course of the ritual :X / P = B D ( B P P X X * 0 B C D Ĥ B 0 ( ( ( ( C * X ( Knot one E Y Ĥ B C C = X %X Y =B C ( ( ( B ( 0 + 1 &X C ^ = 4 B ( Knot three #X = ɘ ( 1 Knot four 5X ɘ ( 0 1 1 6X A = ɘ ( 0 Ƅ + - \ 337 B Ĥ / * B 4 4 [ C 4; 4 C X (( C ( 4 = X ( B 4 ( Ĥ X E B 4 P = ( - ; X 4 ^ < =B =B Y =B A =B = = + B B = C ,X ^ 4 4 X 4 C ( D ( P 1 ( X E C D C ( [B 4 P D (( ɞ ģ [ P X 4 4 B C = =B [ X ( X E P D ( P (- ( B ( D 1 D D (( X ( P [ P d B C P B W ( ( P X H P D Z DX ( ɞ ( P D C Ĥ ( C C = ( C X E 1 D 1( B 4 4 X ^ 4 4 C D \ ^ < =B =B ^ = Y =X ^ D 4 4 ( X ^ C [ ( D W 1[ 4 C X ^ ( ( Ĥ 4 ( B C [ 4 C Y [ [ + Z ,X &@: 2 0 ( P B C C C B 4 4 X DB DB 4 D 4 P d 4 D 4 4 C - P B DB 0 D 4 P D X B 4 B C [ B C 4 X E 4 ( ( ω a ̛ # 2? ω N ̛ %% H ω b ̛ 9 ω o ̛ %# C ω k ̛ 6 ω p ̛ # I ω d ̛ %& } ω ku ̛ 9 E ω e ̛ > R ω r ̛ 5 * ω f ̛ S ω s ̛ 6 G ω g ̛ @ ω t ̛ @ ω h ̛ > ω T ̛ & I ω i ̛ Y ω u ̛ % Z ω j ̛ % K ω w ̛ 9 K ω k ̛ 6 W ω w ̛ 9 < ω l ̛ % ω ks ̛ %% M ω m ̛ %: ω j ̛ % 2 ω n ̛ : U ω z ̛ 5 . + . C B 4 Ĥ B C [ C 0 C P D D B 4 X ^ 4 X 4 P %#B B X D B ( 4 4 C %5X ^ 4 0 X ^ ( 4D 4 4 X ^ ( C D D C 0 X DX /P [ B Xɒ X 4D ( B 0 Ĥ 0 P ^ B ; 4 [ &@ D X 4 4 X 1 ( P 4 4 7 ^ 0 D ɝZ H ( ɞ [ X HD 4 B P 96B 9 6 p 5 ^ 4D Z H ( 5 B f =X 8 FEHU f + 4 B P ( X E f 4 Ĥ - X ^ 4 4 C 0 = X ? B 4 C D ( X - D P D P C 4 4 B P ( P X H - C X 9 9: u + ( 4 X E X [ 4 4 X ? P W Z B C Ĥ C W X - H C 44 0 P 4 P B 4 D X 9 8;,: T + K D B ( C P X ĥ 1 4 4 X ? ( 4D P C D B DX 0 P P ( X 1- DX - H C W 44 B ( B D D ( 4D ĥ X