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Sinopsis Taxonómica De La Familia Solanaceae Juss

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Sinopsis Taxonómica De La Familia Solanaceae Juss 1 SINOPSIS TAXONÓMICA DE LA FAMILIA SOLANACEAE JUSS. EN BOGOTA DISTRITO CAPITAL HAROLD STEVEN REYES ANGULO UNIVERSIDAD DISTRITAL FRANCISCO JOSÉ DE CALDAS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y EDUCACIÓN PROYECTO CURRICULAR LICENCIATURA EN BIOLOGÍA BOGOTÁ D.C. 2018 2 SINOPSIS TAXONÓMICA DE LA FAMILIA SOLANACEAE JUSS. EN BOGOTA DISTRITO CAPITAL HAROLD STEVEN REYES ANGULO Trabajo de grado en modalidad pasantía para optar al título de Licenciado en Biología DIRECTOR: GERMAN ANTONIO NIÑO GALEANO EVALUADOR DE LA PASANTIA: ORLANDO ADOLFO JARA MUÑOZ UNIVERSIDAD DISTRITAL FRANCISCO JOSÉ DE CALDAS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y EDUCACIÓN PROYECTO CURRICULAR LICENCIATURA EN BIOLOGÍA BOGOTÁ D.C. 2018 3 La Universidad no será responsable de las ideas expuestas por los graduandos en el Trabajo de Grado, según el artículo 117 acuerdo 029, Consejo Superior de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas expedido en Junio de 1988. 4 Nota de aceptación _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Firma del presidente del jurado _____________________________________ Firma del jurado Bogotá. D.C., __________ de_________ 2018 5 DEDICATORIA A mí amada familia que siempre estuvo pendiente de mí bienestar, velando por mi salud ante cualquier dificultad, por su tiempo, asistencia, dedicación y sobre todo por su amor incondicional, siendo mi principal motivación y fuerza para seguir luchando por alcanzar mis sueños . 6 AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas por contribuir con mi proceso de formación. A los profesionales del Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis que laboran en la Línea de Flora de Bogotá, especialmente a Orlando Adolfo Jara por orientar mi trabajo realizado, y Andrés Orejuela por su trabajo inicial que impulso la elaboración de este trabajo. Al curador Carlos Parra por permitirme el ingreso a la colección del Herbario Nacional Colombiano y la especialista Clara Inés Orozco por ser mi mentora y consejera junto al grupo de estudio de las Solanáceas. Infinitas gracias, por ser parte de mis primeros pasos en el camino de la investigación botánica. 7 TABLA DE CONTENIDO RESUMEN ......................................................................................................................................... 8 OBJETIVOS ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Objetivo General ............................................................................................................................. 9 Objetivos Específicos ...................................................................................................................... 9 MARCO TEORICO ............................................................................................................................ 9 METODOLOGÍA ............................................................................................................................. 11 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ........................................................................................................ 12 CLAVE PARA LOS GÉNEROS DE SOLANACEAE EN LA FLORA DE BOGOTÁ .................. 13 TRATAMIENTO TAXONÓMICO ............................................................................................... 16 BRUGMANSIA ............................................................................................................................ 16 CAPSICUM .................................................................................................................................. 19 DATURA ...................................................................................................................................... 21 JALTOMATA ............................................................................................................................... 22 LYCIANTHES .............................................................................................................................. 25 NICOTIANA ................................................................................................................................. 28 NIEREMBERGIA ......................................................................................................................... 29 PHYSALIS .................................................................................................................................... 30 SALPICHROA .............................................................................................................................. 31 SARACHA .................................................................................................................................... 32 STREPTOSOLEN ......................................................................................................................... 33 SESSEA ........................................................................................................................................ 34 SOLANDRA ................................................................................................................................. 35 CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES ................................................................................ 36 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................................................................... 37 ANEXOS .......................................................................................................................................... 42 8 RESUMEN La familia Solanaceae de distribución cosmopolita, incluyendo cerca de 100 géneros y más de 2723 especies para Colombia 32 géneros, con 405 especies, caracterizadas principalmente por ser hierbas, bejucos, arbustos o árboles, hojas alternas, hojas simples con margen entero, anisofilia presente, glabrescentes a pubescentes, con olor característico desagradable, todos los verticilos florales, sépalos y pétalos pentámeros, estrellada o campanulada, dehiscencia poricida o longitudinal, fruto en baya o en capsula, semillas reniformes usualmente. Por medio de este trabajo se espera aportar al conocimiento florístico en la familia Solanaceae para la región del Distrito Capital con descripciones morfológicas, distribución y auto-ecología, material representativo y una clave para los géneros de la familia y claves genéricas , para esto se colectaron datos de los ejemplares almacenados en los herbarios del Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis (JBB) y herbario Nacional de Colombia (COL), como la medición anatómica e información de la etiqueta, cada nombre fue confrontado con material de herbario y literatura especializada con el fin de obtener una lista de las Solanáceas presentes en Bogotá. Este tratamiento comprende los géneros de los cuales únicamente hay registros de especies naturalizadas, se excluye Cestrum y Solanum , que puede representar complicaciones por presentar muchas especies difíciles de diferenciar, o simplificar demasiado el trabajo para géneros que solo cuentan con una especie y que no requieren la elaboración de claves genéricas, Se registraron 20 géneros y 30 especies, de las cuales, 13 géneros (Brugmansia, Capsicum, Datura, Jaltomata, Lycianthes, Nicotiana, Nierembergia, Physalis, Salpichroa, Saracha, Streptosolen, Sessea, Solandra) y 21 especies son nativas o naturalizadas, para este trabajo de descartan los géneros ( Browallia , Brunfelsia , Petunia , Nicandra , Acnistus, Iochroma, Schultesianthus) debido a que se encuentran solamente cultivadas en parques y jardines, entre calles, universidades, alamedas, jardines interiores, por su uso ornamental, y los géneros (Deprea, Dunalia, Juanulloa, Witheringia) consideradas probables para el Distrito Capital. 9 OBJETIVOS Objetivo General Producir una sinopsis taxonómica para los géneros y las especies naturalizadas presentes en la región del Distrito Capital de Bogotá. Objetivos Específicos • Distinguir y describir los géneros y especies de la familia Solanaceae • Generar una clave taxonómica para los géneros y especies • Registrar la distribución de las especies de Solanaceae MARCO TEORICO La familia Solanaceae se encuentra dentro del orden de los Solanales (APG IV, 2016) como un grupo monofiletico con aproximadamente 100 géneros y 2,500 especies de distribución cosmopolita (D’Arcy, 1991; Olmstead & al., 1999; Hunziker, 2001; Olmstead & Bohs, 2007), se caracterizan por ser hierbas, arbustos, árboles o trepadoras, a menudo con espinas; crecimiento simpodial; Hojas en disposición alterna, simples o menos comunmente pinnadas; Inflorescencias determinadas, terminales, generalmente cimosas, pero a veces las flores solitarias y axilares. Flores actinomorfa o zigomorfa; Cáliz gamosépalo, generalmente persistente en el fruto, en ocasiones inflado ( Physalis ); Corolla gamopétala, rotada, tubular, infundibuliforme, salveiforme, estivación imbrincada, quincucial o convoluta; Androceo diversamente modificado, estambres de 2-5, epipétalos; filamentos de vez en cuando iguales o desiguales en longitud; anteras 2- tecadas, basi, dorsi o ventrifijas, a veces con un conectivo agrandado, igual o desigual, dehiscencia longitudinalmente o por los poros apicales; Gineceo de 1 pistilo, 2 carpelos; ovario superior, 2-locular; óvulos numerosos a solitario, anatropos a campilotropos; placentación axilar; Nectario
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