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Peruvian and Chilean Psychoactive Plants Mentioned in Ruiz's Relacibn (1777-1788)

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Peruvian and Chilean Psychoactive Plants Mentioned in Ruiz's Relacibn (1777-1788) $$&0gi® iii^^#ii^^^^ii^i^ Peruvian and Chilean Psychoactive Plants Mentioned in Ruiz's Relacibn (1777-1788) Richard Evans Schultes, ph.d. Between 1777 and 1788, the Spanish botanist Relacion of Ruiz. This complete document was edited Hipolito Ruiz directed a plant collecting expedition to by Dr. Jaramillo and elegantly published in Spain in Peru and Chile. Ruiz is commonly regarded — and quite 1952 (Ruiz 1952). At the request of Dr. Jaramillo, this correctly so — as a systematic and floristic botanist, yet author translated the Spanish text into English with the his writings indicate that he should also be considered a help of his wife, Dona Maria Jose de Jaramillo. This major ethnobotanist of his period. translation is now ready for publication. It is from this Ruiz was deeply interested in the use of plants and original and complete edition that the following notes in the classification of economic plants. In these early on several psychoactive plants of Peru and Chile have days of scientific botany, for example, he devoted been culled. special attention to Cinchona, source of quinine, and In 1964, a most interesting and historically critical wrote extensively on this genus. He published mono volume on Ruiz's expedition was published by Arthur graphic studies on specific native medicinal plants. Robert Steele. It is a work incorporating material from Indigenous uses of plants are often noted in his Barreiro's and Jaramillo-Arango's editions of the Rela descriptions of new species. cion that cannot be too highly praised as a meticulous In Ruiz's Relacibn Historica del Viage que Hizo a study of this outstanding epoch in the botany of los Reynos del Peru y Chile el Botdnico Hipolito Ruiz en Hispano-America. al Ano de 1777 hasta el de 1788, en Cuya Epoca Although Ruiz apparently never had direct contact Regreso a Madrid, a kind of diary, one finds the greatest with unacculturated Indians, his ethnobotanical reports wealth of his ethnobotanical data. In 1940, the Field should be unusually significant to modern students of Museum of Natural History in Chicago published an ethnopharmacology. They are the result of direct obser English translation of the Spanish edition of Ruiz's vation in the field; they were gathered by a botanist and Relacion, edited by Padre Agustfh Jesus Barreiro in 1931 are based on voucher specimens; and they outline plant (Ruiz 1940). This edition represents only a part of the uses of 200 years ago by people in a relatively primitive Relacion, a preliminary and incomplete draft. society long since passed from existence. During the Second World War, while he was serving Ruiz mentioned a number of psychoactive plants, as Colombian Ambassador to the Court of St. James, the but usually with no reference to their purposeful late Dr. Jaime Jaramillo-Arango discovered in the British employment as narcotics or intoxicants. Several of these Museum (Natural History) the manuscript of the entire plants have only recently been reported as hallucino genic or otherwise narcotic, and it is not surprising that •Jeffrey Professor of Biology, and Director, Botanical he did not record these aboriginal uses of those species. Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. His mere mention of them as components of the flora of Journal of Psychoactive Drugs Vol. 15(4) Oct-Dec, 1983 SCHULTES PSYCHOACTIVE PLANTS Peru and Chile at such an early date before widespread GOMORTEGA destruction of the flora had begun is in itself interesting. In an earlier paper, this author (Schultes 1980) has enumerated Ruiz's notes on ethnopharmacologically im \}\)\)\)\>X>\} UUuuu 3 portant plants that he encountered in his travels. This paper dealt primarily with plants used as medicines. In the following pages, the usually sparse information that Ruiz offered on plants with psychoactive properties is reproduced from the translation of the complete Rela- POLYPODIACEAE Polypodium incapcocam Ruiz et Pavon, nom. nud. "Common names: cucacuca incapcocam, coca del Inca ('Inca's coca'). The Incas used this fern, according to the Indians, in place of coca and powdered, instead of Figure 1. Gomortega keule, illustrated as Gormortega tobacco, to clear the head." nitida in Ruiz et Pavon, Fl. Peruv. et Chil. Prodr. (1794) i i t. 10. GOMORTEGACEAE Gomortega keule (Mol.) I.M. Johnston in Contrib. Gray evergreen and is either in flower or in fruit all year Herb, n.s., 3, no. 70 (1924) 92. round, sending out its new blossoms when the Under the name Gomortega nitida R. et P., Ruiz fruits are ripe or shortly thereafter. mentioned the biodynamic effects of this large tree of According to the natives, another species of Chile, known locally as keule and hualhual. The Ma- keule grows in the forests from Arauco to puche Indians are said formerly to have valued this Valdivia, but I have seen only pits of the fruit, species as a psychoactive drug. The intoxicating effects which are more pointed at one end and smaller may possibly be hallucinogenic. It is known that the than those of our species. fruits, especially in the fresh state, are inebriating. The active principle is still not known, but it may be the ERYTHROXYLACEAE essential oils, which are abundant in this plant. Erytbroxylon coca Lam., Encyel. 2 (1786) 393. Gomortega nitida Common name: keule. This The coca plant is so well known as a psychoactive tree is the tallest and most splendidly frondose substance of daily use in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, tree in Chile, excepting only the pino de chile. It northern Argentina, Chile and in the western Amazon stands out from the other trees at a great distance that it needs no detailed discussion. The notes of a because of its rich green colour and the lustre of botanist working in the Andes two centuries ago, its leaves. The trunks yield an exquisite dark red however deserve attention. wood which polishes up brilliantly. The leaves Common name: coca. This same name is have an acid-astringent taste, and they stick to the applied to the leaves of the plant. Some call the teeth when they are chewed, because of their resin bush cocal, but this name is more properly given content. If crushed between the fingers, they give to the plot or farm where the shrubs are grown. off a fragrance suggestive of rosemary and spirits Thus, one speaks of so-and-so's cocal or of the of turpentine; judging from its aromatic qualities, cocales of such and such a locality. we might infer that the plant possesses healing The Coca Plant. Coca is a small bush, two to properties. The leaves burn freely, even when four yards tall at the most, with many slender green. The beautiful fruits are as large as small twigs spreading horizontally. It is grown in Peru in hens' eggs, and they are lustrous and of a yellow the sheltered Quebrada de Chinchao, Chacahuassi, colour that invites one to eat them. When eaten in Pozuzo and in other provinces contiguous with excess, however, they bring on headaches. Al the forests of the Andean Range. It is cultivated though not very juicy, the pulp of the fruit is for its leaves which are gathered and sold. sweet and pleasant. The nut or pit is as hard as Properties of Coca and the Method of Using stone, with a very thick husk enclosing two or It. The Indians of Peru say that these leaves three small seeds in as many chambers. This tree is possess the properties of restoring strength to the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs \ Vol. 15(4) Oct-Dec, 1983 '*"'"*• itmiir v«l*'i :..:.■■ -1 rrrMniiii imflft'-niitiH—•*—"■■ PSYCHOACTIVE PLANTS SCHULTES Coca is such a necessity for the Indians who body after it has been spent in long treks, in the work in the mines that without it they are work of the mines and in other physical exercise. completely unable and too faint to continue their They also assert that the gluten and juice that labours. Because of this, the owners of the mines these leaves set free during the slow mastication are very careful that their peasants never feel the that the coca chewers practice serves as food and want of this stimulant. nourishment, and, finally, they agree that they For a long time, I was convinced that coca rest and are happy with the coca during the time was, like tobacco, a habit-forming plant used to that they are engaged in the process which they term chaccar or aculliar. This process consists in keep the Indian happy. But experience has made me change that groundless belief. I have seen placing the leaves in the mouth and of preparing them for use. To carry out this operation, the positive proof of the wonderful effects of these leaves, which seemingly are without taste, aroma Indian seats himself comfortably, takes the chuspa and effect. From another point of view, coca is a or coca-pouch (which he always carries hanging from his shoulder under one arm, as the shepherd remedy with proven medicinal properties. As a decoction or infusion, it cures dysenteries, checks carries his bag or as the school boy his school diarrhoea, stimulates delayed menstruation after bag), places it between his thighs, opens it slowly childbirth; as a powder, mixed with sugar, it and extracts the coca from it, leaf by leaf, corrects acidity and strengthens the teeth. stretching each leaf and plucking from it the stalk, The Cultivation of Coca. To plant coca, those nerve and any foreign matter that it might have, dedicated to the harvest of this leaf make a and places it in his mouth. Here, the leaves number of holes about a cubic foot in size.
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