UNIVERSITAT POMPEU FABRA Department of Political and Social Sciences Global Citizenship Education: Study of the ideological bases, historical development, international dimension, and values and practices of World Scouting by Eduard Vallory Barcelona, October 2007 Supervisor: Dr. Imma Tubella Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in the Doctoral program in Political and Social Sciences. Legal Deposit: B.5223-2008 ISBN: 978-84-691-4461-9 Cover logo with a fleur-de-lys is © World Organization of the Scout Movement. Cover logo with a trefoil is © World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. (1 of 4) To my father, in loving memory To Marta Mata, with affection and admiration To Boi Fàbregas and all he symbolizes To my mother, to whom I owe everything To Pau, with hope for the future ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research behind this thesis was afforded the help and assistance of a long list of people and institutions in one way or another, and I would not like to begin without first thanking them. First and foremost, I would like to thank Fitzwilliam College of the University of Cambridge for its generosity in awarding me the position of Batista i Roca Fellow from October 2004 to July 2006. This fellowship enabled me to conduct my research in excellent conditions within a stimulating academic environment that gave me a direct insight into the English liberal tradition that led to the birth of Scouting. Incidentally, it was a happy coincidence that this fellowship was endowed with a donation to the College by Josep M. Batista i Roca himself, who was also the founder of Scouting in Catalonia. This thesis is the product of my perseverance in the face of the scepticism of those who questioned the thesis topic, but also of the encouragement, unwavering support and friendship of Jacques Moreillon, a support that has indeed been an honour for me. I would not have discovered so much about the Scout Movement or have had access to all the documents and information I have used were it not for him. I am particularly grateful to him for allowing me to consult his “Monthly Reports”, drawn up over the sixteen years during which he served as Secretary General of WOSM. My gratitude for their support and friendship also extends to Lesley Bulman-Lever, Chief Executive of WAGGGS until 2006, and Eduardo Missoni, Secretary General of WOSM since 2004. Many friends, several of whom have gone through doctoral processes, have been encouraging me to write this thesis for years. They include, to varying degrees, Marta Aymerich, Pep Castells, Nacho Molina, Neus Torbisco, Toni Comín, Manel Manchon, Pere Martí, Lila Pla, Lis Brusa, Lluïsa Vilaplana, Alba Bàrbara, Alba Duch, Imma Puig, Aina Calvo, Gerard Padró and Zoe Bray, and the friendly encouragement of Carles Duarte, Andreu Claret, Carles Campuzano and Ernest Benach. I have also been supported by friends in academy, including Carles Boix, Montse Guibernau, Imma Tubella, Josep Picó, Salvador Cardús, Norbert Bilbeny, Antoni Segura, Xavier Rubert, Jordi Sànchez, Josep M. Terricabras, Josep M. Lozano, Àngel Castiñeira, Josep M. Vallès, Joan Subirats, Manuel Cruz, Klaus-Jürgen Nagel, Rosa Virós, Claudi Alsina, Francesc Pedró, Lluís Jofre, David Serrat, Inés Macho-Stadler, Jaume Casals and Andreu Mas-Colell. The academic rigour with which I have tried to produce this thesis is largely the result of the intellectual ambition and intense research work I experienced at the University of Chicago under the stimulating guidance of Carles Boix, combined with the encouragement and sense of challenge conveyed to me by Andreu Mas-Colell in his efforts to convince me to pursue graduate studies in the United States just when I was starting to rule out the idea. The privilege of having worked and shared dreams with Andreu Mas-Colell can only be topped by the pleasure of so many conversations and learnings and the luck of always being able to rely on him. i I must thank Foundation Ousseimi in Geneva for its financial support in funding half of the Master’s Degree I took at the University of Chicago, and the University itself for funding the other half. From my time in Chicago, in particular, I must thank Carles Boix and Alícia Adserà for their intellectual stimulation and friendship, and my peers Joan Serra, Mariela Szwarcberg, Jennie Han, Boriana Nikolova, Sean Smith, Roger Sansi, Gladys Mitchell, Tehama Lopez, Mara Marin, Christian Ponce, Ricard Gil, Asier Mariscal, Hugo Garduño and José Luis Fillat, some of whom are now doctors. I must also thank Craig A. Cunningham for our long conversations on John Dewey. I found out about the Batista i Roca Fellowship through Salvador Cardús. Once in Cambridge, I received the assistance of Geoffrey Walker and Dominic Keown, and the intellectual stimulation, support and friendship of María Luisa Roca, John Leigh, Subha Mukherji, Amy Goymour, Abi Loxham, Uta Staiger, Luke Robinson and Aurora Gaxiola-Alcantar. I received invaluable assistance with the design of the thesis methodology and its implementation in the research I want to thank particularly. First of all, my supervisor, Imma Tubella, guided it along by introducing multidisciplinary methodology and enthusiasm, and by spending many hours on it; Montse Guibernau encouraged me to go ahead with the thesis topic and had the patience and kindness to help me to focus the research throughout the early phase; Carles Boix gave me some excellent advice on the statistical part; Josep Picó made sure that I did not give up on the thesis when I returned to Barcelona by giving me a final push in the right direction with the methodology; Yanina Yelp helped by clarifying the structure when it was all just a blur, and the scientific astuteness of Aurora Gaxiola-Alcantar allowed me to rescue it from collapse with her systematization. Lastly, I must thank Montse Vergara and Jèsica Aracil for their help and expertise with the statistical part, and Jara Henar for her help with the practices section. I cannot list here all the people I have met through Scouting whom I would like to thank, but I must mention those who have supported me with this thesis and with whom I have always had enlightening discussions. They include Josep López, Rosa M. Pujol, Marta Rosàs, David Pérez, Ricard Alonso, Xavi Durany, Isidre Vallès, Jordi Solé, Ferran Benach, Pep Castells, Txé Gasch, Òscar Esteban, Ester Rosàs, Raül Adroher, Antoni Zabala, Albert Agustí, Carme Giralt, Joan Josep Rotger, Josep M. Villena, Antoni Almirall, Miquel-Àngel Essomba, Daniela de Miniac and Jaume Bosch; and my friends from my Scout group, with whom I have explored World Scouting: Josep M. Rodés, Marina Gay, Elena Jiménez, Gerard Segú, Eva Pujol and Guifré Lloses, and good friends of international teams from around the world: Barbara Calvi, Alessandra Ballerio, Heather Roy, Mario Díaz, la Camilla Lindquist, Lidija Pozaic, Richard Amalvy and Arturo Romboli. I would also like to thank Escoltes Catalans and the Josep Carol Guide & Scout Foundation for their support with the drafting, and Ester Rosàs for her help with the English version of the thesis. Special mention must go to Martí Palmada, Marc Sarroca, Jordi Bosch and Òscar Gimeno, friends and bloco companions and an unconditional source of affection. ii In World Scouting, I was privileged to have profound conversations on the thesis topic with the aforementioned Jacques Moreillon, Lesley Bulman-Lever and Eduardo Missoni, the late Malek Gabr, and also with Mateo Jover, Laszlo Nagy and Mark Clayton, thanks to whom I was able to grasp the wealth and enormous complexity that lies behind the apparent simplicity of Scouting. Thanks to Luc Panissod and Jacqueline Paschoud, I was given access to all WOSM censuses and able to solve issues in the data validation phase; thanks to Elena Moya, I was able to obtain statistical data on WAGGGS; thanks to Derek Twine and Patricia Styles, I was given access to the historical archives of British Scouting; thanks to Richard Amalvy I have known the transformation on WOSM communication, and thanks to Arturo Romboli I obtained data on WSPU; thanks to Nicky Gooderson, Jean-Luc Bertrand, Lydia Muttare, Donna Joseph, Elena Lévi and Sylvie El-Taib, I obtained the bulk of the documentation that I have used, and thanks to Mario Sica, I was given a greater insight into the formalization of World Scouting. Thanks to Professor Josep González-Agàpito, I was able to present the interim conclusions of the thesis at the seminar on the centenary of Scouting, organized by the Institut d’Estudis Catalans in June 2007, and I received helpful contributions from many participants, mainly educators. I sadly missed out on those that the late Marta Mata, promoter of pedagogical renewal in Catalonia, would certainly have provided, for I had chatted with her on many occasions and she taught me how exceptional Scouting’s positive and stimulating view of children is. I also thank the patience of the people I work with at the Barcelona Graduate School of Economics. In the preparation of this thesis, I was able to carry out research stays in various places, made possible by the generosity of good friends. Besides the two years that I spent at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge (2004-2006), I have conducted research in Granada (May 2005), in the framework of the World Congress of Legal and Social Philosophy, thanks to Nacho Molina; the University of Girona (June 2005), at a seminar with Seyla Benhabib, thanks to Josep M. Terricabras; the University of California-Santa Cruz (April 2006), thanks to Ricard Gil; Calicanto (Horta: August 2006), thanks to Josep Picó and Rosa Català; New York University (March 2007), thanks to Mary Ann Newman; and Vidrà (Osona: November 2006 and April, June, July and October 2007), thanks to the hospitality and company of Jordi Vila-Abadal.