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Jana Smith Elford “Waking Dreams”: Networked Feminists and Idealist Feminism in Late-Nineteenth Century London by Jana Smith Elford A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Department of English and Film Studies University of Alberta © Jana Smith Elford, 2018 Smith Elford ii Abstract This dissertation explores how the networked feminists of the late-nineteenth century gave rise to a particular type of feminism that I call “idealist feminism.” Beginning in the 1870s, largely after undertaking study at the first institutions of higher education in the world to admit women, feminist writers and thinkers moved to the distinctive cosmopolitan metropolis of London in increasing numbers. Here they became imbricated in overlapping networks of organizational, geographic, and intellectual affiliations. Scholars have typically studied these feminist writers and thinkers separately as socialists, animal-rights activists, suffragists, or new woman writers. Yet, despite their various affiliations, these women are connected by their shared, optimistic vision for a utopian future, which they believed was necessary to alter politics, education, society, and the individual, and bring about women’s emancipation. Each chapter examines how these feminists, in their lives and in their writings, worked to draw attention to this feminist ideal. Through their public activism, their involvement in predominantly masculine-dominated clubs and organizations like the Fabian Society and the Men and Women’s Club, their writing in mainstream and alternative periodical publications, and by penning fictional texts, these women were drawn in conversation both with each other and with the broader culture of the late- Victorian period. Through their involvement in this culture, they discovered themselves as activists and writers and in turn developed and began to advocate a feminism particular to the Victorian fin de siècle era. My three case studies—on the overlapping networks in which Emma Brooke, Mona Caird, and Henrietta Müller mobilized and the dream- inflected language of the writing they produced—thus work to illustrate the ideologically Smith Elford iii complex but cohesive nature of the late-Victorian feminist movement, which is not easily organized into conventional political categories, but which nevertheless produced a recognizable variety of feminism. Understanding the nature of this feminism has the potential to alter our understanding of women’s agency and access to political power and the ways we conceive of women’s political influence in the period. Smith Elford iv Preface Portions of Chapter I and the Coda of this thesis has been published as “Recovering Women’s History with Network Analysis: A Case Study of the Fabian News,” Journal of Modern Periodical Studies 6.2 (2015): 191-213. Smith Elford v Acknowledgements I have accumulated considerable debts through the process of completing this project. I am grateful to Dr. Jo-Ann Wallace for her mentorship, support, and expert guidance for the first several years of this project, and to Dr. Eddy Kent for shepherding the project to completion. I am grateful to my committee members Dr. Susan Brown and Dr. Susan Hamilton for their insight and dedication to the project. I am thankful for a committee that gave such strong support to me not just as an academic but also as a mother, and am very grateful to each one for the kindness, compassion, and understanding shown to me as I juggled complicated pregnancies, leaves, and academic life with children. This project would not have originated without my experience with the Orlando project, and I would like to thank Dr. Susan Brown for her support of my work with the project and for allowing me such leeway in choosing my subjects of study. I first discovered Emma Brooke while writing her Orlando entry, and I began to think about networks, connections, and affiliations among the women who form the backbone of this study while working on OrlandoVision and HuViz, both network visualization tools linked to the Orlando project. I am also grateful to the Department of English and Film Studies at the University of Alberta for generously supporting my work with Orlando, and for their support of my conference and research travel. This dissertation would not have been possible without the assistance of the following archives: The British Library; The Women’s Library and the Fabian Society Archive at the London School of Economics; Special Collections and Archives at the University of Liverpool; the Pearson Papers at University College London Special Collections and the National Archive in Kew; and the University of Alberta’s Rutherford Library. I am also grateful to the Olive Schreiner Letters project, which produced The Olive Schreiner Letters Online, to which I referred multiple times over the course of this project. I would also like to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for the Joseph Armand Bombardier Canada Graduate Scholarship, which generously funded the first three years of my degree. Smith Elford vi I am also indebted to numerous friends and colleagues for their thoughtful comments on various drafts of this material, which was presented at the North American Victorian Studies Association (NAVSA), the Victorian Studies Association of Western Canada (VSAWC), the Modernist Studies Association (MSA), the Alberta Labour History Institute, the British Association for Victorian Studies (BAVS), the Victorian Institute Conference, and the British Women Writers Conference (BWWC). I am grateful for invitations by Dr. Michelle Meagher to the Publishing Feminisms Symposium and Dr. Hannah McGregor to the Magazines and/as Media Workshop, both of which were extremely constructive forums that shaped my work in immeasurable positive ways. I would like to thank the numerous friends and colleagues who participated in writing groups with me over the course of this project, especially Clare Mulcahy, Liam Young, Alison Hurlburt, Margrit Talpalaru, Hannah McGregor, Andrea Hasenbank, Laura Schechter, Lisa Haynes, Shama Rangwala, Brent Bellamy, Joshua St. Pierre, and Kristin Rodier, whose support contributed abundantly to this project. There are many friends and colleagues, too numerous to mention here, without whom this project would have been a lonely endeavour indeed. I am particularly grateful to my fellow academic mothers who offered me solidarity, support, and friendship: Julie Kaye, Sarah Krotz, Marija Cetinic, Terri Tomsky, Kristin Rodier, and the lovely women writers at Hook and Eye. I appreciate those dear friends and colleagues who offered material support during difficult pregnancies and after the birth of my children, too many to mention here. I also want to thank Boyda Johnstone, with whom I began my academic career, whose friendship, sympathy, encouragement, and comradery has accompanied me ever since. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my husband and partner Ian Elford, who contributed to this project in innumerable ways. I could not have done this without your dedicated love and support for me and our children. This project is dedicated to my daughter Imogen and son Francis, who bookended this project, and who animated my work with cheerful chatter, laughter, big hugs, and occasional keyboard smashes. I dream for you a better world. Smith Elford vii Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Preface ............................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... v Figures ............................................................................................................................. viii Introduction: Networked Feminists and Idealist Feminism ......................................... 1 Idealist Feminism ................................................................................................................ 5 Idealist Feminists .............................................................................................................. 11 Networked Feminism ........................................................................................................ 14 The Woman Question, Fabianism, and Fiction: Emma Brooke’s Idealist Feminism ........................................................................................................................................... 23 Background: Emma Brooke’s Affiliations ....................................................................... 32 “It should become a little centre from which we might endeavor to some small extent to influence the outer world”: The Men and Women’s Club and Karl Pearson ................... 38 Brooke’s Idealist Feminism: “Women and their Sphere” ................................................. 53 Brooke’s Fiction and Idealist Feminism: A Superfluous Woman ..................................... 60 Brooke’s Fiction and Idealist Feminism: Transition ........................................................ 75 Mona Caird and the Radical Culture of Late-Victorian Hampstead ........................ 82 Background: Mona Caird’s Early Influences and move to Hampstead ............................ 98 Hampstead and Caird’s Networks .................................................................................
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