By Force of Arms: Rape, War, and Military Culture
Duke Law Journal VOLUME 45 FEBRUARY 1996 NUMBER 4 BY FORCE OF ARMS: RAPE, WAR, AND MILITARY CULTURE MADELINE MORRISt TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCrION ............................... 652 I. RAPE BY MILrrARY PERSONNEL ................. 654 A. The Rape Differential .................... 656 1. The Peacetime Study ................. 659 2. The Wartime Study .................. 664 II. THE RAPE DIFFERENTIAL: CAUSES AND CULTURE . 674 A. Causes .. ........................... 674 B. The Rape Differential and Military Culture .... 691 1. Primary Groups .................... 691 2. Primary Groups in Military Organizations . 692 t Copyright © 1996 by Madeline Morris. Professor of Law, Duke University. I am grateful for the contributions of Kate Bartlett, Lawrence Baxter, Brian Belanger, Kenneth Bullock, Paul Carrington, Dennis DeConcini, Cynthia Enloe, Robinson Everett, William Fulton, John Gagnon, Pamela Gann, Tim Gearan, Shannon Geibsler, Andrew Gordon, Frangoise Hampson, Donald Horowitz, Susan Kerner-Hoeg, Benedict Kingsbury, Peter Klopfer, Andrew Koppelman, Paul Kurtz, David Lange, Charlene Lewis, Robert Lifton, Dino Lorenzini, Elizabeth McGoogan, Laura Miller, Mary Newcomer, Jonathan Ocko, Steven Prentice-Dunn, Horace Robertson, Alex Roland, Gladys Rothbell, Sheldon Rothbell, Mady Segal, Scott Silliman, Judith Stiehm, Olga Suhomlinova, Theodore Triebel, Laura Underkuffler, William Van Alstyne, Ronald Vergnoile, Neil Vidmar, Michael Wells, Yoshiaki Yoshimi, Chung-ok Yun, the participants at the April 1994 Colloquium of the Georgia Humanities Center, the participants at the May 27, 1993 meeting of the Feminist Discussion Group of Kyoto, and the participants at the 1993 Rockefeller Foundation Conference on Women and War. For methodological assistance, I am indebted to John Jarvis, Survey Statistician, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and to Kenneth Land, Chair, Department of Sociology, Duke University.
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