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STRATEGY and COMMAND American Naval Strategist Alfred Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-51237-1 — Strategy and Command David Horner Frontmatter More Information S TRATEGY AND C OMMAND ISSUES IN AUSTRALIA’S TWENTIETH-CENTURY WARS American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote in 1908: ‘If the strategy be wrong, the skill of the general on the battlefield, the valour of the soldier, the brilliancy of the victory, however otherwise decisive, fail of their effect.’ In Strategy and Command, David Horner provides an important insight into the strategic decisions and military commanders who shaped Australia’s army history from the Boer War to the evolution of the command structure for the Australian Defence Force in the 2000s. He examines strategic decisions such as whether to go to war, the nature of the forces to be committed to the war, where the forces should be deployed and when to reduce the Australian commitment. The book also recounts decisions made by commanders at the highest level, which are passed on to those at the operational level, who are then required to produce their own plans to achieve the government’s aims through military operations at the tactical level. Strategy and Command is a compilation of half a century of research and writing on military history by one of Australia’s pre-eminent military historians. It is a crucial read for anyone interested in Australia’s involvement in twentieth-century wars. David Horner is an Emeritus Professor at the Australian National University, where he was Professor of Australian Defence History for fifteen years. He has an international reputation for military history and strategic analysis and is considered Australia’s premier military historian. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-51237-1 — Strategy and Command David Horner Frontmatter More Information OTHER TITLES IN THE AUSTRALIAN ARMY HISTORY SERIES Series editor: Peter Stanley A full list of titles in the series can be found at the end of the book. Cambridge University Press acknowledges the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of this nation. We acknowledge the traditional custodians of the lands on which our company is located and where we conduct our business. We pay our respects to ancestors and Elders, past and present. Cambridge University Press is committed to honouring Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ unique cultural and spiritual relationships to the land, waters and seas and their rich contribution to society. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-51237-1 — Strategy and Command David Horner Frontmatter More Information S TRATEGY AND C OMMAND ISSUES IN AUSTRALIA’ S TWENTIETH-CENTURY WARS DAVID HORNER © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-51237-1 — Strategy and Command David Horner Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 103 Penang Road, #05–06/07, Visioncrest Commercial, Singapore 238467 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316512371 © David Horner 2022 This publication is copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2022 Cover designed by Anne-Marie Reeves Typeset by Straive Printed in China by C & C Offset Printing Co., Ltd, August 2021 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Australia ISBN 978-1-316-51237-1 Hardback Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited Level 12, 66 Goulburn Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 E-mail: [email protected] Reproduction and communication for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act (for example a fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the publisher at the address above. Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third- party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. The views expressed in this book are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Australian Army or the Department of Defence. The Commonwealth of Australia will not be legally responsible in contract, tort or otherwise for any statement made in this book. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-51237-1 — Strategy and Command David Horner Frontmatter More Information C ONTENTS Figures, maps and tables vii Preface xi Acknowledgements xiv Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 1 The influence of the Boer War on Australia’s First World War commanders 4 2 Preparing for war, 1901–14 27 3 The AIF’s commanders: Learning on the job 45 4 Strategic planning between the wars 69 5 Identifying the threat from Japan in 1941 92 6 A pivotal year in Australian history: 1942 106 7 Australia and coalition warfare in the Second World War 124 8 Deciding Australia’s war strategy in 1943: The roles of MacArthur and Curtin 144 9 Advancing national interests: Australia’s war strategy, 1944–45 161 10 Higher command in the Korean War: The experience of Brigadier John Wilton 178 11 Higher direction of the army in the Vietnam War 194 12 The Gulf War, 1991: Its place in Australian military history 221 v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-51237-1 — Strategy and Command David Horner Frontmatter More Information vi CONTENTS 13 Deploying and sustaining INTERFET in East Timor in 1999 237 14 Developing a command structure for joint operations 264 Notes 286 Bibliography 308 Index 319 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-51237-1 — Strategy and Command David Horner Frontmatter More Information F IGURES, MAPS AND TABLES Figures 1.1 Captain Granville Ryrie and his younger brother, 2nd Lieutenant Vincent Wallace Ryrie, 6th NSW Imperial Bushmen’s Contingent in South Africa 10 1.2 Lord Kitchener, commander of the British forces in South Africa, congratulates Lieutenant Colonel Charles Cox of the NSW Lancers on the success of his regiment, February 1902, South Africa 13 1.3 Captain Neville Howse, awarded the Victoria Cross in the Boer War and later commander of AIF medical services in the First World War 22 2.1 Australia’s first shot in the First World War 29 2.2 Field Marshal Lord Kitchener, after arriving at Sydney Central Railway Station, January 1910 32 3.1 Brigadier General Harry Chauvel, commander of the 1st Light Horse Brigade, speaking to Major General Alexander Godley, commander of the New Zealand and Australian Division, and Lieutenant General William Birdwood, commander of the Anzac Corps, Gallipoli, 1915 48 3.2 Major General Talbot Hobbs, commander of the 5th Australian Division, inspecting his troops, 23 October 1918 56 4.1 Senior officers of the AIF at Victoria Barracks, Melbourne, January 1920, during the visit of General Sir William Birdwood to Australia 72 4.2 British cruiser in the floating dock at the Singapore Naval Base 76 5.1 Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee, Chief of the General Staff, 1940–42, 1946–50 94 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-51237-1 — Strategy and Command David Horner Frontmatter More Information viii FIGURES, MAPS AND TABLES 5.2 Arthur Fadden, Prime Minister, September–October 1941, and Acting Prime Minister, January–June 1941 95 5.3 Gunners from Robin Force with one of the two 6-inch heavy coastal artillery guns installed at Noumea, New Caledonia 104 6.1 Australian Prime Minister John Curtin addressing a war loan rally in Martin Place, Sydney, 18 February 1942 113 6.2 MV Neptunia on fire in Darwin Harbour after the Japanese air attack on 19 February 1942 113 6.3 The Japanese aircraft carrier Shokaku under attack by US aircraft during the Battle of the Coral Sea, 8 May 1942 115 6.4 General Douglas MacArthur arrives at Spencer Street Station, Melbourne, on 21 March 1942, to take up his appointment as Commander-in-Chief
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