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The Indonesian Military After the New Order

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Sukardi_pbk-prelims.fm Page i Wednesday, February 16, 2005 8:02 AM THE INDONESIAN MILITARY AFTER THE NEW ORDER Sukardi_pbk-prelims.fm Page ii Wednesday, February 16, 2005 8:02 AM The Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS) is a research and service institute located in Copenhagen where it collaborates closely with Copen- hagen University and the Copenhagen Business School as well as with Lund University in Sweden and the wider Nordic Asian Studies com- munity. Funded in part by the governments of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden via the Nordic Council of Ministers and in part directly by the Nordic scholarly community, NIAS works to encourage and support Asian Studies in the Nordic countries as well as actively partici- pating in the international scholarly community in its own right. In so doing, NIAS has published books since 1969 and in 2002 launched NIAS Press as an independent, not-for-profit publisher aiming at a premium reputation among authors and readers for relevant and focused, quality publishing in the field of Asian Studies. The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) was established as an autonomous organization in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research programmes are Regional Economic Studies (RES, including ASEAN and APEC), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). ISEAS Publications, an established academic press, has issued more than 1,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of re- search about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publications works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world. Sukardi_pbk-prelims.fm Page iii Wednesday, February 16, 2005 8:02 AM THE INDONESIAN MILITARY AFTER THE NEW ORDER Sukardi Rinakit INSTITUTE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES Singapore Sukardi_pbk-prelims.fm Page iv Wednesday, February 16, 2005 8:02 AM First published in 2005 by NIAS Press Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Leifsgade 33, DK–2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark tel: (+45) 3532 9501 • fax: (+45) 3532 9549 E–mail: [email protected] • Website: www.niaspress.dk First published in 2005 in Singapore by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Pasir Panjang, Singapore 119614 E-mail: [email protected] • Website: http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg for distribution in the ASEAN countries, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand. © Sukardi Rinakit 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior permission of the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. Publication of this work was assisted by financial support from Soegeng Sarjadi of SS Syndicated, Jakarta. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Sukardi, Rinakit The Indonesian military after the new order. - (NIAS studies in contemporary Asian history ; 2) 1.Indonesia. Angkatan Darat 2. Civil-military relations - Indonesia 3. Indonesia - Politics and government - 1998- I.Title 320.9’598 ISBN 87-91114-05-5 (NIAS hbk edition) ISBN 87-91114-06-3 (NIAS pbk edition) ISBN 981-230-231-X (ISEAS edition) Typeset by NIAS Press Produced by SRM Production Services Sdn. Bhd. and printed in Malaysia Sukardi_pbk-prelims.fm Page v Wednesday, February 16, 2005 8:02 AM Contents Tables … vi Figures … vi Acknowledgements … vii Glossary … viii 1. Introduction … 1 2. The Military during the Pre-Reform Period … 12 3. Towards the New Paradigm … 61 4. The Military during the Presidency of Abdurrahman Wahid … 125 5. The Military during the Megawati Presidency … 213 6. Postscript … 233 Bibliography … 249 Index … 269 Sukardi_pbk-prelims.fm Page vi Wednesday, February 16, 2005 8:02 AM TABLES 1 The military’s perceptions of Dwifungsi … 36 2Relations between military ideology and its relative role in Indonesia … 38 3Divisions within the student movement, 1998 … 69 4 Mean Tenure for Commanders, 1990–1998 … 86 5Nepotism within the DPR/MPR, 1998 … 94 6 Changing terms of the Military Paradigm … 103 7Groups within the military and their leading members … 109 8Permutations with TNI in the first month of the Gus Dur government … 135 9 Number of governors and mayors and their background … 151 10 Relationships between provincial budgets and governors’ background … 152 11 Business institutions of the army … 174 12 Business institutions of the air force … 178 13 Business institutions of the navy … 180 14 Business Institutions of the police … 182 15 Family businesses of the retired generals … 186 16 Foundations controlled by the Soeharto family … 190 17 Companies owned by the family of Lt Gen. Ibnu Sutowo … 193 18 Companies owned by General Benny Moerdani and Robby Sumampow … 195 19 Companies owned by the family of Lt Gen. Achmad Tahir … 196 20 Total number of applicants to the Military Academy … 240 FIGURES 1Parallel structure of civilian bureaucracy and army territorial command … 22 2Indonesian military relations toward the presidency … 53 3Assignment and promotion patterns within the military … 88 vi Sukardi_pbk-prelims.fm Page vii Wednesday, February 16, 2005 8:02 AM Acknowledgements I WISH TO EXPRESS MY HEARTFELT THANKS AND GRATITUDE to all those who have given me valuable advice and encouragement while I was working on this study in Indonesia. Principally, I am grateful to the following for their insights: former President Soeharto, Lieutenant General Agus Widjojo, Lieutenant General Z.A. Maulani, the late Lieutenant General Agus Wirahadikusumah, Major General Djoko Besariman, Major General Sudi Silalahi, Brigadier General Romulo R. Simbolon, Police Commissioner Anton Tabah, Professor Ryaas Rasyid, Dr Marsilam Simandjuntak, Dr Hermawan Sulistyo, Dr Kusnanto Anggoro, Dr Ikrar Nusa Bhakti, Dr Hasballah M. Saad, Dr Nurmahmudi Ismail, Arbi Sanit, Faisal Basri, Slamet Effendi Yusuf and, last but not least, Harry Tjan Silalahi. In Singapore, I would like to thank the Political Science Department, NUS, for their support. The following deserve special mention: Professor Leo Suryadinata, Professor Jon S.T. Quah, Associate Professor Lee Lai To, Associate Professor Bilveer Singh, Associate Professor Hussin Muthalib and Dr Suzaina Kadir. Thanks are also due to Associate Professor Yong Mun Cheong and Dr Vedi Hadiz. At IDSS, Dr Leonard Sebastian extended his services in many ways, for which I remain thankful. To Professor R.E. Elson of Griffith Uni- versity, I am impressed with his trenchant comments that were later incorporated into my work. For these, I am grateful in making this book a better one. To Dr Douglas Ramage, Max Lane, Tan Chee Leng, Evelyn Ng, Nooraini Hamzah, FS. Swantoro and Toto Sugiarto, I owe my great- est gratitude for all the moral support they have given to me. What I owe to Janice Leon and Gerald Jackson of NIAS and Soegeng Sarjadi of SS Syndicated, Jakarta, is no mere matter for prefaces. For their support and patient understanding, I am more than ordinarily grateful. Sukardi Rinakit vii Sukardi_pbk-prelims.fm Page viii Wednesday, February 16, 2005 8:02 AM Glossary ABRI Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia; Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia AKMIL Akademi Militer; Military Academy ASRENUM Asistant Perencanaan Umum-MABES ABRI; Assistant for General Planning–ABRI Headquarters BABINSA Bintara Pembina Desa; Village Guidance Non-Commissioned Officers BAIS Badan Intelejen Strategis; Strategic Intelligence Agency BAKIN Badan Koordinasi Intelejen Negara; National Intelligence Coordinating Body BAKORSTANAS Badan Koordinasi Pemantapan Stabilitas Nasional; Coordinating Agency for the Maintenance of National Stability BIA Badan Intelijen ABRI; ABRI’s Intelligence Agency BKR Badan Keamanan Rakyat; People’s Security Body DANSESKOAB Komandan Sekolah Staff dan Komando ABRI; Commander ABRI Staff and Command College DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat; House of Representatives FOSKO-TNI Forum Studi dan Komunikasi TNI; Army Forum for Study and Communication GAM Gerakan Aceh Merdeka; Aceh Freedom Movement GBHN Garis-Garis Besar Haluan Negara; Broad Outlines of State Policy GOLKAR Golongan Karya; Functional Group HANKAM Departemen Pertahanan dan Keamanan; Department of Defence and Security HMI Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam; Association of Islamic Students ICMI Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia; Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals Association KABAKIN Kepala Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara; Head, National Intelligence Coordinating Agency viii Sukardi_pbk-prelims.fm Page ix Wednesday, February 16, 2005 8:02 AM GLOSSARY KAMI Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia; Indonesian Association of Student Action KASAD Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat; Army Chief of Staff KASSOSPOL Kepala Staf Sosial Politik; Chief of Staff for Social Political Affairs KASTER Kepala Staf Teritorial; Chief of Staff for Territorial Affairs KASUM Kepala Staf Umum; Chief of General Staff KEPPRES Keputusan Presiden; Presidential Decision KISDI Komite Indonesia untuk Solidaritas Dunia Islam; Indonesian Committee for Solidarity in the Islamic World KKN Kolusi Korupsi Nepotisme; Corruption Collusion Nepotism KNIL Konin Klijk Netherlands Indische Leger; Royal Netherlands Indies Army KODAM Komando Daerah Militer; Military Area Command KODIM Komando Distrik Militer;
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    Dll'ARTIMIK .... PUlf ~\.. ::. DAI IIAN II BADAi PIMBIIIAAII IIUIUN IWIIOICAL JL. MAYOi JIIDIRAL IU'IOYO-CILILI!AI JAIAl!A TIMUI SUHBII S1lJtltY·~ DuaBio~afi Terkait Supersemar Asvi Warman Adam Bujukan Dasaat di Pegangsaan, Jakarta. Baik Betulkah surat itu diberikan oleh Pre­ Dasaat maupun Hasjim dikenal dekat Ahli Peneliti UPI dan Visiting Fellow di KITLV Leiden siden dengan sukarela atas inisiatifnya dengan Bung Karno. sendiri? Kesaksian Wilardjito dari Yog­ Kedua pengusaha itu diminta oleh yakarta yang menghebohkan itu-pe­ Alamsjah untuk membujuk Presiden eskipun ada lfndang­ nyerahan surat itu melalui todongan Soekarno agar menyerahkan kekuasa­ undang yang menya­ senjata terhadap Bung Karno- bisa sa­ annya kepada Mayor Jenderal Soeharto. takan bahwa seseo­ ja dibantah. Namun tidak pelak lagi Terjadi perdebatan mengenai istilah rang yang menyimpan bahwa proses keluamya Supersemar di­ penyerahan kekuasaan atau pemerin­ arsip negara dapat warnai dengan bujukan dan tekanan. tahan. J adi Soekarno tetap berkuasa dihukum penjara, Hal ini terlihat pada dua biografi tokoh (sebagai Presiden) sedangkan yang men­ Mnaskah asli Supersemar (Surat Perintah yang terlibat dalam proses tersebut se­ j alankan pemerintahan adalah Soe­ 11 Maret) 1966 tak kunjung bersua. En­ belum tanggal 11 Maret yaitu Jenderal harto. Apa pun yang disepakati di ru­ tah siapa yang menyimpan dokumen Alamsjah Ratuprawiranegara (Perja­ mah itu, Soeharto telah menanti hasil­ yang begitu penting dalam proses per­ lanan Hidup Seorang Anak Yatim Pia- nya di tempat lain. alihan kekuasaan di Indonesia. Penelitian sejarah tentu tidak ter­ gantung semata-mata kepada adanya arsip yang otentik, tetapi juga menyang­ Penelitian sejarah tentu tidak tergantung kut antara lain tentang proses keluarnya surat perintah yang berdampak sangat semata-mata kepada adanya arsip yang otentik, besar dalam sejarah negara.