THE ATHENIANAGORA
RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS
VOLUME XXI
Athens GRAFFITI AND DIPINTI at
BY Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. MABEL LANG License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For
THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 1976
American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to The Athenian Agora ® www.jstor.org PUBLISHED WITH THE AID OF A GRANT FROM MR. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR. Athens at
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal in Publication Data American Library of Congress Cataloging Lang, Mabel L 1917- For © Graffiti and dipinti. (The Athenian Agora; v. 21) Bibliography: p. 1. Athens. Agora. 2. Graffiti-Athens. 3. Inscriptions, Greek-Athens. I. Title. II. Series: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. The Athenian Agora; v. 21. DF287.A23A5 vol. 21 938'.5s [938'.5] 75-40229 ISBN 0-87661-221-4
PRINTED IN GERMANY at J.J. AUGUSTIN, GLtCKSTADT PREFACE
P erhapseven more than in othervolumes of the AthenianAgora series the materialpresented here has hadthe benefitof muchtime and thought over the years on the partof a goodly numberof excavators, cataloguersand visitorsin the Agora. Everyoneenjoys verbal puzzles that challengeone's powersof reading(ancient) minds, and manyhappy notions about these texts wereevolved around the tea table so
Athens that the 'onlie begetter'may have been lost in obscurity. Dating of the materialhas also been a cooperativeeffort, so that the presentauthor is indebtednot at only to excavatorsbut also to the many scholarswhose study of particularkinds of materialfor particularperiods has broughtorder out of complicationand confusion. Basicto this workwas firsta completelisting of all graffitiand dipintifound in the Agora,initiated by Lucy Talcottand effectedby SuzanneYoung and a successionof helpfulvolunteers. Then, the founda- Studies tionsCC-BY-NC-ND. of this study'scategories A throughG werelaid in a preliminaryversion written in the early1950's by George A. Stamiresand EugeneVanderpool. Although far more limited in scope and numberof piecesstudied than this, that workhas on severaloccasions provided not only the best readingbut also the right phrasesin which to presentthe material.In the years following,the presentauthor was for- tunatein beingable to consultwith EugeneVanderpool and benefitfrom his vast experienceof all things
GreekLicense: and graphic.His wisdomand temperedjudgment in consequencepervade the whole work; the Classical infelicitiesand what errorsthere may be of commisssionor omissionare all my own. of Illustrationsof the graffitihave beenlimited to drawings.In the case of dipintiphotographs have been
preferredonly. for one category,because of the difficultiespresented by a combinationof run-oncursive forms and the fugitivemedium. The drawingswere made by Hero Athanasiadesand Helene Besi who have shownboth skill and firmnessin representingwhat was actuallyvisible rather than being influencedby use
School the 'wishfulseeing' of the author.
'It is easy to read if you know what it says.' - EUGENEVANDERPOOL
NOVEMBER,1974 MABEL LANG personal American For © TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ...... V
LIST OF PLATES ...... viii
Athens ABBREVIATIONSAND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... ix at INTRODUCTION...... 1 A. ABECEDARIA ...... 6 B. MESSAGESAND LISTS ...... 8 C. LOVENAMES AND HATENAMES ...... 11 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. D. NAMESON SHERDS...... 16 E. NUMERICALNOTATIONS ON SHERDS ...... 21 F. OWNERS' MARKS ...... 23 F. PRIVATEOWNERSHIP ...... 30 FA. PUBLIC OWNERSHIP: DELTA-EPSILONLIGATURES ...... 51 License: Classical FB. PUBLICOWNERSHIP: DELTA-ETA LIGATURES ...... 52
of G. DEDICATIONSAND CONVIVIALINSCRIPTIONS ...... 52
only. H. COMMERCIALNOTATIONS ...... 55 HA. CAPACITY...... 55 HB. TARE .6...... 64 use
School HC. DATE ...... 69 HD. CONTENTS ...... 72 HE. COMBINATIONS...... 75 I. TAX NOTATIONS ...... 82 J. CHRISTIANINSCRIPTIONS ...... 87 personal 88 American K. MISCELLANEOUSNOTATIONS ...... L. UNCLASSIFIEDNOTATIONS ...... 90 For © M. PICTURES ...... 94 DEPOSITS ...... 9...... 96
CONCORDANCEOF INVENTORYAND CATALOGUENUMBERS ...... 101 INDICES...... 105 INDEX NOMINUM...... 105
INDEX VERBORUM ...... 110
INDEX NUMERORUM ...... 115
INDEX SIGILLORUM ...... 116 LIST OF PLATES
PLATE 1 Abecedaria (A 1-11) 2-3 Lists and Messages (B 1-21)
Athens 4-6 Love Names and Hate Names (C 1-34) 7-9 Names on Sherds (D 1-44) at 10 Numerical Notations on Sherds (E 1-16) 11-28 Owners' Marks (F 1-334) 29 Owners' Marks: De(mosion) Ligatures (Fa 1-26; Fb 1-3) 30-31 Dedications and Convivial
Studies Inscriptions (G 1-23) CC-BY-NC-ND. 32-36 Commercial Notations: Capacity (Ha 1-56) 37-38 Commercial Notations: Tare (Hb 1-31) 39-40 Commercial Notations: Date (Hc 1-26) 41-42 Commercial Notations: Contents (Hd 1-23) License: Classical 42-47 Commercial Notations: Combinations (He 1-44)
of 48-53 Tax Notations (I 1-45) 53-54 Christian only. Inscriptions (J 1-12) 54-55 Miscellaneous (K 1-19) 56-59 Unclassified (L 1-56) use School 60-61 Pictures (M 1-23) 62 Actual State Plan of the Agora personal American For © ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Agora TheAthenian Agora, Results of Excavationsconducted by the AmericanSchool of ClassicalStudies at Athens III R. E. Wycherley, Literary and Epigraphical Testimonia, Princeton, 1957 (see below, Wycherley) Athens IV R. H. Howland, Greek Lamps and their Survivals,Princeton, 1958 (see
at below, Howland) V H. S. Robinson, Pottery of the Roman Period: Chronology,Princeton, 1959(see below, Robinson,Chronology) VI C. Grandjouan, Terracottasof the Roman Period, Princeton, 1961 VII J. Perlzweig, Lamps of the Roman Period, Princeton, 1961 VIII E. T. H. Brann, Late Geometric and Protoattic Pottery, Princeton, 1962 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. (see below, Brann) X M. Lang and M. Crosby, Weights,Measures and Tokens, Princeton, 1964 XII B. A. Sparkes and L. Talcott, Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th CenturiesB. C., Princeton,1970 (see below, Sparkes-Talcott) A. J.A 1. AmericanJournal of Archaeology Annualrio Annuariodella (R.) Scuola archeologicadi Atene License: Classical Beazley, A. B. V. J. D. Beazley, Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters,Oxford, 1956
of Beazley, A. R. V. J. D. Beazley, Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters,second edition, Oxford, 1963 Bechtel Fr. Bechtel, Die historischePersonennamen des Griechischen,Halle, 1917 Bickermanonly. E. J. Bickerman, Chronologyof the Ancient World,London, 1968 Brann Late Geometricand Protoattic Pottery. Agora, VIII B. S. A. Annual of the British School at Athens use
School B. C.H. Bulletin de correspondancehellenique C. I. L. CorpusInscriptionum Latinarum, Paris, 1862-1963 C.R. Classical Review Edmonds J. M. Edmonds, The Fragmentsof Attic Comedy, Leiden, 1959-61 Howland Greek Lamps and their Survivals.Agora, IV personal I.G. Editio 1924 - American InscriptionesGraecae, minor, Berlin, I. G. A. Imagines InscriptionumGraecarum Antiquissimarum, third edition, H. Roehl, For © Berlin,1907 LG. R.R. InscriptionesGraecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes,Paris, 1906-2/ Immerwahr H. R. Immerwahr,"Some Inscriptionson Attic Pottery," The James Sprunt Studies in History and Political Science, XLVI, 1964, pp. 16-27 Jeffery, L. S. A. G. Lillian H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece, Oxford, 1961 Kretschmer P. Kretschmer,Die griechischen Vaseninschriften,Giitersloh, 1894 Kubitschek W. Kubitschek, GrundriJ3fider antiken Zeitrechnung,Munich, 1928 LSJ H. G. Liddell,R. Scott, H. S. Jones,A Greek-EnglishLexicon, Oxford, 1925- 40 Meisterhans2 K. Meisterhans, Grammatik der attischen Inschriften, second edition, Berlin, 1888 x ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Metrolog. Script. MetrologicorumScriptorum Reliquiae, Leipzig, 1864-1866 P. Oxy. OxyrhynchusPapyri, B. P. Grenfelland A. S. Hunt, ed., London, 1898- Pape J. E. Pape, Worterbuchder griechischenEigennamen, third edition (G. Benseler), Braunschweig,1884 Prosop. Att. J. E. Kirchner, ProsopographiaAttica, Berlin, 1901-03 Robinson, Chronology Pottery of the Roman Period: Chronology.Agora, V Robinsonand Fluck D. M. Robinson and E. J. Fluck, A Study of Greek Love-Names, Baltimore, 1937 Roehl See I. G. A. above S. E. G. SupplementunEpigraphicum Graecum, Leyden, 1923 Sparkes-Talcott Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th CenturiesB.C. Agora, XII Tolstoy J. Tolstoy, Grecheskie Graffiti drevnikh gorodov Severnogo Prichernomoreia, Moskva-Leningrad,1953 Athens Wycherley Literary and EpigraphicalTestimonia. Agora, III at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American For © INTRODUCTION
Informal inscriptions,incised or painted,appear on over 3000 pieces (pottery,lamps, miscellaneous clay) cataloguedin the Agora excavations.At least one-thirdof these consist of one or two letters only, incisedon the bottom of smallvessels, perhaps as marksof ownership,or painted on the necks
Athens of unglazedamphoras, perhaps as somekind of commercialnotation. The brevityof thesetexts allowsso greata varietyof interpretationsthat publicationwould serveno usefulpurpose; it is sufficientto note at the largenumber of suchcurtailed abbreviations. In additionto the completeinscriptions of one or two lettersthere are many broken inscriptions consisting of only a few letterswhich admit of so manypossible restorationsthat nothingcertain can be learnedfrom them. This publicationtherefore is limitedto the 859 graffitiand dipintiwhich have sufficientcontent to be meaningful,whether the meaningis clear or Studies not.CC-BY-NC-ND. The selectedpieces range in time fromthe late 8th centuryB.C., when letters first appear on pottery, to the 6th centuryof our era. Sincethe varietyof the materialis so great,other specific criteria employed in the selectioncan best be listedin connectionwith the variouscategories of texts. Certaintypes of inscriptionson potterydo not belong in this study and will be more appropriately dealt with elsewhere: License: Classical 1) Ostraka;
of 2) Artists' signatures,love names and other painted inscriptionson black-figuredand red-figured pottery; only. 3) Convivialinscriptions painted on Hellenisticpottery and Late Romanmotto mugs, and all other paintedinscriptions which are part of the decorationof the pot;
4)use Stampedor moldedinscriptions such as handles, Arretine etc. School amphora lamp signatures, stamps, Classification Variousas the selectedmaterial is, the majorityof itemsfalls readilyinto a comparativelysmall number of categories:
A.personal Abecedaria
American B. Messagesand Lists C. Love Names and Hate Names For © D. Names on Sherds E. NumericalNotations on Sherds F. Owners'Marks F. PrivateOwnership Fa. Public Ownership,Delta-epsilon Ligatures Fb. Public Ownership,Delta-eta Ligatures G. Dedicationsand ConvivialInscriptions H. CommercialNotations Ha. Capacity Hb. Tare Hc. Date 2 INTRODUCTION
Hd. Contents He. Combinations I. Tax Notations J. ChristianInscriptions K. Miscellaneous L. Unclassified M. Pictures An introductionto eachcategory defines the type, indicatesspecial characteristics and suggestsparallels, purpose,etc.
Dating and Provenience Theremay be as many as threekinds of evidencebearing on the date of any particularinscription: 1) form of the letters;2) date of the object on which the inscriptionwas written;3) date of the de- Athens posit in whichit was found. Sometimesall three of these lines may give a result;sometimes, however, at the writingmay be characterless,the pot fragmentmay be featureless,or the contextmay be meaningless. Althoughthe date of the inscriptionis what we have to determine,it must most often be arrivedat by means of one of the other dates, since the chronology of letter forms is not as yet an exact science. The context date will often be the most convenient. Where the date of the pot agrees closely with the context date, it seems to give a date for the as well. Dates for the are includedtherefore Studies unnecessary pot pots CC-BY-NC-ND. onlywhere the contextis meaninglessor wherethe pot is obviouslyearlier than its context.For the most part,three dates will be givenonly whenthey are different,as for examplefor a geometricsherd inscribed in the 7th century B.C. and found in a 5th-centuryB.C. context. The arrangementof inscriptionsin each categoryis chronological,but since there is considerable differencein the degreeof accuracypossible for variousitems, the orderin some casesis purelyconven- License: Classical tional. Thus those pieceswhich can not be datedmore closelythan to a centuryfollow those that have of beenassigned to a particularquarter or half of that centuryeven thoughthey may indeedbe earlierthan the second-halfor fourth-quarterpieces. Even more vague are dates like Early Roman (roughly1st- only. early3rd centuriesafter Christ) or LateRoman (late 3rd-6thcenturies) which cover still longerperiods of time.
use Whenthe sherdor comesfrom a closed the numberon the is A School pot deposit, deposit Agoragrid given. list of the depositswith all pieceshere published from each will be foundin the indexof Deposits.When a piece comes in a fill predominantlyof one period, though not a closed deposit, the context date is given withouta depositnumber. When an item was found in an area whichprovided no information concerningits date, no mentionis made of provenience. personal Publication
American References When been eithernoted in a or more in a For © a piece has already preliminaryreport formallypublished specialstudy in Hesperiaor in an Agora volume,the publicationreference (often only the most recent) is includedin the first paragraphof the cataloguedescription. This referencemay be in the form of volumeand page numbersor expressedas an equationbetween the cataloguenumber here assigned and that given in the other publication,e.g., "Ha 26 (P 9902).Round-mouthed jug, Robinson,Chronology, M 169" or "F 177 (L 4212).Black-glazed lamp (= Howland,no. 267)." Frequentlythe shapeand form of a vesselis definedwith referenceto examplesalready published and dated eitherin Hesperiaor one of the AthenianAgora volumes. See list of Abbreviationsfor shortforms of reference.
Letter-shapesand Spelling The varietyof shapeswhich each lettermay take is dependenton severalfactors of whichchronology is only one; othersare the natureof the writingsurface, the natureof the writingimplement, the writing INTRODUCTION 3
skill of the inscriber,and the amount of care which he has taken. Thus anything but the most painstaking incision on (or through) good black glaze results in angular letters and straight lines where curves might be expected. A very fine metal point is easier to control but seems not to have been used so often as some blunter instrument.The older, softer fabrics lend themselves more to curved lines so that even the straight uprightsof alphaand deltaare often curved. A writerwho knowshis letterswell produces more recogniz- able shapes than one who draws each line without much feeling for the appearanceof the letter as a whole. Becauseof thesefactors it is not practicableto see all differencesin letter-shapesas relevantto the date and development of the alphabet. For example, even though epsilons are known to develop from tailed to untailed, a good black-glazed sherd of the 5th century B.C. may show a long-tailed epsilon while those on a coarse pot of the 6th century B.C.are without a tail. One or more of a number of reasons may be involved:the hardsurface of blackglaze requires so muchpressure that completecontrol over the length of line may be lost; the 5th-centurywriter may be an old man using the letter-shapes of his early youth; the 6th-century writer may have been a careful person who had established a base line below which he Athens did not go, etc. at Spelling, and the use of Attic or Ionic alphabet, are also subjectto other influencesthan that of chronol- ogy. Although in formalpublic inscriptions the Ionic alphabetwas not ordinarilyused until 403 B.C., individualsin Athens were open to influencesof many sorts: citizensmay have been quick to pick up the more preciseIonic vowelsfor greaterclarity; metics and slavesmay have broughttheir own writing habitswith them. In a time beforedictionaries, there can have been no standardof spellingor even of Studies pronunciation,CC-BY-NC-ND. so that even with the best will in the worldspelling will have been idiosyncratic.A good example of the range and variety of both letter-shapes and spelling possible to individuals all writing at the same time may be the ostrakacast againstThemistokles in the 480's: Theta-square or round;crossbarred or dotted horizontalor omittedat least once License: Epsilon-bars slanted; Classical Mu-last leg of equal or unequallength of Iota-sometimes omitted often four or only. Sigma-most three-barred,occasionally more; sometimes doubled, or reversed,or omitted Tau-most often writtentheta, occasionallytau Omicron-squareor round use
School Kappa-no variety Lambda-always Attic Epsilon-see above; eithersingle or doubled;omitted at least once Sigma-see above The letters of Neokleous not dealt with are nu be or and the personal already only (last leg may equal unequal) often In Phrearriosthe be American diphthong (most omicron, occasionally omega). phi may square or round, the rho's may be tailedor not, and the rho in the middlemay be singleor double,both withand withouteta For © as the aspirate. A close studyof letter-shapeshas been includedin the introductionto Owners'Marks (F), since this category alone not only covers our whole time span from early 7th century B.C.to the 6th century of our era but also provides a sufficientnumber of similar texts for statistical purposes. The conclusions arrived at for that one group can here be tested on all categories; they appear generally to hold true. "A more or less standard old Attic alphabet(A or ABAAEIIH?IKLNMNOPP$TVOXor +)lis used with only a few exceptions and variant forms through the second quarter of the 5th century B.C."(p.23 below). Obviously these standard shapes will often only be approximatedby writerswho may be unskilled or using intractable materials,but in addition there are real exceptions which may be tabulatedas follows:
Digamma is not used alphabeticallybut only numerically;koppa is used more exceptionally than regularly; xi and psi are regularlyindicated by the combination of chi and phi, respectively,with sigma. 4 INTRODUCTION
Norm Exceptions A r (B5; C24; F48) A A (A3,A4) A (E8) D (F50) g (B1; F14) H B (B1; C1,C8; D6; F53; L3) ? 0 (A3; C3,C17, C 21; F12,F13, F 26) ffi (F31) K 9 (D4,D5,D12,D18; K2,K3) !. A (B2; C 7, C 13, C 15, C 20, C 24; D27, D 39; F56,F59, F 74) XI 5 (D35,D39; F53) O O (B7; D35; F64; G4) P q (A2) D (B1, B4; D l; F20,F23,F24,F39,F41; Hal) R (B7; D6, D 25, D 37, D 39; E3; F43, F 61-63) S I (F2; K1) i (B1, B2, B4, B5; C15; D25-27; E3; F1, F16, F42, F44, F56, Athens F75, F77; L3) at Z (C2,C9,C 18; D1,D3,D7,D 10, D12, D14, D18, D23, D24; F6,F12, F13,F18, F23; K4) (D e (D15; F50) 0 (F43) lI (F66) X+ Y (F25, F65) O Q (A3; C24; F56,F75, F78) w (F72) Studies CC-BY-NC-ND.
Perhapsmost interestingis the use of the two exceptionalsigmas (four-barred and reversedthree-barred) for special purposes like word-ends and to combine with chi for xi; see below in introduction to Names on Sherds(D) (below,pp. 16-17). "Punctuation"in this period is limited:a line dividingthe end from the beginningof a text writtenin a circle(C 16; seen somewhatlater in F 83, F 92); dot License: punctuation Classical betweensome words(B 1, B 3; F 18, F 24; G 2); spacesbetween words (C 14). of "Withthe middle of the [5th]century [B.C.] the balance shifts so that the ruleis a more or less standard Ionicalphabet (ABrAEIHOIKAMNsOPPTY(DXYQ)2 witha diminishingnumber of
only. gradually exceptions" (p. 24 below). The exceptionsfor all categoriesmay be seen in the followingchart, which is primarily designedto show the transitionin the 5th and 4th centuriesB.C. from Attic to Ionic forms; the later use introductionof cursiveforms are not for the School changesand most partindicated; only some of the earliest examples of cursive letters are noted; it is understood that these became fairly general by the 1st cen- tury B.C.
Norm Exceptions personal
American A A (F94,F 169) A (F 157, F 183) A (G 16) E E (F 198, F 210; G 13) For © I Z (F178; G19) = +( (F85) I (Ha 17) i (K 13) P P (F81, F84, F105) , (F 84, F 118, F 119, F 125; Ha 8) C (F 165, F 182, F 196, F 202-204) C (Ha 17) (D + (F 126, F 152) c (F 151,F211) X + (F 85; Ha2, Ha10; K7) Q 0 (B9; D41; G7) co (F 138, F 199, F 212; K 12)
2 Xi with or without the center upright occurs indifferently;the tailed upsilon is not immediatelygeneral and can not always be certainlydistinguished in carelesswriting. INTRODUCTION 5
For the use of the long vowels also the middleof the 5th centuryB.C. is a time of transition.In the earlierperiod eta is used for the aspirate,and epsilon is used for both short and long vowel and for epsilon-iota,with the following exceptions:epsilon-iota for epsilon-iota(B 2, B 6; C 7, C 10, C 19; D 8, D 25, D 36; F 3, F 12, F 13; G 1, G 4); eta for the long vowel (B 7, B 8; C 18, C 23; D 35; F 15, F 53); eta for the diphthongor shortvowel (C 8; F 55); no aspirate(B 7, B 8; C 8; D 13, D 16; F 54). After the mid-5thcentury B.C. thereis a change,and eta is used for the long vowel, exceptperhaps in F 84, F 116, F 123 and G 6. In the earlierperiod omicron is used for both shortand long vowel and for omicron-upsilon,with only two exceptions:the diphthongis writtenout in F 23; omega is writtenin F 56, F 72, F 75, F 78. After the mid-5thcentury B.C. omega is used for the long vowel exceptin F 85, F 132,F 145, G 6 and G 7. Omicroncontinues in use for omicron-upsilonwell into the 4th centuryB.C. with only one exception(F 144); omicron-upsilonbecomes general in the late 4th centuryB.C. Some other confusionabout vowels persists:pEV&o for live'o(C 2, C 14); iota for epsilon-iota(D 1, D 25; G 8); eta for epsilon (B 14; D 35; F 127) or iota (D 42); epsilon-iotafor epsilon(C 33; F 65); Athens omegafor omicron(F 160). And frequentin later times is epsilonfor alpha-iota(Ha 25, Ha 32; I 18). at Other spelling "errors" less easily categorized include: delta for zeta (B 13 -rriTpacrri.lia;C 33 2amadlaI); interchange of aspirated and unaspirated consonants (D 16 'Iqo7Oye;F 11 .SaSi F 184 MTrSIKi;Hb 22 KOiTrov;119 Ovuicovos;K 1 lrp&aTros);and others (D 34 AVVK[;G 15 Trril; Ha 1 1*-erpio;Hd 1 oaXoS; He 6 Atowo6iov; I 11 OiK[; 1 23 ME.9fvri). Single letters are omitted as follows: B 2 Kavos; C 5 'OXU<1> TO6viKoS;C 9 'Eyr<( p)>arcs; D 1 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. ntlaa(
differentuse sorts: the variouslyshortened forms of namesused to identifyproperty in particularcircum- School stances(below, pp. 26-28); standardizedforms of weights,measures, etc. which appearin commercial notations(below, pp. 56-57). Nothing more in the way of generalintroduction seems either necessary or desirable.It is not even possibleto point to any parallelwork that includesthe variety,number and scope of texts that mightbe
useful.personal One collection,that of J. Tolstoy, does cover much of the same groundas our earliermaterial
American (A-G), but in all cases specific parallelscan be most effectivelyquoted in connectionwith the particular categoriesor items. For ©
CONVENTIONS
All dates before Christ are so indicated.Dates not thus markedbelong to our era. Inscriptionsin the Attic alphabetare transcribedas they are written. For the sake of clarity or to indicateour interpretation,we sometimesgive a paralleltext in the Ionic alphabet.Otherwise a name or word will appearin Ionic letters only in the appropriateindex. Exceptwhere otherwisenoted, all drawingsare actual size. Since in the interestsof accuracythe drawingswere made as faithful representationsof the inscriptionsrather than as illustrationsof the readings given here, they often include marks and lines which have seemed to us irrelevantand immaterial. 6 A. ABECEDARIA
The Agora inventorynumber is given in parenthesesafter the presentcatalogue number. A con- cordancein the order of the Agora numbersis given below. The dimensionsof vesselsare for the most part given only in those categories(Capacity, Tare, etc.) where the size of the pot is relevantto its inscription. 1. = liter, m. = meter, H. = height, D. = diameter, P. = preserved.
A. ABECEDARIA
The elevenabecedaria found in the Agora are all now incomplete;only five may have been originally complete(A 2, A 3 almost certainly;A 1, A 4, A 5 probably),but all the rest were fragmentaryin in- tention.The differenceis clearlya chronologicalone: throughthe early5th centuryB.C. completealpha- Athens bets were writtenout, perhapsas modelsin the spreadof literacy,perhaps from the sheerpleasure of at exercisinga new skill; from the 4th centuryB.C. on only the beginningof the alphabetwas written, perhapsfor magicalpurposes, perhaps as a proof of literacyor as a countingdevice. The chronological range,as for all classesof informalepigraphy in the Agora,is wide,from the 8th centuryB.C. to the 4th centuryof our era,with more than half the examplesin the 5th and 4th centuriesB.C. Letter-shapesare for the most part canonical.In the early examples(A 1-5) the forms of the old Studies AtticCC-BY-NC-ND. alphabet are constantwith only slight variations:the rectangulardigamma rather than the F- shapeappears in A 2, A 3; deltawith a dot substitutedfor its bottomstroke is seenin A 3, A 4; the dot- ted theta of A 3 combineswith its inclusionof omegato suggestforeign influence. In the laterexamples (A 6-11) the only notablepoints are: an old Attic gammain A 6 whichis out of placein the 4th century B.C.; more chronologicallyto be expected,a broken-barredalpha in A 10 and a lunate epsilonand Z- License: Classical shapedzeta in A 11. The numberof lettersincluded in these fragmentaryabecedaria is howeververy so thatwe muchmore evidence for letter-shapesfrom other categories of inscriptions. of limited, mayexpect The scantinessand incompletenessof the abecedariaare most disappointingfor the study of alpha- beticonly. order,since no othertexts provideevidence for this. Of the two pointswhich should be noted, one is familiarand the otheris withoutparallel: it was to be expectedthat the sixthplace would be takenby
digammause only in the earlyalphabets (A 1-3) and that the digammawould disappear later, but the final School letter-orderof A 3 (chi, phi, omega)must be eithera mistakeor a reflectionof the orderin whichthe non-Phoenicianletters were added in some omega-usingenvironment. Again,in the directionof writingmost of the abecedariaare seen to be typicalof theirtimes: A 1 as the earliestpiece is not only retrogradein both lines with the two upsidedown to each other but also with one the later all read showspersonal at least two lettersreversed (epsilon and digamma); exception pieces from American from left to right (with only one letterreversed in A 2). The peculiarityof A 5, whichreads first bottom to and then reverses,is more likely to resultfrom lack of skill than to be an indicationof For © top date. Previouslyknown Attic abecedariaare neithernumerous nor particularlysignificant. They include one piecepublished in Bull.dell' Inst. di Corrisp.archeol., 1867, p. 75 whichseems to be a numericalalphabet, includingdigamma, koppa and sampi, and at least two examplesamong the Hymettossherds (C. W. Blegen,A.J.A., XXXVIII, 1934, pp. 10-28, no. 10: alpha, beta, gamma; R. S. Young, A.J.A., XLIV, 1940, pp. 1-9, no. 9: alpha, beta, gamma, delta), which belong to the 7th century B.C.As far as abece- dariafrom the restof Greeceare concernedthe latestgeneral treatment is that in Jeffery,L.S.A.G. A. ABECEDARIA 7
A 1 (MC 907). P1. 1. Pyramidal loomweight, A 4 (P 13282). P1. 1. Fragment from the wall of a much worn at the edges, inscribed with an small closed vase. Graffito scratched through abecedariumon one of the broadfaces and with black glaze on outside. Context: early 5th a horse and rider on the bottom(M 1). Context: century B.C. (H 12). late 8th-early 7th centuries B.C. (N 11:6). Early V cent. B.c. a [ y [ XXX, 1961,p. 146, R 22, pl. 23. Hesperia, The delta appears to have been dotted, as in VIII-VII cent. B.C. a py ? r . . KXv. A3. (retrograde) A 5 (P2707). P1.1. Fragment of black-glazed All trace of theta, iota and the upperhalf of of B.C. like are lost as a resultof wear on the lower cup-kotyle early 5th-century type, kappa Hesperia, XV, 1946, p. 293, no. 78, pl. 45. edges. Surfacewear has obliteratedsome other Context: 5th B.C. Graffito strokes: the lower crossbars of the early century (G 6:3). epsilon, on both upperand lower surfaces. crossbars of zeta and the slanting stroke of lambda.The directionof writingis retrograde, Early V cent. B.C. (lower surface) K a [3y 5 but some lettersface in the direction: The firstthree letters of the Athens opposite alphabet,reading epsilon and digamma. Theta and iota must fromthe bottomup, are quiteclear. Above them at have turnedthe corner on the now worn edge a delta and an epsilon (reversedorientation) so that the secondline also readsfrom rightto can be made out. Below the alpha is a large left and is upside down to the first line. kappa. On the upper surface a few scratches may representan even less successfulattempt. A 2 (P 6074, P 3272). P1. 1. Two fragments from the shoulder of a large amphora of 6th-century A 6 (L 3773). PI. 1. A fragmentof the body of a Studies B.C.CC-BY-NC-ND. type, like Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 378, no. 9, black-glazed lamp of the 4th century B.C. fig. 14. The smaller fragmentwas found in a (= Howland,no. 277, Type 25A). Graffitoon layerof the 6th centuryB.C. inside the Hellenistic the outer wall. Context: mid-4th centuryB.C. Metroon;the largerpiece was found besidethe (F 19:2). foundationsof the Metroonbut in association IV cent. B.C.(near the handle) q K 3 y P3a K with 7th- to 6th-centuryB.C. pottery. Graffito on a (
Classical inside.The two fragmentsdo not join but evid- ently belong to the same alphabeticalexercise. (at the nozzle) K[ of VI cent. B.C. (a) a PyE This should probably be regarded as an
only. r a3py5E .l alphabeticexercise, perhaps with magicalsigni- (b) ] i KX[ ficance,rather than as an abecedarium. po[
use A 7 (P 1504).P1. 1. A fragmentpreserving some of
School From its location on the the first line sherd, the rim and of a of of (a) seems to be an incorrectimitation rather body black-glazedfish-plate than a false start.For the the 4th century B.C. Inscribed on the under rectangulardigamma, surface. see .G., I2, 760 and Tod, B.S.A., XLV, 1950, p. 135; see also A3 below. Rho is the only IV cent. B.C. a y letterwritten in reverse. A 8 P1.1. A from the wall of personal (P 22110). fragment A 3 P1.1. of a a black-glazedbowl. Graffitoon outside,upside American (P 7247). Fragment black-glazed kylix base of early 5th-centuryB.C. type, related down to the pot. Context: 4th century B.C. For © to Bloesch'sAcropolis group (H. Bloesch,For- IV cent. B.C. a P y 6 E [ men attischer Schalen, Bern, 1940, pl. 39, 1). A 9 P1. 1. Graffitoon uppersurface. (L 4414). Lamp fragment(= Howland, no. 599, Type 46B). Graffitoon underside. Early V cent. B.C. ] .y6? E F ri[ ] Xc Mid-III cent. B.C. a P3y Somewhatless than half the foot is preserved, but it is clear from the arrangementof the A 10 (P 2145). P1. 1. Part of a black-glazedbowl lettersthat the alphabetwent all the way around of 2nd-centuryB.C. fabric. Graffito on floor. so that its end overlapsits beginning.For the II cent. B.C. a y dotted delta, which is also found on ostraka of A 11 P1. 1. Flat-bottomed of the early 5th century B.C., see Kretschmer, p. 96 (P 18248). jug early like and Beazley, A.J.A., LII, 1948, p. 336. Theta is 4th-century type, Robinson, Chronology, also dotted. The order of the non-Phoenician M 228. Graffito on shoulder. letters can not be paralleled. Early IV cent. a 3 y 8 EL 8 B. MESSAGES AND LISTS
B. MESSAGES AND LISTS
Messagesand lists were for the most part writtenon potsherds,which were used as we use scrap paperfor casualnotes and notations.Only B 17 and B 18 werecertainly written on the completevessel, whichwas, in thesecases, the subjector objectof the message. The messages,which range in date frommid-6th century B.C. (B 1) to the 2nd-3rdcenturies of our era (B 18), includeboth notes urgingsome action (B 1, B 2, B 7) and what may best be thoughtof as tags accompanyingand explainingvarious things delivered (B 6, B 9, B 17, B 18). The lists, rangingin date fromthe 4th-3rdcenturies B.C. to the 5th centuryof our era, are mostlykitchen inventories or shopping lists (B 12-16, B 20) with one (B 19) morelimited to pharmaceuticalitems and another(B 21) to amounts of wine. Otheritems are moreuncertain since they are too fragmentaryto providecontinuous texts: B 5 may be a list of men in variousrelationships; B 8 and B 11 mightbe literaryquotations; B 10 could be
Athens an informalcopy of a contractor treaty;B 3 and B 4 are completelyuncertain. The lettersand dialectof B 1 are and so best be with texts from at certainlyMegarian may compared Megara(see, for example,Jeffery, L.S.A.G., pp. 132ff.).The Attic texts earlierthan 403 B.C.(B 2-9) show an irregularuse of late, unusualand Ionic forms and shapes:four-barred sigma in B 2, B 4, B 5 and B 9 comparedto the three-barredsigma of B 7; Ionic lambdaand/or gammain B 2, B 5 and B 9 as againstAttic formsin B 4, B 6 and B 7; tailedrho in B 7; epsilonfor eta exceptin B 7 and B 8; omi- Studies cronCC-BY-NC-ND. for all o-soundsin all texts. The later texts use the Ionic alphabetconsistently; stemmed upsilons and dotted theta are also regular.One lunate sigma appearswith other four-barredforms in B 12; lunate epsilon first appearsmuch later in B 17. As far as more specificallyorthographic oddities are concerned,we see the substitutionof deltafor zeta in B 13, a singlefor the moreproperly doubled pi of B 17 and a second-declensiondative singular without the iota subscriptin both B 17 and B 18. License:
Classical Parallelsfor texts of this sortmay be notedin Tolstoy,Jeffery and Immerwahr. of B 1 (P 17824). P1.2. Base of a skyphos of Co- F 13). The word ouB6s,which is from the same rinthian with above the of a root as 660s, still retainsits in only. shape, rays foot, rough breathing type whichmay be dated to the firsthalf of the this earlyinscription. 6th century B.C. Graffito on the underside, B 2 (P 1265). PI. 2. Fragmentfrom the rim of a use obviously written on the sherd; the base has School been mendedfrom four but of it red-figuredkylix of late 6th-centuryB.C. type. fragments, part Graffito on inside, written on the is missing. Context: 6th centuryB.C. (J 18:4). obviously See 2 for a sherd. Context: beginningof 5th centuryB.C. Hesperia,XVII, 1948,p. 160, pl. 41, no. 32. brief account of the circumstancesof finding (G 6:3). Hesperia,XV, 1946,p. 279, and of some of the objectsfound in the same Ca. 500 B.C. TrCa-,-rTl (aAa[vSoi] &AosKa
The punctuationsuggests a fairly extensivetext then broken at one side. Context: second half like a messageor list. 5th century B.C. (C 19:5). Second V cent. B.C. oT-l TTa-rC B 4 (P 14131).PI. 2. Fragmentfrom wall of lekane quarter aEK[ of early 5th centuryB. c. Graffitoon outside, A long verticalstroke seems to separatethe obviously written on the sherd, which was beginningof the text from the end. The text subsequentlybroken all around. does not seem to have been long enough to allow for a which an alter- Early V cent. B.C. ]N N ![ reading requires ] I E[ native, i.e., OrtL. ]EPn[ B9 (P 2022). P1.2. Handle and immediately ]AMME[ of rim and wall of ]onoOA[ adjacentpart black-glazed skyphos. Graffitoon inside, obviously written B 5 (P 10511).P1. 2. Fragmentfrom wall of lekane on the sherd. Context: fourth quarter 5th of early 5th century B.C. Graffito on inside, century B.C. (J 13-14:1).
Athens written on the which was obviously sherd, Fourth quarter V cent. B.C. Zoo(veo(S) subsequentlybroken all around. w?wa?EXE at Early V cent. B.C. ]EPFN[ rfAaVKOI ]ANT IB[ ?s &Oarv ]OONA[ Ev8E?g9t(v) ]ANAOK[ "Sosineossent a bundleto Glaukosin town." ]E! [ or
Studies Tag message? CC-BY-NC-ND. A possiblerestoration might be: iTr]Ep rv[&9covos B 10 (P 16391).P1. 2. Two non-joiningfragments 6 8ETva]'AvrTi3[(o from the wall of a large unglazedpot. Graffito ]oS 'Ova[cro on outside, obviouslywritten on the sherd. Of 6 8eTva]'AvSoKfr6O the originalsherd, which appearsto have been ]El [ fairly large, two fragmentsare preserved;the License: Classical relation betweenthe two is not evident. Con- B 6 P1.2. from rim of black- (P 27850). Fragment text: mid-4th century B.C. (F 19:2). of glazed kylix. Graffito on inside, probably writtenon the sherd.Context: 5th Mid-IVcent. B.C. (a) ]vSov rQ9vreosKa[
only. early century (H 13:5). ] rTaUT.v XacraTo[ E&v V cent. B.C. O ]tl&rcov'V rrl[ Early KA(i
School The omission of a syllable may have been ]v-ra 5'syEvrilS va[ accidentalor it may be a form of abbreviation; ]aPEv9S . OXUKEV[ cf. Kleimenes and Kleitomenes. The dative ]9OZO..... SO..[ case suggeststhat the sherdwas used as a tag. ] olKos 6vapia oarr[ ]Xtpas vivvgpl[ B 7 (P 15208).P1. 2. Fragmentfrom wall of un- ]Y2QT....[ glazedpersonal amphora. Graffito on outside,obviously ]2...A[ American written on the sherd. Context: ca. 490-450 B.C. (F 19:4). For © Second quarter V cent. B.C. EOEh,XlsiK[e] | 6s (b) ]s:E[ T'r6XoSI'ApKaipos (only tracesof other letters) "Eumelis, come as quickly as you can. The readingis neither certain nor complete Arkesimos." The cos -raxos was crowded in enough to make a restoredtext possible, but later as an afterthought.Above the text is an we may perhapsassume from the mention of isolated gamma; below, an isolated epsilon. Corinth and such words as Xtou-ro that we Note the use of eta as aspiratedlong vowel. have a rough copy of some contractor treaty. This feminineform of a common name is not attested;Arkesimos is knownin Eretria(Bechtel). B 11 (P 23690).P1. 2. Wallfragment of a Corcyrean amphora of the 4th century B.C. Graffito on B 8 (P 18325). P1.2. Base of lekythos of second outside, obviouslywritten on the sherd, which quarter5th-century B.C. type. Graffitoon under- was subsequentlychipped on the upper right. side, possibly writtenon the sherd, which was Context: 4th century B.C. 10 B. MESSAGES AND LISTS
IV cent. B.C. ort 'Acias XEyo[ Late IV-early III cent. B.C. {TA} {AMAX} XowTra8r i.e., dish TAZATTETEMAI IEydArl I large 1 OTI 'Aaias ffioTr(a) II half-size2 : 11 loaves2 The use of OTt is like that in excerpts from 6]p3rcai long roll? literary texts, but both sense and syntax are X]ICpTrr[s papyrus obscure. Line 1: presumablyan alternateform for AoTrraS.Line 3: cf. Aesch., fr. 91 for /l[iorros: of The next three items (B 12-14) are lists of vases something small; Galen 13, 558 fio0Trov=fiotCu. and culinary equipmentand may be thought of Line 4: cf. B 12, line 2. as rough kitchen inventories or shopping lists. B 15 P1.3. of small shallow All come the immediate vicinity the (P 23309). Fragment from of saucer with dull red glaze. Graffitoon floor. Tholos and are undoubtedlylists the kitchen of Context: 4th century B.C. equipmentused in that building. They are men- IV cent. B.C. tioned in Hesperia, SupplementIV, p. 135. For a El.[
Athens more formal inventory of Tholos equipmentsee ,uiXa i.e., half-choes the inscriptionpublished ibid., pp. 144-147. B 15, ]i8ES at perhaps part of a similar list, is not from the Line 2: the short form of filwXoais found in Tholos area butfrom South Stoa I. LG., XI 2, 199 B 80. B 12 (P 10810).PI. 2. Fragmentof a smallshallow B 16 (P 3289). P1.3. Fragmentof roof tile with saucer with dull red glaze. Graffito on floor. dull black glaze on one side. Graffitoon glazed Context:late 3rdcenturies B.C. side, obviouslywritten on the sherd. Context:
Studies 4th-early (H 12). LateCC-BY-NC-ND. IV-early III cent. B.C. Hellenistic. Kap6]oTros i.e., kneading-trough III-II cent. B.C 6oXiXouv xio 6]3peiai AA[ long loaves 20+ vlKat AoTraw&a dishes the of an informal list platters Apparently heading TTivaKEs of victoriesin two events(the race and the 5 pcaot i III middle-sized 4 long License:
Classical stone). It is also possible that the word in the 3aTravi(a) : [ little dishes 5+ secondline is a verb ratherthan a noun. In the 2+ of 7roptcxpaI1[ cups first line the last letter of the first word was oil-flask AXiKuvos originallya sigma, which was correctedto an only. half-chous fl,Jixouv upsilon. There was no room for a similar 10 TpvJpXtov bowl correctionat the end of ?dSos.For the contests poqpEaA[ ? 10+ a stone and use involving (weight-lifting putting School ]A1[ the shot) see E. N. Gardiner,Athletics in the Line2: cf. 6opesiain I.G., II2, 1631, 409; 1672, Ancient World, Oxford, 1930, pp. 54, 60, 154. 80-81. Line 3: 310; Hesperia,XXIV, 1955, pp. B 17 P1.3. cf. Allen, Classical Studies to Edward (P 9922). Wheel-ridgedamphora (= presented Robinson, M in Capps, Princeton, 1936, pp. 1-2. Line 6: cf. Chronology, 104). Dipinto s.v. Line 11: new word. black on body. Context: second half 2nd cen- Hesychios,personal tury (M 17:1). American B 13 (P 3784). P1.3. Fragmentof small shallow Secondhalf II cent. crT[&]vov&rro6os saucer. Graffito on floor. Context: For © unglazed lhiTrrcAoc)tl{nr1 second half of 4th century B.C.(F 12:3). Second half IV cent. B.C. "Return the stamnos to Philippa's brother XVTpas i.e., pots Philip." For the absenceof the iota subscripts rTnSri,Ta(Ta)Pill lids 9 in the dativescompare Meisterhans2, pp. 52-53. (traces) B 18 P1.3. Shoulder of am- TrriTpaTrrT6[a tableware (P 8341). fragment phora (= Robinson, Chronology,J 52). Dipinto Line 4: for a similarsubstitution of delta for in black.Context: mid-2nd to early3rd centuries zeta in a 4th-centuryB.C. graffito see C 33. (C 12:1). B 14 (P 4899). PI. 3. Fragmentof small shallow Mid-II-early III cent. ['I]EpoV[L]i.co saucerwith dull red glaze, similarto B 12 but [Xp]norT as6ex9[~c] with grooved rim. Graffitoon floor. Context: [ira]pa [&]8Ap[q5v] F 12. [Orr]y.vos C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES 11
"A stamnos for our good brotherHierony- Late Roman mos from his brothers." See B 17 for the KcbvCc[V i.e., of pine-cones omissionof the iota subscriptin the dativecase. ywpcoic[v of buns 6cap?i(ou) of fish or relish B 19 (P 8046). P1.3. Fragmentfrom side of bowl. rrEpcarf6o(pca.a) peaches? Graffitiinside (a) and out (b), obviouslywritten vauOou of freightcharges? on the sherd.Context: late Roman. 6Oap?i(ou) of fish or relish is olvov [ for wine Late Roman (a) vrrepa Line 1: cf. Ath., II, 57b. Line 4: cf. 6ouoAacx (b) 9oIvou 71TpoCKa.Line 7: is for Els, see Meisterhans2, O6Trovo(U)y(Kiat) L[' pp. 38-39. U' CKU( ) o(O)y(Klai) B 21 P1.3. Wall of micaceous v]opJ.r [ (P 2004). fragment water jar. Graffito on outside. Context: 5th The "pestles"of (a) may have been required century(Q 13:3). to the of 47 ounces of the Athens prepare drugs (b): V cent. ]cQiP K(ontXat)iy' juice of the red poppy; 7 ounces of acorn (OKuAoS) PEv]a&ppi(ov)K(OTrCAal) E' at or of a seed which,mixed with white wine, was ]A K(o-nXai) 5' goodfor scorpionbites (&cKvuXcbvlov, Dioscorides, Smallpoints (for omicrons)in the upperpart III, 100); some quantityof strychnine(vopurl). of the kappas combine with the numbers following to suggest an abbreviationlike that B20 (P 11763). P1.3. Fragment from wall of which is restored.The item in the second line
Studies of unglazedCC-BY-NC-ND. closed pot. Graffitoon outside, ob- has been tentativelyrestored as a kind wine; viously written on the sherd. Context: mixed perhaps the inscriptionrecorded the mixture to Late Roman. withinthe jar. License: Classical C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES of This categoryis rathera mixed bag. Besidesa few love namesand vilificationsof a standardsexual typeonly. we have includedseveral other pieces with inscriptionsof a highly personalor emotionalnature. Love namespainted on figuredvases are not includedhere sincethey are moreproperly studied in con-
nectionuse with the vases on whichthey appear. School The 14 kalos-name inscriptionscatalogued belowl rangein time from the mid-6thcentury to the end of the 5th centuryB.C. and in contentfrom the simpleand anonymouso6 rrcas Kcaos (C 4) to the full and explicitAUKo6IaXO o Kia6o SOKEI 'Iav.98[ (C 10). The admirersare not named in ten cases (seven mas- culine objects, two feminine, one both), but it is apparently not possible to assume that the writer (or
admirer)personal was always masculine, since the dative MECAiT(to whom Alkaios seems beautiful) in C 19 is
American most probably feminine. Of the named admirers (C 3, C 7, C 10, C 19) two lack endings and so might conceivablybe eithergender, although it is likely that the admirerof Antheme is Aischinesor Ais- For © (C 3) cheas2and that Lykomachos'admirer (C 10) is lanthis ratherthan Ianthides.These probablehetero- sexualpairs are matchedby a clearlyhomosexual one in C 7, whereMenekrates is beautifuland dearto Lysikles. Parallelsfor these kalos-namesare most convenientlygathered together in Robinson and Fluck, Greek Love Names, and in Beazley, A.R. V. and A.B. V. Sexualinsult plays a partin 15 of the textsbelow.3 The most commonterm (eight times) is KalTctruycov (or Truyacos),ordinarily appearing with masculinenames but occurringonce in abbreviatedform- KaTaTruy(aiva)-witha feminine name (C 27). Certainlycomparable are the epithets XaKKo6TpcoKToS(C 23)
1 C 3, C 4, C 7, C 1O, C 11, C 13, C 1S-17, C 19, C 21, C 28, C 29, C 31. 2 Feminine names with these initial letters are very rare. 8 C 1, C 2, C 5, C 8, C 12, C 14, C 18, C 22-27, C 33, C 34. 12 C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES
and AacKaorpia(C 34) and perhapsalso the JliIOT-rTOof C 1. Four texts (C 2, C 8, C 14, C 33) use various verbsto describesexual proficiency and relationships.Parallels for hate namesof this generalsort may be found in Hesperia,XXII, 1953,pp. 215-224. The five remainingtexts are miscellaneous:a love-pledge(C 6), namesof men admiredor insultedin othertexts (C 9, C 20), pictureand pet nameof the maleorgan (C 30), and nameswritten backwards for some presumablyfell purpose(C 32). Sincemost of these frankexpressions of admirationand distastedate from beforethe end of the 5th centuryB.C., the forms of writingand spellingare for the most part old Attic. That is, for the pieces through C 29, it will be easiest to state a general practice and then to note exceptions: general are Attic lambdaand gamma,three-barred sigmas, crossbarred theta, chi-sigma for xi, eta open and usedonly for the aspirate;exceptional are Ionic lambda and/or gammain C 7 (part), C 13, C 15, C 24, C 27-29, four-barredsigma in C 26-28, dottedtheta in C 3, C 17, C 21, omegain C 24, closedeta in C 1 and C 8, eta for both aspirateand long vowel in C 18 and C 23, eta for the long vowel in C 29 and for epsilon- Athens iota in C 8. Other spelling odditiesinclude: 'OAu
Classical Second quarter VII cent. B.C. ICETro5ho Tra[s Titas' championshipstatus. "Theboy is lewd." C 6 P1.4. from floor of red- of (P 7690). Fragment C 2 (P 13322). P1.4. Wall fragmentfrom closed figured kylix with courting scene inside and vase.only. Graffito on outside. Context: early 6th palaestraoutside, dated by Beazleyto 500 B.C. century B.C. or a little earlier. Graffito on inside beside figures.B.S.A., XLVI, 1951, pl. 16, c.
Earlyuse VI cent. B.C. ]oS pEV[ET
School Ca. 500 B.C. For the verb see C 14. (qn?]oTrilov i.e., loving-cup Forthe use of the wordcf. Aristoph.,Lys., 203. C 3 (P 23693).P1. 4. Fragmentfrom the bottomof The endinghere suggestseither a neutervessel a black-glazedalabastron of mid-6th century understoodor a masculineone in the accusative B.C. type. Graffito on outside. case (as the objectof an understoodverb). Mid-VI cent. B.C. 'AvS3xEKcaX personal [8O]KE1AaIX[ C 7 (P 20787). P1.4. Fragmentaryblack-glazed
American "Antheme appears beautiful to Aisch ...." kylix of whichmost of lowerpart of cup is pre- Cf. C 10. The feminine name is known from served. Graffito around lower outside wall, For © Eretria (Bechtel). upside down to pot. Context: late 6th-early C 4 (P 17827). P1.4. Rim and wall fragmentof 5th century B.C.(R 12:1). black-glazedskyphos. Graffito on outside,upside Late VI-early V cent. B.C. down to pot. Context: mid-6th century B.C. M[eVE]KparEs[K]aXos KO'i piAos AviiuAEI (J 18:4). "Menekratesis beautifuland dear to Lysikles." Mid-VI cent. B.C. ho Tra[csKaX6s The Ionic lambdasin the last two words com- An upsilon at lower left may be the end of bine with smaller letters to suggest that the this inscription. last three words were addedby a secondhand. the the with is C 5 P1. 4. Plain Graffito around (In drawing piece -Kprr5s slightly (P 24910). hydria. misplaced.) top of rim. Context: ca. 520-480 B.C. (R 12:4). Hesperia, XXV, 1956, p. 63, pl. 22, c, f. Cf. C 8 (P 15555). PI. 4. Rim fragmentof unglazed Sparkes-Talcott,no. 1594. bowl. Graffitoon inside, obviouslywritten on C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES 13
the sherd.Hesperia, Suppl. VIII, p. 399, pl. 58, 450 B.C. with much earlier material (C9:6). 10, a (withdifferent interpretation). Cf. Sparkes- Hesperia,Suppl. V, p. 143, fig. 71, 35. no. 1892. Talcott, Second quarter V cent. B.C. ]oS Kacih[ Early V cent. B.C. 'Eyoprpacros ]oaa Kai X[ ,oi ioynrI ]fov ep3s[vvTro ]PE6VT[o "Hegestratoslies with me." Eta is not used Cf. Vasen for the but as the of the Acropolisgraffito (Graef-Langlotz, aspirate epsilon-iota der Akropolis, II, Berlin, 1925-33, no. 256): third singularverb. Whetherthe active voice of which Peek this verb can be used with a PEvETat, (ibid., p. 131, "Epigraphische suppressedobject Nachtrage") takes as equivalent to pivErat. to convey the meaning usually expressedby Cf. also Hillervon von the middle or seems Gaertringen,Inschriften passive uncertain. Priene,Berlin, 1906, no. 317. C 9 (P 15379).P1. 4. Wall fragmentof large pot C 15 (P 27698). P1.4. Half of hemispherical of non-Attic fabric. Graffitoon outside. Con- black-glazedstand. Incised before glazing and text: from Geometricto Athens pottery ranging early firing.Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,p. 180, note 2. 5th century B.C. VIII, 399, Hesperia, Suppl. p. Second V cent. B.C. at fig. 4. quarter ]os NIK[ KcOA6[s Early V cent. B.C. 'EyEo(T
aTos For the pictureon this piece see M 9. This piece is included here because it was C16 (P5128). P1.4. Black-glazedkylix base. found about 15 metersfrom C 8 and may be a Graffitoon underside.Context: second quarter similarreference to the sameman. 5th B.C. Studies
CC-BY-NC-ND. century (H6:5). Hesperia, V, 1936, 347. Cf. no. 436. C 10 (P 14710). P1.4. Base fragment of small p. Sparkes-Talcott, black-glazedkylix. Graffito on upper surface. Second quarter V cent. B.C. Tui6XCEvosKoi6S Context:late 6th-early5th centuriesB.C. A long line separatesthe end of the writing Early V cent. B.C. AuxK6Ia)C[oSKC1a6s] from the beginning. [8]oKeT'cavSf8[ From this same well (H 6:5) came the next six License: Classical (C All share the second quarter "Lykomachos beautiful to Ianthi..." pieces 17-22). appears 5th-century B.C. context and all were first of The is about for the of spacing just right length in Hesperia, V, 1936, See the supplement.Lykomachos is not known but published pp. 347ff.
only. also Robinsonand Fluck. appears to be an acceptablecompound. The name Ianthe (not Ianthis which might be the C 17 (P 5144).P1. 5. Fragmentarybase of skyphos feminine from the is of Corinthian Graffitoon underside.Cf.
use patronymic following) type.
School known in Athens (I.G., II2, 3799) and Ianthos Sparkes-Talcott,no. 314. elsewhere (Pape). Second quarter V cent. B.C. o-rTTIEUSKa[A6S C 11 (P 14943). P1.4. Fragmentof black-glazed C 18 (P 5157). P1.5. Small lekane (= Sparkes- kylixfoot of early5th-century B.c. type. Graffito Talcott, no. 1794). Graffitoon underside.Hes- on underside. peria, XXII, 1953, p. 218; Beazley, Potter and personal Early V cent. B.C. 'Aypo]SiroaKca[] Painter in Ancient Athens, London, 1946, American p. 20; Richter, Attic Red Figure Vases, New Cf. Beazley, A.R.V., p. 944 for two other For © Haven, 1958,p. 57. instancesof the love nameAphrodisia. Second quarter V cent. B.C. C 12 (P 410). P1.4. Wall fragment of black- locriaS KcrraTryov glazedcup. Graffitoon outside. h6osprlcv ho ypacpras Early V cent. B.C. ]EsTuy[aIoS Althoughit has been suggestedthat a name was obliteratedbefore rcnoiv,it seems C 13 P1.4. Rim from black- unlikely, (P 27848). fragment since both paint and surface are preserved. glazed mug. Graffito on outside below lip. "Thus the writer" seems Context: 5th B.C. says (cs 91rnav) right. early century (H 13:5). Note open eta for both long vowel and aspirate. Early V cent. B.C. K]aX6S [ C 19 (P 5160). P1.5. Lekane (= Sparkes-Talcott, C 14 (P9482). PI. 5. Wall fragment of lekane no. 1792).Graffito inside, upside down to pot (a), with dull red glaze inside. Graffitoon outside, on the underside(b), and outside,upside down verticalto pot. Context: pottery down to ca. to pot (c). 14 C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES
Second quarter V cent. B.C. Second quarter V cent. B.C. EAi[qi] (a) TTuS68oposKaX6[s S KTaTro (b) 'AX
Athens This may well be an owner's name but is Third quarter V cent. B.C. Ka]TaTr.y[cov included here as the same 'ApIlaolp[vES at being undoubtedly personas is praisedin C 19 and C 22. C 27 (P 17123).P1. 6. Baseand lowerpart of body C 21 (P 5164). P1.5. Large lekane. Graffito on of black-glazedskyphos with rays above foot. underside,which was marked off in squares. Graffitoon underside.Context: third quarter Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 1797. 5th century B.C. Hesperia, XXII, 1953, p. 220, Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. no. 7, fig. 2, right,pl. 66, b. Second quarter V cent. B.C. $Eoi GEpltKE Third quarter V cent. B.C. Ssoi lVi iKuAaKacaTnuy(alva) QEoT 1n6).XCTOVOSroXovos TV'.ao0vos The writerfirst wrote Karrv, then correctedit KaXos to KacTaTry( ) but finally left the word un- XappliSES finished, from lack of License: perhaps space, perhaps Classical KcO6Ao in doubtas to the feminineform (see the discus- sion thereofin 216- of XXII, The name in line 3, which shouldperhaps be Hesperia, 1953, pp. read as is most probably genitive 217).
only. np( use Graffitoon glazed side, written after tile had School C22 P1.5. of lekane base (P 5169). Fragment been broken.Context: late 5th centuryB.C. (= Sparkes-Talcott,no. 1796). Graffito on underside. Late V cent. B.C. [ ]rrpa-ro [Ka]A6s Second quarter V cent. B.C. 'AX]KoaosKaTcrcaT[yov Considerationsof spacesuggest a shortname such as Sostratos. personal For the restoredname see C 19, C 20. American C 29 (P 10618).P1. 6. Fragmentof convex cover C 23 (P 18499).P1. 5. Rim fragmentfrom lekane. tile with brown on outside.Graffito For © flaky glaze Graffito on inside. Context: second quarter on glazed side. Context:pottery rangingfrom 5th century B.C.(C 18:7). late 5th centuryto 3rd centuryB.C. Second quarter V cent. B.C. Late V cent. B.C. ]XhrKahi1 ETArXlAawKKO6p[o]cros C 30 P1.6. Nozzles and of rim of ho Eubp6oiaXos (L 2450). parts black-glazedlamp (= Howland,no. 176, Type First line mostly erased.Whether the verb is 21C). Graffito on top of nozzle. Context: activeor passivein senseis uncertain.The name potteryto near end of 4th centuryB.C. (E 6:3). is unknown. Late V-early IV cent. B.C. KOK C 24 (P 15225).P1. 5. Fragmentsof roof tile with KiA(oi) black glaze on top surface.Graffito on glazed (drawingof phallus)(See M 13) side. Context: ca. 490-450 B.C. (F 19:4). Hes- Presumably KOKKC6Ao,like K6mOKo,could be peria,XXII, 1953,pp. 219-220. used for testicles, but it is also possible that C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES 15 this is an abbreviationof the name Kokkaline presumablyput on at the samefestival: Eubou- (Demosth.,LIX, 35, 120, 124). los' Prosousia and Theopompos' Pantaleon. If it did (andthe seemsno moreremote C 31 (P 23837). P1.6. Rim fragmentof unglazed possibility lid. Graffito on either written than the unprecedentedpairing of male and side, obviously female names with Kcxs6and it would on the sherd.Context: ca. 420-390B.C. (Q 15:2). Ka?i), provide a definitecross referencebetween two Ca. 400-390 B.c. (inside) TTpooroocaKoAXin comic poets and a far closer absolutedate than rTavrTaAcovKlJaA6 the scantyfragments of the plays allow. (outside)TTav-rTcacov KaXo | Tnpolro ocria Kac[if C 32 (L 5298).PI. 6. Black-glazedlamp, similarto Howland, no. 25A. Graffitoon Note the way in whichthe two omittedletters 267, Type top in the last line wereadded below. Both Pantaleon of nozzle and rim. Context: 4th century B.C. 1958, 46. and Prosousia are known as personal names, Hesperia,XXVII, p. 159,pl. but the peculiarincidence of Prosousiashould Mid-IV cent. B.C. 'AVTriKAEISr be considered in combination with the fact -patias Athens that both namesare also titles of comediesand 'ApKEaicaS that the well in which this sherd was found 'AAKfcas at also produced several coarse pitchers with 'Av-rTIPnrSl comic scenes(Hesperia, XXIV, 1955,pp. 76-84). (iA65rl6lpos That is, Prosousiaseems to be limitedto mid- The names are written backwards, not 4th-century B.C. tombstones (.G., II2, 8769, retrograde. Since some magic seems to be 12533-5), suggesting that something at the involved, the piece is included here under Studies beginningCC-BY-NC-ND. of the centurygave rise to this rash "hate names." Of the six names all but one of an otherwiseunattested name. Could Eu- (Antimedes)were borne by two or more 4th- boulos' play Prosousia (or The Swan), which centuryB.C. Athenians,so that identificationof presumablytook its first name from a "Pres- this particulargroup is unlikely.The fact that ence" (whetherfemale character or abstraction), three mid-4th-centuryB.C. men bearing three have been responsible?The play is tentatively of these names (Antikleides,Arkesilas, Philo- datedLicense: by Edmonds (The Fragments of Attic have naval connectionsand to Classical demos) belong Comedy, II, p. 641) to 385-380 B.C., but a case the Erechtheidphyle is more likely to be a of might well be made for a date closer to the function of the nature of our sources than a context date of this sherd: Edmondsassumed clue to the identityof this group. thatonly. the two titles refer to may Diogenes C33 6. Laertius' that Socrates,after dream- (P6153). P1. Fragmentaryblack-glazed story (3,5) Graffito on below ing of a cygnet in his lap which later flew skyphos. outside, just lip, use near one handle and around School with a identifiedthe birdwith starting running away pleasantcry, under the other and on side Plato, who came to him (prosousia)as a pupil (a), opposite (b). the next Edmondsfurther assumed that Context: mid-4th century B.C. (D 15:3). Hes- day; note 5a. the play would not have been relevanttill Plato peria,XXII, 1953,p. 221, began teachingin the Academyin 386 B.C., but Mid-IV cent. B.C. (a) OEIoSocrlaCatiKa'E[] 6Ei it is hard to imaginethat this was the first time (b) A(aiKaorrpra) personal his voice had been heard. The last letters of the verb, and hence its American Theopompos' play Pantaleon presumably exact form, are doubtful, but the root and For © had as its chief characterthe pranksterof the thereforethe meaningare certain.For another same name (Athen.,XIV, 616a).4If this Panta- instanceof delta used insteadof zeta in a 4th- leon is the older brother of the speaker of century B.C. graffito see B 13. Theodosia's Lysias X and the defendant in Lysias KcrTaTTav- namehas been crossedout. For the supplement rcaXsovToS(frags. 210, 211; Prosop. Att., no. in (b), cf. C 34. 11599),he could have been about 27 years old in 400 B.C.and full of the kind of deviousness C 34 (MC 483). P1.6. Black-glazedspindle whorl that might lend itself to comic treatment.Even of a type found in 5th-4th centuriesB.C., like if that identificationis uncertain,Theopompos' Hesperia, Suppl. VII, pp. 94-96, no. 9. The productivelife (415-362 B.C.)allows the possi- graffitoruns all the way around the whorl at bility that our sherd representsapplause or the lowerpart of the side. favorable critical judgment of two plays, IV cent. B.C. KoaiXatKc-rptia 4 See Edmonds' note (op. cit., I, p. 864,d): "It is thought possible that this man, by giving his name to his profession,originated the stock characterof mediaevalItalian comedy from whose dress comes our word pantaloon, now in its shortenedform 'pants'... " 16 D. NAMES ON SHERDS D. NAMES ON SHERDS The criterionfor admissionto this categoryis that the nameor namesshall have been writtenon the sherd,not on the completevase. Althoughobviously it is not alwayspossible to be absolutelycertain on this point,it maybe saidthat the writingwas definitelydone on the sherdwhen it eitherturns to follow the edge of the sherd or continues in the next line on reaching the edge, or when it was done on the insideof a fragmentfrom a closedpot. It may be saidprobably if not certainlyto havebeen done on the sherdwhen it is alignedwith one edge of the sherdor neatlycentered on it. Sherdswith a nameincised on themhave been foundin considerablenumbers at the Agora and else- wherein Athens.The greatmajority of them can be dated in the 5th centuryB.C., and the namesthey bear are frequentlythose of personswell known in Athenianhistory. These sherdsare ostraka,the ballots used by the Atheniansin voting at an ostrakophoria.The law on ostracismmay well have been Athens partof Kleisthenes'constitution and probablydates from the last decadeof the 6th centuryB.C. although it was not applieduntil 488/7 B.c.1 It was invokedat intervalsfor the next seventyyears until 418/7 B.C. at when Hyperboloswas ostracizedunder such scandalouscircumstances that the institutionwas thrown into disrepute,and the Atheniansnever again had recourseto it. Therefore,any sherdwith an incised namethat can be datedin the 5th centuryB.C. has an a prioriclaim to be consideredan ostrakon.There are now about 6500 sherdswhich have been identifiedas ostraka,2and the identificationmay be con- Studies sideredCC-BY-NC-ND. certain in all but a very few cases. But how shall we interpreta sherdwith a nameon it whichmust be datedeither earlier or laterthan the periodwhen ostracism was practiced?There is quitea groupof them,mostly of the 6th centuryB.C., witha few as earlyas the 7th or late 8th centuriesB.C. In Hesperia,Suppl. VIII, pp. 405-408a sherdwith the name Peisistratos(D 1 below) was publishedand along with it four sherdsfrom 6th-centuryB.C. contextsLicense: D D D each with a nameincised on it. In the case of the Peisistratossherd and Classical (D 6, 8, 14, 22), one of the othermeswhich bears the name Aristion the suggestion was tentatively put forward that they of may have been used by the Council of the Areopagos as ballots on the occasion of Peisistratos'first exile. Foronly. the other pieces no definiteinterpretation was offeredother than the generalsuggestion that they may have been the work of school childrenor of idlerswriting their own namesor the name of some friend, acquaintance or lover. It is also possible that the sherds may have served in some way as tags to use School accompanygoods or parcels,or to identifyindividual belongings. It is likely that no single interpre- tation will suit all these early sherds, especially as some of them have women's names, others have two namestogether, and still otherswere inscribed on both sides,sometimes with different names. They were no doubtwritten on variousoccasions and for variousreasons. Parallels may be quoted from elsewhere in Greece: Amyklai, Lakonia (A.J.A., LXI, 1957, p. 168); personal Phaistos, Crete (Annuario,XIV-XVI, 1952-1954, pp. 167-173); see also Jeffery,L.S.A.G., p. 314. American Generallyin D 1-39 (late 8th centurythrough the secondquarter of the 5th centuryB.C.), we see pretty For © consistentuse of a standardold Attic alphabet(ABAAEIH IKL-MNOPP$TV0+ or X). The exceptions are: Ionic lambdain D 27, D 39; closedeta in D 6; tailedrho in D 6, D 25, D 37, D 39; xi in D 35, D 39; phi with horizontalcrossbar in D 15; four-barredsigma in D 25-27 and reversedthree-barred sigma in D 1, D 3, D 7, D 10, D 12, D 14, D 18, D 23, D 24. The use of thesetwo aberrantsigmas is suchthat they almostcertainly represent two effortsto differentiatefrom regularsigma the sigmathat comes at word- ends or combineswith chi to makexi. Thatis, all threeuses of four-barredsigma come at word-ends;of the nineoccurrences of the reversedsigma seven come eitherat word-endsor with chi; only one of the 1 For the argumentsconcerning the dateof the origin of ostracismsee K.J. Dover, Cl.Rev.,XIII, 1963,pp. 256-257 withbibliography and J. T. Keaney, Historia, XIX, 1970, pp. 1-11. For a general account see E. Vanderpool, "Ostracismat Athens," Lecturesin Memoryof Louise Taft Semple,second series, no. 4, Cincinnati,1970. 2 The previous count of ca. 1500 (see Hesperia,Suppl. VIII, pp. 408-411) has recentlybeen greatly augmentedby an estimated 4000 found in the Kerameikos(cf. B.C.H., XCII, 1968, pp. 732-733;AE-r., XXIII, 1968,XpovIKa, pp. 24-32; S.E.G., XXIV, 1969, no. 74, pp. 29f.). D. NAMES ON SHERDS 17 two reversedsigmas in D 1 and that in D 23 are not in these specialpositions. This samepattern may be seen in the use of four-barredand reversedsigmas in the earlyexamples of Owners'Marks. But whether the effortto differentiatewas motivatedby a "heard"difference or by a desirefor visualaid is unclear, as is the reasonwhy the effortwas so comparativelyshort-lived.3 Spellingpractice in these sameitems (D 1-39) is as follows:epsilon for eta exceptin D 35 (andin D 36 whereepsilon-iota seems to substitutefor eta); epsilon-iotaspelled out exceptfor D 1 (only iota), D 9 (only epsilon)and D 25 (only iota in two cases, but the diphthongonce); eta for the aspirateexcept in D 13 (but this name is attested elsewherewithout the aspirate),and perhapsD 16; omicron for all o-sounds; koppa insteadof kappabefore o- and u-sounds;properly doubled consonants are regularly singleexcept in D 37; the nasalsound in D 34 is representedby nu-kappa.As faras mistakesare concerned all that can be detectedin the fragmentarystate and natureof the materialare threeomissions of single letters(D 1, D 10, D 32). Sevenof the namesare writtenretrograde (D 1, D 6, D 13, D 15, D 23, D 31, D 36); five are in some Athens form of boustrophedon(D 11, D 14, D 16, D 24, D 32). Thereis no indicationof punctuation. at In the five pieces which date from after the middle of the 5th centuryB.C. the generalrule is Ionic letters,four-barred sigmas, eta and omegaas long vowels;D 42 exceptionallysubstitutes eta for iota. Identificationof the personbearing a particularname can be attemptedonly rarely.Names which are attestedelsewhere in Atheniansources are in the majorityand are not so noted. When a name is not knownin Attica, note is made. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. D 1 (P 3629). P1.7. Fragmentfrom foot of large glaze outside. Graffito on outside, probably late Geometric vase, decorated outside with writtenon the sherd.Context: 7th centuryB.C. tooth pattern.Graffito on inside, upside down (F-G 12:1). Hesperia,Suppl. II, pp. 126, 226; to pot; certainlywritten on the sherd. For a B 56. full discussion of this see graffito, Hesperia, Second half VII cent. B.C. License: TprrriS Classical Suppl.VIII, pp. 405-408 (Vanderpool).See also Jeffery,L.S.A.G., p. 70, pl. 2, no. 9e. 9iJo[s of The convivial sense of the Late VIII-early VII cent. B.C. Tnla< This reading of the mother's name seems The interpretationis uncertain. Read as a preferableto the reading flp3aKiogiven in the single word, it would be nTvpoSovptiSris,a originalpublication. name otherwise unattested. Sir John Beazley suggested rTOppouOovupia&qs, i.e., patronymic D7 (P 27741). P1.7. Base fragmentfrom large and name. Another be of B.C. Graffito possibilitymight Huppcb amphora early6th-century type. OoupiaBrlS,i.e., two names, a woman's and a on inside of base ring, upside down. Context: man's. Thouriadesis not attested,but Thourios first half 6th century B.C. (I 10:1). is knownoutside of Attica. Early VI cent. B.C. ETrrpaXais D 12 (P 14693). P1.7. Fragment from wall of D 8 (P 4794). P1.7. Fragmentfrom wall of large large unglazedpot. Graffitiinside and outside, coarse pithos. Graffito on outside, obviously obviously written on the sherd. Context: first writtenon the sherd.Context: early 6th century quarter 6th century B.C.(S 21:2). B.C. (F 12:5). Hesperia, Suppl. VIII, p. 406. First quarterVI cent. B.C. (outside) .E.vSuivss Early VI cent. B.C. AEtvLceia (inside) 9uv68paX[os Athens ATlileveiawould be the Attic feminine form of On the outside severalheavy strokes in the Aai'invrls,of uncertainprovenience (Diod., XIV, left corner have obscuredthe at upper partially 53,5). first two letters, but the reading seems fairly D9 (P 13333). P1.7. Fragment from neck of sure. On the inside much of the surfacebelow coarse unglazedwater jar. Graffitoon outside, the namehas flakedaway, and the endingof the verticalwith respectto the pot; certainlywritten name is not preserved.It might equally well on the sherd. Context: 6th B.C. have been genitive,as a patronymic,or dative, Studies early century CC-BY-NC-ND. as an addressee. Early VI cent. B.C. TTEpalab[ This sherd have been a D 13 (P 18271).P1. 7. Part of flat handle of large may tag accompany- Protoattic with lines down the outer ing a parcel being sent to Peiraieus:TTFipaiaBE. pot, wavy It is also that the name face. Incised on the inner face, verticallywith possible T1EipaiaSrln to the and almost on (unattested)was written. respect handle, certainly License: the sherd.Context: second 6th Classical quarter century D 10 (P 18342). P1.7. Fragment from wall of B.C. (A 17:1). Cf. Hesperia, XXX, 1961, p. 323, of large amphorawith streaky glaze on outside, F2. of 7th- to 6th-centuryB.C. type. Graffito on only. First half VI cent. B.C. 'E6opT[1o (retrograde) outside,vertical with respectto the pot, almost certainlywritten on the sherd. Context: first Note the absence of the aspirate,as in the 6th century B.C. same name in .G., I2, 579. The surfaceafter use quarter (B 18:10). School the tau is almostcompletely destroyed. First quarter VI cent. B.C. (a) Eu.pUTr (b) TTpaXcrv D 14 (P 6067). P1.7. Fragmentfrom wall of large brown outside. on The first graffito,which was writtenalong one pot with dull glaze Graffito edge of the sherd, seems to have been delib- inside,obviously written on the sherd.Context: erately trimmed off, so that only the lower mid-6th century B.C. (19:1). Hesperia, Suppl. personal parts of the lettersremain. The sherdwas then VIII, p. 406. American turned around, and the second graffito was First half VI cent. B.C.AEPt6pi?XOS (boustrophedon) written. is a name;Praxine For © Euryte mythological D 15 P1.7. from wall of would be the Attic feminineform of Prexinos, (P 12212). Fragment knownoutside Attica. large amphora,with dull streakyglaze outside, of 7th- or early 6th-centuryB.C. fabric. Graffito D 11 (P 14687). P1.7. Fragmentfrom wall of a on inside, written vertically to the pot and Protogeometricpot. Graffito on inside, ob- skipping over a wheelmade groove. Context: viously written on the sherd. Context: first down to mid-6th century B.C. 6th B.C. quarter century (S 21:2). First half VI cent. B.C. E(<9>po[ (retrograde) First quarter VI cent. B.C. The sherd is broken at the left and THYPOGOPIAAEE original (boustrophedon) chippedat upperright. The third letter, which Since the potteryfrom this well is consistently is perfectly clearly preserved, consists of an early 6th centuryB.C. in date, we assumethat oval with a horizontalline across it. This is the writingon the sherd dates from the same perhapsan incompletetheta, which would give period,and is not contemporarywith the sherd. a name like Euthronor Euthronios.Since both D. NAMES ON SHERDS 19 of these are rare (for the latter cf. F 43), it D 20 (P 24745).PI. 8. Fragmentof very largevase seems preferableto read the third letter as phi with thin black glaze on outside, of 7th- or and restore some more common name like early6th-century B.C. fabric. Graffito on outside, Euphronor Euphronios.Phi's of this form are certainlywritten on the sherd. Context: third to be found on certain early 5th-centuryB.C. quarter 6th century B.C.(with D 21). ostraka, e.g., one of ThemistoklesPhrearrios Mid-VI cent. B.C. Aucias Mup-r6 inv. no. P 17682 - see I (Agora unpublished); The also F 50. It occurs even on finalsigma of Lysiaswas squeezedaround below, occasionally the corneronto the secondline. stone, e.g., the Kallimachosepigram (I.G., I2, 609); see also I.G., I2, 487. D21 (P 24746). P1.8. Fragment from wall of unglazed pot. Graffito on outside, probably D 16 (P 13). P1.7. Fragmentfrom wall of large writtenon the sherd, of which the upper right closed pot with thin streaky glaze outside, of cornerhas been broken.Context: third quarter 7th- and early 6th-centuryB.C. fabric.Graffito 6th century B.C.(with D 20). on the outside, obviouslywritten on the sherd, Mid-VI cent. B.C. riupoS Athens which has been broken on the left. Context: mid-6th century B.C. D22 (P 10159). P1.8. Fragment from wall of at First half VI cent. B.C. large amphorawith streaky glaze on outside, ]papErT of 7th-to B.C. Graffitoon 'I9poTjyE(boustrophedon) early6th-century type. outside, certainlywritten on the sherd, which Probablytwo women'snames. The first may be appearsto have been trimmedto a more or less Timarete,Demarete or the like. In the second circularshape. Context: 7th-6th centuriesB.C. Studies line the CC-BY-NC-ND. letters, which are perfectlyclear, read Hesperia,Suppl. VIII, p. 406. This name is not attested. Ipholuge. strange Mid-VI cent. B.C. 'AplICTrov Perhaps the writer intended 'ITrTroAuyr(also not attested,but less strange),writing phi for pi D 23 (P 26539). P1.8. Wall fragmentfrom large as was done in the name hlpoXp&Toson an closed pot, with thin, flaky, rather metallic ostrakon (Hesperia,Suppl. VIII, p. 403), and glaze on the outside, perhaps Geometric. Graffito on written inadvertentlyLicense: omitting the rough breathing(or inside, obviously on the Classical exchangingit with the aspiratedpi). sherd, which is chipped below. Context: mid- 6th B.C. of century (T 18:3). D 17 (P 26618). P1.8. Fragment from wall of Mid-VI cent. B.C. 'Apti7Ts-r(ES) (retrograde) coarseonly. Graffito on unglazed pot. outside, The obviously written on the sherd, which has a inscription was left unfinished. The in whichthis small fragmentmissing at the right. Context: filling sherdwas foundis too early firstuse half 6th B.C. for it to be consideredan ostrakonof Aristeides. School century D 24 First half VI cent. B.C. Ka&ovi i.e., K&.XcovL (P2041). P1.8. Fragment from neck of unglazed water jar. Graffiti inside and out, Perhaps a tag accompanyinga parcel to obviouslywritten on the sherd,which was then Kallon. brokenat one end. Context:mid-6th century B.C. Mid-VI cent. B.C. D 18personal (P 13360).PI. 8. Fragmentfrom wall of an water Graffitoon (outside) ]EISES (boustrophedon) American unglazedporous jar. outside, almost certainlywritten on the sherd. Context: (inside) ]Ev For © mid-6th century B.C. (H 10:2). Like D 23 this may have readAristeides. The Mid-VI cent. B.C. circumstancesof finding, however, make the of this sherd as an K]?XrisA69po i.e., iKAjfls A6Kpou interpretation ostrakon impossible. Perhapsan invitationor summonsof a man namedLokros. D 25 (P 15664). P1.8. Fragment from wall of largeopen bowl with bandof dull red glazeboth D 19 (P 1993).PI. 8. Fragmentfrom base of black- inside and out. Graffition both sides, certainly glazedskyphos, of a type commonin the second writtenon the sherd,of whicha piece is missing quarter 6th century B.C. Graffito on floor on one side. inside, almost written on the sherd certainly VI cent. B.C. (outside) 'ApyEi[8es becausethe cup was small and deep. Context: Q 13:2. 'Ap]yi(8 Each name is writtenalong one edge of the D 32 (P 4627). P1.9. Fragmentof pan tile, glazed sherd; also various scratchings. Three are on uppersurface. Graffito on the undersurface, repetitionsof the same name, Argeides,which obviously written on the sherd.Context: 6th- seems not to have been reportedhitherto but early 5th centuries B.C. Hesperia, Suppl. II, may derive from Argeios, which is known in pp. 121-122,226, no. B 47; Suppl.VIII, p. 400, Attica.The fourthname will havebeen Mneson, note 20. Tlesonor the like. Late VI-early V cent. B.C. D 26 (P 13248). P1.8. Fragment from wall of NEoKEo(S) (boustrophedon) large pot with tracesof dull black glaze on the MEAaviSs outside, probablyGeometric. Graffiti on both Although it is possible that the sherd is an writtenon the sherd. sides, obviously Context: abortiveostrakon, as suggestedin Supplement second half 6th century B.C. VIII, it seemspreferable to readtwo names,one VI cent. B.C. (inside) TJauvias of a man in the genitiveand one of a womanin (outside) TIPAI the nominative. The man's name (probably was left the woman'sname Athens Note the two formsof the lettersigma in the Neokles) incomplete; name Pausias. An incompletename or word is not attested. at appearson the outside. D 33 (P 14130). P1.9. Fragment from base of D 27 (P 13251). P1.8. Fragment from wall of lekane, preservingpart of foot and lower wall, large pot, with two bands of dull glaze outside, of late 6th-to early5th-century type. Graffitoon probably Geometric. Graffito on the inside, wall outsideand upsidedown to pot, probably obviously written on the sherd. Context: late writtenon the sherd. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 6th century B.C. Late VI-early V cent. B.C. A]iocx(av VI cent. B.C. Alia-rEhE The reasonfor the accusativecase is obscure. The nameis not known. D 34 (P 10717). P1.9. Fragment from rim of D 28 (P 16812).P1. 8. Fragmentfrom wall of very lekane, of late 6th- to early 5th-centuryB.C. large unglazedpot, probablya pithos. Graffito type. Graffitoon outside, probablywritten on License: Classical on inside, obviouslywritten on the sherd.Con- the sherd, which seems to be broken at the text: end of 6th centuryB.C. (G 15:1). lowerright. of VI cent. B.C. OpOvov Late VI-early V cent. B.C. Avv[ only. D 29 (P 15693).P1. 8. Fragmentfrom wall of large Cf. A[O]vKosfrom Larisa(LG., IX2, 568,18). heavy pot or pithos, probably prehistoric, D 35 (P 4696). P1.9. Fragmentfrom wall of large roughlyuse cut into a round disc. Graffitoon out- School closed on outside. Graffitoon in- side, centeredon disc. pot, glazed side, obviouslywritten on the sherd,which has B.C. BA6avU VI cent. been brokenat left. Context:early 5th century The only evidencefor the date is the archaic B.C. letterforms. The nameis not known. Early V cent. B.C. ]E NO[ of D 30personal (P 15694). P1.8. Fragment from wall ]AKInO[ closed Graffitoon American large pot. inside, obviously Ionic letters. No names them- is broken on likely suggest written on the sherd, which the selves unless errorsare assumed,e.g., -Evocov, For © right.Context: 6th centuryB.C. "AXKiTrrroS. VI cent. B.C. Kiaco[s i.e., Kiaclos D 36 (P 19287). P1.9. Fragment from rim of The nameis knownonly as an ethnic. lekaneof late 6th- to early5th-century B.C. type. D 31 (A 2498). P1.8. Fragmentfrom light roofing Graffitoon inside, upsidedown and then verti- tile of Laconiantype. Inscribedthrough glaze cally to the pot, obviouslywritten on the sherd. on uppersurface; probably written on the sherd, Context: 5th century B.C. which was later chipped on the left. Context: Early V cent. B.C. thirdquarter 4th centuryB.C. ]K6io5[ (drawingupside down) VI cent. B.C. Aaleja[s (retrograde) D37 (P 10809). P1.9. Fragment from rim of Becauseof the directionof writingwe assume black-glazedkylix of early 5th-centuryB.C. that the sherd is considerablyolder than the type. Graffitioutside and in, obviouslywritten depositin whichit was found. on the sherd,which has beenbroken at one end. E. NUMERICALNOTATIONS ON SHERDS 21 Early V cent. B.C. (outside) MeAa[ date. Graffitoon inside,upside down to the pot; nupp[ obviously written on the sherd, of which the (inside) ]6Es upperright corer has brokenoff. Late V cent. B.C. Ki],iov Assumingthat the same pair of names was O]caTIs writtenboth insideand out, we may restore,for example,Melanippides and Pyrronides;neither of these has been reportedfrom Attica. Presumablya list of three names which we have restored exempli gratia. D38 (P 27844). P1.9. Wall fragment of large unglazedvessel. Graffito on outside, certainly D 42 (P 16865). P1.9. Fragment from base of writtenafter the sherdwas muchworn. Context: black-glazedbowl of late 5th-centuryB.C. type. early 5th century B.C.(H 13:5). Graffitoon inside, almost certainlywritten on the which is broken above and at the V cent. B.C. sherd, Early 'ETrTmyVES right. Athens D 39 (P 15209). P1.9. Fragment from wall of Late V cent. B.C. ]..X unglazed amphora. Graffito on outside, ob- 'AprloroT[AXrs at written on the sherd. Context: ca. 490- viously For confusion 450 B.C. (F 19:4). possible betweeneta and iota, compare the inscriptions found in Plato's Second quarter V cent. B.C. MEVESEo5S Academy(Epyov, 1958,pp. 12ff.;A.J.A., LXIII, Xapiascxapfat 1959,p. 279). -avSeS Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 'AIpgipoXos D 43 (P 6799). P1.9. Fragmentof cover tile with TTpoTapXos dull red glaze on the convex surface.Graffito VTEVTapio'TE on the glazed side, obviously written on the KcAio-TpaT' sherd. Context: second half 4th century B.C. Note the mixture of Attic and Ionic letter (D-E 8-9:1). License: forms. Xanthes and Amphiboulos have not Second half IV cent. B.C. rTp&'rcov Classical been reportedfrom Attica; for Pentaristesee D44 9. from wall of of A.J.A., LI, 1947,p. 368. (P 10775). P1. Fragment unglazed amphora. Graffito on outside, ob- D40only. (P 21583). P1.9. Fragment from wall of viously writtenon the sherd. Context:Roman large unglazedpot. Graffitoon outside, prob- (G 11:2 dump). ably written on the sherd, which is certainly II cent. use broken at the left. Context: second half 5th 'EvriyovosIlh7tXiovos KuSoaSTvaiEvs5 School century B.C. Two persons of this name are recorded, a Late V cent. B.C. ]. lAIA apparently grandfatherand a grandson.The former as an in the A.D. ]AIEE appears ephebe year 118/9(I.G., II2, 2030,10), the latteras an ephebe D 41 (P 4791). P1.9. Fragmentfrom wall of large in about A.D. 180 (I.G., II2, 2107, 10). Whichof personal open red-figuredpot of early 5th-centuryB.C. these two is named on our sherd is uncertain. American For © E. NUMERICAL NOTATIONS ON SHERDS The criterionfor admissionto this categoryis that the notationshall have been writtenon the sherd, not on the complete vase. Although obviously it is not always possible to be absolutely certain on this point, in the case of numberswhich could have borne no relation(of price,capacity or weight)to the pot of which the sherdwas originallya part, it may be said probablyif not certainlythat they were writtenon the sherd. The sherds here presented are only representativepieces, several of which were published in "Numeri- cal Notations on GreekVases," Hesperia,XXV, 1956,pp. 19-24. For other examplessee that publi- cation. 22 E. NUMERICAL NOTATIONS ON SHERDS The numbersused on these sherds,which except for one later and uncertainexample (E 16) date from the 5th and 4th centuriesB.C., are acrophonicwith one exception(mu as the numberof weight drachmason E 15). Theyinclude mu for myriad,pi-chi for 5000,chi for 1000,pi-eta for 500, eta for 100, pi-deltafor 50, deltafor 10, pi for 5 (also pi-sigmafor 5 staters),and eitherthe drachmasign or a simple uprightstroke for the unit. For fractionsof the drachmaa simplestroke serves for the obol (ordinarily uprightbut once apparentlyhorizontal on E 4), a C-formfor the half-oboland a tau for the quarter- obol. The only oddityin letter-shapesis the dotteddelta of E 8. The namesor words,mostly abbreviated, which on some sherdsaccompany the numbers,present no unusualfeatures in letter-shapesor spelling.Since their significanceand interpretationare so various, they can best be treatedindividually in the cataloguedescriptions. E 1 (P 12214). P1.10. Fragment fron1 wall of Probably a tag indicating the number of large krater, glazed inside. Graffitoon inside, pots or tiles ratherthan the price; the handle obviouslywritten on the sherd. Con[text: 6th- makesit particularlyconvenient to attach. Athens 5th centuries B.C. KA- ') Hesperia, XXV, 1' JVu, p. 'V, E 6 P1. 10. of tile no. 86. (P 12317). Fragment roofing at with glaze on concave surface. Graffito, on Early V cent. B.C. !PXXXX i.e., 9975 glazed surface,probably written on the sherd, PHHHH which was broken at the left. Context:fourth r^AAP quarter 5th century B.C. (O 19:4). Hesperia, E 2 (P 5133). P1.10. Foot of black-glazed kylix. XXV, 1956,p. 19, no. 79. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Graffitoon underside,probably writt ten on the Late V cent. B.C. P F I C T sherd.Context: second quarter 5th century B.C. Part of an informalabacus, with the symbols (H 6:5). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,p. 88, noite 2. servingas headingsfor the placementof pebbles: 5 1 1 ? Second quarter V cent. B.C. (drachmas), (drachma), (obol), (obol), MXH (retrograde) 4 (obol). License: I.e., (uiplioi)X(ito1) h(EKacTrv) E 7 P1.10. from foot of Classical (P 4909). Fragment E 3 (P 226). PI. 10. Foot of a Corinthian-type black-glazedbowl of late 5th-centuryB.C. type. of skyphosof the second quarter5th century B.C. Graffito on underside,inside foot, probably Graffitoon writtenon sherd. writtenon the sherd. only. bottom, probably Late V cent. B.C. Second quarter V cent. B.C. AiaXea mr AAHtF[ NiKavof ~p ~ Perhaps a price tag, since the units are use School Perhapsa tag accompanyinga colnsignment drachmas. (weighing five staters), belonging to Aischeas E 8 (P 9177). P1.10. Fragmentfrom lower part and perhaps certified by Nikanor. It is also of black-glazedskyphos of Attic type of late possible that only one person is involved, 5th centuryB.C. Graffitoon underside,within namelyNikanor, son of Aischeas. the foot. Hesperia,XXV, 1956, p. 16, no. 69. E personal 4 (P 27694).P1. 10. Wall fragmentfro im lekane. Late V cent. B.C. AA111[ American on written on the Graffito inside, obviously Since the units are simple strokes, the re- sherd,which was later brokenat the left. Con- For © ferenceis to somethingother than drachmas. text: second quarter 5th century B.C. (P 14:3). E 9 (P 25886). PI. 10. Fragment from wall of Second quarter V cent. B.C. FFF-IC E 10 (P 23873).PI. 10. Base of lekane(= Sparkes- Thejug seemsto have been usedas a tag on a Talcott, no. 1810).Graffito in centeron under- shipmentof 60 pieces;the singledrachma seems side, probablywritten on the sherd. Context: to be price, whetherof the whole shipmentor ca. 420-390 B.C. (Q 15:2). some part. Perhapsthe shipmentwas pots of whichthe was the visible EarlyIV cent. B.C..P tag sample. The graffitois repeatedin smallerform at one E 14 (P 6876). PI. 10. Fragment from floor of edge. black-glazed bowl or plate, with stamped palmetteson the floor, of the 4th centuryB.C. E 11 (P 14622).PI. 10. Fragmentfrom lower part Graffitoon floor, almost written on of of certainly black-glazedskyphos early 4th-century the sherd.Hesperia, XXV, 1956,p. 19, no. 81. B.C. type. Graffito on underside,within ring foot; probablywritten on the sherd. IV cent. B.C. APFFF EarlyIV cent. B.C. Niy ( ) HHA[ E15 (P25983). P1.10. Lower part of black- Perhapsa tag?or an I O U? glazed kantharosof late 4th-centuryB.C. type. Athens Graffito on underside,within foot, probably E 12 (P 18610).P1. 10. Fragmentfrom lower part writtenon the sherd.Context: 3rd centuryB.C. at of small black-glazedolpe. Graffitoon under- (Q 19:2). side, written on the sherd. Context: probably Late IV cent. B.C. first half 4th century B.C. (C 19:5). Aio ( ) 6xK(at) i' i.e., 40 dr. (weight) First half IV cent. B.C. Mi ( ) AA It is likely that the first three letters are an Studies E 13 P1.10. Small CC-BY-NC-ND. (P 3512). black-glazedring- abbreviatedname ratherthan a commodity. handled jug. Graffito on underside.Context: secondhalf 4th centuryB.C. (F 11:2). Hesperia, E 16 (P 6349). P1.10. Lower part of Pergamene XXV, 1956, p. 16, no. 68, pl. 3. Cf. Sparkes- bowl of the late 1st century B.C. Graffitoon Talcott,no. 1192. underside,perhaps written on the sherd. Con- text: 1st century B.C. (E 14:1). Third quarter IV cent. B.C. FPA License: Late I B.C. Classical k cent. 6p (aXlpat) AAAAA of only. F. OWNERS' MARKS use School The large numberof what seem almost certainlyto be marks of ownershipinscribed on complete vessels makes possible some useful statistics1of various sorts: changes in letter-shapesand spelling throughoutthe rangefrom early7th centuryB.C. to the 6th centuryof our era; natureof identification, rangingfrom simpleinitial of the name to a completesentence asserting ownership (with consideration of the numberand kinds of abbreviations);location of the markson varioustypes of vessels; andthe personal natureof the writing,whether graffito or dipinto. American A more or less standardold Attic alphabet2(A or ABAASlIH?IK.MNOPPJTVO+or X) is used with For © only a few exceptionsand variantforms through the secondquarter of the 5th centuryB.C.: Ioniclambda or gammaappears only in F 56, F 59 and F 74; variantsfor thetainclude three dotted (F 12, F 13, F 26) and one square(F 31); variantsfor rho includefive apparentlystemless (F 20, F 23, F 24, F 39, F 41) and four with tails (F43, F 61-63). "Foreign-educated"writers were probably responsiblefor the one exampleof a B-shapedepsilon (F 14), the two examplesof psi-shapedchi (F 25, F 65), one combination of closed eta as a vowel with Ionic xi (F 53), and four cases (F 56, F 72 cursive,F 75, F 78) in which omegais used. Othervariants are most likely to be due to the difficultyof incisingand lack of skill of the writer: misformed phi's (F 43, F 50 with almost horizontal crossbar, F 66 square), square omicron 1 Although the numbermay be sufficientfor statistical purposes, it is still true that the extremebrevity of the texts and relative rarity of some letters and forms decreasedthe value of the results. 2 Digamma is not used alphabeticallybut only numerically;no opportunityfor psi arisesin these texts; xi is indicatedby a com- bination of chi and sigma. 24 F. OWNERS' MARKS (F 64), and curveddelta (F 50). Most interestingis the variationin sigmas; althoughthe four-barred form is mostly the result of sporadicforeign influence (F 16, F 44 with stemmedupsilon, F 56 with omega and Ionic lambda,F 75 with omega,F 77 in a Cretanname), the role of the earliestexample (F 1) is perhapsbest explainedas an alternateto the reversedsigma which seemsmost often to have been used as a specialform markingthe end of the word (see above in introductionto Names on Sherds,pp. 16-17).So here the four-barredsigma at the ends of F 1 and thefive-barred sigma at the end of F 2 combinewith the reversedthree-barred sigmas at the ends of F 12, F 13,F 18 andF 23 to suggesta gropingfor a significantvariant for this specialpurpose; the only otherreversed sigma does occur in the middle of a name (F 6) and may indicateeither individual idiosyncracy or the still fluid state of experimentation. With the middleof the centurythe balanceshifts so that the rule is a more or less standardIonic alphabet (ABFAEIHOIKAMNEOnlP(TY(DXYQ)3with a gradually diminishing number of exceptions. Attic lambdaor gammaoccurs in no singleexample; there are threetailed rho's (F 81, F 84, F 105) and Athens one that is more likely influencedby the Latin form (F 219). The most persistentof the older letter- at shapesis the three-barredsigma (F 84, F 118, F 119, F 125) which occurseven with omega and eta as long vowels.Except for triangularand other odd phi's (F 126, F 151, F 152, F 161, F 211) and a unique broken-barredalpha in F 157, thereis little changeafter the 5th centuryB.C. untilthe gradualinfiltration of cursiveforms beginning in the late 4th-early3rd centuriesB.C.: cursive zeta in F 178; lunatesigma in F 182 and F 209; lunate epsilon in F 210; cursive omega in F 212, F 213.4 From the end of the 3rd century Studies B.C.CC-BY-NC-ND. the non-cursiveforms (at least of certainletters) are exceptional:alpha continues uncial, showing a brokenbar or otheroddities in F 254, F 271, F 280, F 299, F 302, and is cursiveonly in F 292, F 295 and mostly thereafter,particularly in dipinti; square epsilon occurs only in F 220, F 221, F 228, F 231, F 247, F 249, F 277, F 333, F 334; pi continuesto be uncialfor the most part,with the developedcursive form only in F 318; the four-barredsigma occurs only in F 222 andF 225, but thereis an angularlunate form License: Classical in F 301 and a rectangularform in F 319; omega is uncial only in F 220 and F 231. Cursive ligatures also beginto occur:epsilon-iota in F 276, omicron-upsilonin F 330. The Latinletters, which occur on F 228, of F 251,F 277,F 283,F 288,F 298,F 313 andF 328, are too few to showany notabledevelopment. only. As mightbe expected,if we make allowancefor the informalityof these notationsand the largeand variednumber of theirwriters compared to the formalstone inscriptions and their few inscribers(selected presumablyuse for theirskill), the changeand developmentof letter-shapesin the earlyperiod is remarkably School similar. For the later period such a comparison is not possible since stone-cutting is much less conducive to cursive forms even than scratchingin fired clay and a completely differentworld from that of dipinti. Here a comparison may be made with texts written in ink on papyri; and again there is a remarkable similarityin letter-shapesbetween pots and paper, without so great a differencebetween our casual owner- scribesand the writersof casualletters and accounts as betweenthe formerand stone-cutters. personal professional As far as is the first to be because of its close American spelling concerned, point considered, association with letter-shapesand the Ionic alphabet, is the use of eta as "h" and of both eta and omega as long vowels. For © No eta appearsas "h" afterthe secondquarter of the 5th centuryB.C., and even beforethat time it is omittedonce (F 54).The earliestuse of eta as a vowelis late 6th centuryB.C. (F 15);in the firsthalf of the 5th century B.C. it appears sporadicallyand in texts which show other foreign influences(F 53, where it is combined with an Ionic xi, F 55, where it is misused for epsilon or the diphthong). After the middle of the centuryepsilon as eta is the exception(F 84, wherethe likely genitivesingular in -es shouldnot be the Attic form after a rho, F 116, wherethe initial vowel of Hegesanderis writtenas eta but the second vowelis writtenepsilon, and possibly F 123where the interpretationis not certain).The oppositemistake, writingeta for epsilon,which may reflecta confusedand over-zealouseffort to use the "new" vowel, 8 Xi with or without the center uprightoccurs indifferently;the tailed upsilon is not immediatelygeneral and can not always be certainly distinguishedin carelesswriting; 4 The hourglasssigma, if such it is, of F 183 must be foreign or idiosyncratic? F. OWNERS' MARKS 25 occursin F 127. A comparableconfusion between the o-soundsis seen in F 160 wherean omegais used for an omicron.Generally, in the earlierperiod omega appearsfor the long vowel only in F 56, F 72, F 78 and for eithershort or long in F 75. Afterthe middleof the 5th centuryB.C. the long vowel is con- sistentlywritten as omegaexcept in F 85, F 132,F 145 and possiblyF 123. Lessconsistency is apparentin the treatmentof the diphthongsepsilon-iota and omicron-upsilon.Einmi is writtenwith epsilon-iota except twice (F 63, F 65); in the latter case the confusionis confoundedby the writingof Aischeas' epsilonas a diphthong,but this is probablya Boiotian hand. The use of simpleomicron for omicron- upsilon(ordinarily in the masculinegenitive singular) continues from earliesttimes (F 3, F 5, F 9, F 58, F 63-65, F 77, F 92, F 94, F 104, F 107, F 115, F 125, F 127, F 131, F 132, F 136, F 143, F 146) to well beyondthe 5th centuryB.C. with only two exceptions(F 23, F 144); only from the late 4th centuryB.C. does the diphthongomicron-upsilon come to be generallywritten (F 177, F 180, F 198, F 201, F 203, F 209, F 212, etc.). Single letters standing for doubled consonants are standard in the early period (F 3, F 58, F 62, F 103) Athens and even occur sporadically in the 4th century B.C.(F 138, F 168) when the usual practice is to write both at consonants (F 124, F 131, F 146, F 198, F 201, F 205, F 214, F 217, etc.). The reverse situation, where a single letter is doubled, occurs only in the case of sigma preceding a dental (F 26, F 77) and so may reflect a felt differenceof pronunciationmore than uncertaintyor confusion. Another reflectionof pronunciation may be seen in the cases where letters are omitted: F 46 (MeAa fromuse left to right;moreover, they persistsporadically from the 6th centuryB.C. to the 6th centuryof our School era. A ligature,for our presentpurposes, may be definedas the joining (often by a commonstroke or strokes)of two or moreletters, whether side by side or aboveand below, thus leaving the termmonogram for those cases in which all the lettersof a name (abbreviatedor in full) are interlacedand combined. The earliestcases are mostlymonograms of three-letterabbreviations (F 14,F 15, F 19, F 27, F 45, F 48, F 52,personal F 69) or of two letters(F 73, F 89). Only one case survivesfrom this periodof a two-letterligature American as part of a whole name (F 46). Later examplesare more various: a probablyfour-letter monogram (F four cases of two letters in a text 162, F 193, F F ;5 two of For © 129); joined longer (F 224, 314) monograms three-letter abbreviations (F 190, F 221); one monogram of a five-letter abbreviation (F 241) and one of a complete name of seven letters (F 214). Punctuation is rare in these short texts: two or three dots vertically arranged occur between words on two early pieces (F 18, F 24); a long line marking off the end from the beginning of inscriptions that circle around on themselves appears on two later examples (F 83, F 92). Mention has already been made in passing of the non-Greek scripts which are included in this collec- tion: one Greek name written in the Cypriote syllabary (F 67); and several Latin names written in Latin letters (F 228, F 251, F 283, F 288, F 298, F 313, F 328) as well as one which is apparently given in both Latin and Greek letters. Two other pieces seem to be non-Greek (F 99, F 100). 6 Not includedhere are the cursivejoints, as for example between the letters of the diphthongsepsilon-iota (F 276) and omicron- upsilon (F 330). 26 F. OWNERS' MARKS The variousways in whichowners express their claim may be categorizedas follows, startingwith the shortestand simplestand workingup to the most elaborate: Name abbreviated(ranging from 1 to 8 letters) 148 Name in nominativecase 51 Name in genitivecase 72 Name in dativecase 4 More elaboratestatement of ownership 21 Incompleteor obscure 46 3426 The abbreviationsare especiallyto be noted since we have from no other sourcesuch abundantevi- dencefor abbreviationsin the earlyperiod. Of the 152 abbreviationsoccurring on 148 pots (four have Athens morethan one abbreviation)the lengthsand chronologicalranges are as follows: at Number of letters Number7 Dates 8 1 Late 4th-early3rd centuriesB.C. 6 4 From mid-5th into 4th century B.C. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 5 13 From secondquarter 5th centuryB.C. into Late Romanperiod 4 47 From 6th century B.C. into Late Roman period 3 70 From fourthquarter 6th centuryB.C. to 5th-6thcenturies 2 13 From fourthquarter 6th centuryB.C. to mid-3rdcentury 1 4 From early 5th century B.C.to 1st century B.C. License: Classical 152 of The comparative scarcity of one and-two-letter abbreviations results from our criteria of selection (see Introduction,only. p. 1) and is not at all a reflection of the actual state of affairs.There are vast numbers of pots or fragmentswith only one or two letters,but becausethe scope for interpretationis so wide they can us little or no information.Of the four one-letterabbreviations which are includedthree have use give School not only the initialbut also the full name(F 163,F 185,F 245) and the other(F 40), althoughit has only the initial,is one of a groupof pots all apparentlymarked by the same ownerin variousways. Of the 13 two-letterabbreviations, one (F 39) belongsto this samegroup, another (F 213) was also foundin the same contextwith a completename, six occur togetherin pairs on threepots (F 89, F 112, F 228), one (F 28) representsfive differentjars all markedin the same way, one (F 73) is a uniquemonogram, one personal (F 127) shows the full name as well as the abbreviation,and the last two (F 242, F 296) seemedsuf- American ficientlyunlike any otherinscribed pots of the periodto be interesting.8 For © 6 This total exceeds the number of catalogued items by eight because so many both have abbreviationsand belong to another category: F 91, F 127, F 152, F 163, F 180, F 185, F 245, F 323. 7 Eight letters: F 181 Six letters: F 80, F 145, F 167, F 308 Five letters: F 59, F 79, F 97, F 108, F 119, F 147, F 153, F 193, F 237, F 241, F 320, F 326, F 331 Four letters: F 20, F 49, F 51, F 54, F 66, F 68, F 71, F 81, F 88, F 90, F 91, F 95, F98, F 110, F 114, F 121, F 129, F 137, F 148, F 151, F 152, F 162, F 163, F 166, F 180, F 186, F 189,F 195, F 200, F 206, F 211, F 217, F 222, F 227, F 229, F 236, F 240, F 244, F 254, F 255, F 261, F 271, F 278, F 299, F 317, F 327, F 334 Three letters: F 14, F 15, F 17, F 19, F 21, F 22, F 25, F 27, F 2931, F 33-37, F 41, F 42, F 45, F 47, F 48, F , F 53, F 57, F 60, F 61, F 69, F 70, F 74, F 87, F 102, F 105, F 106, F 109, F 111, F 120, F 133, F 155,F 156, F 159, F 173-175, F 178, F 190, F 194, F 196, F 197, F 207, F 208, F 210, F 219, F 221, F 235, F 239, F 247, F 248, F 260 F 265,, F 2 F277,F 281,F F 283, F 293, F 294, F 303, F 314, F 323 Two letters: F 28, F 39, F 73, F 89 (2), F 112 (2), F 127, F 213, F 228 (2), F 242, F 296 One letter: F 40, F 163, F 185, F 245. 8 Actually this two-letter abbreviation could as well refer to contents or give a date or other number and so serves as an example of these abbreviations'elusiveness. F. OWNERS' MARKS 27 With the 71 three-letterabbreviations we are on somewhatfirmer ground, since the majorityof them could not be numbers and all can be more easily interpreted as names than as common nouns. This is not to say thatmost of themcan be identifiedwith one particularname, since it is obviousfrom the make- up of personalGreek names that initialcombinations like Eur-,Kri-, Men-, Nik-, and Phil- may easily standfor a greatvariety of names.How abbreviationsso potentiallyambiguous served any purposeat all is obviouslythe next question.The most likely answeris one which suggeststhat this collectionof owners'marks may have sociologicalas well as epigraphicand alphabeticimplications: the groupsin whichabbreviations of one, two, three,four and even five lettersmight be usefulmust necessarilyhave been small,and with the tendencyfor the sameor similarnames to be usedrepeatedly within a particular family,it is unlikelythat the groupsin questionwere families. Clubs suggest themselves as a possibility, with the membersmarking their own vessels,whether for drinkingor pouring;another possibility is a group of customersof one small shop who left vesselsto be filled.Perhaps other such groupsmight be thoughtof, dependingon the kind of vesselsmarked. That the make-upof the groupsometimes required Athens more explicitor longerabbreviations is obviousfrom the varietyof lengthswhich we actuallyfind, e.g., at Ar (F 112), A (F(( 21, Aris 81), Arist (F153), risti (FF 80). These pieces did not, obviously, belong to one group,but the varietysuggests that therewas a tendencyto cut one's nameto fit the circumstances. If, for instance, Aristogeiton was the founder of his club he might well have marked his drinking cup Ar, while subsequent joiners named Aristotle, Aristeides, Ariston and Aristippos would have arrogated to themselves respectively the abbreviations Ari, Aris, Arist and Aristi. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. The four-letterabbreviations are not for the most part much more particularizingthan those with three,but the majorityof those made up of five or more lettersgive almostcertain identification with a particularname. As was notedabove, six of the abbreviatednames are accompanied by whatmust be the samenames in full: Dexio and De (F 127); Diphilou and Diphi (F 152); Menonos, Meno and M (F 163); Theon and Th License: Classical (F 185); Nikolaou and N (F 245); Eukarpos and Euk (F 323). This range of one, two, three and four- letter abbreviations full names confirms us in our of the abbreviations as of alongside interpretation owners'names but still leaves us puzzledas to why these six ownerssaw fit to identifytheir property byonly. both forms. Whatever may be imagined as the intended grammaticalcase of the abbreviations, the variety among theuse names that are complete allows considerable choice: nominative 40%; genitive 57 %; dative 3 %.9 School Since the nominative may always be considered as the subject of an understood verb of owning with the object inscribed as the understood object, and since both genitive and dative can express possession, the usage may depend on individual preference. The choice of case seems not to have been dictated by changingfashion, since it is apparentthat nominativeand genitive,at any rate, were both used pretty consistentlypersonal from the beginningto the end of our period. American A few of the owners'names in the nominativeand genitiveare accompaniedby additionalidenti- fication:the father'sname certainin F F 304 F and in For © appears 231, (also grandfather), 316, possibly F 117 and F 118; tradename, title or epithet appearsin F 262, F 304 and F 316. Whethertwo names apparentlyin the samecase suggestjoint ownershipor somekind of relationshipperhaps varies according to the situation(F 150, F 165, F 180, F 332). More uncertainor incompleteare the additionsin F 103, F 183,F 284,285. Most frequentis the presenceof one or two (or three)letters apparently used as numer- 9 Nominative:F 1, F 6-8, F 11, F 16, F 24, F 44, F 46, F 62, F 72, F 76, F 78, F 83, F 85, F 93, F 117, F 135, F 138, F 150, F 164, F 168, F 170, F 176, F 183-185, F 187, F 188, F 204, F 214, F 224, F 225, F 231, F 238, F 250, F 252, F 257, F 274, F 282, F 285, F 287, F 290, F 291, F 309-311, F 316, F 318, F 322, F 323, F 329. Genitive: F 2, F 4, F 9, F 23, F 64, F 67, F 77, F 84, F 86, F 92, F 104, F 113, F 118, F 125, F 127, F 136, F 140-143, F 146, F 152, F 157, F 158, F 163, F 165, F 179, F 180, F 182, F 198, F 201-203, F 212, F 216, F 223, F 230, F 233, F 234, F 243, F 245, F 246, F 251, F 256, F 258, F 259, F 262-264, F 267-270, F 273, F 275, F 276, F 279, F 286, F 292, F 295, F 297, F 301, F 304, F 306-308, F 312, F 321, F 325, F 330, F 332. Dative: F 50, F 284, F 288, F 298. 28 F. OWNERS' MARKS als: alpha (1) in F 87, F 170; gamma(3) in F 317; delta (4) in F 162, F 282; epsilon(5) in F 98; stigma- zeta (6-7) i 04; kappa(2 in F 73; kappa-alpha(21) in F 297; nu (50) or pi-delta(50) or both in F 130,F 206,F 252; and epsilon-iota-rho(115) in F 315 and kappa-theta-tau(329) in F 250. The numbers need not all be used similarlyand could not be expectedto be so over so greata lapse of time and on such differenttypes of vessels.It is possiblethat the smallernumbers might referto qualityor age of contents,that any of the numbersmight indicate the particularvessel's place in a series,or give eithera date or taahe capacity on he basis of some era or unit taken for granted.Finally, one vessel (F 198) on which the capacityis spelledout is cataloguedhere ratherthan underHa (Capacity)because the first item in the inscriptionis the owner'sname. In additionto a few unexplainedmarks that are not even certainlyletters or numberson severalpots, thereis one smallclass of some interest,that is,either, names accompanied by the chi-rhosymbol or the cross:F 322, F 323 (on whichthe additionaliota-epsilon might be eithera numberor the abbreviation for "priest"or "sacred"),F 324. Athens The most frequentformula among the more elaboratestatements of ownershipmakes the vessel at assert,"I am (the property)of ." This simpleform occurs 13 times (althoughsome texts are incomplete and so may have included more): F 5, F 12, F 13, F 18, F 32, F 56, F 58, F 63, F 65, F 107, F 115, F 144, F 177. One variant adds a predicate (F 3); another uses the adverb dikaios (F 94, F 131, F 132, F 139, F 154). F 103 may name itself as the property of Philippe; F 199 appears to record a conversation:"(This is the property)of Agathon the thief." "Cheapat a chalkous!"Two of these Studies inscriptionsCC-BY-NC-ND. also haveadditional information: F 65 maygive the owner'sethnic; F 131 may add a prohi- bition to the assertionof ownership- "I am really(the property)of Andriskos;[let not] anyoneelse [touch]."F 63 may indicatejoint ownership. The 46 incompleteor obscuretexts can not profitablybe treatedas a group, since the uncertainties involvedare so various.Most are nameslacking case-endings (or more);10there are a few wherethe License: Classical names themselves are uncertain, if indeed they are names;u and two texts are literally illegible because non-Greekletters F of they employ (F 99, 100). Sincethe kind of vesselsand the locationof the inscriptionsthereon are most often related,it will be convenientonly. to consider these two matters together. For our purposes the vessels do not need to (and often can not because of their fragmentarystate) be separated into many individual categories of shape. It is use sufficient (and often only possible) to distinguish open vessels (like cups, bowls, basins, plates) from School closed (like amphoras, pitchers,jugs). In addition there are lamps and lids and one disc-stand, as well as three unexplained objects of clay. The vast majority (73 %) of open vessels12are inscribed underneath, on the base; on 19% the inscrip- tion appears on the side wall; the locations of the other 8% are various, with only a few examples of each:personal inside (often on floor), top of rim (of basins), top of foot or stem (kylix), handle. Two of the side- American wall inscriptions are upside down to the vessel (F 6, F 25), and one runs vertically (F 203). For the great number of underneath the orientation is a matter of indifference. For © inscriptions obviously 10F 10, F 26, F 38, F 43, F 55, F 75, F 10, F 116 FF, 1 F128, 1230,F F 134, F 149, F 160, F 161, F 169,F 172, F 205, F 215, F 218, F 220, F 226, F 232, F249, F253, F266 F 289, F 300, F 302, F 305,F 315, F 319, F 324, F 328, F 333. " F 82, F 91, F 96, F 122, F 123, F 171, F 191, F 192, F 209. 12 Thereare 183 examples,of which threeare inscribedin two places,so the percentagesare based on 186 inscriptions.Under base: F10O, F 11, F14,F15,F17,F18,F21-23,F26,F27,F30,F31,F33,F34,F36,F37,F39,F41,F43,, 8, F50, F 51, F 53, F 54, F 56, F 59, F 62-64, F 66, F 67, F 69, F 74-77, F 79, F 80, F 82-86 (also foot-top of F 86), F 87, F 89, F 90, F 91 (also inside), F 92, F 94-96, F 98, F 104, F 105, F107, F108, F 110, F112, F 117, F 119, F 120, F 122, F 123, F 125, F 126, F 128, F 133-135, F 137, F 139, F 40, F 143-14716F 149-151, F 15170,F 159162 F 164 F 167, F 168, F F 173 F 174 F 176, F179 180, F 182, F 184, F 186-195, F 200, F 206 (also outside wall), F 208, F 210, F 213, F 215, F 221, F 222, F 226, F 227, F 229, F 230 (also inside), F 234- F 236, F 237, F 24, FF245 (also inside), F 246-249, F 254-256, F 264, F 265, F 301, F 302, F 334. Outside wall: F 1-6, F 25, F 32, F 45, F 46, F 57 F 68, F 78, F 99-101, F 109, F 115, F 118, F 124 F 154,F 169, F 172 F 181, F 201, 2F326 (F206 also under- neath), F 207, F 209, F 223, F 225, F 231 (also inside), F 232, F 330. Inside: F 70, F 91 (also underneath),F 116, F 138,F 1, F 156, F 220, F 230 (also underneath),F 231 (also outside), F 245 (also underneath).Stem or top of foot: F 24, F86 (also underneath), F 158. Tip of rim: F 88, F 106, F 132. Handle: F 219. F. OWNERS' MARKS 29 Inscriptionson closed vessels13occur most often on the shoulderor side (67%) or neck to mouth (17%), less often underneath,on the base (9+ %), and on the handle (6+ %). Only one inscription (F 97) is upsidedown to the vessel,but three(F 9, F 65, F 298) run vertically.Handle inscriptions seem to readindifferently up or down. If thereis any chronologicalconclusion to be drawnfrom these figures, it is only the sameone thatmay be derivedfrom a generalsurvey of the potteryof the Agora: that there are more examplesof open shapesin the Greekperiod than in the Romanperiod. The inscribedlamps number15; four are inscribedon the nozzle (F 113, F 152, F 178, F 185); four underneath,on the base(F 42, F 93, F 197,F 214); threeon top or aroundthe rim(F 103,F 183,F 212); threeon the side-wall(F 129,F 177, F 211); one is inscribedon top, on the nozzleand on one side(F 163). All lids (F 49, F 58, F 121, F 157, F 216) and one disc-stand(F 8) are inscribedon the top surface.The miscellaneousclay objects(F 165, F 166, F 240) are inscribedon any convenientsurface. Becausethere are more fine wares inscribedin the Greek period and more coarse ones in Roman Athens times, graffitipreponderate greatly in the centuriesbefore Christ and are not even quitematched in fre- at quencyby dipintiin our era. Thatis, glazedware can be most visiblymarked by scratchingthrough the glaze;unglazed ware not only lendsitself more to paintbut makespaint more visible. These proportions applyonly to this category,since it is obviousthat the graffitois a morehome-made method of marking and that variouscommercial notations will have been made14less laboriouslyand more professionally with a brush.Of our 334 owners' marks289 (86%) are graffitiand only 45 (14%) are dipinti.l5Six Studies ofCC-BY-NC-ND. the graffitiwere incisedin the clay while it was still soft (F 216, F 259, F 261, F 288, F 306, F 318). One dipintoowner's mark (F 252) was supplementedwith a graffitonumber. We come finallyto the namesthemselves and a considerationof the prosopographicalvalue, if any, of these inscriptions.Actual identificationof individualowners with known personsis not, except in very specialcircumstances, possible; nor would it be useful to know, for example,that a man whose License: Classical only "claimto fame" was servicein the Boule in a particularyear had scratchedhis name on a pot. Onlywhere there is moreinformation than the or wherethe nameis rareindeed identi- of name, very may ficationbe possible.For the restour chiefconcern will be the namerather than the person,that is, wheth- eronly. it is known(1) from Athens,or (2) elsewhere,either (3) roughlycontemporaneously with its appear- ance on the pot, or (4) some othertime. Sincemost of the completenames belong to the firstcategory (knownuse at Athens) and also to the third (roughlycontemporary) it will save space in the catalogue School descriptionsif this is assumedto be the case unlessthe contraryis noted.That is, a nameis noticedonly if a roughlycontemporary Athenian is not knownfrom Prosop.Att., I. G., or S. E. G. For the abbrevi- ated names,it will be most often sufficientto indicateexamples of possibleAthenian names in the few caseswhere these are not obvious;only wherenone suchexist will furtherdiscussion be required. Of the personal completeGreek names (and the sufficientlycomplete abbreviations) only 19 are not attested American anywhereat all as names: two of these (F 150, F 325) are known in somewhatdifferent forms; eight (F 11, F 84, F 93, F 104, F 169, F 230, F 301, F 330) are known as commonnouns and seem here to be For © usedas nicknamesor titles; only nine(F 1, F 4, F 76, F 155,F 171,F 178,F 271,F 273,F 276) are without parallel.A fair numberof namesare attestednot for Athensbut elsewhere;16a few are attestedat Athens 18 There are 127 examples. Shoulderor side: F 7, F 9, F 12, F 13, F 16, F 19, F 29, F 52, F 55, F 60, F 61, F 65, F 97, F 127, F 130, F 131 (also handle), F 171, F 196, F 198, F 217, F 224, F 233, F 235, F 241, F 243, F 244, F 251-253, F 257, F 258, F 260-262, F 266- 279, F 282-285, F 287-289, F 291-296, F 298-300, F 303-309, F 311-313, F 315-319, F 321-323, F 325-327, F 331. Neck to mouth: F 28, F , FF 38, F 142, F 218, F 228, F 239, F 250, F 263, F 280, F 281, F 286, F 290, F 297, F 310, F 314, F 320, F 324, F 328, F 329, F 332, F 333. Under base: F 40, F 44, F 47, F 71-73, F 81, F 136, F 155, F 175, F 202, F 259. Handle:F 20, F 102, F 111, F 114, F 131 (also side), F 148, F 199, F 238. 14 Just as the somewhatdifferent commercial notations of the Greek period were made by stampsimpressed in the soft clay, as on amphorahandles. 15 For brevity'ssake only the dipinti numbersare herelisted: F 198, F 211, F 217, F 218, F 228, F 233, F 235, F 241, F 250, F 252, F 257, F 258, F 263, F 266, F 267, F 276, F 277, F 280-282, F 284-287, F 290, F 292-298, F 304, F 305, F 308, F 310-312, F 316, F 317, F 322, F 324, F 328, F 331, F 332. 16F 12, F 13, F 24, F 43, F 46, F 67, F 88, F 108, F 117, F 118, F 123, F 166, F 176, F 184, F 206, F 224, F 239, F 240, F 284, 285, F 297, F 306, F 310, F 326. 30 F. OWNERS' MARKS for a differentperiod from the one hererepresented (F 10,F 49, F 87, F 235,F 262).There are also several ethnics(F 44, F 62, F 63, F 77, F 170,F 203,F 257),some of whichhave not previouslyappeared in Attica; some of these may be slave names.17 As far as sex is concerned,the predominanceof the male, whetherin termsof possessionor in the expressionthereof (literacy), is clear: 127names are prettyclearly masculine; only 19 are fairlycertainly feminine,with an additionalsix thatcould be eithersex;18 most abbreviationsare obviouslyuncertain. PRIVATEOWNERSHIP (F) F6 (P 17380). P1.11. Skyphos with offset lip, reservedhandle zone and small spreadingfoot. F 1 (P 10151). Pl. 11. Fragmentaryone-handled Graffitoon lower of down to with concavesides and flat bottom part body, upside cup plainrim, pot. Context: second half 7th century B.C. (= Brann, no. 194). Dull streakyblack glaze and bottom reserved.Graffito on (M 11:3). Hesperia,XXX, 1961, p. 366, H25, inside out; pls. 89. the side. Context: first half 7th B.C. 78, Athens century (T 19:3). Second half VII cent. B.C. O6oov at First quarter VII cent. B.C. F 7 (P 14691).PI. 11. Upper part of amphoraof ]X.&nXOS (retrograde) 7th-centuryB.C. type. Graffito on shoulder. Elatichos but Context:first quarter6th centuryB.C. (S 21:2). Perhaps (not known), possibly Cf. 33. third declension genitive rather than second Brann,p. declensionnominative. If the chi is writtenfor Late VII cent. B.C. ATrp]616Tr[o] Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. the becomemore numerous. kappa, possibilities F 8 (P989). PI. 11. Black-glazed disc stand. F2 (P26420). PI. 11. One-handled cup with Graffitoon upper surface. Context: first half flaringlip and flat bottom. Graffitoon upper 6th centuryB.C. (116:4). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, wall. Context:second quarter7th centuryB.C. no. 1323. (R 17:5). Hesperia,XXX, 1961, p. 377, S 17, First half VI cent. B.C. (Oav*Ae License: 87. Classical pl. F 9 (P 195). P1.11. Fragmentfrom upperbody of Second quarter VII cent. B.C. Ot(Iovos of black-figuredolpe or small amphora, of the F 3 (P 4663). P1.11. Skyphoswith offset lip and first half 6th century B.C. On reservedpanel only. low ring foot. Graffitoon the side, just below outlinedby a single glazed line, the tail of an level of handle. Context: 7th-6th centuries animal. Graffito beside panel vertical with B.C. II, pp. 124- respectto the pot. use (F-G 12:1). Hesperia,Suppl. School 125, figs. 89, 90. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,p. 7. First half VI cent. B.C. Av]cainlo Mid-VII cent. B.C. Eapio sljil -roTfplov The restorationis one of severalpossibilities, F 4 (P 22709).P1. 11. One-handledcup with offset probably the most likely for 6th-centuryB.C. lip (= Brann,no. 184). Graffitoon upperwall. Athens. Context:third quarter 7th centuryB.C. (0 12:1). F 10 11. from base of personal (P 2029). P1. Fragment Third VII cent. B.C. bowl, inside and out, exceptunder American quarter open glazed 'ATxoraTas (retrograde) foot. Graffitoon bottom. Context:6th century For © The name is not known;compare Tataie on B.C. a lekythosfrom Cumaein the BritishMuseum First half VI cent. B.C. EOTr[ (Jeffery,L.S.A.G., p. 240, no. 3, pl. 47). No such name is attested till the Roman F 5 (P 23452).Pl. 11. Fragmentfrom wall of cup. period. third Graffito on outside. Context: quarter F 11 (P 24727). P1.11. Fragmentfrom base of 7th centuryB.C. (R 8:2). Hesperia,XXX, 1961, skyphos,of a type common in second quarter p. 353, G 33, pls. 81, 89. 6th century B.C., with red band above foot. Third quarter VII cent. B.C. Graffito on bottom. Context: fourth quarter ]MAoE[IPt (retrograde) 6th century B.C.(R 12:3). 17 Strabo VII, 304 Itj v y&p Ko4?iLro, tl 'oTs BVEatv KEivois6pOvitovs ous &Aov TOS-rotK'ra, cs AvS6v Katl2Opov, q TOTS bmrroA&Louvavthi 6v61saoi rpocry6pvov, &S M6vnv A^Ti6av T6v Oprya, Tiplov 8 Trv naorXay6va. Crtainy fem ne: F 4, F 8, F 11, F 24, F 79, F 84, F 103, F 117, F 158, F 165, F 176, F 184, 230, F 257, F 255, F 306, F 311, F 322, F329. Either sex: F46, F 113, F 182, F 183, F 188, F224. F. OWNERS' MARKS 31 Second quarter VI cent. B.C. Oa0{ i.e. TaTf ? F 19 (P 24882). P1.11. Glaze-bandedamphora Perhapsthe "mistress'cup", inscribedby a of 6th-centuryB.C. type. Graffitoon shoulder. servant of the house. An abbreviationis less Context: ca. 520-490 B.C. (Q 12:3). Cf. Sparkes- likely, since names beginning thus are much Talcott,no. 1502. later. VI cent. B.C. ZUI ( ) (monogram) The most Athenianname is F 12 (P 17825). P1.11. Small black-glazedolpe likely Symmachos. with high-swunghandle and large spreading F20 (P 25922). P1.11. Handle from unglazed foot (=Sparkes-Talcott,no. 251). Graffito on amphora.Graffito on outsideof handle,written side. Context: mid-6th century B.C. (J 18:4). from bottom up. Context:6th centuryB.C. Mid-VI cent. B.C. Oaluv?o5?ei.i VI cent. B.C. 'Aypu( ) Name attested for Carian from Ialysos A demotic('AypvXAss) or a name(unattested) (Ath., VI, 262). derivedfrom &ypuTrv4co? F 13 (P 17826). P1.11. Unglazed oinochoe with F 21 (P 16585). P. 11. Black-glazedkylix base. Athens trefoil mouth. Graffito on side. Context: Graffito on mid-6th B.C. Cf. underside.Context: 6th-5th cen- century (J 18:4). Sparkes- turies B.C. at Talcott,no. 1637. Early V cent. B.C. Mid-VIcent. B.C. eOavEos Eil.i 'Aya( ) F22 F 14 (P 8813). P1.12. Black-glazedstemmed dish (P 16869). PI. 11. Black-glazedkylix foot. (= Sparkes-Talcott,no. 966). Graffitoon under- Graffito on underside.Context: 6th-5th cen- side. Context: ca. turiesB.C. Studies 520-490 B.C. CC-BY-NC-ND. (E 14:5). Ca. 525 B.C. (a) At ( ) (monogram) Early V cent. B.C. 'Eop ( ) (b) N (fragmentaryletter) F23 (P2610). P1.11. Base of small skyphos. Since At3( ) gives no reasonable Greek Graffitoon underside.Context: early 5th cen- name, we assume the alphabet to be a non- tury B.C. (G 6:3). Hesperia, XV, 1946, p. 277, Attic one in which t equals E or H, such as no. 19. License: Classical Megarianor Corinthian. EarlyV cent. B.C. 21iKpivov of F 15 (P P1.12. Graffito 8826). Black-glazedkylix. Too earlyfor Sophocles'contemporary (Ath., on underside of foot. Context: ca. 520-490 B.C. only. XIII, 592b)? (E 14:5). F24 Late VI cent. B.C. Kpr( ) (monogram) (P2759). P1.11. Black-glazedkylix stem, with slightlyraised ring at lower end, marked F 16use School (P 1206).PI. 11.Shoulder fragment from large off above and below by an incisedline. Graffito non-Atticamphora. Light buff clay, micaceous carefully spaced around stem on this band, and hardbaked, with red band at base of neck, with punctuationbetween last and first letters. turningdownward at its right end. Graffitoon Context: early 5th century B.C. (G 6:3). Hes- shoulder. Context: late 6th centuryB.C. (G 15: 1). peria, XV, 1946,p. 277, no. 18. Late VI cent. B.C. 'Apaiorov V cent. B.C. personal Early i Xapia[v]0e American F 17 (P 5206). P1.11. Base of kylix with short The nearest attested name is from Thasos: thick stem; raised ring with added red; of Xa]piav0EOrs(.G. XII, 8, 285, 6). For © late 6th-centuryB.C. type. Graffito on inner face of foot. F 25 (P 4232). P1.12. Lower body of skyphos. Graffitooutside, down to Context: Late VI cent. B.C. upside pot. BM( ) late 6th to early 5th centuriesB.C. F 18 (P 9055). P1.1 1. Base fragment of black- Early V cent. B.C. Xoi( ) e.g., Xot(pf?ou) glazed bowl with torus ring foot. Graffitoon underside. Note the use of the non-Atticchi. F 26 P1.12. Late VI cent. B.C. ]oros: E[I1t (P 4666). Fragmentfrom bottom of (retrograde) black-glazed of late 6th- to There are not cup kotyle early many names with genitivesin 5th-centuryB.C. type. Graffitoon underside. -coroS;among them are TTrlaSpcos,an Athenian Early V cent. B.C. vase-painter of mid-6th century B.C. (Hesperia, 'A]lKi(c)[voS IX, 1940, pp. 225-226), and 'Apapcbs(Prosop. F 27 (P 6173).P1. 12. reserved no. Kylixfoot, beneath. Att., 1575). Graffito on underside. Context: early 5th 32 F. OWNERS' MARKS century B.C. (E 15:6). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, F 34 (P 20788).Foot of black-glazedkylix. Graffito no. 439. on underside. Early V cent. B.C. Early V cent. B.C. Opa( ) lau( ) rTa ( ) (two monograms) F 35 (P 20790). Fragmentfrom mouth of pelike. On another base (Agora inv. no. P6633) Graffitoon outside. from the same well is a fragmentarygraffito whichmay be read lI]au ( ). Early V cent. B.C. Opa( ) (retrograde) F 36 Small stemmeddish F 28 (P 24668,P 24911,P 24912,P 24922,P (P 20761). black-glazed 24923). (= Sparkes-Talcott,no. 986).Graffito on under- P1.11. Five unglazedkadoi; P 24668=Sparkes- side of foot. Talcott,no. 1601.On neck of each, a graffitoof two letters,presumably the abbreviationof the Early V cent. B.C. epa( ) owner's name. Context: ca. 520-480 B.C.(R 12:4). F 37 (P 20768).Black-glazed saltcellar. Graffito on Early V cent. B.C. Au( ) underside. Athens V cent. B.C. F29 (P 24917). P1.11. Fragmentaryunglazed Early Opa( ) at amphora. Graffito on shoulder. Context: ca. F 38 (P 20785). Black-glazedpelike. Graffitoon 520-480 B.C. (R 12:4). neck, brokenat right. Early V cent. B.C. KAE( ) Early V cent. B.C. [pa ( ) F 30 (P 13462). P1.12. Black-glazed saltcellar. F39 (P 20789). Foot of black-glazed kylix. Studies GraffitoCC-BY-NC-ND. on underside.Context: early 5th cen- Graffitoon underside. B.C. tury (N-P 20:1). Early V cent. B.C. ep( ) Early V cent. B.C. Tnau( ) F 40 (P 20791). Fragment from foot of black- Graffitoon underside. F 31 (P 14950). P1.12. Black-glazedkylix foot. glazedpelike. Graffito on underside. Context: early 5th Early V cent. B.C. 0 ( ) License: Classical century B.C. (F 19: 5). F 41 (P 20792).PI. 12. Foot of black-glazedkylix. of Early V cent. B.C. Tie( ) Graffito on underside. Context: early 5th century B.C.(R 12:1). F 32-40.only. P1.12. In a well of the late 6th-early 5th centuryB.C. (R 12:1) were found no fewer Early V cent. B.C. Aep( ) than eight vases and fragments(F 33-40) in- The rho, though misshapen,resembles some scribeduse with the letters theta- of the rho's on the "Thra"vases which come School theta-rho-alpha, rho, or theta. In a dumpedfilling of the same from the samewell. a short distanceto the south period (Q 13:2) F 42 PI. 12. was found the neck of a vase (F32) which (L 1096). Lamp (= Howland, p. 33, to have been inscribedwith the same no. 103). Graffitoon underside.Context: early appears 5th B.C. name written out in full, but unfortunately century (H 5-6:1). nowpersonal incomplete.The owner of the house or Early V cent. B.C. Xaa( ) American was to his shop evidentlygiven marking prop- F 43 P1.12. of erty. (P8). Fragment black-glazed For © saltcellarof early5th-century B.c. type. Graffito F 32 (P 11392).Fragment from wall of deep cup on underside. with reservedband on the outside. Graffitoon Early V cent. B.c. E]OepovUI[o outside. The name Euthronis known from the Dal- Early V cent. B.C. Opa[ matiancoast (Pape, s.v.), but perhapshere too ?t]mt the theta standsfor phi; cf. D 15. line to read Since the second appears etli, F 44 (P 137). P1.12. Base of lekythos of early we assumethat the name is writtenout in full 5th-centuryB.C. type. Graffito on underside. genitiveform in the firstline. Early V cent. B.C. Tupcrav6o F 33 (P 20757). Black-glazed kylix (= Sparkes- The name, attestedonly as an ethnic adjec- Talcott,no. 404). Graffitoon undersideof foot. tive, as well as the non-Atticletter forms (alpha, Early V cent. B.C. Opa ( ) sigma, upsilon),seems to indicatea foreigner. F. OWNERS' MARKS 33 F 45 (P 5012). PI. 12. Wall fragmentfrom black- Early V cent. B.C. 'EQ1( ) glazed cup. Graffito on outside. Context: Note combinationof Ionic xi and closed eta early 5th century B.C. used as a vowel. Presumablythe writer was Early V cent. B.C. KeS( ) (monogram) not an Athenian. Perhaps KArl(covos);names beginning AEK- F 54 (P 24274). PI. 12. Black-glazedkylix base. do not seemto be so early. Graffitoon underside. F 46 (P 5009). PI. 12. Fragmentfrom lower part Early V cent. B.C. 'Epa ( ) and bottomof red-figuredmug. Graffitoon the All names derived from Hephaistos have side, partly on the glaze, partly on the figured rough breathing;no other names begin thus. scene. Context: early 5th centuryB.C. Beazley, The writerwas thereforepsilotic, but not Ionian. A.R.V.,p. 152. F 55 (P 24735). P1.12. Shoulderfragment of red- Early V cent. B.C. MXa Studies B.C. CC-BY-NC-ND. century (A 18-19:1). F 48 (P 26179). P1.12. Fragmentof black-glazed Early V cent. B.C. MiAcovosEiit kylix foot. Graffito on underside. Context: Since only one Milon is known in Athens 5th B.C. early century beforethe 4th centuryB.C., this ownermay well Early V cent. B.C. 'Aya ( ) (monogram) be the grown-upversion of that darlingwhose beautywas noted on a late cup of Oltos a gene- F 49License: P1.12. Lid of small Classical (P 26192). black-glazed rationearlier (Naples, no. 2617). pyxis. Graffitoon top. Context: late 6th-early of 5th centuriesB.C. F 57 (P 15224). P1.13. Black-glazedone-handler V cent. B.C. ( ) (= Sparkes-Talcott,no. 745). Graffito on lip only. Early 'Op-rv betweenattachments of handle. Context:490- is attested in Eretria in the late Ortygion 450 B.c. (F 19:4). 4th century B.C.; Ortyx is known from Athens B.C. use V cent. in the Late Romanperiod (I.G., III, 1163). Early hecr( ) School See F 68. F 50 (P 20089). P1.12. Black-glazedbase, prob- ably from column krater. Graffito on inner F 58 (P 5453). P1.14. Black-glazedpyxis lid with face of foot. Context:early 5th centuryB.C. Cf. reserved, pierced knob (= Sparkes-Talcott, Sparkes-Talcott,no. 54. no. 44). Graffitoaround outer edge of top. Context: 470-425 B.C. (E 13:1). Earlypersonal V cent. B.C. $tDioSplOt V cent. B.C. E1ti American 'ATroXoSopo Presumablya dativeof possession. Early F For © F 51 P1.12. 59 (P 5137).PI. 13. Black-glazedstemless kylix. (P 20422). Black-glazedkylix foot. Graffitoon undersideof base. Context:second Graffito on underside. Context: early 5th quarter 5th century B.C. (H 6:5). Hesperia, V, century B.C.(C 18:11). 1936,pp. 339, 352. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 456. V cent. B.C. iXo Early ( ) Second quarter V cent. B.C. 'OqAp ( ) F 52 PI. 12. (P 24126). Large unglazedamphora, F 60 (P 5174).PI. 13. Unglazedamphora. Graffito of apparently non-Attic clay. Graffito on on shoulder. Context: second 5th shoulder. Context: ca. 520-490 B.C. quarter (Q 12:3). century B.C. (H 6:5). Hesperia, V, 1936, pp. 345, Early V cent. B.C. 352. or 'A-w( ) ArT( ) (monogram) Second quarter V cent. B.C. 'Aua ( ) F 53 (P 7058). P1.12. Half of black-glazedkylix Names beginningwith these letters seem to foot of type common in early 5th centuryB.C. be either heroic or later than the 5th century Graffitoon underside. B.C., e.g., Amadokos, Amarantos. 34 F. OWNERS' MARKS F 61 (P 5175).P1. 13. Unglazedamphora. Graffito F 67 (P 17463). P1.13. Fragmentof black-glazed on shoulder. Context: second quarter 5th kylix foot of second quarter 5th-centuryB.C. century B.C.(H 6:5). Hesperia, V, 1936, pp. 345, type. Graffitoon underside. 352. Second quarter V cent. B.C. Second quarter V cent. B.c. Xap( ) ku-po-ro-ta-mo,i.e., Kurrpobgaio of F 62 (P 5168).P1. 13. Fragmentarybase of lekane. (signs Cypriotesyllabary, retrograde) Graffitoon underside.Context: second quarter F 68 (P 15990).P1. 13. Black-glazedskyphos with 5th century B.C. (H 6:5). one vertical and one horizontal handle (= Second quarter V cent. B.C. Tpip3.aos Sparkes-Talcott,no. 361).Graffiti on lip between A Thracianslave's name?It later in attachments of horizontal handle (a) and appears between attachments of vertical handle inscriptions (I.G., II2, 4199, 959c). A long stroke (b). Context: B.C. (betweentau and rho on one side and between ca. 490-450 (F 19:4). omicron and sigma on the other) divides the Second quarter V cent. B.C. (a) HE base in half. (b) ZT Athens F 63 (P 7140). P1.13. Fragmentof skyphos foot The two graffitiare apparentlyto be taken at of second quarter5th-century B.C. type, approx- together and read as h-cr( ). Cf. F 57 from imately like Agora inv. no. P 5145 (Hesperia, the same well. The man's name will have been V, 1936,pp. 340f., fig. 8). Graffitoon underside. Hestiaiosor the like. Secondquarter V cent. B.C. [A]rrmpoix[i{] F 69 (P 16024). P1.13. Small black-glazedbowl. ]Ias E[pt] Graffito on underside.Context: ca. 490-450 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Only one Athenianso namedis knownto us: B.C. (F 19:4). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 855. the fatherof a man who died beforethe middle Second quarter V cent B.C. the B.C. of 4th century (I.G., IP, 12136/7). Do Inap( ) (monogram) the two names(?) indicatejoint ownership? F 70 P1.13. Miniature one-handled bowl. F64 P1.13. foot of second (P 27690). (P 10805). Kylix Graffito on inside. Context: second quarter License: B.C. Classical quarter 5th-century type, approximately 5th century B.C. (P 14:3). like Agora inv. no. P 5116 (Hesperia,V, 1936, of pp. 336f., fig. 4). Graffitoon underside.Con- Second quarter V cent. B.C. ZKI( ) text: late 6th-early5th centuryB.C. Names with these three lettersare only. beginning Second quarter V cent. B.C. Fopyio rare enough for us to imaginethat this might have been a childhood of Skironides, The rho was apparently omitted at first possession use the general of 412 B.C. School writingand insertedafterwards. F 71 P1.13. Base of banded F 65 (P 15347, P 15348). P1.13. Unglazed am- (P 27692). fragment of non-Atticfabric. Graffiti on oinochoe. Graffito on underside. Context: phora body: (a) second 5th B.C. underone handle,vertically with respectto the quarter century (P 14:3). pot; (b) and (c) on shoulder. Context: ca. Second quarter V cent. B.C. Tllo ( ) personal 490-450 B.C. (F 19:4). F72 (P 15867). P1.13. Lekythos base in two American Second V cent. B.C. Eii quarter (a) Aitosio degrees, as in Haspels, Athenian Black-Figured (b) BOI nE For © 3-5. Graffitoon B Lekythoi,Paris, 1936, p. 48, (c) underside.Context: mid-5th century B.C. (C 9:6). Note the non-Atticchi; if it is Boiotian, we Hesperia, Suppl.V, p. 142, fig. 70, a; 71, 38. should perhaps read Boi (cbTov) as a reference Second V cent. B.C. MiKIov to the vessel or its contents and take HEas a quarter Note the use of which makes it numberindicating capacity, e.g., Tr(vTrE)E(taiO). omega, tempting to suppose that the writer was the F 66 (P 15218).P1. 13. Kylix foot similarto F 64. Mikion who was praisedby Lysitheos(I.G., I2, Graffito on underside. Context: ca. 490-450 924) and that he learned his letters from his B.C. (F 19:4). admirer.That is, Lysitheosspells with an omega Second quarter V cent. B.C. KEqt( ) but retainsepsilon for long e. Presumably Kriclnos (e.g., Prosop. Att., F 73 (P 15868).P1. 13. Bottom of small olpe with no. 8286)or some one of the severalcompound disc foot of second quarter 5th-centuryB.C. namesbeginning Kephiso-. type. Graffitoon underside.Context: mid-5th F. OWNERS'MARKS 35 century B.C.(C 9:6). Hesperia, Suppl. V, p. 143, B.C. (N 7:3). Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pl. 38, no. fig. 71, 37. 135. Second quarter V cent. B.C. Mid-Vcent. B.C. iKuva( ) Ke ( ) (monogram) Probably imKca(tva),an ethnic known from Sincethe namemay be eitherKe ( ) or Kl ( ), elsewhere (Pape, s.v.); mOerhsexists in 5th- the possibilitiesare too numerousto be use- century B.C.Athens. fully suggested. F 80 (P 21374).P1. 13. Base of black-glazedbowl. F 74 (P 15707). P1.13. Black-glazed skyphos. Graffitoon underside.Context: ca. 460-440B.C. Graffitounder foot. Context: 5th centuryB.C. (N 7:3). Hesperia,XXII, 1953, pl. 38, no. 132. (G 18:1). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 359. Mid-Vcent. B.C. 'Apo ri( ) Second quarter V cent. B.C. KAe( ) After the iota a sort of dot has been incised, perhapsthe startof the next letter. F 75 (P 10466). P1.13. Base fragment of black- F 81 P1.13. Base of oino- Athens glazed kylix of type common in the second (P 21400). semi-glazed quarter5th centuryB.C. Graffitoon underside. choe. Graffito on underside. Context: ca. at 460-440 B.C. Second quarter V cent. B.C. NIKCCa[ (N 7:3). Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pl. 38, no. 133. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 152. The name be a feminineNK<'caa with might Mid-V cent. B.C. omega used correctly, but some masculine 'Aplti(T ) name with omicron (e.g., Nikosthenes,Niko- Note combinationof tailed rho and four- stratos)is perhapsmore likely. barred sigma. Presumablythe same name as Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. F 80, from the samewell. F 76 (P 18337). P1.13. Base of a one-handler. Graffito on underside.Context: first half 5th F 82 (P 21373). P1.13. Fragment of base of century B.C. (C 18:4). lekane. Graffito on underside. Context: ca. 460-440 B.C. XXII, Second V cent. B.C. (N7:3). Hesperia, 1953, quarter Kspiov pl. 38, no. 136. License: Note in directionof Name not Classical change writing. Mid-V cent. B.C. IN ]ovroS known. Although the sherd might have been of convenientas a kleros (lot), the diminutiveis F83 (P 21404). P1. 13. Base and lower wall of not attestedin this sense. black-glazedskyphos. Graffito on underside. only. Context: ca. 460-440 B.C. (N7:3). Hesperia, F 77 (P 21290). P1.14. Black-glazedskyphos of XXII, 1953, pl. 38, no. 137. Cf. Sparkes- Attic type. Graffito on underside. Context: no. 343. use Talcott, School 460-440 B.C. (N Hesperia, XXII, 1953, 7:3). Mid-V cent. B.C. Kotvai pl. 38, no. 134. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 342. If the word is it must be nomi- Secondquarter V cent. B.C. O(Dacc<'>Tio complete, nativefeminine plural and referperhaps to a set Note doubled sigma (four-barred)and early of cups which were common property.A long form of alpha. This name in the form of an line separatesthe end of the word from the personal ethnicadjective has not previouslybeen report- beginning. American ed from Attica. F 84 (P 5109). P1.14. Fragmentof base of black- For © F 78 (P 17898, P 17971).P1. 14. Red-figuredmug glazed bowl. Graffito on underside.Context: with running Hermes, in the vicinity of the second half 5th century B.C. Alkimachos Graffito on wall painter. upper Mid-V cent. B.C. 2]tOv<(>ppES opposite figure. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 195. The eta (written as epsilon) following rho Second quarter V cent. B.C. MiScov suggests a foreigner.The nearest parallel for Perhaps this is the father (or teacher) of this name is liacu4pptov, (nick)name for an Lamproklesmentioned in Schol.Ar., Nub.,968, hetaira in Theophilos' Flute-lover(Edmonds, after whom Alexis' Midon (Ath., XI, 491c) II, p. 575, fr. 11). have been named? The four vertical may F 85 P1.14. foot of mid-5th strokesbeneath the nameare unexplained. (P772). Skyphos centuryB.C. type. Graffitoon underside.Con- text: third B.C. F 79 (P 21399). P1.13. Base of semi-glazedbowl. quarter 5th century (117:1). Graffito on underside. Context: ca. 460-440 Mid-V cent. B.C. 'EXaOcKO 36 F. OWNERS' MARKS F 86 (P 22998). P1.14. Foot of black-glazed XVIII, 1949, p. 330, fig. 6, pl. 93. Cf. Sparkes- kylix of second quarter5th-century B.C. type. Talcott,no. 935. Graffition and bottom. Context: 5th-4th top Fourth quarter V cent. B.C. (a) Ztuv ( ) centuries B.C. 54. Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, p. (b) nAPAMYNQTO0 Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 438. CompareF 180 for directionsof writing. Mid-V cent. B.C. (top) ipcovos (bottom) MQNO F 92 (P 10803). PI. 14. Small black-glazedbowl. A quantity of hobnails found in the same Graffitoon underside.Context: fourth quarter area with this sherd suggests that this Simon 5th century B.C.(H 12:6). may be the cobblerwho was friendto Perikles Fourthquarter V cent. B.C. MvrlalCoiXo and Sokrates Laert.,II, The letters (Diog. 122). The fills the circleof the on the undersideare almost certainlyanother writingexactly base, versionof the name which on the and an incised line separatesthe end of the appears top. name from the At least two men of Why the first two letterswere omittedis puzz- beginning. this name lived in Athens at this time (Prosop. Athens Perhapsthe writerstarted by paint, ling. using Att., nos. then thought it might rub off and continued 10333-4). at with a to over sharp instrument,forgetting go F 93 P1.14. How- the first two letters. Perhapsthe letters now (L 3088). Black-glazedlamp (= visible were all that were ever written and land, no. 175, Type 21C). Graffitoon under- side. Context:fourth 5th B.C. representthe last part of the name used as a quarter century nickname. (H 12:6). Studies Fourth V cent. B.C. CC-BY-NC-ND. quarter Apa-CTrrI F 87 (P24698). P1.14. Base of black-glazed stemlessbowl. Graffitoon underside.Context: The name of a slave (?), perhapsone who to or thirdquarter 5th centuryB.C. came Athensas a deserter refugee? Thirdquarter V cent. B.C. A Map( ) F 94 (P 12030). PI. 14. Fragmentfrom base of The first alpha may or may not belong to black-glazed stemless cup. Graffito on inner License: face of foot. Context:fourth 5th cen- Classical the name. Athenian names beginning Mar- quarter seem to be Hellenisticand later (e.g., Marsyas, tury B.C.(N-P 20:1). of Maron,Markos). Fourth quarter V cent. B.C. ]aro SIK[aicosEli F 88only. (P 21694).P1. 14. Largeunglazed basin with F 95 P1.14. Base of bowl. sides and (P 13099). black-glazed projectingflat-topped rim, steep ring Graffitoon underside.Context: fourth quarter foot (= Sparkes-Talcott,no. 1840).Graffito on use 5th century B.C.(O 19:4). School top of rim. Context:third quarter5th century B.C.(07:10). Fourth quarter V cent. B.C. Aiin ( ) Third quarter V cent. B.C. KXta(pTros) F 96 (P 15217).P1. 14. Black-glazedone-handler. No other restorationsuggests itself. A Klia- Graffitounder foot. Context: 5th centuryB.C. retos is known from Orchomenos(Pape, s.v.). (G 18:1). personal Fourth V cent. B.C. . .PKE F 89 (P 23283). P1.14. Fragmentaryblack-glazed quarter American on underside.Context: third skyphos. Graffiti F 97 (P 18620). P1.15. Part of shoulder of un- For © quarter 5th century B.C.(O 16:1-2). glazed amphora.Graffito on top of shoulder, Thirdquarter V cent.B.C. E0( ) (monogram) upside down to pot. Context: fourth quarter Au( ) (monogram) 5th century B.C.(C 19:9). Both monogramsare partially erased with Fourth quarter V cent. B.C. 'AvSpi(rKou) thin fine scratches. F 98 (P 12510).P1. 15. Fragmentfrom bottom of F 90 (P 17961). P1.14. Black-glazedbolsal (= black-glazedone-handler of late 5th-century Sparkes-Talcott,no. 540). Graffito on under- B.C. type. Graffito on underside. Context: side. Context: 430-410 B.C. (B 19:7). late 5th-4th centuries B.C. Fourth quarter V cent. B.C. thXo( ) Late V cent. B.C. E MEI ( ) F91 (P 10537). P1.14. Black-glazed saltcellar. PerhapsMeli(io), Meia(ia8o) or the like. Vari- Graffition inside (a) and outside (b). Context: ous such names are known in Athens from fourth quarter5th centuryB.C. (B 15:1). Hesperia, early in the 4th century B.C. F. OWNERS' MARKS 37 F 99 (P 16903).P1. 15. Fragmentaryblack-glazed Late V cent. B.C. KEp( ) one-handler(= Sparkes-Talcott,no. 754). Graf- The odd results from the writer's fito on outside lower wall. Context: late 5th spacing avoidanceof the black-glazedot and circle in century B.C. (A-B 21-22:1). the center. Another scratch to the right does Late V cent. B.C. (see drawing) not seemto be a letter. Perhapsnon-Greek? F 106 (P 24774). P1.15. Rim fragmentof lekane. F 100 (P 16904). P1.15. Wall fragment from Graffito on top of rim. Context: latest 5th black-glazed skyphos. Graffito on outside. century B.C. Context: late 5th centuryB.C. (A-B 21-22:1). Latest V cent. B.C. _av ( ) Late V cent. B.C. (see drawing) F 107 (P 103). P1.15. Fragmentof straight-sided Second and third letters appear to be non- saltcellarof a found Greek? F 99. black-glazed type chiefly Compare in second half 5th centuryB.C.; compare,for F 101 (P 16905). PI. 15. Rim fragmentof black- example, Hesperia, IV, 1935, p. 508, no. 48. Athens glazed skyphos. Graffitoon outside. Context: Graffitoon underside. at late 5th century B.C. (A-B 21-22:1). Second half V cent. B.C. S(ho Late V cent. B.C. KEKpo[ Eiii Compare Kekropidon of the mid-4th cen- F 108 (P 1870). P1.15. Black-glazed saltcellar tury B.C. (Prosop. Att., no. 8264). with flat bottom and slightlyincurving walls of a type common in later 5th century B.C.; Studies F 102 PI. 15. Lower of CC-BY-NC-ND. (P 26424). part amphora handle with Graffito compareHesperia, XVIII, 1949, p. 330, no. 69. thumbprintimpression. Graffitoon underside. on outside, running vertically from bottom. Context:late 5th centuryB.C. Secondhalf V cent. B.C. 'E].rrS( ) Late V cent. B.C. Fva( ) Names beginningthus seem generallyvery late or F 103 PI. 15. (Romanperiod) non-Athenian. License: (L 2653). Fragmentaryblack-glazed Classical lamp (= Howland,no. 215, Type 23A). Graffiti F 109 (P3736). P1.15. Rim fragmentof black- on rim and nozzle of (a) (b). glazedbowl. Graffitoon outside. Late V cent. B.C. (a) Ka[uovrilp]lti{rrnls Second half V cent. B.C. 5av ) only. ( AN (b) Note combination of Ionic xi with slant- One expects kappa-alphato begin a word barredalpha. use for lamp, but kandelionis too late. The word School restored above is one possibility; another is F 110 (P 19555).PI. 15. Fragmentaryblack-glazed that kappa-alphabegins the name of a child one-handler.Graffito on underside. Context: of Philippe in the nominativecase serving as second half 5th century B.C. (C 19:5). of subject &v(erlK?). Second half V cent. B.C. 'Etry ( ) F 104 (P 27314). P1.15. Black-glazedsaltcellar of personal F 111 P1.15. Black-glazedhandle from late 5th-centuryB.C. type. Graffitoon under- (P 24265). American small oinochoe, in section. Graffito side, within foot. Context: last quarter triangular ring on outside, runningdown vertically.Context: For © 5th B.C. Cf. century (S 16:1). Sparkes-Talcott, secondhalf 5th B.C.(Q p. 135, note 5. Hesperia,XXXV, 1966, p. 83. century 8:1). Second half V cent. B.C. AEv( ) Late V cent. B.C. TpoXiXo We know several 5th-centuryB.C. Athenian This nicknamemay derive from the bird or Leu- from the of Heniochos of the same names beginningwith these letters, e.g., comedy kades,Leukaios, Cf. also F 47. name, dated by Edmonds to ca. 411 B.C. (Ed- Leukippos. monds, I, p. 915, fr. 4; p. 997). More lightly F 112 (P 24691). P1.15. Base of semi-glazedone- scratchedin center of foot two numeralsmay handler.Graffito on underside.Context: second be distinguished:s- , i.e., 6 and 7. half 5th century B.C. F 105 (P 27353).P1. 15. Fragmentaryblack-glazed Secondhalf V cent. B.C. 'Ap( ) (ligature) bowl of late 5th-centuryB.C. type. Graffitoon Mo( ) underside, within ring foot. Context: last Mo( ) quarter 5th century B.C.(S 16:1). Mo( ) 38 F. OWNERS' MARKS Two crossing lines divide the circle inside F 122 (P 20019). P1.16. Base fragmentof black- foot into four sections;the ligatureoccupies one glazedskyphos. Graffito on underside. of and two of the thrice two these, repeated V cent. B.C. ]ayu( ) lettersoccupy two others. F113 P1.15. Nozzle of F 123 (P 21220).PI. 16. Base and part of wall of (L 3269). black-glazed small stemless Graffito on Howland,no. 220, 23 Graffito black-glazedcup. lamp(= Type A). underside. Context: late 5th B.C. on top of nozzle. century (Q 10:4). Second half V cent. B.C. 2aT |Ipas V cent. B.C. KOE Probablyfeminine genitive. The Satyrawho was hetaira to Themistokles (Ath., XIII, See drawing.Perhaps Kcbq (s) ? was no but the 576c) probably longer alive, F124 P1.16. rim namewas an appropriateone for the trade. (P 25822). Black-glazed frag- ment, probablyof mug. Graffitooutside. F 114 P1.15. of handle of (P 26866). Upper part V cent. B.C. ]aXtIa[ black-glazedoinochoe (= Sparkes-Talcott,no. Athens 116). Graffitoat mouth attachment. PerhapsK]cAXk or K]aZXia[Sou. at Late V cent. B.C. rXav( ) F 125 (P 25892).PI. 16. Fragmentof black-glazed base. Graffitoon underside. F 115 (P 5203). P1.15. Lower wall fragment of kylix black-glazedcup. Graffitooutside. V cent. B.C. :evio[ V cent. B.C. ]E{iS Eii[i F 126 (P 83). P1.16. Base fragment of black- Studies F CC-BY-NC-ND. 116 (P 7254). PI. 15. Fragmentfrom bottom of glazedbowl (?). Graffitoon underside. semi-glazed one-handler (?). Graffito inside, V cent. B.C. OIt ( ) almostcertainly written on the whole pot. F 127 P1.16. oinochoe V cent. B.C. 'Hyearcv[5pou (P2841). Black-glazed with ring foot and trefoil mouth. Graffition F 117 (P 8120). P1.16. Part of bottom of red- shoulder. Context: ca. 410-390 B.C. (H 12:11). License: Classical figured skyphos with ring foot. Graffito on Ca. 410-390 B.C. underside. An ( ) Ant{o of CompareF 136. V cent. B.C. ]arrairl only. ]S F 128 (P 18952).P1. 16. Part of bottomof bowl or Perhaps 'EKaTralcr(not known in Athens); cup with ring foot, glazedblack to red. Graffito non-Atticbecause of eta iota? on underside.Context: late 5th-early4th cen- use following School turies B.C. (C 19:9). F 118 (P 10512).P1. 16. Fragmentaryblack-glazed saltcellarwith concave sides and flat bottom. Late V-early IV cent. B.C. AEco[ Graffitoon outsidewall. Beautifulletters worthy of major epigraphy. names in this are known V cent. B.C. Many beginning way Tloi]*iKTropos in B.C.Athens: Leobotes, ]Cro 5th-century Leogoras, personal Leodamas,Leon, etc. The name is heroic and non- American suggested Athenian. F 129 (L 4134). P1.16. Fragmentaryblack-glazed For © lamp(= Howland,no. 258, Type24C). Graffito F 119 (P 14938).PI. 16. Base fragmentof black- on side. glazedkylix. Graffitoon underside. Late V-early IV cent. B.C. V cent. B.C. AicX ( ) MEIK( ) or Mei ( )? (monogram) F 120 (P 17139). P1.16. Base of black-glazed Perhaps for a name like Meixiades, etc., stemlesscup of 5th-centuryB.C. type. Graffito beforethe letterxi was obligatory. on underside. F 130 P1.16. from shoulder V cent. B.C. Ep ( ) (P 17059). Fragment of unglazed amphora. Graffito on outside. F 121 (P 19958).P1. 16. Black-glazedpyxis lid of Context:5th-4th centuriesB.C. Hesperia, XXV, 5th-centuryB.C. type. Graffito on top. Cf. 1956,p. 23, no. 103. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 1307. V-IV cent. B.C. AIoxr[ V cent. B.C. NIKrr( ) F. OWNERS' MARKS 39 F 131 (P 23821).P1. 16. Fragmentaryblack-glazed F 139 (P 24024). P1.17. Base fragmentof black- oinochoe with ring foot and trefoil mouth. glazedskyphos of Corinthiantype. Graffitoon Graffition handle(a) and on wall (b). Context: underside.Context: first quarter 4th century ca. 400-390 B.C. (Q 15:2). B.C.(G 13:5). Ca. 400-390 B.C. (a) 'AvSpaoxodll 8iiKawco First quarter IV cent. B.C. (b) ]?os TOUSvEav ?dit 5i]KalcoS For the assertion of ownership compare F 140 (P 3721).P1. 17. Fragmentarybase of plastic Hesperia, Suppl.VII, p. 31 and also F 132 vase with traces of figureattachment. Graffito below. Another black-glazedfragment (Agora on underside. Context: second quarter 4th inv. no. P 26389) from this deposit has part of centuryB.C. (H 7:3). Hesperia,VI, 1937,p. 89, what is probablythe same name: ]ioxo[. fig. 46, f. F 132 (P 23835). P1. 17. Fragmentary lekane with Second quarter IV cent. B.C. ]filovoS rim. Graffitoon of rim. Context: flat-topped top F 141 (P 12396). P1.17. Small roughly made ca. 400-390 B.C. (Q 15:2). saucerwith thin glaze. Graffitoon floor. Con- Athens Ca. 400-390 B.C. i]Kla(io'A[vS]pfioo [ei[] text: secondquarter 4th centuryB.C. (G 12:23). at Note use of omicronin the adverb,as com- Second quarter IV cent. B.C. Ev6opa paredwith omega in F 131. (Part of the lekane vTOS could not be foundwhen the finaldrawings were so that it was to the -Katos F 142 (P 14636).P1. 17. Fragmentaryblack-glazed made, necessary copy oinochoe. Graffito on neck. Context: second from the drawing on the catalogue card; the letterswhich were neverfound are dotted in to quarter 4th century B.C.(E 2:3). Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. show the spacing and hence presumedorder.) Second quarter IV cent. B.C. Fripvos F 133 (P 23872).PI. 16. Fragmentarybolsal, glaze F 143 (P 14644). P1.17. One-handledbowl of a fired red all over. Graffitoon underside.Con- type commonin the first half 4th centuryB.C.; text: ca. 400-390 B.C.(Q 15:2). cf. D. M. Robinson, Olynthus, V, Mosaics, Vases and 180, Ca. 400-390 B.C. TlT ( ) Lamps, Baltimore, 1933, pl. License: no. 923. Graffitoon underside.Context: second Classical F 134 (P 23874).P1. 16. Basefragment of unglazed quarter 4th century B.C.(E 2:3). of with foot. Graffito on underside. pot ring Second IV cent. B.C. XCOTrpaTO Context: ca. 400-390 B.C.(Q 15:2). quarter only. F 144 P1.17. Base of black- Ca. 400-390 B.C. 2cool[ (P 14658). fragment glazedskyphos of Attic type. Graffitoon under- F 135 (P 7977). P1.16. Part of base of black- side. Context: second quarter4th centuryB.C. use of B.C. School glazed skyphos early 4th-century type. (E 2:3). Graffito on underside. Context: 4th century Second quarter IV cent. B.C. ]6aiou il[pi B.C.(E 6:3). F 145 PI. 17. Early IV cent. B.C. AEiviaS (P 11798). Fragmentaryblack-glazed one-handler(= Sparkes-Talcott,no. 759). Graf- F 136 (P 8621). P1.16. Part of base of oinochoe fito on underside.Context: first half 4th century likepersonal F 127. Graffito on underside. Context: B.C. (BB 17:1). American 4th B.C. century (E 6:3). First half IV cent. B.C. -EvoTO(vTos) IV cent. B.C. AEsio[ For © Early F 146 (P 18003). P1.17. Base of black-glazed CompareF 127. skyphos of a type common in first half 4th B.C.;cf. D. M. Robinson, Olynthus,V, F 137 (P 23272). P1.16. Part of bottom of black- century one-handler Graffitoon underside. pl. 85. Graffito on underside. Context: first glazed (?). half 4th B.C. Context:latest 5th to 4th centuriesB.C. century (C 19:5). First half IV cent. B.C. 'AXKih IV cent. B.C. Early Aaca ( ) rTO F 138 (P 27566).P1. 16. Base of black-glazedbowl F 147 P1.17. Base of B.C. Graffitoon in- (P 1444). black-glazed of early 4th-century type. kantharos with rouletting on floor; mid-4th Context:late 4th centuriesB.C. side. 5th-early century B.C. type, approximately like Hesperia, (I 16:7). VI, 1937,pp. 88-89, fig. 46,c. Graffitoon under- Early IV cent. B.C. rlupcov side, insidefoot. Note angular form of omega. Mid-IV cent. B.C. Tfav6l( ) 40 F. OWNERS' MARKS F 148 (P 1458). P1.17. Handle of black-glazed F 156 (P 20987). P1.18. Small black-glazedbowl. oinochoe, triangularin section. Graffito near Graffitoinside on floor. Context:third quarter top, runningdown from above. Context:mid- 4th century B.C. 4th B.C. century (H 17:5). Third quarter IV cent. B.C. Noy ( ) Mid-IV cent. B.C. 'ApTn( ) F157 (P 22218). P1.18. Black-glazedpyxis lid F149 (P 7502). PI. 17. Base fragmentof black- with groove around outer part of top and glazed bowl. Graffito on underside, within aroundouter edge (= Sparkes-Talcott,no. 1317). foot. Context: mid-4th century B.C. (C 12:2). Graffito on top. Context: third quarter 4th century B.C. Mid-IV cent. B.C. 'Apia-u[ Third quarter IV cent. B.C. 'EXwepariSa F 150 (P 14705).PI. 17. Base of black-glazedbowl, (Seedrawing for othersymbols.) Note broken- with stamped palmettes on floor, of mid-4th barred alpha; cf. so-called Darius vase, A. centuryB.C. type. Graffitoon underside.Con- Furtwangler and K. Reichhold, Gr. Vasen- text: 4th B.C. Athens century (F 20:1). malerei,II, Miinchen,1909, p. 146. Mid-IV cent. B.C. wcoqpovasAlovi0aio at F 158 (P 22116). P1.18. Black-glazedstem of Do the two names perhaps representjoint multiplekernos. Graffito around stem. Context: owners?The first is not attested either as a to third quarter 4th century B.C. (J 11:1). Cf. masculinenominative or femininegenitive. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 1364. Third IV cent. B.C. F 151 (P 19956). P1.17. Foot of black-glazed quarter AvauiTp[6]Ths Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. kantharosof mid-4thcentury B.C. type. Graffito F159 (P 26945). P1.18. Ring foot of black- on underside,within foot. glazed bowl of Hellenistic type. Graffito on Mid-IV cent. B.C. 'ATpo( ) underside.Context: third quarter4th century B.C. (I15:2). It seems more likely that the second letteris an incompletetriangular phi than eithertau or Third quarter IV cent. B.C. 'Apr ( ) License: chi. Classical The third letter is smallerand more bluntly incised; perhapsit is an addition by another of F 152 (L 535). P1.17. Black-glazed lamp (= hand. Howland, no. 283, Type 25A). Graffition left only. side of nozzle, unfinishedbecause of lack of F 160 (P 266). PI. 18. Base fragment of black- space (a), and on right side, upside down to glazed plate with roulettingand stampedpal- lamp(b). Context:mid-4th century B.C. (G 14:2). mettes. Graffito on underside, within foot. use Context:fourth 4th B.C. School quarter century (H 6:9). Mid-IV cent. B.C. (a) Aipit(Aou) (b) AiplXou Fourth quarter IV cent. B.C. T]iicoiv[ou Note use of omega. F 153 (P22914). P1.17. Black-glazedsaltcellar with incurving rim and small ring foot (= F 161 (P 6889). P1.18. Base fragmentof black- no. Graffito on under- glazed plate with roulettingon floor, of late personal Sparkes-Talcott, 947). side. 4th-centuryB.C. fabric. Graffitoon underside. American Mid-IV cent. B.C. 'Apo-r ( ) Late IV cent. B.C. KEpa[ For © F 162 PI. 18. small F 154 (P 18619).P1. 17. Wall and base fragmentof (P 15446). Black-glazed stamped small with molded foot. plate of late 4th-centuryB.C. type. Graffitoon black-glazedpyxis ring underside. Graffitooutside on wall. Context:third quarter 4th century B.C. (B 18:7). Late IV cent. B.C. Kapa( ) A Third quarter IV cent. B.C. Readingvery uncertain;first alpha and rho [TroU8aev EIltU1i]Kaico[s] in ligature.The two attested Athenian names (Karaichos and Karaios) belong to the 2nd F 155 (P 20283). P1.17. Base fragmentof black- centuryB.C. More temptingis the 4th-century glazed closed pot. Graffito on underside. B.C. orator Kallimedonwhose nicknamewas Context:third quarter4th centuryB.C. Karabos(Plut., Dem., 27). Third quarter IV cent. B.C. 'Ecov( ) F 163 (L 3042).PI. 18. Red-glazedlamp (= How- No name beginningthus is attested. land, no. 372, Type 26B). Graffition right side F. OWNERS' MARKS 41 of body (a), on top of nozzle(b), and on rim (c). No such name is known. Perhapsa label for Context: late 4th century B.C.(B 13:8). Hesperia, something"rotten"? AXXXVIIIT LL * T JU-*A 19609A *^ % /Y' ? n. f 390 F 170 (P7670). P1.18. Bottom of black-glazed Late IV cent. B.C. Mivcovos (a) skyphos of same type as F 168. Graffito on (b) Mvco(vos) underside.Context: 2nd-4th centuries(C 13:2). (c) M(ivcovos) IV cent. B.C. 7i:pos A F 164 PI. 18. Base of kantha- (P 897). black-glazed Probablya slave'sname? or a metic's? ros. Graffitoon underside,inside foot. Context: secondhalf 4th centuryB.C. (F 16:1). F 171 (P9645). P1.18. Shoulderfragment from Second half IV cent. B.C. Mkvcov coarse amphora. Graffito outside. Context: 4th B.C.and late Roman. Mentioned in Hesperia, III, 1934, p. 317 century whereother graffitiwhich may be abbreviations IV cent. B.C. ]. O H T .[ of the samename and perhapsrefer to the same ]MriTTtyE Athens personare cited. Comparealso F 163, which is Metigenesis not known, but there seems to contemporaryand was found not far away. be no reasonagainst such a compound. at F 165 (MC 216). P1. 18. Black-glazedterracotta F 172 (P 17794). P1.18. Rim fragment from object, beehive-shapedand vertically pierced, black-glazedlidded bowl of 4th-centuryB.C. with neck on top and flat bottom. Graffiti fabric. Graffitooutside just below flange. around and on underside(b). Context: body (a) IV cent. B.C. N 4th to early 3rd centuries B.C. (D-E 8-9:1). lKta[ Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Second half IV cent. B.C. (a) Arlqrlrpias F 173 (P 17902). P1.18. Base fragmentof black- (b) Eurruv[as glazedbowl of 4th-centuryB.C. fabric. Graffito on underside. (b) is perhapsmore likely as a word than as a name. IV cent. B.C. TXa( ) K F166License: P1.18. terracotta F 174 (P P1.19. Base of black- Classical (MC224). Red-glazed 20846). fragment object with rounded bottom, concave top, glazed plate with roulettingon floor, of 4th- of centralcollar aroundvertical hole. Graffitoon centuryB.C. fabric. Graffito on underside. top. Context: 4th to early 3rd centuriesB.C. IV cent. B.C. only. Xat( ) (D-E 8-9:1). Base of Second half IV cent. B.C. Kapm( ) F175 (P 22104). P1.19. black-glazed of B.C. Graffitoon under- use olpe 4th-century type. School Names beginningthus are both late and too side. foreignto be likely. Possibilitiesare: Kamireus (man of Kamiros);kamineus (kilnmaster). But IV cent. B.C. M.( ) two lambdashave run and it perhaps together F 176 (P 24859). P1.19. Base of black-glazed shouldbe read KaAli(as). bowl. Graffito on underside.Context: 5th- 4th centuries B.C. F 167personal (P 133). P1.18. Base fragment of black- American glazedplate with rouletting,of 4th-centuryB.C. IV cent. B.C. KaXOKr type. Graffitoon underside,within ring foot. is borne For © The name by various mythical IV cent. B.C. TT]oXu6u(KTou) persons (Pape, s.v.) including the heroine of Stesichoros' of that name which F 168 P1.18. Base of skyphos poem (from (P 199). black-glazed was derivedthe name of a Aristox., Fr. of B.C. as in D. M. Robinson, song, 4th-century type, Hist., also a memberof con- Olynthus,V, p. 185. Graffito on underside. 72); Lysistrata's spiracyin Aristophanes'play (Lys., 322). IV cent. B.C. 'Hyfictr(oS) F 177 P1.19. How- Scratcheson the rim an attempt at (L 4212). Black-glazedlamp (= suggest land, no. 267, Graffition side a final sigma. Type 25A). (a), on other side, upsidedown to lamp (b), and on F 169 (P 6903). P1.18. Rim fragment of semi- top of nozzle (c). saucer with rim. Graffitooutside glazed plain IV-early III cent. B.C. (a) AItoKAouV just below rim. Context: 5th-4th centuriesB.C. (b) Eili IV cent. B.C. Ecarrpa[ (c) EM 42 F. OWNERS' MARKS The drawingof a boukranionon this same of Euboulosin the first half of the 4th century piece is catalogued below as M 14. On the B.C.(Ath., XIII, 567d). bottom is an unidentifiedmark. F 185 (L2019). P1.19. Nozzle of black-glazed F 178 (L 3653).P1. 19. Black-glazedlamp (= How- lamp (= Howland,no. 315, Type 25B). Graffiti land, no. 276, Type 25A). Graffition top (a) on side (a) and top (b). Context:3rd-2nd cen- and on eitherside of nozzle (b,c). turiesB.C. (D 10:2). IV-earlyIII cent. B.C. (a) Eac ( ) Late IV-early III cent. B.C. (b) Eax( ) (a) O&ov (c) CEa( ) (b) 0 (and ligature) A foreign name? None such is attested, to See drawingfor ligature.Theta used as an our knowledge. initial on top makes the personalname Theon more likelythan 6oov. F 179 (P 580). P1.19. Base of black-glazedbowl with moldedfoot. Graffitoon underside,within F 186 (P 14960).PI. 19. Base fragmentof black- bowl Graffitoon underside.Context: Athens foot. Context: late 4th to early 3rd centuries glazed (?). late 4th to 3rd centuriesB.C. B.C. (H 16:3, Group B, Hesperia, III, 1934, at pp. 330ff.). Late IV-early III cent. B.C. Eipi(ou) Late IV-earlyIII cent. B.C. 'Aya0oKvA9[u]s F 187 (P 15397).P1. 19. Base of black-glazedbowl F 180 PI. 19. Base of bowl of late 4th- or 3rd-centuryB.C. fabric. Graffito (P 633). black-glazed on underside. with molded foot. Graffito on underside, Late IV-III B.C. Studies cent. withinCC-BY-NC-ND. foot. Context: late 4th-early 3rd cen- An9lqtXnos turies B.C. (H 16:3, Group B, Hesperia, III, The lettersare crowdedtogether towards the 1934,pp. 330ff.). end, with the sigma writtenover the omicron. Late IV-early III cent. B.C. aTru( ) F 188 P1.19. Floor of black- Mi6ou (P 18625). fragment glazed plate with stampedpalmettes and rou- Two names, of successiveor joint owners? letting.Graffito on underside. License: Classical For arrangementof letters compareF 91 and IV-III cent. B.C. NIKCO L 12. of Or it could be an abbreviationof a longer F 181 1493, P P1.19. Rim of name. only. (P 1538). fragment hlrk. l.r1a7r kIntharnc nf earlv ellen1nticr. -v__, F 189 19. Base of small bowl of type. Graffitoon upperwall ou.'C"tside (P 136). PI. glazed *tside. early 3rd-centuryB.C. type. Graffitoon under- Lateuse III cent. B.C. School IV-early D]Et8oo-Tp(aTro)side, withinfoot. F 182 (P 7740). P1.19. Base of bl ack-glazedbowl. Early III cent. B.C. Ait6(ou) Graffitoon underside.Context late 4th-early The two of delta with a stroke at 3rd centuries B.C. ligatures (E 3:1). the side (see drawing)may give a name such as Late IV-early III cent. B.C. ActlfaS X the above. It is also possiblethat the first two personal lettersof a name were writtentwice (cf. F 112). F 183 (L 2229). P1.19. Unglazedlamp lap (= How-H - American land, no. 296, Type 25A'). ( jraffito on top. F 190 (P 119). P1.19. Base of open bowl with For © Context:late 4th-early 3rd centi uries B.C. (E 3:1). brownishblack glaze and ring foot, similarto F 189. Graffito on within foot. Late IV-early III cent. B.C. tma e'HqaC ) underside, ring Context:to mid-2ndcentury B.C. (H 6:9). It seems that the second word hardly possible III cent. B.C. Mev is an abbreviationfor the god. Early ( ) (monogram) F 184 P1.19. Disc base of blacd Athenian names beginningthus in the third (P 18009). o b centuryB.C. range from Menaichmosto Menon. bowl or stemless cup. Graffit<3 on lnackrgazedunderside. Context: late 4th-early 3rd centuries B.C. F 191 (P 416). P1.19. Molded ring base from (A 18:6). black-glazed cup of early 3rd-centuryB.C. Late IV-early III cent. B.C. IMVTeiK1i type. Graffito on underside, within foot. Perhaps MqrTiX)l,with a shiift of aspirates? EarlyIII cent. B.C. HQ E The only Meticheknown to us is the courtesan CompareF 192, same type of base, same who gaveher nickname (Klepsy< dra) to a comedy inscription,found about 40 metersaway. F. OWNERS' MARKS 43 F 192 (P 19170). P1.19. Molded ring base from F 199 (P 5820, P 5925). P1.20. Flat handle from black-glazedcup of early 3rd-centuryB.C. type. large unglazed amphora or pitcher. Graffito Graffitoon underside,within foot. on outside, runningfrom bottom up. Context: Early III cent. B.C. H Q E 3rd century B.C.(E 14:1). III cent. B.C. F 193 P1.19. Base of bowl 'Ayt6covosKiMTrr[ov] (P 7607). black-glazed CbvfXCAKC with moldedring foot of early 3rd-centuryB.C. type. Graffito on underside.Context: Hellen- That is, "(the property)of Agathon,a thief; istic (C 14:1). a bargainfor a penny." The writingmay be in two different as if after III cent. B.C. hands, Agathonlabeled Early nlapE ( ) the jar he himself was labeled a thief and re- The first two lettersform a ligature. spondedwith an assertion of the pot's worth- lessness. F 194 (P 20216).P1. 19. Fragmentaryblack-glazed plate with linked palmettesand roulettingon F 200 (P 5838). P1.20. Fragmentaryblack-glazed floor, of early 3rd-centuryB.C. shape. Graffito fish-plate. Graffito on underside. Context: Athens on underside. 3rd century B.C. (E 14:1). at Early III cent. B.C. 'Apo( ) (retrograde) III cent. B.C. NIKI( ) ]. N F 201 (P 5918). PI. 20. Rim fragmentof a West F 195 (P 20848).P1. 19. Base of black-glazedbowl Slope kantharoswith offset lip; 3rd-century with stamped linked palmettes and rouletting B.C.fabric. Graffitoon outsideof lip. Context: on floor. Graffitoon underside.Context: early Hellenistic. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 3rd B.C. century (D 17:3). III cent. B.C. Xpyvr[[]Tnrov EarlyIII cent. B.C. MIKa( ) F 202 (P 8037). PI. 20. Fragmentof base of un- An abbreviationof some name like Mikalion glazed pot. Graffito on underside. Context: or Mikalos has been assumed, but the four 3rd century B.C. (B 13:1). letters be the nominativeof the may complete III cent. B.C. femininename six women of this MevJr-roS License: Mika; name Classical were buriedin Athensbetween the late 5th and F 203 (P 11202).P1. 20. FragmentaryWest Slope 3rd centuries B.C. of early (I.G., IF2,12126-12131). kantharosof 3rd-centuryB.C. type. Graffitoon F 196 19. lower body, runningdownward. Context: 3rd only. P1. Shoulder (P 16295). fragmentfrom B.C. unglazedpitcher. Graffito on outside. Context: century (B 13:1). 3rd century B.C. (N 21:4). III cent. B.C. XOpou Seconduse III cent. B.C. The name appearsin Athenianrecords (e.g., School quarter Nrc ( ) I.G., II, Add. 834b, c; 959c 16; II, Suppl. The abbreviatedname is framed by a car- but well be a slave's name. Com- see 4114b) may touche; drawing.Nesiotes or Nesokles are pareF 170. possiblenames; no exampleof eitheris known to us from this generaltime, with the possible F 204 (P 20191). P1.20. Rim fragment from exception of a restored Nesiotes in Megarianbowl. Graffitoon outside,just under personal S.E.G., XXI, 330.5 (307/6 B.C.). lip. Context:late 4th-3rdcenturies B.C. American III cent. B.C. Mus F 197 (L 3293). P1.19. Black-glazedlamp base For © (= Howland,no. 553, Type 43C). Graffitoon The name may be complete, or it may be underside. Context: second half 3rd century abbreviatedfrom Mustion, Mustichides,etc. B.C. (N 20:7). F 205 (P 20329). P1.20. Rim and wall fragment Late III cent. B.C. Kpi( ) of black-glazedbowl. Graffitoon outsidejust abovebase. Context:3rd B.C. F 198 (P 24935). P1.20. Unglazedtall-necked jug. century Dipinto in black on shoulder.Context: second III cent. B.C. 'A]pXiTrrTo[u half 3rd century B.C. (O 16:3). F 206 (P 25998). P1.20. Black-glazedbowl with Second half III cent. B.C. stamped palmettes and rouletting on floor. 'Epil'Irou X(6S) j3'K(o6'rXat) ia' Graffition underside(a) and on outsidewall (b). The capacityis 10.200liters to the lip. Two Context: 3rd century B.C. (F 17:3). choes and eleven kotyles (35 kotyles),based on III cent. B.C. (a) Amyv( ) a kotyleof 0.273 1., wouldbe 9.555 1. (b) N 44 F. OWNERS' MARKS If this is a name, Dimnos is a possibility F 215 (P 1881). P1.20. Fragmentfrom base of not knownin Athens,but a friendof Alexander deep black-glazedbowl of 3rd-to 2nd-centuries the Great(Diod. Sic., XVII, 79). B.C. fabric. Graffito on underside. Context: Hellenisticfilling of the MiddleStoa, so prob- F 207 (P 26004). P1.20. West Slope kantharos. ably not laterthan mid-2ndcentury B.C. Graffito outside on wall below lip. Context: III-II cent. B.C. 'Ovrloi[[ou 3rd century B.C. (F 17:3). F 216 PI.20. of coarse lid. III cent. B.C. Aac ( ) (P 3163). Fragment pot Lettersincised in soft clay. Context:Hellenistic. Possible Atheniannames include Laios (4th III-II cent. B.C. ]ioTri6ou century B.C., Prosop. Att., no. 8961) and Lais- podias (5th century B.C., Prosop. Att., nos. F 217 (P 3285). P1.20. Shoulder fragment of 8962, 8963). large coarse amphora.Dipinto in black. Con- text: Hellenistic. F 208 (P P1.20. 26262). Fragmentaryblack-glazed III-II cent. B.C. 'lTrra ( ) fish-plate.Graffito on underside.Context: ca. Athens 200 B.C.(M 18:10). F 218 (P 3446). P1.20. Neck fragmentof coarse at Ca. 200 B.C. 'AoK( ) amphora.Dipinto in red. Context:Hellenistic. III-II cent. B.C. 'IpoK[ F 209 (P 6128). P1.20. Fragment from rim of Megarianbowl of 3rd- to early 2nd-centuries F 219 (P 3788). P1.20. Small black-glazedhandle B.C. type. Graffitooutside. Context: Hellenistic. from cup. Graffitoon outside, runningdown from above. Context:Hellenistic. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. III-early II cent. B.C. ]s Alowviou .[ III-II cent. B.C. 'Apt( ) Not certainly an owner's name. Perhaps genitiveis father'sname. F 220 (P 12200). P1.20. Base fragmentof small bowl of Hellenisticfabric. Graffito on floor. F 210 (P 10729).P1. 20. Fragmentaryblack-glazed III-II cent. B.C. OeoyeT-co[v bowl. Graffitoon underside.Context: 3rd-2nd License: F 221 P1.20. Base of Classical centuries B.C. (F 5:1). (P 14566). fragment large black-glazedplate of Hellenisticfabric. Graffito Late III-early II cent. B.C. rEv( ) of on underside. F 211 20. III-II cent. B.C. only. (L 2122). P1. Unglazedlamp (= How- ipe ( ) (monogram) land, no. 464, Type 34 Var.). Dipinto in black on side. F 222 (P 17425).P1. 20. Base of largeblack-glazed bowl or plate of Hellenisticfabric. Graffitoon use Late II cent. B.C. O?ix School III-early ( ) underside. III-II cent. B.C. F 212 (L 4194).P1. 20. Black-glazedlamp (= How- Trpa( ) land, no. 430, Type 32). Graffito on rim. F 223 (P 18264).PI. 20. Rim fragmentof bowl of Context: late 3rd-early 2nd centuries B.C. 3rd- to 2nd-centuryB.C. type, with West Slope (M21:1). decorationinside; for the shape, cf. Hesperia, personal Late III-early II cent. B.C. Kcblov III, 1934, pp. 348ff., C7, D 14, D 15, D28. American Graffitooutside just below lip. CompareF 213 from samecistern. For © III-II cent. B.C. 'ETrmyvous F 213 P1.20. Base of (P 18756). black-glazed F 224 PI. 20. Shoulder from mug or bowl of Hellenisticfabric. Graffitoon (P 22836). fragment underside.Context: late 2nd centuries coarse amphora.Graffito on outside. Context: 3rd-early Hellenistic. B.C.(M 21:l). III-II cent. B.C. ]v Late III-early II cent. B.C. Kcb(uou) rlhav'r!Tio See F 212 for the restoredname. The next to last lettermay be eithera ligature of iota-omicronor eta. If this is a name it is F 214 (L 3077).P1. 20. Black-glazedlamp (= How- not attested,but Planetiadesexists as an epithet land, no. 445, Type34A). Graffitoon underside. of the CynicDidymos (Plut., def. or., 7). Late III-II cent. B.C. F 225 (P 23523). PI.20. Wall fragmentof West ware.Graffito on outside. See drawingfor monogram,probably to be Slope resolved thus: Kafcasr III-II cent. B.C. OXtinrroSH[ F. OWNERS' MARKS 45 F 226 (P 5828). P1.20. Base fragment of black- on shoulder. Context: late 2nd to early 1st glazedplate or bowl. Graffitoon underside. centuries B.C.(B 11:1). Hellenistic 'Epupo[ Late II-earlyI cent. B.C. Alovuriov B F 227 (P 17043).P1. 20. Basefragment of lekaneof F 234 (P 6864).P1. 21. Fragmentpreserving about Hellenisticfabric. Graffitoon underside.Con- a quarter of a very large gray-wareplate. text: first half of 2nd century B.C. (B20:2). Graffitoon underside.Context: mixed Hellenis- tic to earlyRoman (D 12:2). First half II cent B.C. 'Appco( ) Late II-early I cent. B.C. ]1iv&8o This may be not an abbreviationof a longer masculinename but a completefeminine name: F 235 (P 6717). P1.21. Neck and shoulderfrag- 'Appcb. ment of unglazed amphora. Dipinto in red. Context:Hellenistic. F 228 P1.21. Neck of large (P 6867). fragment II-I cent. B.C. ) Romanamphora, similar to Robinson,Chronol- Niy ( ogy, M 14. Dipinto in red. Context: late 2nd All names beginningwith these letters seem Athens century B.C. (C 9:7). to be Latin in originand belong to the Roman B.C. periodin Athens. at Late II cent. CO ( ) SE( ) F 236 (P 23163). P1.21. Base fragmentof black- roulet- Sincethis abbreviation standfor co(hors) glazedbowl with stampedpalmettes and may to B.C. Graffito se(cundus),we may wonder if this is a Latin ting, of 2nd- lst-centuries type. owner's mark. on underside. II-I cent. B.C. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Eiurlp(pov) F 229 (P 526). P1.21. Base of black-glazedplate with stampedpalmettes and rouletting.Graffito F 237 (23227). P1.21. Base fragment of black- on underside,within foot. Context:4th to 2nd glazed bowl with roulettingon floor; 2nd- to century B.C. (G 14:2). Ist-centuriesB.C. type. Graffitoon underside. II cent. B.C. Euvo( ) II-I cent. B.C. 'AvSpi( ) License: Eunomos. F 238 P1.21. Handleof coarse Classical Probably (P 6873). amphora. Graffitoon outside, down from above. F 230 P1.21. Base of running of (P 5738). large black-glazed Late Hellenistic plate of 2nd-centuryB.C. fabric. Graffiti on 'Apicrrcov only. underside(a) and on floor (b). Context: 2nd- F239 (P 20361). P1.21. Neck fragment from early 1st centuries B.C. (E 15:3). coarse amphora.Graffito on outside,in shield- II cent. B.C. (a) FaXfis shapedframe. use School (b) X Late Hellenistic Fov( ) Gales is not known as a name. Could it be a The name Goneus is reportedfrom Samos nickname-"female skunk"-in the genitive in the 3rd century B.C.(Bechtel). case? F240 (P 25816). P1.21. Small terracotta base. F 231 (P 6034). P1.21. Fragmentof small black- Graffito on side opposite notch for support personal glazed bowl of 2nd-centuryB.C. fabric. Graffiti tenon. American outside(a) and inside(b). Late Hellenistic Xail ( ) For © II cent. B.C. (a) Opaoivcov The second and fourth letters are uncertain OEoEvov(s) and might be lambda and nu respectively.In (b) eoo F 243 (P 5726). PI.21. Small, partly glazed jug F 252 (P 20719). P1.22. Upper part of amphora. with angular shoulder. Graffito on top of Dipinto in black on shoulder and graffito shoulder.Context: mid-ist centuryB.C. (E 14:3). above. Context:early 1st century(R 10:1). Mid-I cent. B.C. Xprlovo EarlyI cent. (dipinto) NEiKCov (graffito) Fr N F244 (P4723). P1.21. One-handledjar similar The spellingof this very commonname with to Robinson, Chronology,F 65. Graffito on the diphthonginstead of simpleiota is frequent shoulderbelow handle. from the 1st centuryB.C. on. Since both signs I cent. B.C. Xprlcr( ) in the graffitostand for 50, this seems to be a "bilingual",but it is uncertainwhether the F 245 (P 4915). P1.21. Base of small Pergamene number refers to price, capacity, or the fact bowl. Graffition underside(a) and on floor (b). that the jar is fiftiethin some series. I cent. B.C. (a) NKoXaouv F 253 (P 21777). PI.22. Ovoid amphorawith tall (b) N neck, offset shoulderand pointed toe. Graffito Athens At least two men of this name are known on shoulder.Context: early 1st century (R 10:1). from Athens in this century(Prosop. Att., nos. I cent. at Early 'Epp[ 10925,10927). F254 (P 7957). P1.22. Shallow bowl with wide F 246 (P 10634).P1. 21. Base fragmentof glazed ring foot. Graffito on underside. Context: plate, of Hellenistictype. Graffitoon underside. firsthalf 1st century(R 13:1). I cent. B.C. OtIi9u Firsthalf I cent. 'AKv( ) Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. CompareF 320. Akindunosoccurs in Roman F 247 (P 13307).P1. 21. Fragmentaryblack-glazed Athens. plate. Graffito on underside. Context: 1st century B.C. Hesperia, Suppl. IV, p. 121, fig. F 255 (P 11249). P1.22. Small Samian A bowl 90, a. with illegible stamp. Graffito on underside. Context:second half 1st century(B 14:3). I cent. B.C. 'Epco( ) License: Classical Secondhalf I cent. TTpoo( ) F 248 (P 16594).P1. 21. Base fragmentof black- of F 256 (P 11256).P1. 22. Fragmentof shallowbowl. glazed plate. Graffito on underside.Context: Graffito on underside. Context: second half lateonly. Hellenistic. 1st century(B 14:3). I cent. B.C. Tpco( ) Secondhalf I cent. FpaqmKoi F 249use P1.21. Fragmentof smallArretine F 257 PI.22. of School (P 2272). (P 18435). Upper part amphora bowl with stamp on floor (L. Titius). Graffito with tall neck, sloping shoulder and vertical on underside. handles.Dipinto in blackon shoulder.Context: I cent. B.C. 'ETrrtTE secondhalf 1st century(C 18:2). Secondhalf I cent. "EqEa F 250 (P 18284). P1.21. Fragmentfrom neck of personal Masculine existsin RomanAthens. amphora.Dipinto in red. Context: 1st century Ephesios American B.C. to 1st century (B 19:9). F 258 (P 10712). P1.22. Amphora with body to flat base. in red on shoulder. For © I cent. B.C.-I cent. KOT tapering Dipinto A]Ir'Orros Context:late 1st century(E 14:2). The numbermight be a date on the Seleucid Late I cent. Mrapia era (from 312/1 B.C.): 329 Secleucid = A.D. 17. Comparethe Christianuse of this name in F 322. F 251 (P 3143). PI. 21. Shoulder fragment of amphora. Graffito on outside. Context: 1st F 259 (P 7994). P1.22. Flat base of coarse pot. century B.C.-lst century (E 15:1). Incised on underside in soft clay. Context: 1st I cent. B.C.-I cent. Marini century(E 11:2). I cent. OEtoScop86ou In the same channelwas the upperpart of a largeamphora with the sameinscription (Agora F 260 (P9878). P1.22. Narrow-mouthedhigh- inv. no. P 3144).The name appearsas Mapelvos neckedjug with ovoid body. Graffito on shouldr. in Greek. Context:1st century(K 18:1). F. OWNERS' MARKS 47 I cent. 'AKU() F269 (P 11142). P1.23. High-neckedjug with PerhapsAquila; in Roman Athens various globularbody and twisted handle. Graffitoon relatednames exist: Akulanos,Akulas, etc. shoulder.Context: late 1st to late 2nd centuries (B 14:2). F261 P1.22. Small (P 10032). amphora with Late I-mid-IIcent. 'OvrltpOpoU body tapering to small flat base. Incised on shoulder in soft clay. Context: 1st century F 270 (P 15296).PI. 23. Unglazedjug with round (K 18:1). mouth, profiledlip, cylindricalneck, somewhat like I cent. Aqro ( ) Robinson, Chronology,M 43, but with twisted handle, round body and ring foot. F 262 (P 10035). P1.22. Shoulderfragment from Graffito on shoulder. Context: mid-Ist to closed pot. Incised on outside. Context: 1st mid-2ndcenturies (N 17:2). century(K 18:1). Late I-mid-II cent. 'EpPaiou I cent. KiKKouiEpfios F 271 (P 15302). P1.23. Jug similar to F 270. Athens Note archaizing Ionic genitive. The name Graffitoon shoulder.Context: mid-ist to mid- be an since the word kikkos may epithet, is 2nd centuries(N 17:2). at variouslydefined by Hesychios(LSJ, s.v.). But related names do exist in an earlier period: Late I-mid-IIcent. M&ita(0os) Kikos (I.G., XII 9, 222, 1-3rd century B.C.); The name is incised over an earliergraffito: Kikon (I.G., II2, 1953, 9-4th century B.C.); 'AyaOeas.For the name cf. FI274, F 278. We Kikkon (I.G., IV, 926, 45-4th century B.C.). have found no evidencefor this name. Studies F 263CC-BY-NC-ND. (P 14623). PI. 22. Fragmentfrom neck of F272 (P 15303). P1.23. Jug similar to F 270. plain amphora. Dipinto in black. Context: Graffito on shoulder. Context: mid-lst to 1st century. mid-2ndcenturies (N 17:2). I cent. 'PoOPou Late I-mid-IIcent. Evy( ) F 264 (P 17005). PI. 22. Fragmentfrom floor of CompareF 275. License: Classical Graffitoon within gray-wareplate. underside, F 273 P1.23. similar to F 270. ring foot. (P 15304). Jug of Graffitoon lower part of body. Context:mid- I cent. ]Acoviou 1st to mid-2ndcenturies (N 17:2). only. F265 (P 19007). P1.22. Base of Samian bowl Late I-mid-II cent. TTaciTnlKou with foot stampon floor. Graffitoon underside. Thereis no evidencefor this as eithername or use I cent. 'EKX word. School ( ) PerhapsEklektos. F 274 (P 15305). P1.23. Jug similar to F 270, exceptthat handleis ratherthan twisted. F 266 (P 25245).P1. 22. Amphorawith ovoid body ridged and flat bottom similarto Chronol- Graffitoaround shoulder.Context: mid-lst to Robinson, mid-2ndcenturies ogy, M 50. Dipinto in black on shoulder. (N 17:2). Context:personal 1st century(Q 17:4). Late I-mid-IIcent. MalaOos American I cent. Eurro[ F 275 (P 15307). P1.23. Jug similar to F 270. For © F 267 P1.22. with tall Graffitoon shoulder.Context: mid-lst to mid- (P 17144). Amphora cylin- 2nd centuries drical neck, verticalhandles and body tapering (N 17:2). to small concave base. Dipinto in black on Late I-mid-IIcent. Ei'v6oou shoulder.Context: 1st century(B 20:1). F276 (P 10447). P1.23. Upper part of ovoid I cent. Auoviov amphora with narrow neck and flaring rim. F268 (P P1.23. Narrow-mouthed Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: late 4498). high- 1st to 2nd centuries necked jug like Robinson, Chronology,M 43, (B 14:2). but with narrowerneck and twisted handle. Late I-II cent. EiXEifo Graffitocarefully incised on shoulderopposite whichis handle.Context: 1st and PerhapsIlios, not, however,attested 2nd centuries(F 11:1). as a personalname. I cent. 'Ovrola9popo F 277 (P 9513). P1.24. Upper half of large am- For the name compareF 269 and F 279. phora with wide neck and vertical handles. 48 F. OWNERS' MARKS Dipinto in red in large letters on shoulder. F286 (P964). P1.24. Small wheel-ridgedam- Context: lst-2nd centuries(M 18:1). phora with ring foot. Dipinto in red on neck. I-II cent. FEL( ) 1[TlA( ) Context: late 2nd-early 3rd centuries(I 16:1). Late II cent. Bilingual,perhaps for Felix? KapTrou But compareHe 17 wherethis word refersto F 278 (P 13602).P1. 24. Shoulderof round-bodied contents.The nameis veryfrequent at this time. Graffito on outside. Context: latter 1st pot. F287 P1.24. like F267. and earlier2nd centuries(N 19:2). (P 16704). Amphora Dipinto in red on shoulder. Context: 2nd I-II cent. Mala(eos) century(N 21:1). Cf. F 271, F 274. II cent. 'Eriyovos F279 (P 22234). P1.24. Shoulder fragment of F 288 (P 770). P1.25. Shoulderfragment of large round-bodiedjug withnarrow neck. Graffito on amphora.Letters incised in soft clay. Context: shoulder. 2nd centuryB.C. with later intrusions(I 16:5). Athens I-II cent. 'Ov]ril9copov II-III cent. CN ( ) TITIO[ at P1.24. Neck of F280 (P9835). large amphora F 289 P1. with evertedrim and verticalhandles. (P7063). 25. Small wall fragment of Dipinto small coarse with thin in red. Context:first half 2nd pot black wash outside. century(M 19:1). Graffitoon outside. II cent. 'Aao Early ( ) II-III cent. ]. Classical 282 PI. 24. with flat F (P 12459). Ovoid amphora ments of neck and shoulder of bottom. Dipinto in black on upperwall. Con- plain jug. of Graffitoon shoulder.Context: 3rd text: 2nd early century early century(N 20:5). (G 11:2). only. II cent. Early 'E-r]fyovos 8' EarlyIII cent. Etlr[6]copos F 283 (P 17133).P1. 24. Jug with cylindricalneck F 292 (P 12352). P1.25. Tall narrow-bodiedam- use and pear-shapedbody on ring foot. Graffition phora with wide mouth and vertical handles, School shoulder(a) and neck (b). Context: first half similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 177. Di- 2nd century(B 20:1). pinto in red on shoulder. Context: early 3rd Firsthalf II cent. (a) DOM( ) century(N 20:5). (b) (illegible) EarlyIII cent. 'E-rryacio0 F284 P1.24. Shoulder of F 293 P1.25. similarto F 292. personal (P 21393). fragment (P 12354). Amphora large plain amphora(=Robinson, Chronology, in red on shoulder. Context: American Dipinto early H33). Dipinto in black. Context: first half 3rd century(N 20:5). For © 2nd century(P 8:1). EarlyIII cent. 'AXE( ) First half II cent. nTpi(pcp F294 (P 12357). P1.25. Amphora similar to EOpupl[ F 292. Dipinto in black on shoulder.Context: Bechtelnotes a Periphosfrom Naxos under early3rd century(N 20:5). Periphanes. Early III cent. 'HpK( ) F 285 (P 10040).PI. 24. Amphora(= Robinson, Perhaps Fl. Herklanos (ephebe in I.G., II2, Chronology,M 94). Dipinto in red on shoulder. 2239, 241 of A.D.238/9-243/4 ), sincethis is the Context:second half 2nd century(M 17:1). only namewe find beginningthus. Secondhalf II cent. Ka[ F 295 (P 13615). P1.25. Amphora with slender rnoiSe ovoid body on base ring. Dipinto in black on PerhapsPudens? Outside Athens TToOSiriis shoulder.Context: first half 3rd century (P 19:1). attested(S.E.G., XV, 214). Firsthalf III cent. EuTtrXIavoO F. OWNERS' MARKS 49 F 296 (P 19203). P1.25. Neck and shoulder of F 306 (P 25475). P1.26. Shoulder fragment of amphorawith flaringrim. Dipinto in black on largeamphora. Letters incised before firing. shoulder.Context: mid-3rd century (B 17:1). EarlyRoman Kapyivfas[ Mid-IIIcent. Av ( ) Compare a Roman lady in Spain (C.I.G., also no. F 297 P1.25. neck and III, 6644); Karphinas(Prosop. Att., (P 26410). Amphora part 8261-4th of shoulder.Dipinto in red on neck. Context: century B.C.). potteryof mid-3rdcentury. F 307 (P 10613).P1. 26. Flat-bottomedjug similar Mid-IIIcent. EivrvXiov KA to Robinson, Chronology,L46. Graffito on third 3rd The name is not attestedin Athens. Kappa- shoulder. Context: quarter century alphamay be a number:21. (G 11:2). Thirdquarter III cent. Zcooitou F 298 P1.25. Shoulder of (P 8040). fragment Note branch name. amphora.Dipinto in black runningdown wall. following Athens Context:third 3rd quarter century(C 14:2). F 308 (P 12257). P1.26. Shoulder fragment of Mid-IIIcent. ] GEMMIANO small in black. at amphora.Dipinto F 299 (P 26127). P1.25. Small jug with narrow Late III cent. 'louvio ( ) neck and ovoid body. Graffito on shoulder. Presumablyonly the upsilon of the genitive Context:mid-3rd century (Q 19:1). is omitted. 'AKe Mid-IIIcent. ( ) P1.26. Small similarto Studies F 309 CC-BY-NC-ND. (P 14024). amphora PerhapsAlketes. Robinson,Chronology, L 3. Graffitoon shoulder. Context:3rd century (M 18:4). F300 (P2228). P1.25. Wall fragment of small jug. Graffitoon outside. III cent. Z[bcr[]l os EarlyRoman OIArnT[ F 310 (P 11196). P1.26. Neck and shoulder License: of small in black Classical F301 (P P1.25. Base of small bowl of fragment amphora.Dipinto 3549). at base of neck. Context: late 3rd-early 4th yellow clay once glazed red (Pergamene?). of centuries Graffitoon underside,within ring foot. (C 14:4). cent. 'AAXicov only. Late IV EarlyRoman ExKOv III-early The name is known but not in Sakos is not attested;perhaps foreign. Or a (Pape, s.v.) from the commonnoun? Athens. use nickname School 26. F 302 (P 3671). P1.25. Base fragment of red- F 311 (P 16360).P1. Amphorapreserved only glazedbowl. Graffitoon underside. up to shoulder (=Robinson, Chronology, L 32). Dipinto in black on shoulder.Context: EarlyRoman 'AyEp[ early4th century(F 19:1). PerhapsAgerros. EarlyIV cent. ]aaoli. .a personal F 303 P1.26. Shoulder from American (P 6992). fragment F312 (P9794). P1.26. One-handledjar (= large amphora. Graffito on outside. Context: Robinson, Chronology,M279). Dipinto in For © mixed Hellenistic to early Roman (D 11:4). black under handle. Context:late 4th century EarlyRoman Ei9p( ) (M 17:1). Late IV cent. ZCOTIKOi F304 (P 15719). P1.26. Shoulder fragment of small coarseamphora. Dipinto in black. F 313 (P 13130).P1. 26. Shoulderfragment from Early Roman iepoerTou Atoykv9[u]sTOU large plain pot. Graffito on outside. Found ODXpoKcpa[o]vs'Ep.oScbpou with late 4th-centurycoins. Some letters were no longer visible when Late IV cent. PASINI final drawingwas made. F 314 (P 2281). P1.26. Rim fragmentfrom small F 305 (P 18255). P1.26. Shoulder fragment of jug. Graffitoon outside. Found with 4th-cen- wheel-ridgedamphora. Dipinto in red. tury lamps. EarlyRoman 'HpaoKe7l[ IV cent. E*p( ) (ligature) 50 F. OWNERS' MARKS F 315 (P 12306).P1. 26. Wallfragment of amphora. Late V-VI cent. Graffito on outside. Context: 4th century (Cross) EOKapTos (Cross) En ( ) (N 20:3). IE IV cent. 'IEpcov[ Theiota-epsilon may be eitheran abbreviation, EIP perhapsfor lepe5s,or a number:15. See M 20 for picture.The lettersin the second F 324 (P 25940).P1. 28. Neck of amphorasimilar line could be a number:115. to Robinson, Chronology,M 333. Dipinto in red on side of neck. F 316 (P 15576). P1.27. Shoulderfragment from amphora. Dipinto in black. Context: 4th V-VI cent. (Cross) century(U 22:1). 'Av-nr[ IV cent. AiArav6o F 325 (P 26090). P1.28. Shoulder fragment of ApOiou one-handledjar similar to Robinson, Chrono- TroaXatIos logy, M 315. Graffito on outside. Context: 5th-6thcenturies Athens (Q 19:1). F 317 (P 12836).P1. 27. Amphorawith elongated ovoid and low similarto Rob- V-VI cent. McAihKov at body ring foot, inson, Chronology,M 302. Dipinto in black on The name M&?AiKosis known in 5th-and 4th- shoulder.Context: 4th century(O 19:1). centuriesB.C. Athens (S.E.G., X, 424, I; Prosop. no. IV cent. Eprl( ) Att., 9661). r F326 (P 13365). P1.27. Wheel-ridgedjug with Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Severus?Gamma may be number:3. flat bottom and trefoil mouth. Graffito on shoulder. Context: second half 6th century F 318 (P 12842). P1.27. Bell-mouthedjug with (S 19:6). twisted handle and on pear-shapedbody high Secondhalf VI cent. ( ) ring foot. Graffito on shoulder in soft clay. Ttypt Context:4th century(O 19:1). Neither Tigris nor Tigrios is attested in Athens. License: Classical IV cent. 'Erriyovos F327 P1.27. with ovoid F319 PI. 27. of Roman (P26595). Amphora of (P 27211). Upper part body and rounded bottom. Graffito below jug. Graffitoon shoulder.Context: 4th century handle.Context: 6th only. century(Q 17:7). (E 29:5). VI cent. 'Hla ( ) IV cent. STpaTco[ In this period the biblical Elias may be use School F 320 (P 11569). P1.27. Small cylindrical am- most likely, although Elianax (Prosop. Att., phora(= Robinson,Chronology, M 307). Graf- no. 6403) and Eliades (I.G., II, 1986) are fito on neck.Context: early 5th century (M 17:1). knownearlier. EarlyV cent. 'AKIV.( ) F 328 (P 22162). PI.28. Neck fragment of am- CompareF 254. phora.Dipinto in red. personal Late Roman F 321 (P 12351). P1.27. Upper part of amphora Q( ) L( ) FUND[ American with short neck and sloping handles. Graffito PAT[ For © on shoulder. (traces) V-VI cent. 'AvBPEa Line 2: patronus?Line 3: tracesmay be part of a Roman numeral,since thereis one X and F 322 (P 13149). P1.27. Wheel-ridgedamphora perhapsanother. with ovoid body on ring foot. Dipinti on red on one side black on the F329 (P 12158). P1.28. Rim fragmentof large shoulders, (a), Graffito below rim. other (b). Context: late 5th-6th centuries pot. just (0 18:1). Late Roman 'Eprrivea Late V-VI cent. (a) chi-rho Mapfa Only Herpinikosis attestedin Athens (I.G., (b) chi-rho Mapfa III, 1202,3526). F323 (P 13466). P1.27. Amphora similar to F 330 (P 10181).PI. 28. Fragmentof small bowl Robinson,Chronology, M 328. Graffition upper with flat bottom and keeld rim. Graffitoon wall. Context:late 5th-6th centuries(P 19:1). outside. F. OWNERS' MARKS 51 Late Roman Mayfpou X[ Late Roman Ei.orat{ou M The name is not known to us, but the com- mon noun may well have been used as a proper 'HpaK7ias name, nicknameor title. Joint ownership?or producerand city? F333 P1.28. Shoulder of F331 P1.28. Shoulder from (P1992). fragment (P5028). fragment largejar. Graffitoat base of neck. largeamphora. Dipinto in red. Late Roman 'Epriq[ Late Roman EuKap( ) F334 (P2095). P1.28. Shallow bowl with flat F 332 (P 1850). P1.28. Neck fragment of large bottom. Graffitoon underside. coarseamphora. Dipinto in red. Late Roman EOxa( ) INTRODUCTIONTO PUBLIC OWNERSHIP(Fa, Fb) Athens Except for the two pieces (Fa 25, Fa 26) which were found in late Roman fill, the finding places of the delta-epsilon pots may be considered significant. Fifteen (Fa 2-15, Fa 24) came from under the Stoa of at Zeus; seven others(Fa 16-21, Fa 23) camefrom the Tholos area; the othertwo came from wells about 40 meters(Fa 22) and about 70 meters(Fa 1) southwestof the Tholos. Since both the Tholos and the Stoa Basileios (which presumably used the well under the Stoa of Zeus beforethat stoa was built) were seats of governmentalactivity, it is not surprisingthat vesselsmarked Studies asCC-BY-NC-ND. public property should be practically limited to their neighborhood. (There are also about a dozen vessels of the 5th or 4th century B. c. which are marked with the two letters delta-epsilon not in ligature. These come from variousplaces in the Agora and are thereforemore probablyto be interpretedas abbreviationsof personalnames beginning thus.) Threelater pieces with the ligaturedelta-eta should be listed, since de(mosion)would be so written afterLicense: the introduction of the Ionic All three come from the of the Classical alphabet. neighborhood Hephaisteion. (Four pieces inscribed with delta-eta, not in ligature, come from this neighborhood or the Tholos area, of but may again be abbreviations of personal names.) only. Fa 1 (P 6139). P1.29. Base fragmentfrom large Fa 5 (P 5121).Graffito on floor: open bowl with thin black glaze inside.Graffito 6(5Gitoiov) (ligature) use School on within foot. Context: underside, ring early Fa 6 Graffito on floor: 5th century B.C.(E 15:6). (P 5123). s8E(6'cov) (ligature) Early V cent. B.C. E(pO6cnov) (ligature) Fa 7 (P 5125).Graffito on floor: Elevenblack-glazed kylikes or fragments(PI. 29), 6E(Oi6cov) (ligature) all inscribedwith the delta-epsilonligature, were personal Fa 8 Graffitoon floor: found in the well underthe Stoa of Zeus (H6:5), (P 7575). American which producedmany other inscribedpots (see 6E(g6C1ov) (ligature) For © List of Deposits).The date of bothpots and con- Fa 9 (P 5116).Graffito under foot: text is 470-460 B.c. Hesperia, V, 1936,pp. 333ff. 6E(i.6o'ov) (ligature) Fa 2=Sparkes-Talcott,no. 436; mentionedthere also are Fa 3-7, Fa 12, Fa 16-19; Fa 11 is referred Fa 10 (P 5119).Graffito under foot: to underno. 413. 6E(i6o'ov) (ligature) Fa 11 Graffitounder foot: Fa 2 (P 5117). Graffition floor and undersideof (P 5122). E(P.o6alov) (ligature) foot: 6E(0C16oov) (ligature) 6E(Vi6aiov) (ligature) Fa 12 (P 5124). Graffito under foot: SE(6oalov) (ligature) Fa 3 (P 5118).Graffito on floor: 8E(P6C7Iov) (ligature) As will be seen from the drawings,more than half of the examplesuse the continuedleft stroke of Fa 4 (P 5120).Graffito on floor: the delta as the top stroke of the epsilon (Fa 2, 68E(I6cov) (ligature) Fa 4, Fa 7-9, Fa 11, Fa 12). 52 G. DEDICATIONS AND CONVIVIAL INSCRIPTIONS Fa 13 (P 5140). P1.29. Partlyglazed one-handler. side. Context:second quarter5th centuryB.C. Graffito on floor. Context: 470460 B.C. (H 6:5). (nearTholos). Cf. no. 740. Sparkes-Talcott, Second quarterV cent. B.C. E(QOClnov)(ligature) Ca. 470-460 B.C. SE(Coalov) (ligature) Fa22 (P 10616). P1.29. Half of black-glazed The ligaturehere is madeup of severalstrokes saltcellar.Graffito on underside.Context: mid- so that part of the epsilonappears to be within 5th B.C. the delta. century (near Tholos). Mid-V cent. B.C. 8E((6Ci1ov) (ligature) Fa 14 (P 5158). P1.29. Small lekane. Graffitoon underside,within ring foot. Context: 470-460 Fa 23 (P 5458). P1.29. Half of black-glazedsalt- B.C. (H 6:5). cellar. Graffitoon floor. Context: ca. 470-425 Ca. 470-460 B.C. B.C. (E 13:1). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 912. SE(i6Craov)SE(p6oiov) 6E(LO6atov) (ligatures) Mid-V cent. B.C. 6&(6o'iov) (ligature) The thrice in over- repeatedligature appears Fa 24 (P 13227).PI. 29. Base of black-glazedbowl Athens confusion. lapping or stemlesscup. Graffitoon floor. Context:to Fa 15 PI. 29. Shoulder from late 5th centuryB.C. Stoa of at (P 5181). fragment (under Zeus). Graffito on side- unglazed amphora. outside, V cent. B.C. 5E(IO6aiov) (ligature) ways to pot. Context: ca. 470-460 B.C. (H 6:5). Ca. 470-460 B.C. &E(l6aiov) (ligature) Fa 25 (P 10422).PI. 29. Wall fragmentof black- glazedkylix. Graffitooutside. Floor of black-glazed kylikes fragments four V cent. B.C. Studies 8E(p6caov) CC-BY-NC-ND. of the same type as Fa 2 and all inscribed with (ligature) the delta-epsilon ligature (Pl. 29), were found in Fa26 (P5595). P1.29. Base fragment of small a rubbishheap from the Tholoskitchen (G 12:22). black-glazedbowl. Graffitoon underside. Graffiti are in each case on the floor. Context: 470-460 B.C. V cent. B.C. SE(Cio6'ov) (ligature) Fa 16 Fb 1 (P 8600). PI. 29. Base fragment of black- License: (P 10813). (ligature) Classical 8E(6o0OV) glazed bolsal. Graffitoon underside.Context: Fa 17 (P 10814). 6E(p6rtov) (ligature) 4th century B.C.(E 6:3). of Fa 18 (P 10815). 8E(oL6o'iov)8E(6cnlov) (ligature) IV cent. B.C. 8rl(cr6cov) (ligature) only. Fa 19 (P 10816). 6?(goi6aiov) (ligature) Fb 2 (P 8611). P1.29. Black-glazedone-handler. Graffito on underside. Context: 4th Fa 20 (P 10838).P1. 29. Floor fragmentof black- century use B.C. (E 6:3). School glazed kylix similarto Fa 2. Graffitoon floor. Context: second quarter5th centuryB.c.(near IV cent. B.C. 86rn(i.6clov) (ligature) Tholos). Fb 3 (P 6825). P1.29. Neck fragment from un- Secondquarter V cent.B.C. 8E(i06nov) (ligature) glazed amphora.Ligature incised in wet clay. Context:1st B.C. Fa 21 (P 10839).P1. 29. Foot fragmentof black- century personal glazed kylix similarto Fa 2. Graffitoon under- I cent. B.C.? 6rn(p6oiov) (ligature) American For © G. DEDICATIONS AND CONVIVIAL INSCRIPTIONS The smallnumber of graffitodedications is rathersurprising in view of the manysanctuaries known to have been located in and aroundthe Agora (see Wycherley,pp. 48-125). Besidesthe pieces published here there are only a few fragments on which part of the word aViSTjKEcan be read. Parallels for informal pot-dedicationsof this sort may be found in most sanctuaries;see particularlyE. A. Gardner,Nau- cratis, London, 1886-88,I, pp. 54-64; II, pp. 62-69; C. Waldstein,The ArgiveHeraeum, Boston and New York, 1902-1905,II, pp. 185-187; P. Wolters and G. Bruns,Das Kabirenheiligtumbei Theben, Berlin, 1940-, I, pp. 43-79; B. Graef and E. Langlotz, Die antiken Vasen von der Akropolis zu Athen, Berlin, 1909, II, pp. 114-124; C. Roebuck,Corinth, XIV, The Asklepieionand Lerna,Princeton, 1951, G. DEDICATIONS AND CONVIVIAL INSCRIPTIONS 53 pp. 131-136; Ch. Dugas, Delos, X, Les Vases de l'Heraion, Paris, 1928; R. M. Dawkins, The Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, London, 1929, pp. 371-382. Drinking cups of the Hellenistic period are not infrequently inscribed with the name of some deity or some abstract idea, illustrating the banqueting practice attested by Athenaios (XV, 692e) of naming successive mixings of wine after various gods (presumably in the genitive case; see G 9-11). For some examples, see Hesperia, III, 1934, p. 339 and the bibliography cited there; also Hesperia, XVI, 1947, p. 240. The greatmajority of ypaan-iKa KTrcbLaCrTaprobably came from the potter'sshop with theirin- scriptions already painted; these belong to the study of Hellenistic pottery. Only the graffiti, or home- made versions, are included here. The four pieces (G 1-4) which are dated before the middle of the 5th century B. C. show letters typical of a standard old Attic alphabet (see above, p. 16) with eta as the aspirate, epsilon used for eta and omicron for omega. In the later pieces the regular Ionic alphabet is used, but in G 6 and G 7 omicron is still used for omegawhile in G 6 (but not in G 7) epsilonis still usedfor eta. A lunateepsilon appears Athens alreadyin G 13 (late 4th-early3rd centuriesB. C.); lunate sigma as well as epsilon and cursiveomega at appear on G 21 (2nd-lst centuriesB. c.). An attemptat serifs is made on G 16, and broken-barred alphasappear on G 22 and G 23. Odditiesin spellinginclude: one of the many varietiesof Eileithuia in G 8; an absenceof iota sub- scriptin G 15 and G 21. Punctuation(three dots arrangedvertically) appears only on G 17, but thereis a word-dividerin G 7. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. G 1 (P 12629). P1.30. Fragment from edge of G 3 (P 13754).P1. 30. Part of clay ring. Letterson heavy flat unglazed tile. Graffito on top, ob- top in black glaze (a); graffitoon underside(b). viously written on the sherd. Context: third Context: late 6th century B.C.(U 23:2). quarter 6th century B.C. (Q 18:1). Hesperia, Late VI cent. B.C. (a) ]KOV License: Classical VIII, 1939,p. 259, fig. 15 (no. 9). (b) EiXE[ Third quarter VI cent. B.C. hEpiEi G 2. of Compare The motto could be: qpECry 'CayaXpa KcaK6v'T. The graffitois perhapsthe owner's name. only. An informal label on a dedication: "To (The drawingis upsidedown.) Hermes a (someone dedicated) me, pleasing G 4 (P 24062). P1.30. Small black-glazedkantha- gift." The inscriptionis complete, so that it use ros (= Sparkes-Talcott,no. 627). Graffitoon School looks as if the writer,finding no room for his outer face of one handle. Context:ca. 520-490 abandonedthis and looked for name, attempt B.C.(Q 12:3). a largerpiece of tile; thus the sherdwas found "out of context,as far as Hermesis concerned." Late VI-earlyV cent. B.C. 'E'roCvaooshEpETi This interpretationis closest to that of Jeffery The nameis not known. (L.S.A.G.,p.78, no. 33);for otherssee theHesperia personal referenceabove and H. R. Immerwahr,"Some G5 (P 14676). P1.30. Fragmentaryred-figured American lid. Graffito Inscriptions on Attic Pottery," The James pyxis on top, aroundglazed band between central tongue and dot pattern and For © Studiesin and Political Science, Sprunt History outer XLVI, 1964,pp. 16-19. egg pattern. Second half V cent. B.C. G 2 (P 9634). P1.30. Part of flat clay ring. Letters 'A]V[C]K.oivK[cAias in black glaze on top. The nameof the dedicatoris suppliedexempli gratia. Late VI cent. B.C. ri8sev]Oyav G 6 CompareG 3. These two are included, (P 12336). P1.30. Base fragment of black- pieces of even thoughas paintedinscriptions do not glazedpyxis a type found in the secondhalf they 5th B.C. really belong, becausethey seem to be unique, century Graffiti on underside: on do not fit with any other and shouldnot projecting flange (a); within ring foot (b). study Graffitoon floor go unnoticed. It is assumed here that they (c). servedsome purpose at the festal board (pot Second half V cent. B.C. stands?)and were inscribed with appropriate (a) v]e TOvAfa Kai TV'bVA[rr6AMova maxims. ]Eoi'TEaalTO 54 G. DEDICATIONS AND CONVIVIAL INSCRIPTIONS (b) KalTov[ G 11 (P 22484). P1.31. Upper wall fragmentof VETo[s SA?os black-glazedkantharos, similar to G 9. Graf- 0E6[s fito on outside, going around body. Context: (C) ]K.O late 4th century B.C. Compare B. Graef and E. Langlotz, Die Late IV cent. B.C. 'App[oSiTlsItp]as antiken Vasen von der Akropolis zu Athen, II, no. 1445. The oath of the first line of (a) may G 12 (P 27040).P1. 31. Neck fragmentfrom black- have includedone or two other deities;it must glazedmug. Graffitoon outside. have been followed a wish that a certain by IV cent. B.C. ]TpcoyovT[ person might be avenged or punished. The second inscription (b) was then added to Since this can only be a participlefrom the include one more named deity and the rest of verb "to eat," it seemslikely that it is convivial the Olympiangods. This inscriptionis included in nature,or perhapsa maxim suitableto the here becauseit has the gods in common with feast. CompareXenophanes, fr. 18 D, line 3: the convivialand dedicatorytexts. TrfvovrTayXuKuv olvov, vrroTpcbyovTr'PEPivGous. Athens G 13 PI. 31. Lower wall of at G 7 (P 12011). P1.30. Rim fragmentfrom large (P 20424). fragment open black-glazedbowl of 5th-centuryB.C. largeWest Slope kantharos. Graffito on outside, fabric.Graffito on outside,just belowrim. going around body. Context: late 4th-early 3rd centuries B.C. Late V cent. B.C. 6 8EivarTo'Hqaicr] rol &vaOKEv Late IV-early III cent. B.C. rT]av 8Ea[tv The proposed restorationis not the only Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. possible one, but comparethe roof tile (Agora G 14 (P 16236). P1.31. Rim fragment of West inv. no. A 891) with a painted dedication to Slope kantharos.Graffito on outsidebelow rim. Hephaistoswhich was found about 20 meters Context: 3rd century B.C.(N 21:4). away VIII, 1939,pp. 214-215). (Hesperia, III cent. B.C. piMAi G 8 (P 19694).PI. 30. Rim and wall fragmentof License: G 15 (P 18340). PI. 31. Fragmentfrom rim and Classical lebesgamikos stand with red-figured decoration. of West kantharos.Graffito Graffitoon outsidebelow rim. upper body Slope of below ivy garland. Context: 3rd century B.C. Early IV cent. B.C. 'iXuv i[ III cent. B.C. TrTi KaOKo8Otaiov only. Dependingon the case restoredthis may be Perhapshortatory subjunctive: "let the evil- eithera dedicationor a "toast." spiritedone drink." This requiresthat the iota use have been omitted, but it is easier than as- School G9 (P 7360). PI. 30. Fragmentaryblack-glazed suming a second person singular imperative kantharosof a type found in the latter part of with the in the vocativecase. An Hes- (ris) adjective the 4th century B.C., approximately like attempt has been made to erase some of the peria, III, 1934, p. 320, fig. 5, A 27, A 28. letters. Graffitoon upper part of body; apparentlyit ran all aroundthe under personal vase, passing existing G 16 (L 3918). P1.31. Black-glazed lamp handleand and endingat the American probablystarting Howland, no. 626, Type 48A). Graffito on handle not preserved.Context: late 4th-early eitherside of nozzleand body. For © 3rd centuries B.C.(E 3:1). Late III-II cent. B.C. ispos 'ApTErli8os Late IV cent. B.C. It is not to in whichof the AtovWiaouAti6S possible say many pin]Xas XcoT[fpos sanctuariesof Artemisthis was dedicated. 'AyaeoOA]afliov[os] 'A[y]aefis T G 17 (P 12664). P1.31. Base fragmentof black- G21 (P 6878). P1.31. Large West Slope krater glazed bowl of 3rd- to 2nd-centuryB.C. fabric. with figured scene: hunting near sanctuary. Graffitoon underside. Graffito below painted scene. Context: late III-II cent. B.C. 2nd-early 1st centuries B.C. (D 12:2). Hesperia, 'Ayop]a(ouv'Epioui 39. Cf. The use of at this is VI, 1937, p. 374, fig. Sparkes-Talcott, punctuation period p. 24, note 51. unusual.The findingplace is just south of the Altar of the Twelve Gods. See Wycherley, Late II-early I cent. B.C. pp. 102-103 for the ancient testimonia about MEvoiAyfsAtovOaco Koa 'ApT-p8I the shrineof HermesAgoraios. CompareG 16. G18 (P 23205). P1.31. Wall fragment of West vase. Graffitobelow band of G22 (P 19179). P1.31. Shoulder fragment of Slope open painted small of double conical checkerboardand crosshatching.Context: 3rd- unglazed pot shape. 2nd centuries B.C. Graffitoabove angle at shoulder,going around pot. Context:latest Hellenistic(D 17:11). III-II cent. B.C. ]as 'ApTr4[lt8t Athens I cent. B.C. ]Eupa The ending is presumablythat of the dedi- Aiov[oCrcp at cator'sname. Found in the same general area as G 16 and G 21, to a shrine of G 19 P1.31. perhaps pointing (P 605). Hemisphericalred-glazed Dionysos and Artemisjust off the southwest bowl (= Hesperia, III, 1934, p. 371, D 14). cornerof the Graffito on outside wall. Context: mid-2nd Agora. century B.C.(H 16:4). G 23 (P 17585). P1.31. Shoulderfragment from Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Mid-II cent. B.C. ZEUs unglazedround-bodied pot. Graffitoon outside. Context:second half 1st G20 (P21454). P1.31. Wall fragment of West century(B 20:1). Slope kantharos.Graffito outside. Secondhalf I cent. 'A]&eva II-I cent. B.C. iEpov[ License: Classical of H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS only. This groupis dividedinto five sub-groups,of which the first four includevessels with only one nota- tion of this sort: tare date and contents The fifth includes use capacity(Ha), (Hb), (Hc) (Hd). sub-group(He) School vesselswhich combine two or more of these notations.In orderto facilitatecomparison among inscrip- tions of one kind, referencesare givenin the firstfour sub-groups'introductions to relatednotations not only in He but also in any othercategory like that of Tax Notations(I). Dimensionsare includedonly when the vessel preserveseither diameteror height, since no other measurementsare meaningful.Weight and capacityare noted whererelevant and available.In giving personal modern equivalents of ancient weights and measures it has seemed right to use the time-honored and American generally accepted figures like 0.546 1. for the xestes (sextarius) and 327 gm. for the litra (libra), since For © variations from these, although developed with much subtlety, are far smaller than the variations imma- nent in the ancient standardsof capacity and weight as exemplifiedin these common vessels of clay. INTRODUCTIONTO NOTATIONSOF CAPACITY(Ha) Notationsof capacityhere includenot only those which show both a unit of capacityand a number but also those with only a number where the size of the vessel makes that number significantin terms of some obvious unit. Generally speaking, the notations of capacity may refer either to the amount which was in the jar at a particulartime or to what it could hold. It is not thereforeright to deduce the size of a unit by dividingthe measuredcapacity of a vessel by the numbermarked on it, sincethe notationmay have been made to recordeither a knownamount being poured in (withoutfilling the jar) or what was left aftera knownamount was decantedfrom an understoodoriginal total. Therefore,only if at leasttwo 56 H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS jars (preferablymore) seem to requirea certainsize xestes, for example,will it be right to assumea differentstandard; otherwise, it is morelikely that the notationrefers to somethingless thanfull capacity. Not includedhere are the following categories:(1) many vessels, mostly from the Greek period, alreadypublished in Hesperia,XXV, 1956,pp. 1-24; (2) many vesselswhich show inscriptionssimilar to the ones presented here but which are not measurableand so can add nothing; (3) many vessels which are include in otherclasses because of other notations(F 198; Hd 6, Hd 10; He 1-11, He 13, He 14, He 16, He,17 HeHe , 22,He2, 26, He 29, He 30, He 32-37, He39-44; 5, 10, 12, 18, I 21, 23, I 24, I 26, I 32). These last are included in the present discussion. For other possible notations of capa- city, see Hd 1, Hd 5, Hd 15 and Hd 16 for singleletters which may indicateeither quantity or quality. Except where noted, the capacity was measured to the rim and so is excessive, at least in pots where restoration with modern plaster has not thickened the walls. The rim provides the only consistent upper limit for fillingsince necks are of variouslengths and the transitionfrom shoulderto neck is often hard to define. What may have been the upper limit for filling in the ancient measurementscan occasionally be Athens determined:in Ha 9 the capacityto the rim is 2.150 1.; the sevenand one-halfkotyles marked thereon at should be 2.047 1. or about 95% of the up-to-rim capacity. It would however be too much to expect consistency from the various measurers over the centuries representedhere. In the Greek period, that is, before Christ, numbers may be expressed by simple tallying strokes (Ha 3-7, Ha 11), or by acrophonicnumerals in the 5th and 4th centuries(Ha 5, Ha 6, Ha 9; He 1-3) and by alphabeticnumerals both in the 5th century(Ha 7) and later(F 198; Ha 14; He 4). Wherechous Studies andCC-BY-NC-ND. kotyle are counted as units (also staters and mnas), their initial letter is used instead of the simple strokein acrophonicnumerals (Ha 6, Ha 7, Ha 9; He 1, He 3); similarlyboth 'nliovand es are recorded acrophonically( 6, Ha 7, Ha 9, Ha 10; He 2). Chous is abbreviatedas X (F 198; Ha 2, Ha 6, Ha 10; He 1, He 2) or o( ) (Ha 14), or it is writtenout as Xos(Ha 8), Xoi use The vessels of the Greek period, largely fragmentary,provide only scanty evidence for the size of the School chous and kotyle,but what thereis can be reconciledwith the standardkotyle of 0.273 1. and chous of 3.276 1. (F 198; Ha 9), even the "new chous" of Ha 2, which is only slightlyundersize and is more likelyto be a joke than an officialstandard. In the Romanperiod, except for some tallying(He 16, He 17, He 33), numbersare mostlyalphabetic (Hapersonal 18, Ha 19, Ha 21, Ha 22, Ha 24-26, Ha 29-31, Ha 33-52, Ha 54-56; He 5-11, He 13, He 14, American He 17, He 21, He 22, He 25, He 26, He 29, He 30, He 32, He 33, He 35-37, He 39, He 42-44; 1 5, I 10, I 12, I 18, 1 21, I 23, I 26, I 32) with < or c as one-halfand 8" as A few Romannumerals For © one-quarter. are also used (He 19, He 20, He 41). The most frequent unit of capacity in this period is the xestes, which appears both written out in full (Ha 17, Ha 20, Ha 23, Ha 28) and abbreviatedin variousways : | (Ha 30, Ha 56) (Ha37; He36, He44; I5,1I26; K 13) X (Ha 38, Ha 43, Ha 45, Ha 46, Ha 48, Ha 50-52; He 41; 1 18, I 21, I 23, 45) Xestes is defined as a sixth (sextarius) of the Roman chous (congius) and thus the equivalent of two kotylesor heminai.2The standardxestes of the firsttwo centuriesof our era seemsto havebeen 0.546 1.3 1 Compare Metrolog. Script., II, xxx. 2 'Hpiva, the alternate word for kotyle in this period, appears only once (Ha 54). 3 Called Roman or Italic in Metrolog.Script., I, 208. Such a xestes of wine weighed20 ounces (546 gm.). H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS 57 or twice the old standard kotyle of 0.273 1.: Ha 21, Ha 22. In the third and following centuries the most frequent xestes is one which is larger by one-third, i. e., 0.728 1.: Ha 23, Ha 24, Ha 27, Ha 30, Ha 32, Ha 34, Ha 45, Ha 50; He 30; I 18. Thisis presumablythe xestesknown as the Hellenicoil xestes(Metro- log. Script.,I, 208, 213; calledAlexandrine, I, 264) whichhad 24 ouncesor two litrai(654 gm.). As long as wineis beingmeasured, two litrairequire a capacityof 0.654 1., whichis largerthan the old xestesby only one-fifth.But since the weightof oil is only 9/10 that of wine or water,the new 6/5 wine xestes of 0.654 1. had to be multipliedby 1019to get an oil xestesweighing two litrai,which in capacityhad to be 4/3 the original0.546 1., thatis, 0.728 1. Wemay imagine that the old winexestes may have been increased by one-fifthfor the sakeof easyconversion to litrai(1 xestes=2 litrai),but it is interestingthat the number of our vessels which seem to employ a xestes of 0.654 1. (Ha 47, Ha 52)4 are far fewer than the vessels basedon its companionoil xestes whichweighed the samebut was 1/9 largerin capacity(Ha 23, Ha 24, Ha 27, Ha 30, Ha 32, Ha 34, Ha 45, Ha 50; He 30; 18). Furthermore, the smaller standard xestes (0.546 1.) seems to continue in use (Ha 44, Ha 45, Ha 48; Athens He 36, He 39, He 41; 1 5) in the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries.One jar (Ha 45) even seems to providea at double standard, giving the number of both the 0.546 1. xestai (24 1/2) and that of the 0.728 1. xestai (19). The apparentlycontemporaneous use of all three xestai is complicated by the fact that the one which the metrologicalwriters specifically label an oil xestesis the veryone whichour pot-notationsdesignate as a wine-measure: not only does the jug (Ha 27) labeled olvnpos8iKoaos hold 0.728 l., but also He 30 holds 18 suchxestai of something"honeyed" which is almostcertainly wine. Thus the applicationand definition Studies ofCC-BY-NC-ND. standardsseem to be in confusion,but we must rememberhow very scantyour evidenceis and how large a role chance plays in what has survived.There may have been well-understoodconventions about the use of differentxestai for differentcommodities or in differentkinds of tradingat different times.And in additionwe are at the mercyof any sharpoperator who wishedto cheat or any wag who wishedto fool his neighborby labelinghis oil-measureas a wine-measure. License: Classical This bringsus to the threevessels which appear to be basedon still otherstandard xestai. In the case of of Ha 28, which is labeled O-Trrs8iKcaos, are we to take the word of some ancient scribblerwhose motivesare unknownand solemnlyassume a still largerxestes, because its measuredcapacity is 0.890 1.? only. Or can we say that hereis a cunningcustomer who likedto takehis ownjug to the shopsand set his own standards?Luckily, we have some other evidence:one kotyle is defined(Metrolog. Script., I, 236) as beinguse three-fourthsof a standardxestes or 0.409 1.; if anotherxestes was based on such an outsize School kotyle,it wouldbe 0.818 1. and fit reasonablyinto Ha 28. A sextariusof 2/2 litraior 30 ounces(0.818 1.) is also mentionedby one of the Romanwriters (Metrolog. Script., II, 128).Also, only if the 15 xestaiof 1 21 wereof this size (15x0.818 1. = 12.2701.) wouldthey fit the measuredcapacity of 12.7501. No one of these bits of evidenceis particularlyconvincing by itself, but it may be that all togetherallow us to presumepersonal a xestes of 0.818 1. Still one otherxestes, based on the 71/2ounce kotyle (Metrolog.Script., I, American 216, 235) is 0.409 1. (2 x 712 x 27.3 gm. = 0.409 1.) or one-halfof the 0.818 1. xestes.This seemsto be in Ha which is markedas its measured is For © exemplified 43, holding 27/2 (xestai); capacity 11.500 1., while27/2 x 0.409 1. = 11.2471. CompareHa 35, whichmay use this same7'/2 ouncekotyle. The next most frequentmeasure used in our capacitynotations of the Romanperiod is the modius, alwaysabbreviated to the firsttwo letters(Ha 16, Ha 44, Ha 53; He 4, He 8-11; I 24). Onlyfour of the nine vessels thus markedare sufficientlypreserved to provide measurablecapacities, but these give evidenceof two differentmodii. The firstis the regularRoman equivalent of the Greekhekteus (8 choi- nikes or 32 kotyles)which is defined(Metrolog. Script., I, 203, 205, 258) as both 16 sextariiand one- thirdof a Romancubic foot, i. e., 8.736 1.; the vesselsbased on this modiusare Ha 53 (witha measured capacityof 9.250 1.) and He 8-11, all of which are labeledas holdingthree modii (that is, one cubic 4 Actually these two vessels could be interpretedas based on the 0.728 1. xestes since the measuredcapacity is in both cases less than 6% under the capacitycalculated with the larger unit. But since it is difficultto explain the oil xestes except throughthe wine xestes, it seems reasonableto see the wine xestes exemplifiedwhere it fits more easily than does the oil xestes. 58 H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS foot) and are closelysimilar in size and shape;the one measurableone (He 10) is 27.3201. or just about 4% over the calculated3 x 8.736 1. = 26.208 1. The secondmodius is the Cypriotemodius, which is said (Metrolog.Script., I, 261, 272) to contain17 and a fractionxestai. That the fractionmay be moreclosely defined as two-thirdsis shownby one of our vessels(Ha 44) whichis labeledboth io6(5tos)and iL'p";its measuredcapacity is 9.8001. or less than1% over the calculated 172/3x 0.546 1. = 9.646 1. Ha 16 has only the modius label, but its capacity of 10.2001. suggeststhat it too is Cypriote.Two otherfragments of jars similarin fabricto Ha 44 are also markedas containing17213 xestai(Ha 36, Ha 42). He 39, also similarin fabric, is marked171/2 and has a capacityof 9.800 1. That thesejars weremade in Cypruson a local standardseems likely; sincethey wereto be exported,for example,to Athens,they were marked with their equivalent on a moregenerally acceptedstandard. We may assumethat in the Cypriotemetrological system the xestes was 1/16 of the modius(9.646 1.) or 0.603 1., that is, about 1/10greater than the normalxestes. It will be noted that both the regularmodius and the Cypriotemodius were based on the 0.546 1. Athens xestes. It is likely thereforethat Ha 50 with its inscriptionof 171/2(xestai) and capacityof 12.930 1. at (17/2 x 0.728 1. = 12.740 1.) is not a Cypriote modius, especially since the fabric is different from that of Ha 36, Ha 42, Ha 44 and He 39. Otherpossible measures also are noted on our vessels. Stamnos,variously abbreviated, appears on threejars (Ha 54; He 14, He 39), only the last of whichhas a measurablecapacity (9.800 1.); but since this same vessel is marked171/2 and is like the modii noted above in fabricit confuses Studies Cypriote only CC-BY-NC-ND. the metrologicalvalue of the stamnos,which is elsewheredefined both as ten andas fourxestai (Metrolog. Script.,I, 277; II, 102).A possibleknidion is exemplifiedby Ha 15 witha measuredcapacity of 8.400 1., but for the other three measure-nameswhich appearon these vessels there is no evidenceas to the vessels'capacity: keramion (Ha 18, Ha 56); hydria(Ha 18); medimnos(Ha 55). The capacity of a vessel was often defined not by the number of standard units it could hold but by License: Classical the net weightof the particularcontents. That this practicewas fairlygeneral may be assumedfrom the of careful way in which the metrological writers (passim) defined the comparative weights of wine (or water),oil and honey: i.e., the 0.546 1. xestes of wine weighs20 Romanounces while the sameamount only. of oil weighs 18 Roman ounces, and the same amount of honey weighs 27 Roman ounces. Thus the weight of oil is to that of wine as 9:10, and the weight of honey is to that of wine as 13'/2:10. Net weight isuse noted on ten of our twice I with an abbreviationof in the School vessels, (He 22; 32) KacSapos,6presumably sense of net weight, just as ocrrpaKouindicates the weight of the vessel or tare. Of the other eight, four indicate the nature of the contents: oil in He 7; honey in He 29, He 33 and He 34. Two of the remaining four (He 26, He 40) give tare weightin additionto net weight,but in the case of the last two (Ha 26; He 32) thereis no indicationof what the weightrefers to, althoughit is fairlyeasy to guess by hefting thepersonal jar or measuringits capacity.For example,Ha 26 is markedsimply "eight litrai" ;6 8 x 327 gm. = American 2.616kg. or 2.616 1. of wineor water,which is the measuredcapacity of thejug if the remnantof modern = For © plasterleft from restorationis discounted.He 32 is marked"nine litrai"; 9 x 327 gm. 2.943 kg. or 2.943 1. of wine or water; but because the jar's capacity is ca. 3.300 1. it seems clear that the contents is oil: 10/9 x 2.943 1. = 3.270 1.7 Thus, in He 7 where the contents is specified as 20 litraiand 5 ounces of = = oil, the calculatedweight is 20 5/12 x 327gm. 6.676kg.; to get oil capacitythe formulais 10/9x 6.676 7.420 1., which compares neatly with the measured capacity of the vessel (7.400 1.). For further dis- cussion of net weight, particularlyin connection with honey pots, see the introduction to Tare Notations below. 6 KOSXapo is writtenin full on Hd 10, which was includedin the Notations of Contentscategory as a descriptionof the contents, although it is obvious that the litrai which follow give the weight of those contents or net weight. 6 Litra is the Greek form of libra or pound; the weight is 327 gm. or twelve Roman ounces. 7 CompareHd 6, which is includedin the Contentscategory because its net weightindicates the natureof the contents. H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS 59 Ha 1 (P 8842). P1.32. Small black-glazedolpe Ha 5 (P 27517). P1.32. Neck and handles of of late 6th- and early 5th-centuryB.C. type. Chian (?) amphora. Graffito and dipinto on Graffitoon shoulder.Context: ca. 520-490 B.C. one side, with latter spreadingbeyond handle. (E 14: 5). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,p. 78, note 12. Contextas of Ha 3. H. 0.105 D. 0.059 m. m.; Late V cent. B.C. (graffito) r1Tv(-rT)1111 Early V cent. B.C. Brl-rTpto (dipinto) .ArF For the eta-epsilon combination compare The graffitoseems to be tally strokes with I.G., I2, 623, 710; Lejeune,Revue des etudes summation(5) of what the owner had poured anciennes,LI, 1949, pp. llf. For a similar in or out, althoughit is conceivablethat, after graffito,see ClaraRhodos, III, 1929, 111. a five-unit measure had been poured in and The capacity of the jug is 0.110 1. As the recordedas such, five additional single units inscription suggests, this is not a measure were counted. In the dipinto a fragment of (urTpov),but a middle-sizedvessel (irplov). some sign precedes the numeral, which may The well depositin whichit was found contains well give the price of the amphora with its of which be contents of seven or choes. Athens many examples olpes may roughly original eight dividedinto three sizes, of which this is indeed Compare the seven-chous Chian jar costing at the middle. There is a possibility, however, 14 drachmas(He 3 below). that it is the contents that are as designated Ha 6 (P 27525). PI. 32. Fragmentaryupper part "medium" rather than strong or weak, or of Mendean Graffiti on seasonedor unseasoned. (?) amphora. upper heavily shoulder,both sides (a and b). Context as of Ha2 (P21553). P1.32. Black-glazed oinochoe Ha 3. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. with trefoil mouth. Graffitoon neck. Context: Late V cent. B.C. (a) 1!!iilil third to fourthquarter 5th centuryB.C. (P 8:2). (b) rXXXH H. 0.24 m.; D. 0.175 m. AE Fourth quarter V cent. B.C. Kaivi X(ous) The tally strokes of (a) are presumably The capacity of the oinochoe filled to the recordedformally in (b), with the additionof a License: final half-chous: Classical rim is 3.200 1., somewhatless than the standard -Tr(v'rE)X(6Es) X(oC0)X(oiS) chous of 3.276 1. So the chous it could reason- X(o0s) i(liaov).This looks like a permanent of ably hold while being carried might not be recordof the jar's capacity(eight and one-half more than 3.100 1. and so have been choes), made probably by the owner, whose only. might "new"-whether in all metrologicalseriousness name may be abbreviatedin the two letters or as a cynicaljoke; see Agora,X, p. 48. scratchedbelow: AE( ) or r( ). use Ha 7 P1.32. handle.Graffito School Ha 3 P1.32. Neck and shoulder of (P 26070). Amphora (P 27513). on outer from down. Chian amphora. Graffito on neck. Context: face, top fourth quarter5th centuryB.C. (S 16:1). V cent. B.C. ]II1111IIE KK Late V cent. B.C. 1111 The seven strokeswith summationby means of the letter zeta the numberof Four tally strokespresumably counted meas- (7) represent personal ures as were in. Since Chian choes which the jar would hold. The fractions they poured of an chousare for American amphoras ordinarily held more than four eighth representedby epsilon aivauand two for two For the choes, this might not be a permanentrecord kappas kotyles. For © of total but a note about use of epsilon for aspiratedeta compareC 8. capacity temporary For similar with a smallerquantity put in (or takenout). capacityinscriptions tallying, see Hesperia,XXV, 1956,p. 5. Ha 4 (P 27515).P1. 32. Neck of Chian (?)amphora. Ha 8 (P 26181). P1.32. from neck and Graffiti on side: (a) vertical; (b) horizontal. Fragment Contextas of Ha 3. rim of partly glazed chous of late 5th-century B.C. type. Graffito on neck. LateV cent. B.C. 111= 11 (a) (irregularlyarranged) Late V cent. B.C. (b) 1111111 X6s These be two of Note the three-barredsigma and omicron may stages tallying,the one for contracted (a) rough and casual as choes (?) were poured omicron-upsilon. in, the other (b) a neat permanentrecord. Both Ha 9 (P 18609). P1.32. Small plain amphora add up to the seven choes to be expected;see with ring foot and ovoid body (= Sparkes- Ha 5. Talcott, no. 1463). Graffitoon neck. Context: 60 H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS firsthalf 4th centuryB.C. (C 19:5). H. 0.222m.; be used to catch all the water. Comparethe D. 0.16 m. Hesperia,XXV, 1956, p. 11, no. 47, klepsydrawhich is markedX X for two choes pls. 2, 6. (Hesperia,VIII, 1939,pp. 274ff.). Firsthalf IV cent. B.C. F K K H Ha 14 (P 25474).PI. 33. Fragmentfrom neck and The present capacityto the rim is 2.150 1. shoulder of amphora. Graffito on shoulder. Seven and one-half kotyles, 1rr(?VT)K(o-raai) Hellenistic x6(s) P' K( ) K( ) tl(plaov),of 0.273 1. would be 2.047 1. or about 95 % of the capacityto the rim. We Ha 15 (P 16723). PI. 33. Amphora with profiled may wish to use this percentageelsewhere to mouth and deep ovoid body. Dipinto in black give us the proportionof our up-to-rimcap- on shoulder.Context: early 1st century (N 21:1). acity that was used by the originalmeasurers. H. 0.465 m.; D. 0.24 m. EarlyI cent. Ha 10 (P 24760). PI. 32. Neck of amphora of Kv81(ov) Mendean type. Graffiti on neck (a) and on The readingis doubtful.The capacityof the opposite shoulder (b). Context: third quarter jar is 8.400 1., which is very nearly a modius Athens 4th century B.C.(O 16:4). (8.736 1.). The knidionwas knownas a measure but the only indicationof its size (P. Oxy., XV, at TI0 Third quarter IV cent. B.C. (a) 1896, 22; 1951) suggests that it held eight (b) XXHK[ xestai (4.368 1.) or half a modius. Perhapsa (a) may be a number:89; (b) may be read: beta for "two" has disappeared. x(o0s) (viov) K(OT0*X). x(o0s) Ha 16 (P 14117). P1.33. Wide-neckedamphora Studies Ha 11 P1.32. Neck of of in on neck. CC-BY-NC-ND. (P 25742). large amphora Ist-centurytype. Dipinto, red, of Naxian type (?). Graffitoon neck. Context: Context: second half 1st century (0 17:1). third quarter4th century B.C.(A 16:1). PH. 0.62 m.; D. 0.27m. Third quarter IV cent. B.C. M 11= Secondhalf I cent. o ( ) / ]lriil Since vertical and horizontal strokes may The capacityof the jar is 10.200 1., presum- representdifferent units of capacity (cf. Hes- ably a Cypriotemodius; see above, p. 58. The License: Classical peria,XXV, 1956,pp. 4-6) or differentiateas in second line may give the producer'sname or Mycenaeancounting between tens and units, the contentsin abbreviatedform; easiestwould of severalinterpretations are possible,e.g.: be f]mrip(viov), i.e., monthly (ration or offering). only. p(rTpa):2 large,2 small; See three other jars of this same shape with 1 I(ETrpirls),2 (x6&), 2 (KorTAa); chi-rhoand phi dipinti(L 28). 22 eithernet or ji(vaT) (as weight tare). Ha 17 PI. 33. round- use (P 11258). Fragmentary School Ha 12 (P 27367). PI. 32. Upper part of black- bodied jug, similar to Robinson, Chronology, glazed oinochoe handle of 4th-century B.C. G 182. Graffito on lower body, upside down fabric.Graffito on outerpart of top. to pot. Context: second half 1st century IV cent. B.C. irTpi(ov) (B 14:3). I cent. CompareHa 1. Secondhalf <(>tor[rls personal 8fK[maos American Ha 13 (P 20903). PI. 32. Fragmentfrom profiled Note zeta-formof xi. For restorationcom- foot of a large open bowl. Dipinto underfoot. Ha 28. The is too to be For © pare jug fragmentary Context:down to 200 B.C. (Q 8-9). measured. III cent. B.C. TrTp]oX)(OVV Ha 18 (P 19491).P1. 33. Fragmentfrom shoulder There is no way of judging the capacity of of large amphorawith inset neck. Dipinti in the bowl from the foot, but the restoration red on shoulder. above seems most likely. Since the fragment was found in a layer over the floor of the I cent. a) ]~ which continued b) vSpiati p' f4(itav) i.e., 45? hydrias Square Peristyle, presumably ? the law-courtfunction of its predecessor,it is KEp&Wia[ keramia likely that the bowl was used to receive the It is likely that the inscriptionrecords the waterfrom a klepsydra.So that therewould not amountof a whole shipment,of which this jar be wastage or mess, bowls whose capacity was one, sincethe hydriais reported(Metrolog. could not always be known at a glance would Script.,I, 323) to be half an Attic metretesor be markedso that a large enough one would six choes (i.e., 19.6561.). The keramion,which H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS 61 is the Romanamphora of eightchoes (26.616 1.), xestes of this size, we must presumea change must here be used as an alternate(or trans- in standard;see above,p. 57. summation. The number of keramia lated) Ha 24 PI. 33. Small should then have been somethingover 34. (P 9919). amphora,Robinson, Chronology,M 123. Faint dipinto,in black, on Ha 19 (P 12458).P1. 33. Amphorawith cylindrical neck. Context: early 3rd century (M 17:1). neck and cone-shapedbody. Dipinto, in red, H. 0.336 m.; D. 0.187 m. on shoulder.Context: late lst-early 2nd cen- EarlyIII cent. s' turies(N 20: 5). PH. 0.48 m.; D. 0.253m. The capacityof the amphorais 4.350 1. Six Late II cent. Aa' I-early (-r(Tpa) xestaiof 0.728 1. (see Ha 23) make4.368 1. The capacity of the jar, which lacks upper neck and mouth, is 8.000 1. Thirty-onekotyles Ha 25 (P 14917).P1. 33. High-neckedjug, similar of 0.273 1. would be 8.463 1. Evidencefor the to Robinson, Chronology,M 120. Graffitoon use of metronas kotyle is not known to me. neck. Context: mid-3rd century (N 17:1). H. This jar may have been intendedas a modius 0.336m.; D. 0.24 m. Athens (32 kotyles) and was markedto show its vari- Mid-IIIcent. @'xoO 8h Studies 3rd H. 0.256 D. 0.171 m. CC-BY-NC-ND. The numberof xestai is not preserved,nor is century (M 17:1). m.; it clearwhy the form is accusative. Mid-III cent. (a) Ai(rpat) rl' Ha 21 (P 19400).P1. 33. Amphorawith cylindrical (b) A(Trpai)n' body, similarto Robinson, Chronology,G 197. The capacityof the jug is 2.500 1. (i.e., 2.500 Dipinto, in black, on neck. Context: early kg. of wine or water). Eight Roman pounds 2nd century (E 17:1). H. 0.445m.; D. 0.26 m. (litrai)of 327 gm. would be 2.616 kg. Some of License: Classical the with which the was restored EarlyII cent. K'< plaster jug was not smoothedaway on the inside and so of The capacityof the jar is 11.070 1. Twenty accountsfor the discrepancyof 116 gm. (From and one-halfxestai of 0.546 1. wouldbe 11.1931. only. the same context there is another similarjug Some plaster remaining inside from recon- [Robinson,Chronology, M 170] with the same structionexplains the scantnessof the present dipintounder the foot.) capacity.use School Ha 27 (P 928). P1.33. Small wheel-ridgedjug of Ha 22 (P 15682). P1.33. Wide-neckedsmall am- mid-3rdcentury type, like Robinson,Chronol- phora, similar to Robinson,Chronology, M 77. ogy, M 151. Graffito on shoulder. Context: Dipinti, in black, on either side of neck. Con- mid-3rdcentury (I 16:1). H. 0.15 m.; D. 0.12 m. text: secondhalf 2nd century (S 21:3). H. 0.23m.; D. 0.17 m. Mid-IIIcent. o[l]vrlp6s5iKaio[s] i.e., honest wine-measure Secondpersonal half II cent. (a) 8'< American The of the is 0.760 1. (b) (illegible) capacity jug Oivrpos6, as an adjective,requires that a masculinenoun For © The capacityof the jar is 2.500 1. Four and be understood.The inscriptionand compar- one-halfxestai of 0.546 1. amountto 2.457 1. able shapeand capacityof Ha 23 make it clear Ha 23 (P 7860).P1. 33. High-necked,round-bodied that the word to be suppliedhere is xestes. For jug on small ring foot. Graffitoon shoulder. a xestes of this size see p. 57. Note also that Context:late 2nd-early3rd centuries(D 12:1). the labeling of this vessel as a wine-measure H. 0.155 m.; D. 0.125 m. might suggest that it would otherwise be thoughtof as else; see above, 57. Late II-earlyIII cent. E The capacityof the jug is 0.890 1. to the rim. text: 4th century (C 13:2). H.0.54m.; D. To explain a xestes so large both absolutely 0.357 m. and relativelyto the old standardof 0.546 1. IV cent. As' i.e., 35 (xestai) and to the preservedcontemporary examples holding 0.760 1. (Ha 23, Ha 27) requires The capacityof the jar is 27.040 1. The most invoking the so-called "georgic" standardof likely xestes will be that of 0.728 1., giving a Metrolog. Script., I, 236 to authorize a xestes total of 25.480 1., but it is also possiblethat the that is twice the kotyle that is three-quartersof dipinto does not recordthe total capacitybut the regular xestes: 2x3/4 (0.546) is 0.818 1. merely the amount that was currentlyinside. See above,p. 57. In this lattercase the xestescould be smaller. Ha 29 (P 4914). P1.34. Fragmentfrom rim and Ha 35 (P638). P1.34. Small gouged jug like neck of a closed pot. Graffitoon neck. Found Robinson, Chronology, M 293. Graffito on in a layerof the 3rd century. neck. H. 0.175m.; D. 0.125m. III cent. Ko(rXaat)Alr'< i.e., 38/2 kotyles EarlyV cent. K5[ i.e., K(oTXAai)8' Athens The capacityof the jug is ca. 0.800 1., sug- Ha 30 (P 17867). P1.34. Micaceous pointed jug the 71 ounce of at gesting kotyle (0.204 1.) similarto Robinson, M 240. Graf- Chronology, Metrolog. Script., I, 235. The dipinto may, fito on shoulder.Context: 3rd century (M 20:2). be a number with a PH. 0.44 D. 0.20 m. however, single (i.e., 24) m.; varietyof possibleinterpretations. For example, III cent. F(orrai) r'T 24 weightounces (24x27.3 gm. is 0.655 kg.) of Filled to the the holds 6.300 1. oil would requirea capacityof 10/9 the same Studies mouth, jug CC-BY-NC-ND. Eight xestai of 0.728 1. would be 5.824 1. and weightof wine, or 0.728 1. leave a reasonablemargin for air and a stopper. Ha 36 (P 5671). P1.34. Shoulderfragment from Ha 31 (P 9672). P1.34. Fragmentfrom neck and wheel-ridgedamphora of same type as Robin- shoulderof a smallamphora. Dipinto, in black, son, Chronology,M 333. Dipinto, in red. on shoulder.Context: late 3rd-early 5th cen- Late V cent. qppcoil'1" "I carry 17%" (xestai) License: Classical turies(N 18:5). Apparentlya Cypriote modius. Cf. Ha 44 of Late III-earlyIV cent. X6ess' i.e., 6- choes and above, p. 58. Beta with a stroke is the regularsymbol for the fraction 2/3 (Metrolog. Haonly. 32 P1.34. similar (P 10556). Wheel-ridgedjug, Script., I, 174). to Robinson, Chronology,M 219. Graffitoon neck. Context:first half of 4th century(B 14:4). Ha 37 (P 8050). P1.34. Fragmentfrom shoulder use H. 0.16 m.; D. 0.112 m. School of large amphora.Graffito near handle.Found Firsthalf IV cent. 68fKo[i.e., 8fK Ha 41 (P 13150).P1. 34. Upper part of amphora, Becauseof its weak statethis jar could not be similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 328. Di- measured;see Ha 45, whichis slightlylarger. pinti in red on neck (a) and shoulder(b). Ha 47 PI. 35. Context: late 5th to 6th centuries (P 11558). Storageamphora, Robin- (O 18:1). son, Chronology,M 327. Dipinto, in red, on Late V-VI cent. (a) 1S' 3"i.e., 14% (xestai) shoulder.Context: early 6th century(M 17:1). (b) i8' 3" PH. 0.42 m.; D. 0.262m. See Ha 36 for the fraction. Early VI cent. ITI' 8' i.e., 183/4 is Ha 42 (P 13152).P1. 35. Upper part of amphora The jar preservedonly to the beginningof of same type as Ha 41. Dipinti,in red, on neck the neck and has a presentcapacity of about (a) and shoulder(b). Context: late 5th to 6th 12 liters. Since 183/4 xestai of 0.546 1. are centuries(0 18:1). equivalentto only 10.2381., the unit here must be a largerxestes, perhaps0.654 1. (x183/4 = Late V-VI cent. (a) tL' 3" i.e., 17% (xestai) 12.2621.). But see above,p. 57. (b) it' (" Ha 48 (P 9784). PI. 35. Small storage amphora, Athens Ha 41. Cf. Ha 36, Robinson,Chronology, M 324. Dipinti,in black, at Ha 43 (P 13164). PI. 35. Wheel-ridgedamphora, on shoulder,upside down to the pot. Context: similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 333. Di- early 6th century (M 17:1). H. 0.38 m.; D. pinto, in red, on shoulder. Context: late 5th 0.215m. to 6thcenturies (O 18:1).H. 0.49 m.; D. 0.253m. EarlyVI cent. ~(oarat) e'< i.e., 9? xestai Late V-VI cent. (Eorrat)KL'< i.e., 27/2 xestai The capacityof the jar is 5.150 1. Nine and Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. one-half xestai of 0.546 1. are 5.187 1. The The capacityof the jar is 11.500 1. Twenty- seven and one-halfxestai of 0.409 1. would be drawingappears in its orientationto the pot, hence down. 11.247 1. Cf. Ha 35, and see above, p. 57. upside A graffitoalpha may be interpretedvariously. Ha 49 (P 3044). PI. 36. Fragmentfrom shoulder of early6th-century jar, like Robinson,Chronol- Ha 44 (P 13463). P1.35. Wheel-ridgedamphora, ogy, M 328. Dipinto,in red. License: Classical similarto Ha 43. Dipinti, in red, on shoulder. Context: late 5th to 6th centuries (P 19:1). Early VI cent. K8' < 8" i.e., 243/4 of H. 0.463 m.; D. 0.235 m. The capacityof similarcomplete jars of this makesit clearthat the numberhere records only. Late V-VI cent. type (a) ..] the in xestai. a-rt]at'p' jar's capacity (b) IJ6(5ios) Ha 50 (P 12695). P1.36. Wheel-ridgedamphora use School The capacity of the jar is 9.800 1., a good similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 328. Di- Cypriote modius of 17% xestai (172/3x 0.546 1.= pinto, in red, on shoulder.Context: early 6th 9.646 1.). Cf. Ha 36, Ha 42. century(O 19:1). H. 0.545m.; D. 0.258m. Early VI cent. (Eo-rai)t' < i.e., 17? xestai Ha 45 (P 26598). PI. 35. Amphora, similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 327. Dipinti, in red, The capacityof the jar is 12.9301. Seventeen personal on neck (a) and in black, on shoulder (b). and one-halfxestai of 0.728 1. are 12.7401. American Context: early 6th century (Q 17:7). H. 0.55 m.; Ha 51 (P 12157).P1. 36. Fragmentfrom shoulder D. 0.282m. For © of a closed pot. Dipinto, in black. Context: EarlyVI cent.(a) ~(4orrct)K8'< i.e., 2412 xestai O-Q 18-19. (b) iO' (fadedbefore drawing) VI cent. ~(korai)K.U i.e., 27 xestai The is capacity ca. 14 1. The two inscriptions Ha 52 (P 14055). P1.36. that this vessel was in Wheel-ridgedamphora, suggest used a time of similarto Ha 43. Dipinto, in red, on shoulder. double standards: 1. = 241/2x0.546 13.377 1.; Context: 6th century (Q 18:2). H. 0.51 m.; 19x0.728 1. = 13.832 1. D. 0.31 m. Ha 46 (P 26693). P1.35. Amphora, similar to VI cent. o(-rai) KE' i.e., 25 xestai Robinson, Chronology,M 327. Dipinto, in The of the is 17.580 1. on capacity jar Twenty- red, shoulder. Context: early 6th century five xestai of 0.728 1. are 18.2001.; H. 0.54 D. 0.282 m. twenty-five (Q 17:7). m.; xestaiof 0.654 1. are 16.350 1. See above, p. 57. EarlyVI cent. (chi-rho) (The drawing shows only the faded remnant (crTrat) Ka' 8" i.e., 21 ? xestai of the original letters.) 64 H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS Ha 53 (P 22512). PI. 36. Fragmentaryamphora, Late Roman orr& (vot) s-' ft(ivat) y' lackingneck. Dipinto,in black,at base of neck i.e., 6 stamnoi,3 heminai (a) and below one handle(b). Context:6th-7th The stamnos is defined as centuries PH. 0.40 variously equal (Q 17:1). m.; D. 0.22 m. to four or ten xestai(heminai) (Metrolog. Script., VI-VII cent. (a) illegible I, 277; II, 102). (b) v6(b6os) Ha 55 (P 9318). P1.36. from rim of a The capacity of the jar (up to the neck) is Fragment 9.250 1., so that it might be eitherthe ordinary verylarge pithos. Graffito on top of rim. modius (16 xestai = 8.736 1.) or the Cypriote Late Roman .iE(S6wvot)ta' = modius (172/3 xestai 9.646 1.). It is not the The abbreviationmight also be completedas same as the modii above clay Cypriote (Ha 36, E(TpTrrai). Ha 39, Ha 42, Ha 44). Ha 54 (P 5663). PI. 36. Fragmentfrom neck and Ha 56 (P 9322).PI. 36. Fragmentfrom the shoulder shoulderof largeclosed pot. Graffitoat junction of a very large amphora.Graffito on shoulder. Athens of neck and shoulder. Late Roman K(s)p(&(ata)pY' (orai) 8' < at INTRODUCTIONTO NOTATIONSOF TARE (Hb) Tare, or the weightof the emptyvessel, is inscribedon pots presumablyfor the sake of determining Studies quicklyCC-BY-NC-ND. and easilythe net weightof contentsfrom the total weightof the filledjar. This wouldbe useful both at the time of the originalsale and in laterre-use of the jar whenit was takento be refilled.These two differentuses are perhapsreflected in the two differentkinds of inscription,the dipintotare being writtenby the merchantand the graffitomore casuallyinscribed by the householder.In both cases the presenceof the tarenotation makes it evidentthat the liquidswhich the jars held were sold by weight. License: Classical In additionto the 31 tare notationsclassified here, thereare 19 more whichhave been includedwith the He of Commercial and one morewith the I Notations) of group(Combinations Notations) group(Tax becausethey are only one part of texts which combinetwo or more items: He 3, He 5, He 6, He 12, Heonly. 13, He 17, He 22, He 25, He 26, He 28, He 29, He 31, He 33, He 34, He 37-40, He 43; I 7). The presentdiscussion is basedon these 20 as well as on the 31 numberedHb below. use Tarenotations from the Greekperiod are both fewerand less standardizedthan those from the Roman School period.Earliest is He 3 with what is most likely to be both tare and net weight,since this is the only reasonableinterpretation of two numbers,one precededby aji((popE*S),which use mu as the acrophonic unit, that is: am(phora)- 12 mnas;( ) - 20 mnas.Probably also tareis Hb l's graffitoof acrophonic numeralswith simpleupright strokes as units. Hb 2 and Hb 3 are completelydifferent, the one being labeledpersonal "100 drachmas"and the other "20 ounces," both using alphabeticnumerals. The 650 gm. American weightof Hb 2 probablyconfirms the hundred-drachmanotation, if we may invokethe emporicmna of 654 gm. And Hb 3's use of Roman ouncesis paralleledby the appearanceof at least one lead weight For © basedon the Romanstandard in a contemporarycontext. Hb 4 introducesfor the firsttime in Athens8 one of the tare-formulas(cf. He 5, He 22) of the Roman period: oxKcoa == "jar", with the weight specified. In the Romanperiod tare notationsare of threegeneral kinds: 1) a word designatingthe emptyjar, often in the genitivecase, followedby a weight-unitsymbol and a number;2) simplevertical strokes which seem to be a tally of the numberof weight-units;3) weight-unitword or symbolfollowed by a number.The first kind declaresthat it is tare. The second kind is provedto be so in variousways: Hb 15 and He 33 both havetheir tallies reinforced by notationsof the "emptyjar" sort with the number 8 But see pots from the Hellenisticperiod found in Corinthwhich have dipinti recordingsakoma followed by a ligatureof mu and nu (certainlythe abbreviationof mna) and so giving tare weight (Hesperia,XVIII, 1949, p. 152, pl. 16). H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS 65 of weight-unitsagreeing; of the ten vessels with tallies that are completeenough to weigh (Hb8-10, Hb 16, Hb 19, Hb24, Hb25, Hb 31; He 17, He 33) only three(Hb 16, Hb24, Hb 31) haveweights which do not substantiallyagree with the tallystrokes,9 two perhapsbecause of incrustationinside, the otherbecause the last strokewas inadvertentlyfinaally, omitted; and sevenof thse jars withtallies (Hb 9, Hb 15, Hb 16, Hb 24, Hb 25, Hb 31; He 33) are of the samegeneral shape, which they sharewith five of the vesselswith "emptyjar" weight(Hb 14, Hb 21, Hb 22; He 34, He 37), and wereprobably used in a similarway over manygenerations. The thirdkind includesa varietyof texts so that the reasonsfor interpretingthem as tare differ:some are obviouslytare weight because they are coupledwith notationsof net weight(He 26, He 29); othersare completely unaccompanied but mustbe tarebecause they are confirmed by the present weightof the vessel (Hb 5, Hb 18, Hb 29; He 39); othersare uncertainbut seemmore likelyto be tare than anythingelse (He 6, He 12, He 13, He 38; I 7). Tare notationsof the firstkind use five differentwords for the emptyjar: 1) twelve vessels have 6a- Tp&Kou(including one oarparis and one 6aoc-rpaKou)either written in full (Hb12, Hb 14, Hb 15, Hb21, Athens Hb 23, Hb 26; He 31, He 34) or abbreviatedto five or six letters(Hb 7, Hb 30; He 33; He 37 is incom- at plete); 2) on five vessels the adjective Koipiou or its abbreviationKouv( ) appears (Hib22; Hb 11, Hb 28; He 25, He 28); 3) two show abbreviationsof mKTcbuaaTosof either two or five letters(He 5, He 22); 4) anothertwo may perhapsbe read40read asas, crit(b2 (He He40, He 43); and 5) one jar is almost certainlyto be read as wpinou(Hb 6). Althoughthis last occursin the 2nd centuryand the Hellenisticsekoma we have alreadynoted has its in the 1st and 3rd there is no real distinction Studies parallels centuries, chronological CC-BY-NC-ND. among the terms used; for example,ostrakou appears in the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th centuries;kouphou occursin the 3rdto 6th centuries.The numbersused in theseinscriptions are all of the Greekalphabetic sort; occasionallythe symbolfor the weight-unitis omitted(Hb 15, Hb 30; He 40). The greatmajority of these inscriptionsare dipinti;only threeare graffiti(Hb 23; He 31, He 43). Tare notations that are made up of tally strokes,always scratched and never painted,appear on License: Classical fifteenvessels (Hb 8-10, I-lb13, Hb 15-17, Hb 19, Hb 20, Hb 24, Hb 25, Hb 27, Hb 31; He 17, He 33), of of which two (Hb 15; He 33) also have "emptyjar" notations.Twelve of these have only simpleupright strokes,with occasionallya half strokeor a horizontalstroke for a fractionalunit, but the othlerthree only. (Hb 10, Hb 17, Hb 19) used the Roman sign for "ten." Since these three are the only ones wherethe weightis over ten litrai,we should perhapsthink that all the tallyingwas done on the Romansystem. Thisuse would be reasonablesince the Greek School alphabeticsymbol for "ten" was a simple uprightstroke indistinguishablefrom the "ones."'10The Roman"ten" also suggeststhat a ten-litraweight was firstput on the balanceand noted as such beforethe single-litraweights were added. This kind of notationcon- tinuesfrom the 2nd centuryforward. Tarenotations with simplenumbers appear on the following:Hb 5, Hb 18, Hb 29; He 6, He 12, He 13, Hepersonal 25, He 26, He 29, He 38, He 39; 17. The chronologicalrange is from the firstto the sixth century, American and the numbersare all on the Greekalphabetic system. For © In all the taretexts where it appearsthe litra is abbreviatedeither to a simplelambda or to a lambda witha diagonalstroke (variously placed) which may sometimes be thoughtof as the followingiota. Ounce (ouiyKia)appears as eithergamma enclosing omicron (e. g. Hb 3; He 22, He 39) or omicronsurmounted by upsilon(Hb 22). 9It is understood that the weight-unitis the Roman litra since the only two mna-weightsbelong to the early part of the first century (Hb 5; He 5). 10 In the capacitynotations of the Greek period the acrophonicnumber system allowed tallying of this sort (with delta for "ten") for a differentpurpose. The whole shift in the use of tallying from measuresto weights is interestingand suggeststhat commodities began to be sold more and more by weight. 66 H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS Hb 1 (P 9753). PI. 37. Neck of coarse amphora. pinto, in red, on neck. Context:early 1st cen- Graffitoon neck. Context: late 4th-early 3rd tury (G 8:1). centuriesB.C. (B 13:8). Hesperia, XXV, 1956, EarlyI cent. ia' i.e., 11 mnas p. 17, no. 73. pv(ac) The jar at present weighs 8.150 kg. and must IV-III cent. B.C. AA111III i.e., 26 (mnas) originally have weighed somewhat more. The For the interpretationsee He 5; 26 mnas mna used here must be that of 150 coin drach- are less than 11 kg. and a reasonableweight mas, that is, the commercial mna of 654 gm.; for such an amphora. Tare seems to be the cf. Hb 2 above. Eleven such mnas are 8.194 kg. right interpretationon two grounds:weight of contents is comparativelyuseless except in Hb 6 (P 17129). P1. 37. Upper part of unglazed conjunctionwith tare; a capacityof 26 choes is amphora of 2nd-centurytype, like Robinson, not possible. Chronology, G 197. Dipinto, in black, on shoulder.Context: late Ist-early2nd centuries Hb 2 (P 5792). P1.37. Small amphora. Graffito (B 20:1). on shoulder.Context: 3rd century B.C. (E 14:1). Athens PH. 0.315 m.; D. 0.157 m. Early II cent. priwovX(iT-rpa) ei' i.e., (weight)of empty:15 litrai at III cent. B.C. 6X(Kal)p' i.e., 100 drachmas The fragmentarystate of the jar makes its The present weight of the amphora,which presentweight irrelevant. lacks one handle and the rim, is 650 gm. The completejar may have been equal to a mna Hb 7 (P 23389). PI. 37. Fragmentfrom the wall (100 drachmas, like Pernice, Gr. Gewichte, of a closed pot. Dipinto, in black. Found with Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Berlin, 1894, nos. 598, 599, 605) on the com- potteryof the 1st and 2nd centuries. mercial standard which made up a mna of II cent. 6]o-rp(KOU) 0' 150 coin drachmas - 654 A(iTpaI) (150x4.36 gm. gin.). i.e., (weight) of jar: 9 litrai See also Agora, X, pp. 19f. This commercial mna is not, however,attested before the 2nd Hb 8 (P 10469). P1.37. Small wheel-ridgedam- centuryB.C. phora; handles, mouth and some wall pieces License: Classical Hb 3 P1.37. Shoulderand neck of small and most of neck missing.Graffito on shoulder. (P 5929). Context:mid-3rd PH. 0.24 amphora. Graffito beside base of handle. century(M 18:4). m.; of D. 0.19m. Context:3rd centuryB.C. (E 14:1). only. Mid-IIIcent. I1111- i.e., 5 (litrai),1 (ounce) III cent. B.C. K' o(*)y(Kiai) i.e., 20 ounces The of the in its The use of the Roman ounce at this period weight jar presentfragmen- tary state is 1.235 kg. The recordedweight is use in Athensmay also be seen in Agora,X, p. 31, School 1.662 no. 70. It is impossibleto tell from the graffito kg. itselfwhether it refersto capacity(20 ounces = 1 Hb 9 (P 26602). P1.37. Small amphora, intact, xestes) or to the weight of the jar, but the like Robinson, Chronology,M 238, but earlier. presenceof a tarenotation on Hb 2 in the same Graffitoon shoulder.Context: early 4th century deposit suggests that it might be the latter. (Q 17:7). H. 0.425 m.; D. 0.20 m. personal Althoughonly a small part of the jar survives, Hb 2 a EarlyIV cent. (a) Ai (written in soft clay American comparison for size with suggests or 20 ounces. with bluntinstrument) possibleweight of about 546 gm. 1111111119 For © (b) i.e., (litrai) Hb 4 (P 16404). P1.37. Rim and wall fragment (a) may be either number or abbreviation. in of wide-mouthedcoarse jar. Dipinto, black, (b) The jar weighs 3.065 kg., about 4% over just belowlip. Context:1st century B.C. (F 19:3). the 2.943 kg. recorded.A non-solubledeposit I cent. B.C. oCXKCOp[ inside may account for the discrepancy.(The For sekoma(sakoma in Doric) as weight of first of the tally-strokesis shorterthan the rest the vessel, cf. He 5, He 22, and also pots from and somewhatseparated from them.) Corinth(Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, p. 152, pl. 16, Hb 10 (P 9881).PI. 37. Amphorawith lip and some 15-17) where the writing is very similar. The of neck missing,Robinson, Chronology, M 232. meaning"jar" is attestedin P. Oxy.,XVI, 1896, Graffitoon shoulder.Context: early 4th century 19. (M 17:1). PH. 0.452 m.; D. 0.298 m. Hb 5 (P 3467). PI. 37. Early Roman amphora, EarlyIV cent. XIII111 = lacking much of mouth and one handle. Di- i.e., 16 (litrai),2 (ounces) H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS 67 The present weight of the jar, without the EarlyIV cent. (dipinto) oo-rpaKous' lip and part of the neck, is 5.030 kg. The re- i.e., (weight)of jar: 6 (litrai) cordedweight is 5.287kg. (graffito) '11111 Five strokes tallying for the first five litrai, Hb 11 (P 10267).PI. 37. Unglazedamphora, mis- with a sixth strokeslantwise. sing handlesand lip, of early 4th-centurytype, like Robinson, Chronology,L 31. Dipinto, in Hb 16 (P 12825). PI. 37. Wheel-ridgedamphora black, on shoulder.Context: early 4th century of late 4th-centurytype, between Robinson, (M 18:4). PH. 0.46 m.; D. 0.257 m. Chronology,M 238 and M 305. Graffito on shoulder. Context: late 4th Early IV cent. K.[oU]qp(ou)W(i-rpat) ty' century (O 19:1). i.e., (weight)of empty:13 litrai H. 0.308 m.; D. 0.214 m. Late IV cent. 111111 i.e., 6 The presentweight of the jar, withouthandles (litrai) and lip, is 3.935 kg. The recordedweight is The jar, which lacks only a part of the lip, 4.251 kg. now weighs 2.180 kg. or 10% more than six litrai(1.962 kg.). It is possiblethat it wasmarked Athens Hb 12 (P 25170). PI. 37. Amphora with narrow underweightby a merchant who wished to at neck,vertical handles and a body like Robinson, give shortweight on the contents.Or theremay Chronology,M 236. Dipinto, in black, on be a considerabledeposit inside. shoulder. Context: Q 17:4. H. 0.54 m.; D. 0.195m. Hb 17 (P 7884). PI. 37. Fragmentfrom neck of amphora.Graffito on neck. Found in a layer EarlyIV cent. 6ocrpaK'nsXA(Tpac) <0'> withpottery and coins of the 4th century. Studies of 9 litrai CC-BY-NC-ND. i.e., (weight) jar: IV cent. X!I!i111< i.e., 17/2 (litrai) The present weight of the complete jar is 2.870 kg.; the recorded weight is 2.943 kg. Hb 18 (P 14110).P1. 38. Small amphoraof earlier The number,which must be taken as theta, date but same type as Robinson, Chronology, looks like a rectangularepsilon, which is most M 324, M 325. Graffitoon shoulder.Context: unlikelyto occurat thisperiod. The form 6o'rp&Ki 4th century (O 19:1). PH. 0.40 m.; D. 0.22 m. License: Classical is not attested. IV cent. Xr(Tpat) U' i.e., 7 litrai The of the which of Hb 13 (P 11193).P1. 37. Upper part of amphora, presentweight jar, lacks a of a type related to Robinson, Chronology, mouth and is partly restored in plaster, is only. L 31. Graffito on shoulder. Context: early 2.075 kg.; sevenlitrai are 2.289 kg. 4th century(C 14:4). Hb 19 (P 14113).P1. 38. Amphoraof 4th-century use EarlyIV cent. 111111 i.e., 6 (litrai) type,like Robinson,Chronology, M 230. Graffito School on shoulder. Context: 4th The jar is too fragmentaryfor its century (O 19:1). present PH. 0.46 m.; D. 0.28 m. weight to be significant.Others of this type weighabout six litrai. IV cent. ]XI1111< i.e., 15/2 (litrai) The presentweight of the which lacks a Hb 14 (P 11194). P1.37. Upper of wheel- jar, part mouth and has been partlyrestored in plaster, personal ridged amphora of 4th-century type, like is 4.750 kg.; 15/2 litrai are 5.068 kg. American Robinson, Chronology,L 55 and M 238. Di- pinto, in black, on shoulder,very faint. Con- Hb 20 (P 26114). P1.38. Amphora top, com- For © text: early 4th century(C 14:4). PH. 0.299m.; parableto Robinson,Chronology, L 54. Graffito D. 0.224m. on shoulder.Context: Q 19:1. EarlyIV cent. OtaKKOU X(iTpai) U IV cent. 11111111 i.e., 8 (litrai) i.e., (weight)of 7 litrai jar: The fragmentarystate of the jar makes its The preservedupper two thirds of the jar presentweight irrelevant. 1.710 seven weigh kg.; litrai are 2.289 kg. Hb (Some letters had faded before 21 (P 10710). P1.38. Wheel-ridgedamphora, completely the neck final drawing.) missing and handles,of 4th-centurytype, like Robinson,Chronology, L 55, M 238. Dipin- Hb 15 (P 11197). PI. 37. Shoulder fragment of to in black on shoulder. Context: 4th-5th small wheel-ridgedamphora like Hb 14. Di- centuries (E 15:5). PH. 0.34 m.; D. 0.20 m. pinto, in black, and graffitoon shoulder.Con- IV cent. 6O]rTpaKouX(irpai) U' text: early4th century(C 14:4). i.e., (weight)of jar: 7 litrai 68 H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS The presentweight of the jar withouthandles V cent. oCrpOKovXi(Tpat) ip3' and lip is 2.025 kg.; seven litrai are 2.289 kg. i.e., (weight)of jar: 12 litrai Hb 22 (P 16079). PI. 38. Small amphoraof 4th- The present weight of the jar, with several centurytype, like Robinson,Chronology, M 238. pieces missing, is 3.410 kg.; twelve litrai are Dipinto, in black, on shoulder. Context: 4th 3.924kg. PH. 0.38 m.; D. 0.215m. century (F 15:1). Hb 27 (P 14016). P1.38. Small amphora top of IV cent. KoV use Restoredwith plasterand with some plaster relationto whatwas seen by me in 1960.) School inside,the jar now weighs2.315 kg., more than one litramore than the recorded1.962 kg. Com- Hb 30 (P 13464). PI. 38. Body of amphora, pare Hb 16; but here it is possiblethat as each lackingmost of shoulder,neck and handles,of litra weightwas added to the balancea stroke 6th-centurytype, like Robinson, Chronology, was made on the jar until the last, which was M 325. Dipinto,in black,on shoulder.Context: 5th-6thcenturies (P 19:1). personal forgotten in the bustle of removing weights and alike. American jar VI cent. oaTpaxK(ou) s' i.e., (weight) of jar: 6 (litrai) For © Hb 25 (P 13472). P1.38. Small amphoraof 5th- centurytype, like Robinson,Chronology, M 305. The jar is too fragmentaryfor its present Graffitoon shoulder.Context: 5th-6th centu- weightto be of significance. ries H. 0.333m.; D. 0.173m. (P 19:1). Hb 31 (P 14056). PI. 38. Amphora of the 6th V cent. 11111 i.e., 5 (litrai) century,a later exampleof the type of M 305, The present weight of the jar, with some M 306 in Robinson, Chronology.Graffito on plaster restoration,is 1.615 kg.; five litrai are neck. Context: 5th-6th centuries (Q 18:2). 1.635kg. H. 0.44 m.; D. 0.23 m. VI cent. 11111111 8 Hb 26 (P 13477).PI. 38. Amphora,lacking mouth, i.e., (litrai) one handle and wall pieces, of 5th-century The present weight of the complete jar is type, like Robinson, Chronology,M 302. Di- 3.330 kg.; eight litrai are 2.616 kg. See Hb 16 pinto, in black, on shoulder.Context: 5th-6th and Hb24 for possible explanations of the centuries (P 19:1). H. 0.505 m.; D. 0.26 m. discrepancy. H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS 69 INTRODUCTIONTO NOTATIONSOF DATE (He) Of all the categoriesof commercialnotations dates are the least satisfactoryand convincing,largely becausethey are far more relativeto and dependenton a temporalcontext than are the notationsof capacity,tare and contents.Indications of time appearon the 26 vesselsincluded in this category,"1on sevenwhich are classifiedwith CombinedNotations (He 4, He 18, He 23, He 24, He 37, He 41, He 42), and on one with Owner'sMarks (F 250), and on three(I 17, I 23, I 44) of the Tax Notations,over and above the indictiondates which appearregularly in that series.Nineteen of these 37 give datesby era; 12 date by magistratesor emperors;five give monthdates; the one remainingis a possibleindiction date. Greek alphabeticnumerals are used throughout,but in some consulardates the Latin languageand alphabettake the place of Greek. Most of the dates by era consistof simplya number;the particularera is a matterof interpretation. Athens Eight examplesmay be assignedwith a fair degreeof certaintyto the Actian era: Hc 10-14, He 16, He 18, Hc 19. Four of these (H 10, H 16,16, H 18, H 19) are on wheel-ridgedjars of darkmicaceous at clay with one handleand high-collaredring foot like the 25 examplespublished as "DatedJars of Early ImperialTimes" (Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pp. 277-285).Only Hc 19 has any remnantof the era desig- nation which appearedon two of the piecespublished earlier: (eTOS) Ni(Kms),but all four have numbers whichgive datesin the Actianera that fit well into the largergroup. The otherfour notationswhich are Studies hereCC-BY-NC-ND. interpreted as Actianera datesare morevarious: two dipinti(He 11, He 12) and two graffiti(He 13, He 14). In the case of all four thereseems to be no othereasy explanationfor the number;for two of the vessels (He 11, He 12) the ceramicdate agreeswith the assumedActian date; the other two are frag- mentstoo smallto be assigneda date on ceramicgrounds, and they haveno datedcontext. Of the 11 other dates by era, three(F 250; He 17, He 25) seem to be Seleucid,four may be basedon Diocletian'sLicense: accession (He 22, He 23; He 37; I 44), one appearsto be Christian and threeare Classical (He 24) uncertain(Hc 26; He 23, He 24). The basesfor theseassignments are outlinedin the individualcatalogue of descriptions. Theonly. 12 dates by magistratesor emperorsinclude two of the Greekperiod (He 1, He 2), six consular dates(He 3, He 4, He 6-8; He 4), two imperial(He 5, He 15) andtwo uncertain(He 20, He 21). Ordinari- ly in the Greekperiod jars weredated by stampson the handles;these two, with incisionin the soft clay use School on one and dipintoon the other, are unusual.Jars with consulardates in both Greekand Latin have long been knownin Pompeiiand Rome (C.L.L., IV, 2551ff., 5510ff.,9313ff.; XV, 3636ff.).Of the two which use Touvs,one continuesin Greek(He 4) with the abbreviatedname of Gaius Cassius,while the otherseems to continue,although much is lost, in Latin,ending with the regularLatin abbreviation for consuls (He 7). Both of these, like three of the four purelyLatin texts, are dipinti.The exception (Hepersonal 6), being lightlyand casuallyscratched just below the handle,may well have been the work of an American Athenianowner rather than a foreignshipper or seller:Druso et Crispino(9 B.C.).He 3 and He 8 can not For © be readwell enoughto give definitedates, but He 4 is clearlyassignable to 17 B.C.(C. Furnio). The two imperialdates are given as the sixth (year)of Augustus(He 5) and the fourteenthyear of Hadrian(Hc 15).12The two uncertaindates of this sort (He 20, He 21) are incomplete,one usingthe Erii formula, the other ?TOS. The five month dates are as follows: July (He 9), nones of August (He 18), June 17 (He 41), first month (I 17), and the sixth day of the sixth month (I 23). Possiblereferences to months also occur on He 5 and He 11. The one possibleindiction date seems to combinea day "beforethe Ides" with an indictionyear (He 42). 11 All texts identifiable(even tentatively)as dates are included,even when the magistrateor era on which they are basedis not clear. 12Or the fourteenth year from the visit of Hadrian to Athens. Cf. P. Graindor, Athines soIus Hadrien,Cairo, 1934, pp. 15ff.; Kubitschek, Real-Encyclopadie,Suppl. III. 70 H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS As far as abbreviationsare concernedthe usagewith regardto etos shouldbe noted:of nine examples, the four (Hc 4, He 7, He 15, He 21) which are dated earlierthan the late 3rd centuryshow the word writtenin full; the five datedto the late 3rd centuryand laterabbreviate the wordto its firsttwo letters (Hc 22-24; He 23, He 24). The wordfor month(li'v) is abbreviatedeither as p( ) (Hc 9; 1 17) or Upj( ) (He 41; 123). He 1 (P 7699). PI. 39. Toe of plain amphora, He 5 (P 9670). P1.39. Chianamphora (= Robin- neatly profiled. Letters incised on underside son, Chronology,F 92). Dipinto in black on while clay was soft. Context:late 4th to early shoulder. Context: 1st century B.C. (N 19:1). 3rd centuries B.C. (E 3:1). PH. 0.86 m.; D. 0.309 m. Late IV-early III cent.B.C. irr 'A.woroo5cbp(ou) I cent. B.C. Avyoicr(Tou) S' The writingis crampedand changesorienta- [.(rjv6s)'ApT(Eepuoou) Athens tion. An archonof this name servedin Athens The sixth year of Augustuswould be 21 B.C. in the but eitheranother The of the secondline is uncertain. at year 319/18B.C., pro- reading venienceor anothermagistracy is a possibility. Hc 6 P1.39. Micaceous one-handled The fact that the was made before (P 16206). inscription jar, similar to Robinson, Chronology,F65. firing suggeststhat this date servedone of the Graffitounder handle. Context: first half of 1st of the found on handles. purposes stampusually century(N 20: 1). PH. 0.47 m.; D. 0.265m. Studies HeCC-BY-NC-ND. 2 (P 9754, P 9755). P1.39. Chian amphora. Firsthalf I cent. DRUSO ET CRISPINO Dipinti in black on shoulder (a) and inside That is, 9 B.C. handle(b). Context:late 4th-early3rd centuries B.C. (B 13:8). PH. 0.79 m.; D. 0.355 m. Hc 7 (P21791). PI. 39. Ovoid amphora with short wide neck, hornedhandles and short toe. Late IV-early III cent. B.C. Dipinti in black on shoulder. Context: early (a) nIrlNIK'rTOV / [&]pXovros 1st H. 0.533 D. 0.28 m. License: century (R 10:1). m.; Classical (b) ToAXuvoio EarlyI cent. N two of there are If the archon is Athenian, e1Tous[ ]BA ( ) COSS possible years: 332/1 or 225/4 B.C.The name only. underthe handlemay be that of potter,producer Perhaps6 B.C.:D. LaeliusBalbus, C. Antistius of contents,middleman or even owner. Vetus. Or A.D. 22: D. Haterius Agrippa, C. SulpiciusGalba. Heuse 3 (P 8108). P1.39. Amphoraof Roman type. School 39. one-handled Dipinto in red on neck. Context: late 2nd He 8 (P 16199). PI. Micaceous similar to F 66. centuryB.C. (C9:7). H. 1.017m.; D. 0.291m. jar, Robinson, Chronology, Dipinto in black below handle. Context: Late II cent. B.C. COS [ first half of 1st century (N 20:1). H. 0.46 m.; D. 0.245m. Obviously a date by consulship, but the personal EarlyI cent. NERONEBO.. dipintois now too faded to be drawn.Another American (traces) jar of this type (Agora inv. no. P 8105) found If this is datingby consul, the possibledates For © in the same context has an inscriptionwhich has surviveda little betterbut gives less imme- are: 13 B.C. (Ti. ClaudiusNero, P. Quinctilius diate sense: ] B-C[ (presumablyan abbreviated Varus); 9 B.C. (Nero Claudius Drusus, T. name endingin "b" followed by the abbrevia- Quinctinus Crispinus); 7 B.C. (Ti. Claudius tion for consul). Nero II, Cn. Calpurnius Piso). The word begining "bo. ." is uncertain both in reading Hc 4 (P 3215). P1.39. Shoulderfragment of small and interpretation. jar. Dipinto in brown. Found with much Hellenisticmaterial and a little Late Roman. He 9 (P 15559). P1.39. Upper part of amphora with collaredrim. Dipinto in blackon shoulder. I cent. B.C. 'T0oS F(aciou) Kacaa(ou) Context:1st century(R 21:2). (illegible) I cent. 1i.(rlv6,)'IovuMov A Gaius Cassiuswas consul in 124, 96 and 73 B.C. Sincethe colleagueis not herepreserved, He 10 (P 24853). P. 39. Shoulder fragment of it is impossible to determine which is meant. brown micaceous jar, similar to Robinson, H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS 71 Chronology,M 125. Graffito below handle He 16 (P 25464).P1. 40. Upper part of micaceous attachment.Context: late 1st century(B 13:2). one-handledjar similar to Robinson,Chronol- Late I cent. pKa' ogy, M 125. Graffitobelow handle. Year 121 of Actian era = A.D. 91. II cent. pop' Year 172 of Actianera = A.D. 142. He 11 (P 10048).P1. 40. Upper part of amphora (- Robinson, Chronology,M 102). Dipinti He 17 (P 13599). PI.40. Upper part of one- in black on shoulder(a) and underone handle handled jar. Dipinto in black on shoulder. (b). Context: second half of 2nd century Context: second half of 1st century to 2nd (M 17:1). century(N 19:2). IIcent. (a) EP( ) i' II cent. SE]XWK( ) pB' Year 502 of Seleucid era (from 312/1 B.C.) (b) o'oS would be ca. A.D. 190, perhapstoo late for this Year 139 of Actian era = A.D. 109, which is context. Athens suitableto the which finds perfectly jar itself, Hc 18 P1.40. from shoulder its nearest parallelsin late 1st and early 2nd (P 21631). Fragment at of micaceousone-handled similarto Rob- centuries(Robinson, Chronology, G 197, H 20). jar Its later context date is but not inson, Chronology,M 125. Graffitoon outside. unexpected Context: 2nd to 3rd centuries impossible.The first part of (a) might be inter- early (U 22:1). pretedin two ways: as a month date (Hermaios II-earlyIII cent. ce' 15) or as tare(ipilou 15). (b) The jar is sound? Year 229 of the Actian era = A.D. 199. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. He 12 (P 5774). P1.39. Neck and shoulder of He 19 (P 22211). P1.40. Fragment from the small amphora. Dipinto in red on shoulder. shoulder of a micaceous one-handled jar, Context: second half of 1st century to 2nd similarto Robinson,Chronology, M 125. Graf- century(F 13:2). fito on outside. II cent. pv III cent. TrosN] i(Krls)apIa' License: Classical ATO2[ Year 241 of the Actian era = A.D. 211. is to be a date in the of The number likely Actian era, i.e., A.D. 120. He 20 (P 7785). P1.40. Shoulderfragment from only. largeplain amphora.Dipinto in black. He 13 (P 11545).P1. 39. Wall fragmentof closed vessel. Graffitoon outside. Roman rTriZauX[ AIATTA[ use School Roman pV?' What magistrateof what city is here used Year 155 of Actian era would be A.D. 125. for datingis obscure,as is the word or phrase The nu is writtenin reverse. in the secondline. He 14 (P 2518). P1.39. Shoulderfragment from He 21 (P 11752). P1.40. Top of amphora. Di- a large unglazedvessel. Graffitoon outside. pinto in black on shoulder.Context: 3rd cen- personal Roman tury (K 18:3). American Early pv[ Presumably an Actian date, ca. A.D. 120-130. III cent. a[ For © He 15 (P 7583). P1.39. Amphora (= Robinson, The incompletenessof the inscriptionmakes Chronology,J 5). Dipinto in black on shoulder. any conjectureof emperoror era difficult. Context: mid-2nd century (C 12:1). PH. 0.549 m.; D. 0.295 m. He 22 (P 3140). P1.40. Shoulder fragment of largeamphora. Dipinto in red. Mid-II cent. ETousSt' 'ASpiavoO Eviaucrtiaov Late Roman Whetherthe date was based on Hadrian's ET(Os) accessionor his firstvisit to Athensis uncertain; (chi-rho) cf. Kubitschek, Real-Encyclopadie,Suppl. III, Ka[ cols. 28-29. The word in the second line presu- Year 21 based on the era of Diocletian mablyrefers to the age of the contents, prob- would be A.D. 305. Ginzel (Handbuch der ably wine. mathematischen und technischen Chronologie, 72 H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS II, Leipzig, 1906, pp. 229-231) notes that this A.D. 532 and known to be in use before this era was used in private documentsin Egypt time (Bickerman,pp. 74, 81). throughoutthe 4th and 5th centuries.But the Hc 25 P1.40. Small with like Kaisaros. (P 25054). jug gouged kappa-alphamay begin a word decoration similar to Robinson, Chronology, Hc 23 P1.40. Round-bottomedcylin- M 361. Graffitoon wall near handle. Context: (P 14093). H. drical amphora (= Robinson, Chronology, 6th (-7th?) century (Q 17:4). 0.175m.; D. 0.13 m. M 333). Dipinti in red on shoulder. Context: ' 5th-6th centuries (P 18:1). H. 0.495m.; D. VII cent. t,- 0.211m. The year 964 of the Seleucidera is A.D.642. V-VI cent. 'rT(os) (The Seleucidera continuedin use in various pv' placestill nearmodern times; cf. Ginzel,op.cit., TA I, p. 263.) The context date need not militate the to A.D.642 since the era of Diocletian against assignment jug Perhaps year 150 of the wasfound near the top of a wellwhich continued (A.D. Athens 434)? into the 8th century. 40. Round-bottomedam- at Hc 24 (P 9660). P1. Hc 26 (P 3457). P1.40. Shoulderfragment from phora (- Robinson, Chronology,M 372). Di- amphora.Dipinto in red on neck,inside handle. pinto in black on shoulder.Context: late 6th Context:6th-7th centuries(L 14:2). H. 0.467 D. 0.148m. century(M 17:1). m.; VI-VII cent. Xp(O6vos)1i'[ Late VI cent. ET(OS) Trp( )[ e perhapspersonal to distinguishthe wine jug fromjugs used for other commoditiesand not necessarilywashed American in betweenor perhapsto indicatethat this was a wine measurerather than an oil or honeymeasure (see this notationis ratherthan is an indicationof its informal For © Ha 27: oivpos 8SIKcoS).That graffito dipinto natureand incidentalpurpose. All otherwine notationsindicate particular kinds of wine and all except one (Hd 23) are dipinti and may be thought of as labelingthe originalcontents. The kinds of wine rangefrom a cheapo6os (vin ordinaire) of the 5th centuryB.C. (Hd 1) to the wine madefrom the finest Aminnaeangrapes (Pliny, N. H., XIV, 4, 21, Principatusdatur Aminaeis firmitatem propter senioque proficientemvini eius utique vitam.) of the 5th and 6th centuriesof our era(1 10,1 16, etc.). Most frequent in appearance,after the Aminnaean,if abbreviationsare correctlyinterpreted, is -rrcaaov(raisin wine): Hd 9 (writtenin full); Hd 12 (abbreviatedto firstthree letters); He 13, He 40 (firsttwo letters).Next in frequency,with the sameproviso about abbreviations,is Pramnianwine: Hd 5 (writtenin full); Hd 17, 13 Since the tax-notationpots all seem to serve the same purpose, the conclusion that some held a specifickind of wine makes it likely that all held wine but that only specialkinds were noted "on the label." See Introductionto Tax Notations below. H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS 73 He 26 (first three letters). Honeyed wine is noted twice: olvovupenT-iVOv (He 21); (IiArIT( ) (He 30). Falernianappears once (He 27). Three other kinds of wine may be indicatedby three abbreviations: Kav(-SapiThs)(Hd 7); &pco(iaaT-Tis)(Hd 15); Spiv(Si-ms)(Hd 23). Wine is described in somewhat different terms on four other vessels: Kasapou as an indication of net weightrather than of purity(Hd 10); Fviaucaaiov(Hc 15), and iTep(uariv6s)(Hd 20) seemto indicatethe age of the wine; vin(um)saec( ) car ( ) vil(la?)Terg(estina?) seems to indicateuse (?) and provenience (He 18). See also belowfor miscellaneousand uncertaincontents which might be wines. Four of the above wine notations are accompaniedby single letters which may perhapsbe most readilyexplained as indicationsof quality:alpha on Hd 1 and Hd 20; gammaon Hd 15; deltaon Hd 5. Perhapssimilar in significanceis the &*r-tposwhich appears along with a pricemark on He 15. Six vessels are markedas containingoil. Three o e inscriptionsare graffitiand indicatemerely that the contentswas oil: Hd 2 from the 4th centuryB.C. seemsto say that the oil is for externalrather than internaluse; Hd 4 and Hd 18, of the 1stand 3rdcenturies respectively, have the sameabbreviation, Athens inai(ov). The three dipinti, on the other hand, indicate the kind or quality of the oil: on He 7 pamrpl(avE- at Aaiov)or radishoil, weighing20 5/12 litrai(6.676 kg.), is equatedwith 27 kotyles(7.371 1., of whichthe oil weightis 9/10 or 6.655 kg.); on He 15 the priceis given for what may be secondquality white oil; on He 32 oil-leesor Tpu(yla),weighing nine litrai(2.943 kg.), occupiesa vessel of ca. 3.300 1. capacity (oil weightof a 3.276 1. chous is 9/10 or 2.943 kg.). Fivejars aremarked as honeypots, eitherimplicitly or explicitly.Implicit in the combinationof Hd 6's Studies weightCC-BY-NC-ND. notation with its capacityis the fact that its contentswas honey: that is, the 14 litrai(4.578 kg.) indicatedon the shouldercould be containedin the ca. 3.200 1. capacityonly if the contents'weight was 4/3 that of wine(4/3 x 3.052 = 4.578).Honey is explicitlynoted as contentsof threeother jars: sufficient tracesof the word Hymettosappear twice on He 29 and combinewith the noted net weightto confirm the natureof the contents.On He 33 and He 34 the genitiveof honey(iX1iTos) is followedby the weight License: Classical in litrai.Somewhat different is He 36, whichnotes the numberof xestaiof "tawnyhoney" (tavS9ou pLArtos). The of miscellaneouscontents is fromfish-sauce of variety great,ranging (garumn)to milk(yaXa). Perhaps most certainare the threejars markedas containingItalian millet: He 23, He 24 (iEEI6'v(oS) --= AivoS = p0ivr%,only. LSJ); He 41 e?Aivns.Two vessels probablycontained garum: Hd 3 reads coc(tum)ab Auso( ), employinga formulaelsewhere used for fish-sauce(C. L.L., IV, 2576, 2643, 5671ff., 9418f.); the ligature ofuse Hd 8 may be reasonablyresolved as yap(ou).Preparations of a medicalnature may perhapsbe seen School in Hd 11 ("20 partsdarnel to four partsasparagus") and Hd 21 ("diuretic").More puzzling are Hd 14, a cookie-jarshape with the inscription-rafyvia, presumably in the senseof "goodies,"and Hd 19 which reads SEarac(things put up? that is, preserves?).The Sacrraof Hd 16 are most likely liquids,and the inscriptionis to alert the readereither to the fact that dry materialsare elsewhereor that the measure (30personal units) is wet ratherthan dry. Hd 22 readsy6Aa, a clear and unambiguouslabel in contrastto the American generalizedKaprrou of He 17. Four other vessels show notationswhich may well be of contents,but certainidentification is not For © possiblesince the abbreviationsare difficultto resolve.The Kopl( ) of He 44 may be somethingflavored with coriander.The ycovo( ) and C&Ti() of I 11 and I 12 seemto parallelthe &dilvv() whichappears in nine other Tax Notation texts and so might be wine. No expansionof 'covo( ) suggestsitself, but either i&-aTovor arT-nris is possible for I 12. On 142 pev[ ]/vEXi[ (either or both) could also be wine: honeyedMendaean. It is possiblethat in Miscellaneous(K) and Unclassified(L) Notationslurk otherindications of con- tents whichhave not beenrecognized. For otherpossibilities see Ha 1, Ha 16 and Ha 40. 74 H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS Hd 1 (P 11021).PI. 41. Upperpart of 5th-century Sincethe jar holds 3.200 1., the contentscan B.C.type wine amphora.Dipinto in black on weigh 14 litrai (4.578 kg.) only if it is honey, shoulder. Context: last quarter 5th century whichis four-thirdsthe weightof wine or water. B.C. (B 15:1). Hesperia,XVIII, 1949, p. 336, Four-thirdsof 3.200 gives only 4.264 kg., but no. 102,pls. 97, 98. it seems likely that although this was only a scant chous 3.276 it was Last quarterV cent. B.C. 06rXosA i.e., 6Oos (properly 1.) thought of as six xestai, whichmay have been indicated Sigma-chifor xi is found also on ostrakaof in the largely faded second line. Six xestai of Kallixenos; see Hesperia,XIX, 1950, p. 387, wine were ten litrai; six xestai of honey would no. 22. Alphamay perhaps be takenas a number be 13% litrai, which might in turn have been indicatingcapacity (one amphoraor metretes) called 14 litrai. Thereis no questionof the 14 or quality. litrai being the weightof the jar, whichis only 1.100kg. Hd 2 (P 20294).PI. 41. Partof shoulderand upper wall of small black-glazedolpe. Graffitowritten Hd 7 (P 3058). PI.41. Upper part of amphora Athens vertically. like Robinson, Chronology,G 197. Dipinto in IV cent. B.C. T-r]O TOroOr4([sial& oTi1 black on shoulder. Context: Ist-early 3rd at Tfi T]aXafrT[pas century(J 12:1). Restorationis not certain but for example I-II cent. KV ( ) only. PerhapsKcxv&apirls olvos, but other possibili- ties exist: owner'sname; Kav(Sliov)for KviS8ov; Hd 3 (P 7529). PI. 41. Amphora of late Koan etc. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. type, like Robinson,Chronology, F 93. Dipinto in black on shoulder.Context: late 1st century Hd 8 (P 13601).P1. 41. Amphorapreserved only B.C. to early 1st century (D 11:1). H. 0.72m.; to shoulder. in red on shoulder.Con- D. 0.275m. Dipinto text: mid-lst to mid-2ndcentury (N 19:2). Late I cent. B.c.-earlyI cent. Mid-Ito mid-IIcent. (ligature) ab y&p(ou) License: coc(tum) Auso[ Classical Probably(garum) coc(tum) ab Auso[ . This Hd 9 (P 21381). PI.41. Neck and shoulder of of use of the participleis not knownto me from plainamphora (=Robinson, Chronology,H 20). elsewhere,but the ablativeof agency with fac- Dipintoin blackon shoulder.Context: first half only. turnis familiarfrom Pompeii;e.g., C.I.L., IV, 2nd century(P 8: 1). ab Umbricio. 5671ff.: g(arum)f(actum) Firsthalf II cent. (illegible) use (illegibleov School 4 41. Small with rounded Hd (P 15380). P1. jug (illegible) body, narrowneck and ridgedhandle. Graffito on shoulder. Context: 1st century (R 21:2). Thatis, raisinwine. Cf. C.LL.,IV, 5594. PH. 0.15 m.; D. 0.129 m. Hd 10 (P 10064). P1.41. Upper part of wide- I cent. .at((ov) mouthedamphora. Dipinto in blackon shoulder. personal Context: 2nd century (M 18:1). PH. 0.37 m.; American Hd 5 (P 9671). P1.41. Top of small coarse am- D. 0.25 m. phora, like Robinson, Chronology,G 197. Di- For © pinto in black on shoulder.Context: lst-2nd II cent. KaOapo9uX(iTpa)[ centuries(M 18:1). That is, weightof contentsnet. Late I-early II cent. npa.v[ A Hd 11 (P 963). P1.41. Wide-mouthedjar, similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 118. Dipinto in That is, Pramnianwine. The isolated delta black on shoulder. Context: late relateto or 2nd-early may capacity quality. 3rd centuries (I16:1). H. 0.23m.; D. 0.18m. Hd 6 (P 12373). P1.41. Wide-mouthedamphora Late II-earlyIII cent. aipco(v)K' similarto Robinson,Chronology, M 41. Dipinto a&orapayou8' in black on side. Context: late Ist-early 2nd Apparentlya decoctionof herbsmade up of centuries (N 20:5). H. 0.195m.; D. 0.188m. 20 parts of darnelto four parts of asparagus. Late I-earlyII cent. Xi(rpai)18' Cf. Dioscorides,II, 122, 152for uses of the two (orai) herbsseparately. H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS 75 Hd 12 (P 965). P1.41. Fragmentfrom neck and Hd 18 (P 5717). PI. 41. Shoulderfragment from shoulderof a large amphora.Dipinto in red on storage amphora. Graffito. Context: dumped shoulder.Context: late 2nd-early3rd centuries fill going into 3rd century(E 14:1). (I 16:1). III cent. cat(ov) Late II-earlyIII cent. racr(craov) rro( ) Hd 13 (P 17894). PI. 41. Small wheel-ridgedjug The significanceof the second abbreviation like Robinson, Chronology,M 122. Graffitoon is obscure. shoulder.Context: late 2nd to mid-3rdcenturies (C 20:1). H. 0.201 m.; D. 0.128 m. Hd 19 (P 11198). P1.42. Neck and shoulder Late II-mid-III cent. o7vou fragment of amphora with short neck and rounded rim. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Hd 14 (P 9918). P1.41. Wide-mouthedjar (= Context: late 3rd-early4th centuries(C 14:4). M Robinson, Chronology, 118). Dipinto in Late Ill-early IV cent. e0~iaTa black below lip. Context: early 3rd century (M 17:1). H. 0.217 m.; D. 0.165 m. Preserves? Athens EarlyIII cent. irrayvia Hd 20 P1.42. Small at (P 1027). storage amphora (illegible) like Robinson, Chronology,M 237. Dipinto Cf. Ephippus, fr. 24 (Kock) for this word in black on shoulder. Context: 5th century listedamong other good thingsof the table. (I16:1). H. 0.57 m.; D. 0.19 m. Hd 15 (P 12359). P1.41. Shoulderfragment of Late IV cent. A Studies TEPp(uVaVO6S) CC-BY-NC-ND. wheel-ridgedamphora. Dipinto in black on neck behind handle, running down. Context: If the dipintorefers to the contents,the word early3rd century(N 20:5). suggestedabove is most probable.The isolated EarlyIII cent. &pco( ) alphamay referto quantityor quality. r Hd 21 (P 8001). P1.42. Neck and mouth of small Perhaps &pco(panTis oTvos); cf. C.I.L., IV, License: amphora. Graffito on lower part of neck. Classical 5583: aroma( ). The gamma may refer to Found with coins of late 4th and 5th centuries. qualityor quantity. of IV-V cent. Sioup(rnTlKOv) Hd 16 (P 13605).P1. 41. Upper part of amphora only. with thick roundedlip, narrowneck and sloping Hd 22 (P 14086). P1.42. Amphora preserved shoulder.Dipinto in blackon shoulder.Context: only up to shoulder,with squat plump body first half of and rounded bottom. Dipinto in black and use 3rd century(P 19:1). School on shoulder. Mid-IIIcent. Sa'-ra graffito Context:5th-6th centuries (P18:1). PH. 0.43m.; D. 0.38m. V-VI cent. (dipinto) That is, liquids:30 (probablylitrai). y?6a (graffito) p[ Hd 17 (P 25195). PI. 41. Amphora with pointed Hd 23 (P 7985). P1.42. Fragmentfrom neck and personal toe similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 236. shoulderof plainamphora. Graffito on shoulder. American Dipinto in black on shoulder.Context: mid-3rd century (Q 17:4). Late Roman 6&pv( ) For © Mid-IIIcent. TTp&(pveosolvos) Perhapsolvos &tiveOiris or atiovd&iveivov. INTRODUCTIONTO COMBINEDNOTATIONS (He) For the most partthese 44 texts are madeup of notationsof capacity,date and contentsand so have alreadybeen discussedalong with those categories.There are two chief exceptions:notations of price; and propernames, perhaps producers, sellers or owners. The threeprices from the Greekperiod are fairlyconsistent and are expressedin knownterms: about two drachmsor one didrachm(stater) for each chous of wine(Ha 5; He 1, He 2). The six possibleprices from the Romanperiod are more uncertainboth as readingsand with regardto unitsand values.Three seem to employthe asterisk-shapedsymbol for denarius(He 16, He 17, He 38), but the threeprices for 76 H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS amountsof commoditiesaveraging about two choes are two, fifteenand fifteendenarii. The first two both date from the 2nd centurywhile the thirdis from the 4th-5th centuries,but the commoditiesmay be differentin eitherkind or quality,so that no real indicationof price fluctuationexists. Some con- firmationof the higherprice may be found in another2nd-century price (He 15): 16 drachms14for a smalljar (probablynot morethan two choes)of oil. It may be noted that in the Edictof Diocletianthe price-rangesfor wine and oil are similarto each other. The two other possibleprice inscriptions are even less certain:200 poMXeis(if doubledphi may be so taken)for six choes(He 35,4th century);500 keratia for an uncertainamount (He 25, 3rdcentury). The 4th-centuryfollis is variouslyequated (Mattingly, Roman Coins, p. 229) with twenty-four,ten or four denarii,making possible prices per chous of 800, 333 or 133 denarii.The kerationis equatedwith the siliqua(100 denarii)so that the priceper chousfor the possiblecontents of He 25 (perhapsthree choes) wouldbe a highly improbable16,666 denarii. Furthermore, the date of this vessel seems to be earlier than the Constantinianintroduction of thesiliqua, so thereis somepossibility that kerationwas used for Athens denarius(Metrolog. Script., 1, 274), in whichcase the priceper chous (at 500denarii for threechoes) would be at about 166denarii. The cumulative uncertainties of readings,equations and commodities make these price- indications(if such they are) of little value.For whatmay also be price-notationssee K 8, K 16-18;L 20. Thenames which occur on someof thesevessels have little in commonwith each other but can perhaps be groupedas follows:personal names, either abbreviated or in the genitivecase, which being painted on are most likely to be originaland so produceror sellerrather than owner(He 6, He 11, He 12, He 14, Studies HeCC-BY-NC-ND. 25, He 26, He 28); place-names(?), mostly abbreviated,which may give the provenienceof the commodity(He 14, He 18, He 23, He 24). In addition,there are other notationswhich may be serial numbers(He 8-10, He 19, He 20), one Christianmonogram (He 39) and one text whichmay add to the amountdelivered an amountstill owed (He 30). License: Classical He 1 (P 11382).P1. 42. Mouth and neck of Men- 400-390 B.C. (Q 15:2). Hesperia, XXV, 1956, daean-typeamphora. Graffito on either side p. 17, no. 71, pl. 4. of of neck. Context:third quarter 5th centuryB.C. Early IV cent. B.C. only. (R 13:4). Hesperia,XXV, 1956, p. 10, no. 44. (a) a&(cpopcos)(vaot) 8(iKa) A(v&)(v&) Third quarter V cent. B.C. (b) I(vaT)8(ka) (vaT)8(WKa) The two should be tare and net. On use X(6ES) 6(6Ka) K(o *Xn) K(OT,XTi) weights School 58(Ka) r(T'rcrfipEs) a goods-mna of 457 gm.15 the jar will have A combination of capacity and price: 10 weighed5.484 kg. and the contents9.140 kg. If choes, 2 kotyles; 10 staters. the contentswas wine, the capacitymust have been less than three choes (9.828 1.); if oil, He 2 (P 2366). P1.42. Chian amphora. Graffito rather more (three choes of oil would weigh on neck, running downward. Context: third 8.845 the breadthof the shoulders personal only kg.); quarter5th century B.C. (R 13:4). H. 0.79 m.; makesa dry materialless likely. American D. 0.31 m. Hesperia,IV, 1935, p. 496, fig. 17, no. 12, no. 58. He 4 (P 21792). P1.43. Body of large cylindrical For © 86; p. 516, fig. 28; XXV, 1956, p. amphora,missing bottom, handles and neck. Thirdquarter V cent B.C. Dipinto in black on shoulder.Context: early TrVTr) ?(s) E(Ys)X(s) 1st century(R 10:1). PH. 0.652m.; D. 0.305m. 8EKarrTrapEs Late I cent. B.C. MO(DII) 8' Both the capacity(seven choes) and the price C. FURNIO COS. (14 drachms)appear on this jar. In the Chian ANTEA dialectthe wouldbe omitted. aspirate A combination of capacity and date. For He 3 (P 23948). PI. 42. Upper part of amphora the oppositecombination of Greekletters with with spreadinglip and broad shoulder.Graffiti Romannumerals see He 19, He 20. Themeaning near base of neck on both sides. Context: of anteain this contextis not readilyapparent. 14 The Attic drachmsmay still at this time have been equated with the denarius,or at least valued at three-quarters.Cf. H. Mat- tingly, RomanCoins, London, 1960, pp. 104, 196f. 16 I.e., 105 coin-drachmsof 4.36 gm. Cf. Agora, X, pp. 2-4. H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS 77 He 5 (P 21788). P1.42. Upper part of large Thejar is too weakto be measuredfor capacity, amphorawith angularhandles and profiledlip. but cf. He 10. The numberon the other side Dipinti between handles on both shoulders. might possibly be a date on the Actian era Context:early 1st century(R 10:1). (i.e. A.D. 116), but the doubtfulfirst letter and Early I cent. (a) i?'< the comparablenotations on He 9-11 suggest o'i(KCOiaa)u(vcT) it a Xcop.. that mightbetter be takenas serialnumber. (b) af(Kco0a) I?'< (val) 1E' He 9 (P 12468). P1.44. Amphora of late Koan Tare is written on both sides; what must type similar to Robinson, Chronology,F 93. be capacity(xcdbpima ?) appears on only one side, Dipinti in red on shoulder (a) and on body and the amount(?) is largelyillegible. below handles (b). Context: second half 1st century(N20:2). H. 0.893m.; D. 0.28 m. He 6 (P 21789).P1. 43. Amphorawith ovoid body, short neck and in black Late I cent. angularlip. Dipinto e' on shoulder.Context: early 1st century (R 10:1). (a) (no longervisible) PH. 0.438 m.; D. 0.338 m. (b) (one side) i6(Siol) y' (monogram) Athens (otherside) ,aacs' EarlyI cent. li(Trpai)rl|' For drawingof monogram,see He 8, He 10, at AlOWcrvUOVu He 11; see the same for capacity.The second inscription on the body might be a serial The weight of the jar, which lacks the lower number(1246). thirdof the body, is 4.235kg. or about 13 litrai; 18 litrai are 5.886 kg. Dionysiusis presumably He 10 (P 12469).P1. 43. Amphora of late Koan the name of or for assimilation type like He 9. Dipinti in red on shoulder(a) Studies producer seller; CC-BY-NC-ND. of the vowel to the ending, cf. Meisterhans2, and on body below handles (b). Context: p. 22. Theta, which is no longer visible, may second half 1st century(N 20:2). H. 0.915m.; give the capacity:nine (choes). D. 0.25 m. He 7 P1.43. Ovoid with Late I cent. (P 21793). amphora 8' long narrow neck, vertical handles and ring (a) (one side) License: (otherside) o' Classical foot. Dipinti in black on both shoulders. Context:early 1st century (R 10:1).H. 0.447m.; (b) (one side) pO6(S6oi)y' (monogram) of D. 0.217m. (otherside) ,iu8o' Compare He 8, He 9, He 11 for capacity. only. I cent. Early The second on the the (a) X(Txpai)K' e' inscription body (with iaTrp(avcXatov) o()y(Kiai) horizontal stroke above the first two letters) (b) ]K' be a use might very large number(10,474) or an School The lower part of the kappa in (a) is lost in abbreviationof the name (?) which appearsin the break; the abbreviationof ounce is an the same position on He 11. The capacity of angular C-shapedgamma with omicron. The thejar is 27.3201.; threemodii are 26.208 1. jar holds 7.400 1. Twenty-sevenkotyles of 0.273 1. (as in the second inscription) are He 11 (P 12471). P1.43. Amphora of late Koan 7.371 1.; oil of this amount would weigh type, like He 9. Dipinti in red on body below personal 6.633 kg., or somethingover 20 litrai(20 x 327 handles. Context: second half 1st century American gm. = 6.540 kg.). (N 20:2). H. 0.92 m.; D. 0.285m. I For © Late cent. He 8 PI. 43. of late Koan (one side) O6(Stio)y' (monogram) (P 12361). Amphora (other type with horned handles(= Robinson,Chron- side) 'hEpoV8ou ology, M 54). Dipinti in red on shoulder(a) CompareHe 8-10 for capacity.The second and on body belowhandles (b). Context:second inscriptionmight be a name, not knownto me, half 1st century (N 20:2). H. 0.775m.; D. or an abbreviation:'ICpoV 5OV(?ou). 0.305m. He 12 (P 13617).P1. 44. Upper part of late Koan LateI cent. (a) (one shoulder) E' amphora, similar to Robinson, Chronology, (othershoulder) U' F 93. Dipinto in red on neck inside handle. (b) (oneside) 1o6(81ot) y' (monogram) Context:late 1st century(P 19:1). PH. 0.44 m.; (other side) .ps"' D. 0.23 m. The letters epsilon and zeta are probably Late I cent. Aiav( ) numbers.The monogrammay be read as the X(irpai)Ks"' numberthree and the abbreviationof modius. Combinationof personalname (?) with tare. 78 H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS He 13 (P 3297). P1.44. Upper part of large early The next sign is certainlythat for denarius, Roman amphora with neck tapering toward with two strokes following presumablyindi- top and handles ribbed. Dipinti in green on catingthe price. neck and shoulder Context: lst-2nd (a) (b). He 17 (P 10067). P1.44. Amphora similar to centuries(F 11:1). Robinson, Chronology,L 31 but fuller and I cent. (a) T'(oc(aov) earlier.Dipinto in black on shoulder;graffito (b) ]>' o(U)y(Kiat) i' on neck above. Context: lst-2nd centuries The first notation is here taken as contents, (M 18:1). H. 0.346 m.; D. 0.225 m. i.e., raisin wine; there are obviously other II cent. (dipinto) Kp.a ouv*lE' possibilities(e.g., TaAcai6s,for which compare i.' Ko(riXat)K6(a6os) vet(us)in C.LL., IV, 5526, 5536-8, etc.). The (graffito) 'Ill!i weight (40 litrai, 10 ounces) in the second The price of the contents is 15 denarii;the notation may be either tare or net weight; no capacity,now measuredas 5.500 1. to the lip, similarjar survives completeto be measured. is just over 191/6kotyles of 0.273 1. (5.233 1.). Athens The of the vessel is 2.185 kg., or some- He 14 PI.44. Ovoidjar preservedonly weight (P 12460). thing over six litrai (1.962kg.), as the six and at to shoulder. in black on shoulder. up Dipinto one-half strokesindicate. (If it is 151/6 Context: 2nd century (N 20:5). PH. (?) tally early kotyles they must be half of 0.728 1. xestes 0.28 m.; D. 0.25 m. [l51/, x 0.364 1.- 5.520 1.].) Early II cent. orra(pvoi)KOX?ou 'Epeveas He 18 7925). P1.44. Shoulder from six and seven (P fragment 'larbetweenjarshold an amphora.Dipinto in black. Context: late Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Similar jars hold between six and seven 2nd-early3rd centuries(D 12:1). liters so that these three stamnoi of of Kyllos Late III cent. Aug(usti)N(onae) Ereneiamight be like those reportedby Epi- II-early hold vas stig(matum) phanius (Metrolog. Script., II, 102) to ) four xestai each. Twelve xestai are 6.552 1. vin(um)saec( ) car( vil(la) Whether Kyllos made jars or wine is un- Terg(estina) License: The expansionsof the abbreviationsare not Classical certain.The name, not attestedat Athens, may be a meaningfulnickname. certain but seem to give date, contents and of provenience. He 15 (P 17128). PI. 44. Rim and neck of an only. PI. 44. Roman in on shoulder He 19 (P 11992). Large amphora amphora. Dipinti black (a) with like Chronol- and base of neck on other side Context: pear-shapedbody Robinson, (b). M 14 but longerbody and almostno neck. early2nd century(B 20:1). ogy, use Dipinti in red on neck (a) and below (b). School Early II cent. (a) &/pyi/e?( ) Context:early Roman (R 19:2). IS' &pyuvpicov II-III cent. (a) X X V (see drawing) (b) BaerEpos (b) 01 (writtendown The first letters may be &pyti&(atov) or the side) white oil, a word not attested but analogous For Roman numeralswritten in this fashion personal in form with &yptiAaosand in meaningwith see J. Egbert,Introduction to the Studyof Latin American apyf-rosXAaiou. The price is apparently 16 Inscriptions,New York, 1923, p. 75. It is drachms;for as drachm, see Hera- For © &pyupis unlikely that the number indicates capacity, clidesLembicus, frag. 6. The second inscription which can not be measuredbecause the jar is may describethe qualityof the contentsor the both weak and very large,since 25 choes is too positionof the jar in some series. much and 25 xestaitoo little. It is most likely a be He 16 (P 11634). P1.44. Amphora (=Robin- serialnumber. The secondinscription may a son, Chronology,M 90). Graffitoon shoulder. trade mark, kind of wine, or even a number. Context: second half 2nd century (M 17:1). Cf. He 20. H. 0.36 m.; D. 0.254 m. He 20 (P 12991). P1.44. Large Roman amphora Secondhalf II cent. (see drawing) like He 19. Dipintiin red on neck (a) and body, running down the side (b). H. 0.95 m.; D. 0.40 m. Since the capacityof the jar is 7.000 1., it is that the first two strokes stand for II-III cent. (a) X X I I I possible AO two choes (6.552 1.) and the two crossed (b) strokes for two additionalkotyles (0.546 1.). Cf. He 19. H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS 79 He 21 (P 10247). PI. 44. Ovoid jar with one The name in the genitive may be the pro- handle, short neck and projectinglip ridged ducer; the tare of 15 litrai is possible but can on top. Dipinto in red on shoulder.Context: not be demonstratedbecause of the jar's 3rd century(B 14:1). H. 0.362m.; D. 0.255m. presentstate. It may be that the thirdline gives the price:500 keratia(see above,p. Mid-III cent. Trav(Tracva)Ky' olvou 76). pjeAtrirvov He 26 (P 9675). PI. 45. Amphora with ovoid (two lines illegible) body taperingto ring foot. Dipinti in black on The inscriptioncombines capacity (33 ravwra- shoulder(a) and body (b). Context: 3rd cen- vai = TprpAilaor kotyles)and contents(honeyed tury (N 18:5). PH. 0.425m.; D. 0.26 m. wine). The capacityof the jar is 8.250 1. to the III cent. (a) A / Mf(Tpai),u' base of the neck, which is broken above; 33 X(Trpat)Iy' kotylesof 0.273 1. are 9.009 1. (b) Up&(vvEos) He 22 (P 9897). P1.44. Small amphora (= Rob- TT]oXuKn() inson, Chronology,M 199). Dipinto in black The capacityof the jar is ca. 13 1.; if the jar Athens on shoulder.Context: late 3rdcentury (M 17:1). held wine, the net weight would be just about 40 litrai (13.080 1.). The secondweight must be at H. 0.295m.; D. 0.188m. tare; 13 litrai is 4.251 kg.; the jar, without Late III cent. mouth and handles, now weighs 4.550 kg.; 0M7'KC0i(arTOS)X{(Tpat) y' o(O)y(Kiat) rI' presumablythere is considerablenon-soluble Kaeap(ou)Xi(Tpai) i' depositinside. The identificationof the contents The vessel weighs 1.116 kg.; three litrai and is uncertain,as is the nameof produceror seller. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. eightounces are 1.199kg. Thecapacity is 3.3001. to ten litrai of wine or water would He 27 (P 9676). PI.45. Upper part of amphora, the lip; similarto He 26. in black on shoulder. weigh3.270 and have a volumeof 3.270 1. Dipinto kg. Context: 3rd century (N 18:5). PH. 0.375m.; He 23 (P 26599). P1.45. Amphora,lacking neck, D. ca. 0.28 m. with slender ovoid body and pointed toe. III cent. (DaEApv(6s) License: Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: late Classical (see drawing) 3rd century(Q 17:7). PH. 0.51 m.; D. 0.238m. The secondline is very obscure. of Late III cent. ET(os) p95' &rro ) He 28 (P 17799).P1. 45. Upper part of amphora only. ,EsATiv(os) Mecco( with arching handles from shoulder to mid- This and the following are writtenin differ- neck. Dipinto in black on shoulder. ent hands but have the same date. The context use of the is 3rd so that the III cent. Oeo9 ( ) School date jars late century, era on which the date is based must have its KOl?p(oU)di(Trpa) Q' beginningin the secondhalf of the 1st century. Combinationof name and tare, if reading Unfortunately,the name of the persons or is correct. places from which the millet comes are so uncertainthat the era can not be localized. He 29 (P 11195). P1.45. Fragmentaryamphora personal similarto Robinson,Chronology, L 31. Dipinto in black on near handle. American He 24 (P 26601). PI. 45. Amphora with ovoid shoulder; graffito body, tall neck and vertical handles; bottom Context: 3rd-4th centuries (C 14:4). PH. For © missing. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Con- 0.336 m.; D. 0.223 m. text: late 3rd century (Q 17:7). PH. 0.54 m.; III-IV cent. (graffito) A((Tpai)AP3' D. m. 0.235 (dipinto) ] Xi(-rpac)6' Late III cent. Tr(os)p96' ] Xi(rpai) Ky' IE]XATv(os)&Tr6 TpwKcop( ) ] ...TTOU See He 23. tI.AT]OSCYP.TCO Presumablythe graffitogives the total weight He 25 (P 7405). PI. 45. Upper part of amphora of jar and contents(32 litrai). The first line of similar to K 112. Di- Robinson, Chronology, the dipinto must be the weight of the jar (9 pinto in black on shoulder. litrai)and the secondthe weightof the contents III cent. TRAivfov (23 litrai). The presentweight and capacityof KOVT( ) X(irpa) iE' the jar provide some confirmationfor these K?( ) q' figures although it is very much restored in 80 H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS plaster(which is lighterthan clay) and still has He 33 (P 11301).PI. 46. Upper part of small no mouth. The jar weighs 1.935 kg. (instead amphora, similar to Robinson, Chronology, of 2.943kg.) and holds ca. 5.500 1. Evenwithout M 238.Dipinto in blackand graffition shoulders. the two words which may be most convinc- Context:4th century(G 11:2). ingly restored as 'YI-rITTO,we should have IV cent. (graffitoon one shoulder) 1illl known that the contentswas honey, since the (graffitoon othershoulder) illIllI fact that metrologicalwriters emphasize the (dipinto, now largely illegible) OM honey weighsheavier by a third than an equal s.'< of wine or water. litrai 6oarp(xKou)Ai(rpal) quantity Twenty-three IAlITOSAi(Trpa) K5'< of honey (7.521kg.) will fit into a jar which holds three-fourthsof 7.521 1. or 5.640 1. Both tallies and the dipintoindicate that the litrai.The contents (The jar could not be located for the final jar weighedsix and one-half drawing,which is thereforebased on an earlier weighed24? litrai; and since it was honey,the sketch.) capacitymust have been only three-fourthsthe amountof water or wine neededto weigh that He 30 P1.45. Amphorawith ovoid body = Athens (P 26119). (241/ x 327 gm. 8.010kg. x 3 = 6.006 1.). and pointedtoe. Dipinto in black on shoulder. at Context: 4th century (Q 19:1). H. 0.56 m.; He 34 (P 27220). P1.46. Small wheel-ridgedam- D. 0.30 m. phora similarto Robinson,Chronology, M 238. Late III-earlyIV cent. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: 4th pEAtT(fvou)l' / 65px.(a) e' century(E 29:5). The capacityof the jar is 14.100 1.; eighteen IV cent. 6arrpKouv i(rpai)[ (now partly illegible) Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. xestai of 0.728 1. are 13.104 1. It is likely that IiArTOSA(Trpat)[ the contents is honeyed wine (pe^(TIvoSolvos) The numberof litrai is no longer legible on rather than honey; cf. He 21. The above eitherline, but compareHe 33. interpretationof the second line is somewhat and assumes that the contents of He 35 (P 16728).P1. 46. Shoulderfragment from speculative in black. Context: this jar are part payment only of a debt or large amphora. Dipinto License: 4th century(N 21:1). Classical shipment of which the greater part is still owing. IV cent. ]c ca' of He 31 (P 9806). P1.45. Amphora (= Robinson, ]X(?s) s' only. Chronology,M 230). Graffiti on shoulders, If the doubled phi stands for qoACTIs,the front (a) and back (b). Context: early 4th pricefor six choes (of wine?)will dependon the century(M 17:1). H. 0.44 m.; D. 0.285m. particularvalue assigned to thefollis; see above, use 76. School EarlyIV cent. (a) 6ca<>Trp6KouA(Trpal) IE' p. (b) &v.( )11111 He 36 (P 25175). P1.46. Amphora similar to The presentweight of 5.125 kg. is somewhat Robinson,Chronology, M 234. Dipintoin black heavierthan the calculatedweight of 15 x 327 on shoulder.Context: 4th century(Q 17:4). H. gm. = 4.905 kg., probably because of large 0.42 m.; D. 0.22 m. personal amountsof pitch insidethe jar. IV cent. 7T(AXpcowta)gav.6oU Xr-TosE(orrai) ty' American He 32 (P 12841). P1.46. Tall narrow amphora The expansion of the first letter is only with handles from shoulder to below rim. 7.098 1. For © tentative.The jar holds almost exactly Dipinto in red on neck. Context: 4th century or 13 xestaiof the 0.546 1. capacity. (O 19:1). H. 0.542m.; D. 0.17 m. 46. Neck and shoulder 0' He 37 (P 124).PI. fragment Second half IV cent. A(i{rpat) of a small wheel-ridgedamphora similar to Tpuv(yia) Robinson,Chronology, M 238. Dipinto in black on lower neck and shoulder, now almost The weight is not tare, since the jar weighs completelyfaded. or about seven and one- only 2.480 kg., only IV-V cent. 6o-p[&aKov half litrai. The capacity,however, is just about ikTpa) s' one chous (3.300 1.), and althoughone chous of wine weighs ten litrai, one chous of oil weighs nine. Hesychios(s.v.) providesevidence The inscription combines tare, capacity, of the use of rpuyyiafor oil as well as for wine. and perhapsa date in the era of Diocletian: The phi is unexplained. 139 =A.D. 423. H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS 81 He 38 (P 11357). P1.46. Upper part of small Late V-earlyVI cent. wheel-ridgedamphora. Graffiti on shoulders. (a) (orTal) XXV Context:4th-5th centuries(E 15:5). (b) wIEXivns 'Iouvlou IV-V cent. (one shoulder) e'< (c) PTi(v6s) iZ' (othershoulder) IE' 'rr6Tro wTp9eOTcoEcoS Tro (see drawingfor other signs) The capacity is 14.530 1., very close to The jar is small enoughso that five and one- 25 x 0.546 1. (13.460 1.). The contents was half (litrai) may represent tare; the other apparentlymillet. The date of the month is inscriptionmay be either price or the weight perfectlyclear, and the line below seemsto be a of the contents. command: "Let him put it up for sale from this (time) until the ...." Perhaps the line He 39 (P 12866). P1.46. Wheel-ridgedamphora which appears to connect the ecowsTOU to the similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 333. Di- date is to convey that June 17 is the terminal pinti in red on shoulder(a) and inside handle date; in that case &rr6-TO0 must be "now." It on neck (b); graffito on neck. Context: 5th is also possible that the dipinto has been lost Athens century(O 19:1). H. 0.464m.; D. 0.235m. at the end. at V cent. (dipinto)(a) (chi-rhomonogram) o-raTvo( ) / IL'< He 42 (P 1567). P1.47. Shoulderfragment of am- (b) (almostillegible and phora similarto Robinson,Chronology, M 333. not drawn) Dipinti in red on shoulder (a) and on neck (graffito) t' o(*)y(K(ai)5' behindhandle (b). Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Despite what is apparentlythe name of the VI cent. (a) ] \i' 3" jar (stamnos),this is certainlya Cypriotemodius (b) rp(6) i5[cov of 17 xestai plus (Metrolog.Script., I, 263, 272), EnTv(tEi.aEcos). i.e., 9.646 1.; its capacityis 9.800 1. to the lip. The almost illegible dipinto (b) might be the For the capacitysee He 39. For the date by abbreviation for TriVEwpiIEcos;cf. He 42. The indiction year see Tax Notations (I 1-45); here License: of the howeverits use appearsto be different. Classical present weight jar (somewhat light because restored in plaster) is 3.165kg.; ten of litraiand four ouncesare 3.383kg. He 43 (P 4618). P1.47. Amphora neck. Graffito and dipintoin red. Heonly. 40 (P 26104).PI. 47. Miniatureamphora simi- lar in shape to Robinson, Chronology,M 306. Roman (graffito) (rra]oe(lbs) Ai(Tpa) iy'< Dipinto in black just above toe ring. Context: (dipinto) KpI use 4th-5th centuries (Q 19:1). H. 0.24 m.; D. School 0.115m. The first gives tare, carelesslyscratched by the owner, and the second gives capacity, V cent. oc(a90o6s)P' &rra(ao'aov)o(O)y(kiai) X' formally painted by producer or seller. The The actual weight of the jar is 648 gm. or presumedsize of the amphora is compatible very nearly two litrai (654 gm.). The capacity with a weight of 131/2 litrai and a capacityof 22 xestai(12.012 1.). personal is 0.830 1. or slightlyover 30 ounces(0.818 1.). The abbreviationtaken here as contents American might be somethingelse. Particularlynotable is the He 44 (P 22833). P1.47. Wall fragment of am- For © location of the dipinto, suggestingthat it was phora.Two dipintiin black. to be read while the jar lay undisturbedon a Roman Kov[ shelf with the toe visible. only Kopi( ) g((orat) O' He 41 (P 12707). P1.47. Amphora with ovoid The first line might be the producer'sname, body similarto Robinson, Chronology,M 235. but since it is in a differenthand it might be Dipinto in red on neck (a); in black below (b); the contents of second use: e.g., KovSeITOv. in black on shoulder (c). Context: late 5th- The second must give contents,whether some- early 6th centuries (O 19:1). H. 0.482 m.; thing flavoredwith corianderor a tradename D. 0.293m. like Corinthian. 82 I. TAX NOTATIONS I. TAX NOTATIONS The typicaltext in this grouphas two elements:an indictiondate and an estatename. One or the other elementis missingon some vessels,perhaps because it was wornaway or becauseof a missingfragment, but it is both possibleand probablethat on all except1 1 both wereoriginally present. In almosthalf of the texts somethingfurther has been addedto the two elements,but since these additionsare far less uniformand constantthan the indictiondate and estatename, they may be consideredseparately below. The indictiondate is most oftenexpressed by an abbreviationrirwpiouatslof and an alphabeticnumber. Of the 37 texts whichpreserve the date in whole or in part 35 show this form; the two variantsseem to use the Latinword spelledwith Greekletters, i. e.,l TvSu bv with alphabeticnumerals (I 12, 44). The abbreviationof brtvrivnrislis most?irivE( often ) with the epsilon suspendedover the nu; next most frequentis -rriv() with or withouta strokeover the nu. Thereare two exceptions:an earlytext gives Athens Trr( ) EK&rris(I 4); a late and laconic one gives (rri)ve( ) (I 27). The numbers from ia to iEare most at oftenwritten in this order,but they are reversedin four examples(I 17, I 24,I 39,143). For the chronol- ogy of indictioncycles, see Kubitschek,pp. 106ff.; it is not possibleto identifythe particularcycles to whichthe yearsinscribed on the jars belong. The estatename is most often prefacedby an abbreviatedform Xcopiov. of Of the 33 texts whichseem to use this formula,27 showa chi with a suspendedomega; four lack this partof the text (9,I 10, I 23, Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 1 38); the variantsare Xcop(rov)(I 32) and X(co)p(fou)(I 45). Anotherformula appears on threevessels from the early4th and 5th centuries:a Trowith the genitiveplural (14) or with abbreviations( 11,I 12). Often the estate names with Xcpiou too are abbreviated,but those given in full are all in the genitive case (15, 119,110,119,120,123-25,127-29, 31,132,134,36-38,140,141). And since some of these are adjectives, it may be right to assume that Xcopiouitself is in the genitive case. Concerning estate names License: Classical generallythe best sourcesare .LG., II112, 2776 and the cadastralinscriptions from Lesbos(I. G., XII 2, XII Thera XII Kos G. R. Tralles of 76ff.), Astypalaia(.L G., 3, 180ff.), (L.G., 3, 343ff.), (L. P., IV, 1083), (B. C. H., IV, 1880, pp. 336-338) and Magnesia (0. Kern, Inschriften von Magnesia am Maeander, Berlin,only. 1900, no. 122).Estate names on thesejars, like those in the cadastralinscriptions, seem to be of variouskinds. Most have referenceto naturalfeatures such as a spring(1 27), or hills (14, I 5), the sea (1use 33, 35), kinds of trees (1 19, 34, 45) or some more generalaspect of the scene (1 18, I 36, I 37, School I I I I 40,I 41,I 43). A few are known by the names of persons(1 20, I 25), officials(1 9), nearbyshrines (128, I 29,131) or a relevantplace name (1 23). Manyare too abbreviatedor uncertainto be categorized. The combinationof indictiondates and estatenames of the sort foundin the tax registersmakes clear the originalfunction of these vesselsas containersfor taxes in kind paid in varioustax yearsby various estates.personal It was Diocletianwho institutedthe system of annual paymentsin kind based on elaborate American censusrecords of the sort we havefrom Lesbos, etc., but the actualbeginning of the fifteen-yearindiction came in A. D. 3121 so that it is no coincidencethat our earliesttax notationsdate from the For © cycles only early 4th century.2 Not only do the inscriptionson the jars indicatethat they representthe paymentof taxesin kind but also the remarkableconcentration of the inscribedjars in and aroundone buildingsuggests the use to whichthe contentsmust have been put. Twenty-fiveof the jars belowwere found in wellslocated in four squaresof the Agora grid (0-P 18-19);3fifteen more were found in squareseither adjacent or one re- 1 For a general discussion of indictionesor annual levies in kind see A. H. M. Jones, The Later RomanEmpire, Oxford, 1964, pp. 61ff., 448ff. 2 1 is included in this group because it employs the estate abbreviation,but the differentform of the vessel and its late 3rd- century date set it apart from the rest of the series. 80 18: I 17-19, 123,124,128-34 P 18: I 35-37, 141 019:15,16,115 P 19:19,120-22,125,126 I. TAX NOTATIONS 83 moved.4The building in questionis a LateRoman structure mostly in squares0-P 18-19with some out- lyingparts in adjacentsquares. The largesize of the buildingmakes likely a publicfunction; its domestic features(wells, courtyards)suggest that it was no tax collector'swarehouse; and the presenceof so many inscribedjars in the wells may indicatethat they wereemptied on the spot. Some kind of official householdwith a large residentpopulation is likely, eithercivil or military,to whom the taxes in kind could have been issuedas rations. Of the other notations on these jars the most frequentis probablythat indicatingcontents. Nine vessels (I 7, I 10, I 16, I 19, I 20, I 25, I 29, I 40, I 45) show some form of 'ALcvaos,5a wine so called from the very specialvines (Pliny,N. H., XIV, 4, 21) originallygrown in Aminaea,a regionin Picenum, but later grown everywhere(loc. cit., 4, 36). The presumptionis that only special wines were labeled, but that all these similarvessels had wine as theircontents. The otherabbreviations which might be special wines are: a&wr() (I 12); irpap( ) (I 13); pev[ ] pEXt[(I 42). Capacityor net weightis noted on 15,110, I 12,118,121,123,124,126,132. Tareappears only on Athens 17, whole notationsof date occur on I 17, I 23, I 44. All these are discussedin the introductionsto the at appropriatecategories. Additional and unexplainednotations are found on 1 8,111,124. The jars on which all these inscriptionsappear are of four main types; only the first and the last (I 1, I 45) are demonstrablydifferent; three others(1 8, I 10, I 14) are too fragmentaryto be classified. Withinthe generaluniformity the variationsin fabricand in the thin-glazewash and the slightdifferences in the treatmentof feet and handlesseem to indicatea varietyof provenienceswhich coincides well with Studies theCC-BY-NC-ND. interpretationof thesejars as paymentof taxes in kind from variousestates in a fairlylarge area. The largestgroup (Type I)6 is made up of tall jars with narrownecks and one handle.Next most nu- merousare thejars (TypeII)7 with two handlesand ovoidbody narrowing sharply to a smallpointed toe: thesebelong to the late 5th and 6th centuriesand seemto havereplaced the thirdtype. Thejars of Type III8are similarto those of Type II exceptthat they have a small ring foot. Fewest of all are the two- License: Classical handledjars (Type IV)9of soft orangeclay with wheel-ridgedbody taperingalmost without a curve from the shoulderto the toe. Becauseof the generaluniformity not only of shapesbut also of contexts of for thesevessels, it seemsunnecessary to give individualcontext dates. Instead, the type as in the above classificationonly. is given. All inscriptionsare writtenon the shoulderof the jar with blackpaint unless indicated otherwise. use School I 1 (P 9681). P1.48. Rim and wall fragmentof 1 3 (P 9808). P1.48. Amphorawith ovoid body pithos. Dipinto in black on upper wall. Con- on false ring foot (= Robinson, Chronology, text: N 18:5. M 233).Type III. Context:M 17:1. H. 0.466m.; Latepersonal III cent. Xco(piou)P9[ D. 0.271m. 1' American 1 2 (P 12261).P1. 48. Amphorawith ovoid body, EarlyIV cent. frrl(VEPoC?os) similarto P For © Robinson,Chronology, pl. 40, 16704. I4 (P10265). P. 48. Narrow-neckedovoid jar Early variant of Type II. Context: N 20:5. with one handle and small flat bottom, pre- H. 0.515 D. 0.254m. m.; decessor of Robinson, Chronology, M 315. Early IV cent. wnMv(Elacrscos)E' Type I. Context: M 18:4. PH. 0.54 m.; D. (traces) 0.26 m. 4 M 17: I3 N 18: I1 Q 17: I27,139,140,144,145 M 18: I4,I16 N20:1 2, I17 Q 19:I43 N21: I10-12 5 Various forms: 'Avivvios(Ed. Diocl., 2,4); 'AgvvaTos(Diosc. 5,19); 'ApivaTos(Hesych. s.v.); 'AlpivaTos 6 (Geoponica,VIII, 22,1). 1 4, 1 5, 17, I 25-40. See Robinson, Chronology,M 315 for a late example. 7 1 20-24, I 41-43. For early variants (I 2, 1 9) see Robinson, Chronology,pl. 40, P 16074; M 236. 8 3, I 6, I 13,1I 15-19. See Robinson, Chronology,M 233, M 302, M 324. 9I 11,1 12. See Robinson, Chronology,M 334. 84 I. TAX NOTATIONS EarlyIV cent. &oT6TptKoXcbvcov Late IV-V cent. e[Tnv(E1direcos)]8' ?7r(IVE|jirCOS) SEKOTTis EXAscO[Vo]vErTv(q.e?aecoS) S' The variantforms of both estate name and It is not clear that anythinglike xco(piou)or indictiondate mark this out as an earlyexample, Tor6was writtenin front of the wordfor "stew- perhaps before standardization."Three hills" ards." It might be that the jar was markednot seemsa possiblename for an estate. with its proveniencebut with its prospective users-a specialvintage too good for ordinary I 5 (P 12874). P1.48. Narrow-neckedovoid jar rations. with one handleand small flat bottom, similar to 14. Type I. Context: 019:1. H. 0.562m.; I 10 (P 15766).PI. 49. Wall and shoulderfragment D. 0.228m. of amphorawith ovoid body. Context:N 21: 1. EarlyIV cent. ]trr]w(Fioicos)y' Xco(piou) Pouvo-v EarlyV cent. [xco(piou)---]avcov 'A!uiv(vaTos) E(aoTai)1S' 0' Gamma is probably right for the date, IKE'E lv(E?4o'6COs)t13' although it is obscuredby a diagonal stroke, The beginning of the estate name, which Athens which may indicate that the previousword is seemsto be genitiveplural, is lost. The contents abbreviatedor that the gamma itself is a follow on the same line. In the secondline the at number.For the estatename, cf. BouvvsEv BapOp number27 seems to be too large for capacity from Tralles(B.C.H., IV, 1880,pp. 336ff.) and (27 xestai are 14.742 1.) or tare (27 litrai are Bouviov(Kern, Inschriftenvon Magnesia am 8.829kg.); it couldbe the weightof the contents Maeander,no. 122); the referenceis obviously (i.e., 8.829 kg. would be about 16 xestai of topographical.The jar now holds 7.800 1.; wine). The theta betweenthe lines is probably Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 14 xestai of 0.546 1. are 7.644 1. the numbernine, but its applicationis obscure. I 6 (P 12827).PI. 48. Amphorawith ovoid body I 11 (P 15784).PI. 49. Tall amphorawith wheel- and small ring foot, similarto 1 3 but plumper. ridged body taperingto pointed bottom, like Type III. Context: 0 19:1. H. 0.47m.; D. Robinson, Chronology,M 334. Type IV. Con- 0.308m. text: N21:1. H. 0.59 m.; D. 0.20m. License: IV cent. EarlyV cent. i]-rrv(e6icr?cos)ca' ) Classical Late Xco(piov)Trr( ) Ka( ) ycovo( Note that the dots above upsilonand kappa arr6 OUIK( ) AA of may indicateabbreviations. It is unclearwhether The word after the indiction year might be to the kind of wine but seemsnot only. the estate name is made up of two words,e.g., expected give uvnr6Ka(XXipp6Ov) or whether the secondelement to be otherwiseknown. For the abbreviated might be a number, e.g., Xco(piou)Cr(&rou), estate name cf. BtKtavosat Magnesia on the use 21, perhapsindicating capacity. Maeander(Kern, loc. cit. [I 5]). The reading School and interpretationof the following two letters 1 7 (P 12262). P1.48. Narrow-neckedovoid jar are uncertain. similar to I 4. Type I. Context: N 20:5. PH. 0.465m.; D. 0.238m. I 12 (P 16679). PI. 49. Upper part of amphora like I 11. IV. Context:N 21: 1. IV cent. bivs(lio'aEcos)E' 'Apuv(valos) Type EarlyV cent. personal XE(iTpat)1p' Xf(Tpai) K' aTr( ) v58(1 EarlyV cent. Xco(piou)wAx ( ) 1939-71, p. 204) must have influenced even (traces) Attic purists. The ways in which the estate name could be 1 20 (P 13433).P1. 50. Amphorawith ovoid body completed are various; cf. L 43. The traces and short rounded toe. Type II. Context: below might be TTp...(vEios). P 19:1. H. 0.385 m.; D. 0.215 m. I 14 (P 5623). P1.49. Neck fragmentof narrow- Late V-VI cent. Xco(piou)lTacrxrrou mouthedjar. Context:N 13:1. 'Ag,vv(aTos)krrivE(pn?oaEcoS) r)' V cent. XCo(p(ou).&rrop[ The estate is apparentlythat of Pasippus; for the single instead of the double consonant The indiction year may have been written in this see 73. below. period Meisterhans2,p. 1 21 (P 13468).P1. 50. Amphora,similar to 1 20. I 15 (P 12710).P1. 49. Amphorawith ovoid body Type II. Dipinti in both black and red. Con- similar to 1 17. Type III. Context: 0 19:1. text: P 19:1. H. 0.47 m.; D. 0.28 m. PH. 0.368 m.; D. 0.237 m. Athens Late V-VI cent. (black) Triv(6Eio'Ecos)ti3' V cent. 0 Xco(piou) ( ) Tnve(VrioEcos)cs' Xco(p(ou)[ at The first part of the line could as well be (red) (koarat)ie' x6(Es)0' from the palaeographicalpoint of The capacityis 12.7501., whichis somewhat view, but the certainty of the indiction date morethan 15 xestai of the 0.728 1. size(10.920 1.). may make the estate interpretationeasier. The (Dipintinow barelyvisible.) estate may have been known by a number 1 22 (P 13474).P1. 50. Amphora,similar to 1 20. Studies ratherthan a name. CC-BY-NC-ND. Type II. Context: P 19:1. PH. 0.42 m.; 1 16 (P 14018).P1. 49. Amphorawith ovoid body D. 0.275m. and false similar to I 17. III. ring foot, Type Late V-VI cent. is' Context:M 18:4. PH. 0.37 m.; D. 0.23 m. rtlvE(aicrcos) Traces of letters on the broken above Late V-VI cent. IE' edge ]TrtV(E^Ecrecos) 'Agtvv(aTos) may be the remnantsof the estatename. License: Only indiction year and contents are now Classical visible. I 23 (P 13160). P1.50. Upper part of amphora like 1 20. Type II. Context:0 18:1. of 1 17 (P 13178).P1. 50. Amphorawith ovoid body Late V-VI cent. andonly. small ring foot, similar to Robinson, iE' KT-eioUs' M 324. III. Context:0 18:1. 6WtV(EPIsco) Ir)(vO6) Chronology, Type [Xoo(piou)]MEOivrns g(Eorat) t' H. 0.456 m.; D. 0.26 m. o(u)y(Kaa)y A of use completejar similarshape and approxi- School Late V-VI cent. a' El' IA(rlvos) nrrve(Iji'aooS) mate size (I 20) holds 6.500 1., so that the I 18 (P 13148).P1. 50. Amphorawith ovoid body, presentxestai might have been either size: 10 similar to 1 17. Type III. Context: 0 18:1. and 3/20 x 0.546 1. = 5.542 1. or 10 and H. 0.407 m.; D. 0.24 m. 3/20 x 0.728 1. = 7.362 1. Late V-VI cent. FwmvE(QcEcos)I' I 24 (P 13147). P1.50. Upper part of amphora, personal X&)(piou)cyopi(ou) similarto I 20. Type II. Dipinto in red. Con- American (eorTa) t' text: 0 18:1. The estate be see Meister- Late V-VI cent. For © may oyop 1 26 (P 13467). P1.51. Tapered jar, similar to Late V-VI cent. Xco(piou)Batcov 125. I. Context: P 19:1. PH. 0.535m.; Type Cf. xco(piou)Batas in Magnesia (Kern, loc. cit. D. 0.198m. lI 51). Late V-VI cent. Trnv(e?fircos)a' E(o'rrat)ai' I 35 (P 12863). P1. 52. Tapered jar similar to I. Context: P 18:2. PH. is 6.210 11 x 0.546 1. = 125. Type 0.555m.; The capacity 1.; D. 0.231 m. 6.006 1. VI cent. ErivE?(fcrEcos)0' 1 27 (P 25064).P1. 51. Taperedjar, similarto I 25. (traces) Type I. Context: Q17:4. PH. 0.505m.; Xco(piou) 'rapa,iou D. 0.205m. (traces) Late V-VI cent. Xco(piou)-rrniyis The traces in the second and fourth lines (mI)vE(6or?os) Y look like earlier(more faded) versions of the firstand thirdlines. 1 28 (P 13182).P1. 51. Taperedjar, missing neck Athens and mouth, similar to 1 25. Type I. Context: 1 36 (P 13063).P1. 52. Mouth and neck fragment at 0 18:1. PH. 0.432m.; D. 0.225m. of jar like 1 25. Context:P 18:2. Late V-VI cent. rin[ VI cent. Xco(piou)Kevfis E[tv(EixaEco5s) xco(piou)p( ) MfOpou PerhapsKaivqs? Cf. 1 18. The beta in the secondline may be a number, e.g., the secondfield of Mithras,or an abbrevi- 137 (P 13065). P1.52. Tapered jar like 1 25. Studies ationCC-BY-NC-ND. of popeioSor pcoi6osor pouvoXstov. Type I. Context: P 18:2. PH. 0.465 m.; D. 0.205 m. 1 29 13188). P1. 51. Shoulder fragment of jar (P xSv 18' like 1 25. Type I. Context:0 18:1. VI cent. xco(piou) E?hiv(Eraorcos) Late V-VI cent. rw[iv(Eao?cos).'A]i]v(vacos) 1 38 (P 1461).P1. 52. Wall and shoulderfragment Xco(pio)p( ) Miep[ou of like 1 25. I. Context: mixed fill License: jar Type Classical (G-H 16-17). I 30 (P 13170). P1. 51. Shoulder fragment of jar of like 1 25. Type I. Context:0 18:1. VI cent. ]Eou bE]tv(~iE(?os) 8' Lateonly. V-VI cent. xco(piou)Tlpia[ e.g., nlpiaxrEou I 39 P1. 52. Tapered jar like I25. 1 31 (P 13171). P1. 51. Shoulder fragment of jar (P 25048). Type I. Context: Q 17:4. PH. 0.555 m.; likeuse 1 25. Type I. Context:0 18:1. School D. 0.20 m. Late V-VI cent. VI cent. Xco(piou)rrpoK( ) Xco(pfou) lepoUkrIVE(l6a?wcoS) ta' MlVe?(pJ JCOS) El' I 32 (P 13151). P1.51. Shoulderfragment of jar The estate name might be anything from like 1 25. Type I. Context:0 18:1. TrrpoKEiEvoVto TTp6KAou. personal ta' Late V-VI cent. hrTv(EgncrEcoS) like 1 25. American o' 1 40 (P 26691). P1.52. Tapered jar Ka0(apoO)o(O)y(Kiai) Type I. Context: Q 17:7. PH. 0.47 m.; D. For © Xco(pfou)'AXco( ) &ypou 0.21 m. The capacity of similar jars is about 5?/2 VI cent. ?TrvE?(ji6cEcos)Iy' liters, which would give a net weight of 200 Xco(piou) oVKO6Aou'Aiuv[vcTios ounces (5.460 kg.) or 10 xestai of wine. For a personal name (?) with &ypou as an estate PerhapsayK AXosor oruyKo?.os? namecf. Tralles(B.C.H., IV, 1880,pp. 336-338). 1 41 (P 13064). P1. 53. Upper part of amphora 1 33 (P 13157). P1.52. Shoulderfragment of jar similarto 1 20. Type II. Context:P 18:2. like 1 25. Type I. Context:0 18:1. VI cent. Xco(piou)[N]?Epv Late V-VI cent. Xco(pfou)Eca[ e.g., Eixou 'A[tv]v(caos)iTnve(l~fq|o~os) S' 0' iTrv(e6aoecos) 1 42 (P 12152). P1.53. Shoulder fragment of II. Context: I 34 (P 13169). PI. 52. Shoulder fragment of jar amphora similar to 120. Type like 1 25. Type I. Context:0 18:1. Late Roman. J. CHRISTIAN INSCRIPTIONS 87 VI cent. Mev[ Year 239 of Diocletian was A.D. 523; the third year of the appropriateindiction cycle xco[ began in September A.D. 524. This might be an (traces) error? Or the number has some other signi- PerhapsMendaean wine with honey? ficance? 1 43 (P 26083). P1.53. Amphora similar to I 20, 145 (P 26690). P1.53. Amphora with wheel- with more elongatedbody. Type II. Context: ridgedcylindrical body and round bottom like Q 19:1. H. 0.42 m.; D. 0.18 m. Robinson,Chronology, M 333. Dipinti in black and red on shoulder. Context: 17:7. H. VI cent. + &Kev( ) mTnv?(uiaoscos)pt' Q Xco(pfou) 0.47 m.; D. 0.27 m. The cross be Christian.The estate name may VI cent. may bevariously completed, e.g. acxaivn. 6o&crpos, (black) rTiv?(E(7?ecos)ty' x(co)p(ou) 'Axpa( ) 1 44 (P 26694). P1.53. Amphora of same fabric pouvaios .. . .ivios as I 11 and of same generalshape but shorter (red) (faint tracesof abbreviationfor xestes) Athens and with small flat base. IV. Context: Type This jar, as the only one of its kind with an Q 17:7. H. 0.43 m.; D. 0.128 m. at indiction date, was probablyre-used. Presum- VI cent. iv8(iKTrcovos)y' ably an alternatespelling of 'Amivvcaosand a (writtenvertically) eAX' specialvintage from the hills. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. J. CHRISTIAN INSCRIPTIONS Includedhere are vesselswhich have Christianinscriptions only. Symbolsthat are most easily inter- pretedas Christianalso appearin companywith other notations on F 322-324,Ha 46, Hc 22, He 39, I 43. ForLicense: parallelsand generaldiscussion see C.L.L.,XV, 4889ff.and F. Cabroland H. LeClerq,Dictionnaire Classical d'archeologie chretienne et de liturgie, Paris, 1924-53, s.vv. amphores, chrisme, inscriptions. For the of specificproblem presented by X M r, see W. K. Prentice,Cl. Phil., IX, 1914,pp. 410-416, who argues foronly. XpiorosMapias yivva in preferenceto XpiarosMiXa?A9 rappiiA. J 7, J 8 below give support to Prentice'sview, sinceSe(oi) or $(Eo0)is substitutedfor the mu. use School J 1 (P 7544). P1.53. Fragmentof small amphora EarlyV cent. (chi-rhomonogram) preservingpart of rim, neck and shoulderwith rTiS Tiapeevou one handle. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Found with coins of 4th-5th centuries. J 5 (P 9756). P1.53. Amphora neck. Dipinto in red. Context: 5th century(B 14:1). IV-V cent. '1q](chi-rho monogram)aou personal V cent. XMr J 2 (P 9766). P1.53. Amphoraneck and shoulder American J 6 P1.53. like with plain thickened rim. Dipinto in red on (P 12713). Amphora Robinson, P 16074. in black For © shoulder.Context: 4th-5th centuries(K 18:1). Chronology,pl. 40, Dipinto on shoulder. Context: 5th century (O 19:1). IV-V cent. X M r H. 0.503m.; D. 0.246m. J 3 (P 16313). P1.53. Wall fragment from tall V cent. M one-handled jar like Robinson, Chronology, eoss pon)e6s M 315. Context: 4th-5th centuries (K 18:1). The mu might stand for 40 (kotyles) or IV-V cent. XMF (verticalto jar) "modius"; both measureswould be possible. Orit mightbe for contents,e.g., pEAl. J 4 (P 25133).P1. 53. Small ribbedpitcher similar J 7 (P 13060).P1. 54. Small amphorawith cylin- to Robinson, Chronology,M 291. Graffitoon drical wheel-ridgedbody and short narrow shoulder.Context: early 5th century(Q 17:4). neck. Dipinti in red on neck (a) and body (b), H. 0.175 m.; D. 0.13 m. Hesperia, XXV, 1956, (c). Context: 5th-6th centuries (P 18:1). PH. p. 54, pl. 14,b. 0.49 m.; D. 0.202 m. 88 K. MISCELLANEOUS NOTATIONS V-VI cent. (a) X r J 10 (P 3756). P1.54. Shoulder fragment from e(oO) small amphora.Dipinto in black on shoulder. (b) Tp.( ) Late Roman X M r (c) xaaTrTo( ) J 8 (P 13087). P1.54. Fragmentfrom neck and J 11 (P 15075). P1.54. Neck and shoulder of shoulderof amphora.Dipinto in red on neck. amphora.Dipinto in blackat base of neck. Found with potteryof 6th century. Late Roman X M r VI cent. X e r J 12 (P 15560).P1. 54. Shoulderfragment of am- J 9 (P 10564). P1. 54. Tall one-handled jar (= phora.Dipinto in red. Robinson, Chronology,M 315). Graffito on wall. Context: late 6th century (D 15:2). Late Roman X M r H. 0.52m.; D.0.183m. Late VI cent. (chi-rhomonogram) Athens at K. MISCELLANEOUS NOTATIONS Includedin this groupare textswhich can be readand interpretedbut whichdo not belongto one of the largerclasses. Probableprices (K 8, K 16-18)1are more numerousthan anythingelse. Numbers Studies withoutCC-BY-NC-ND. definition are also frequent(K 9, K 14, K 15, K 19). Othersare one or two of a kind:vessel name (K 1, K 10); message(K 2, K 3); signature(K 4, K 6); gamecounter (K 12); equation(K 13, K 14). All of these can be most convenientlydiscussed under the individualitems. K 1 (P 18276).P1. 54. Wellhead.Graffiti on side VI cent. B.C. dyoVI9Ov wT6po[v wall,License: outside. Context: second quarter 6th Classical Perhapsa mascotprepared a B.C. by boy entering century (A 17:1). Hesperia,XVIII, 1949, a contest: "agonisticresource." of p. 119. Second VI cent. B.C. K 4 (P 12181).P1. 54. Wall fragmentfrom thin- only. quarter walled vessel, with brownishglaze inside and (a) (upsidedown) icr[e]Oiov use "Neck of Late VI-early V cent. B.C. ]s gypa[gcrs School well." The Greek term is perhaps more sensiblethan our "wellhead."The name Presumablysignature of owner, since it is may be of the owner. incised. K 2 (P 4233). P1.54. Black-glazedfragment, per- K 5 (P 16791). P1.54. Fragmentfrom base and haps from lower wall of skyphos. Graffitoon floor of black-glazedstemless bowl. Graffitoon almost written outside.personal Found with 6th- to 5th-centuryB.C. inside, certainly when the vessel pottery. was whole sinceit followsthe curveof the wall; American subsequentlybroken in half and chippedaround VI cent. B.C. Ele]iyois 9*Tr[pas For © the edges.Context: late 6thcentury B.c. (G 15:1). Compare C.L.G., I, 545: Kr The second line is written retrograde."So Not a statementof capacity but a note of and so checkedthe account"? equivalence: one chous equals six xestai. Perhapswritten on the sherd. K7 (P 25909). P1.55. Fragment from floor of black-glazedbowl. Graffitoon inside. K 14 (P 19861). PI. 55. Fragmentfrom neck of V cent. B.C. XEX large amphorawith profiledlip. Dipinto in red on neck. "You pour" (x?ts)is perhaps more proper but less sensible than Xia((a), whether as Late Hellenistic ]IE' expletiveor definitionof the vessel'suse. XL]V K 8 (P 19389).P1. 55. Part of flat-toppedrim and Obviously Greek and Roman numerals, shoulderof a large pithos. Graffitoon upper perhapsequated. surfaceof rim. K 15 (P 21773). P1.55. Fragmentfrom neck of IV cent. B.C. I!11 111' large amphora with profiled rim. Dipinto in Athens Tallyingand price: nine drachmas(and one red on neck.Context: early 1st century (R 10:1). obol?). at EarlyI cent. XXXV[ K 9 (P 20373). P1.55. Shoulder fragment from CompareHe 19 for the method of writing jug. Dipinto in black. Found with sherds of the tens. 4th-3rd centuriesB.C. K 16 55. IV-III cent. B.C. A KY (P 12478). P1. Amphora similar to Studies M 12. CC-BY-NC-ND. Robinson,Chronology, Dipinto in black Presumablya number, but since the last on shoulder. Context: first half 1st century sign might be seen either as upsilon (400) or (N 20:5). H. 0.395 m.; D. 0.28 m. the drachm-symbol,the readingmight be either "424" or "24 drachms." First half I cent. 8rl(vapta)p[ Presumablyprice, probably of contents. K 10 (P3983). PI. 55. Amphora with almost License: Classical cylindricalbody and small toe. Lettersincised K 17 (P 10268).PI. 55. Amphorasimilar to Rob- beforefiring at base of neck. Context:3rd-2nd inson, M 234. in of Chronology, Dipinto black centuriesB.c. l: (G 1). PH. 0.615m.; D. 0.314m. on shoulder. Context: 4th century (M 18:4). only. III-II cent. B.C. &a(qopeCis)AtorTiou H. (restored) 0.53 m.; D. 0.27 m. The part of the handles where a stamp IV cent. vo({faac-raT)acr' have been is but the use might missing, inscription See Metrolog. I, 253 for School made before the name. Script., p. equi- firingmay give potter's valencebetween nomisma and denarius. K 11 (P 17070). P1.55. Amphora handle. Graf- fito on top. Found with Hellenisticsherds. K 18 (P 11307). P1.55. Fusiform wheel-ridged jar with one handle,like Robinson,Chronology, Hellenistic ap(opEOs) M 240. Dipinto in black beneath handle. personal Perhapsthe other handlecarried the potter's Context:4th century(G 11:2). American name; cf. K 10. The abbreviationmight be IV cent. expandedin otherways. KaAwTr(os) For © Bp(axvait)e' K 12 (P 22976). P1.55. A roughly circulardisc This form of the word is more frequentthan cut from the wall of a pot, glazed inside and either KaXAirior Ka&XTros.The inscription presu- out. Graffition both sides. mablyrecords the priceof the jar. Hellenistic (inside) 'HpaAsoous / 'ApEos (outside) Mouacov/ NiKcov K 19 (P 7628). P1.55. Neck and shoulderof one- handledjar similar to Robinson, Chronology, Piece for a game like checkers?Cf. British M 315. Graffition eitherside of shoulder. Museum, Guide to the ExhibitionIllustrating Greekand RomanLife3, London, 1929,p. 203. VI cent. XII K 13 P1.55. (P 5506). Fragment from base of The numberis in largeamphora neck. Graffitoon outside. given both Latinand Greek; why the Greek should be largerby one-halfis Late Hellenistic xoJs ~(o-rat)s' obscure. 90 L. UNCLASSIFIED NOTATIONS L. UNCLASSIFIED NOTATIONS Littlecan be saidof this groupas a wholesince the variousitems have only theirobscurity in common. But becauseunintelligibility is only relativeto the reader'sunderstanding, it has seemednecessary and worthwhile to include them in the hope that some at least will come clear. L 1 (P 14670). P1.56. Wall fragmentsof pithos Context: fourth quarter5th centuryB.C. (B 13:5). with incised decoration,similar to Brann, no. Fourth quarter 5th cent. B.C. ]EIE 609. Graffito on outside. Context: early 5th ]H2HZ; century B.C. (G 3:1). The letters are very uncertain. Perhaps a VII-VI cent. B.C. ]. EAIHA namein the vocativewith a negativecommand, ]ANIA e.g., ji/ Sillycn~s. Athens L 2 PI. 56. cut L 7 (P 12965). P1.56. Rim fragment of large- at (P 24998). Roughly oblong piece from the side wall of a marks mouthedvessel with broad shoulderand short large pot (wheel verticalrim. Graffitoon shoulder. visible) while the clay was still soft. Letters incised outside, also in soft clay. Context: Late V cent. B.C. U]-rraieplos6p3oA6[S mid-6th century B.C.(Q 13:5). But why a "spit in the open air"? A cook- Mid-VI cent. B.C. AE out?Or is it ivrraiOepo6 P6Bos? Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Was the piece cut out and fired with the L 8 (P 17125).PI. 56. Black-glazedskyphos. Graf- intentionof usingit as a plug?Or is it a counter? fito besidehandle. Context: late 5th centuryB.C. If so, why is it cut from a pot? (A 20-21:1). Hesperia,XVI, 1947,p. 212. Late V cent. B.C. Tr use A namelike Demodokos? School L4 P1.56. Wall fragment of heavy (P7820). L 10 PI. 56. Wall of lekane. lekane with black glaze inside. Graffitoinside. (P 23130). fragment Graffito on inside, probably written on the VI cent. B.C. ]ETAe[ sherd.Found with 5th-centuryB.C. pottery. Not apparentlypart of a name. Perhapsa V cent. B.C. TnOY lnE phrase, e.g., I-ra e6cov?Or a fragment of a personal The scored above (see drawing)may spelled-outabecedarium: zeta eta theta? triangle American have been a letter? L 5 P1.56. Rim from For © (P9483). fragment large L 11 P1.56. Small terracotta with band. (MC 1011). plaque, krater decorated slanting palmette brokenat one end; daub of clay ddedto other Graffitiin reservedbands above (a) and below end. Graffitoon back face. (b) band of palmettes.Context: mid-5th cen- tury B.C. (C9:6). Hesperia, Suppl.V, p. 142, V cent. B.C. JIVIKt fig. 69, 30; 70,b. Dative for a tag? E.g., rTC(oliVIKI ? First half V cent. B.C. (a) (see drawing) L 12 (P 9986).P1. 56. Part of base of heavyblack- (b) (see drawing) glazedskyphos. Graffito on underside. Apparentlymeaningless. They may represent V cent. B.C. Tacr( ) 6 'lC[aL]i L 13 (P 8203).P1. 56. Threefragments from upper L 19 (P 23274). P1.56. Fragment of plain lid wall of black-glazed skyphos, one (a) with with flat-toppedknob. Dipinto in black near tracesof handleattachment, and two (b,c) with rim. rim. Graffito on outside. Context: second Hellenistic &p.vco[v quarter4th centuryB.C. (B 12:5). Second IV cent. B.c. quarter Al[ ].IQ[ ]ENEIA[ Perhaps cover of vessel containingvarious Manyrestorations are possible,e.g., Ai[oviOacp kinds of fish (cf. Ath., VII, 306c). X,a]fco[veii]EvEda. Even the order of the pieces is uncertain. L 20 (P 15741).P1. 57. Mouth and part of neck of amphorawith heavy profiledrim. Dipinto L 14 (P 6904). P1.56. Base of black-glazedbowl in black on neck. with ring foot. Graffitoon underside,circling around. Found with 5th- to 4th-centuriesB.C. II-I cent. B.C. (monogram) Spa(X,ali)y' pottery. L 21 (P 15200).P1. 57. Fragmentfrom flat bottom IV cent. B.C. -rT Athens cvo )oifrs ir&pos of heavycoarse pot. Graffitoon underside. The writer did not finish the inscription, Late Hellenistic IXTA[ at probably because he had come almost full PIAX[ circle and there seemedto be no room for the an of !o-rrill? object of the verb. Lettersare not orientedin Perhaps imperative any consistent direction; generally the work L 22 (P 20839).P1. 57. Neck fragmentof amphora. looks incompetentenough to suggest that the Blackdipinto at base of neck. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. syntax might be so too. Perhaps a message hoping that the addresseemight restore the Late Hellenistic Eu6upa&vou[s fragmentsof the pot as before! (illegible) Name of or seller? L 15 (P 18420). P1.56. Base of black-glazed producer skyphos.Graffito on underside. L23 (P 20657). PI. 57. Upper part of amphora License: IV cent. B.C. with rolled rim and vertical handles. Dipinto Classical (see drawing) in red on neck and shoulder Perhapsto be read as Tro( ) and the sign (a) upper (b). of Context: last 1st B.C. to for two drachmswritten twice. The sherdmay quarter century early used as a or label on 1st century(R 13:2). only. have been tag a shipment. Late I cent. I cent. L 16 P1.56. Rim of black- B.c.-early (a) tp' (P 19124). fragment pla' glazed kantharos.Graffito on outside. use School IV cent. B.C. ]VXuo[ (b) TEI It is temptingto inventa proverb,e.g., yXuKo6si 6 8pi'us,but both could be goodAthenian names, Almost certainlynumber in (a); perhapsthe e.g., Epilukosand Mus. 12thday of 111thyear (Actian era?), 5th month. personal The obscurityof (b) is less suggestive. L 17 (P 21714). P1.56. Half of foot and part of American lower wall of black-glazedbowl. Graffiti on L 24 (P 21776). P1.57. Ovoid amphorawith tall For © outside,on lower wall (a) and insidefoot (b). vertical handles and pointed toe. Graffiti on IV cent. B.C. (a) ]BE shoulder.Context: early 1st century(R 10:1). (b) ]NHOX EarlyI cent. (a) (see drawing) See drawing.The lettersare too uncertainto (b) ]KOINOAI allow of easy restoration. (a) Possibly a number?(b) Perhapsthis jar was held in L 18 (MC 961). P1.56. Fragmentfrom the rim common(KoItvS) or heldwine (olvos)? of a banded (?). Graffitoon underside. plate L 25 (P 16202).P1. 57. Amphorasimilar to Rob- IV cent. B.C. hrri inson, Chronology,F93. Dipinto in black rav ( ) on shoulder. Context: first half 1st century The inscriptionmay not be complete.Whether (N 20:1). H. 0.73 m.; D. 0.30 m. the word in the second line is completeis ob- First half I cent. &puv[ scure. 0eo[ 92 L. UNCLASSIFIED NOTATIONS Perhaps &upvorip,a liquid measure. The EarlyIII cent. OYA2 second line might be a personal name or a ETCOVy' month. PerhapsGreek letters for Latin vas?And age L 26 (P 4480). PI. 57. Shoulderfragment of large of jar?or contents? storage amphora. Dipinto in black. Context: L 32 1st (P 16700).P1. 58. Amphorawith tall cylin- century(F 11:1). drical neck and elongated ovoid body, small I cent. 2TPA spur on top of handle. Dipinto in black on AMIN[ shoulder.Context: early 3rd century(N21:1). Possible that some letters of an original PH. 0.58 m.; D. 0.19 m. 6o-rpoKou i(-rpat) have faded completely. It is EarlyIII cent. KipliKfs possiblethat the secondline be 'Altvvcaos. might Cf. Hesychios, KapiKil'&OcVETOS, Kali a6IrEAos. L 27 (P 26675).P1. 57. Part of neck and shoulder Or KapuKrl? of in red on shoulder. amphora.Dipinto L33 (P 14077). P1.58. Upper part of small Athens Firsthalf II cent. pa( ) amphorawith short neck and plain thickened at 6?( ) lip. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: P 6oosfor cheapwine? 18:2. Firsthalf III cent. L 28 (P 16703, P 16706, P 19401). P1.57. Three ]plvias y' similar amphoras with tall cylindricalneck, Uncertainreading: Corinthian measures? angular ridged handles, body which tapers Studies 58. CC-BY-NC-ND. L34 (P 12314). P1. Small amphora similar sharply to small concave foot. Large dipinti in in red on either side of neck. Context: to Robinson, Chronology,M 177. Dipinti on 3rd 2nd E red shoulder.Context: century(N 20:3). early century (N 21:1; 17:1). Average H. 0.41 m.; D. 0.195 m. H. 0.55 m.; D. 0.26 m. Mid-IIIcent. ) air' or ( ) EarlyII cent. (chi-rhomonogram) rp( rparr See drawing.The abbreviatedword may be License: Classical followedby numbers.Or a two-letterabbreviation Too early for Christianuse of chi-rho, so may have been expanded to four: TpaCrilTos? of perhapsabbreviation of producer'sname or of contents (e.g., Xpuvaorrri6ovotvov, XpTila). The L35 P1.58. Shoulder fragment from only. (P 3218). secondinscription might also be eitherof these. largeplain amphora.Dipinto in black. other be Many possibilitiesmight imagined, Roman for "owed to the Trea- Early ]AIHA use example,qcfKxc xXpfcos: School sury." For 01 see also He 19. ]ANIi L 29 PI. 57. from shoulder L36 (P7525). P1.58. Upper wall fragment of (P 18434). Fragment Graffitoon outside. of large plain amphora. Dipinto in black. plain pot. Context:2nd century(C 18:2). EarlyRoman ]TAPA.AH II cent. ]ap( ) Fcal( ) Tri iy' L 37 P1.58. Neck of wide- personal (P 7843). fragment mouthedjar; profiled rim with piecrust dec- American Perhapsa date: 13thday of Gamelion. oration on lower side. Letters incised in soft For © L 30 (P 17113).P1. 57. Neck and upper shoulder clay below rim. of in black on shoulder. amphora. Dipinto Roman Context:2nd century(B 20:1). Early viyliea]SEvE[a ]E6[ II cent. KIXHTOY AP vU' Wordin genitivecase restoredexempli gratia. Cf. Hesychios, KIXrTT6OS86 i3at ,LEai 6 tipa- L 38 (P 11991).P1. 58. Amphorawith narrowneck vcoTr6s.The second line may not be "57drachms" and elongatedovoid body on ring foot. Dipinti but it is likely that the last letter at least is a in black (charcoal)on shoulder. number. EarlyRoman XX X X V TOA L 31 (P 25218).P1. 58. Amphorawith tall narrow neck and body tapering to small ring foot. Cf. L 39, which also has Roman numerals Dipinto in red on shoulder. Context: early which do not apparentlyrelate to capacit or 3rd century(Q 17:4). H. 0.485m.; D. 0.243m. weight. Perhapsserial numbersin a shipment. L. UNCLASSIFIED NOTATIONS 93 An abbreviatedname seems most likely for TrcalXi6but the only similarlytemporal parallel the second line, e.g., Tolmides or Tollios for Irllwould be irvilaios. (Drawing includes (Tullius). only samples.) similar to L39 (P 17883). P1.58. Amphora L44 (P 11119). P1.59. Shoulder fragment of Robinson, Chronology,K 114. Dipinti in black small similar to Robinson, on shoulders. wheel-ridgedjug (charcoal) Chronology,M 266. Graffitoon shoulder.Con- EarlyRoman (see drawing) text: 4th century(B 14:2). XIL IV cent. TIPB Uncertainletters might be Greek or Latin. If the second line is supposedto be a Roman L45 (P12837). P1.59. Amphora similar to numeralthe orderof numbersis peculiar.(The Robinson,Chronology, M 234. Dipintoin black two lines are reversedin the drawing.) on shoulder. Context: 4th century ( 19:1). H. 0.455 m.; D. 0.275 m. L40 (P 14725). P1.58. Wall fragment of large IV cent. Bij.lAfvou Athens amphora.Graffito on outside, verticalto pot. Trpo Found with earlyRoman pottery. Perhaps imitation Bybline wine; for the at EarlyRoman ]S1 spellingsee Hesychios,s.v. ]pi' Buoio(u) e' L 46 (P 12870).P1. 59. Body of ovoid amphora. Line 2: perhapsan era date firstand then the Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: 4th month name seems to be Delphi written over century (O 19:1). PH. 0.345 m.; D. 0.272 m. tracesof the Attic month Boedromion. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. IV cent. AipEpa L 41 (P 22293). P1.58. Part of tall narrow am- a Latin neck Perhaps adjective in Greek letters phora with flaring rim and heavy ridge used as a name? But the blurredletters below. in red on neck. could Dipinto as well be AtOepa. EarlyRoman S [E DFC L 47 (P 13585). P1.59. Tall one-handledjar, an License: Classical earlierform of Robinson, Chronology,M 315. Perhapssepulchral: s(itus) [e(st)]/ d(e)f(un)c- Dipinto in black on shoulder.Context: 4th- of [tus]. early 5th centuries (P 19:1). H. 0.60 m.; L 42only. (P 26120). P1.58. Ovoid wheel-ridgedam- D. 0.245m. phora with ridged handles and narrow neck. IV-V cent. ' Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: 3rd- Pa&p(os) use better as 4th centuries(Q 19:1). H. 0.48 m.; D. 0.26 m. Perhaps yap(ou) with the last School "letter"taken as the sign of abbreviation? Late III cent. (see drawing) ]TrvoS L 48 (P 27050). P1.59. Rim fragmentof shallow dish of Late Roman red ware. Graffito on L 43 9800, P 11582,P 11583,P 22009,P (P 11590, inside,below rim. P22008, P 11584, P 11594). P1.59. Eight jars orpersonal fragments of jars with fusiform bodies IV-V cent. (see drawing) American (= Robinson, Chronology, M 256, M 278, Uncertain scratchingsof which only a few M 259, M 258, M 242, M 257, M 255, M 241). look like letters.Unreadable. For © Dipinti in black under the handle of each. Context: M 17:1. Average H. 0.49 m.; average L 49 (P 1026). P1.59. Rim fragmentof amphora D. 0.19 m. with heavy rolledlip. Dipinto in black on neck below rim. Context: 5th IV cent. (a) rrpo( ) (e) Trca( ) just century(I 16:1). (b) rrpo( ) (f) TrA( ) V cent. AAEON (c) Trp[ (g) rA( ) (d) Trpo( ) (h) la( ) L50 (P 2097). P1.59. Fragment of coarse lid. Letters incised in the soft Context: 5th The abbreviationsall clay. seem to be writtenby century(H-I 7-8:1). the same hand. Unfortunately,the range of possibilities is too large to allow any con- V cent. ]orum[ vincing completionof the abbreviations.If, as ]tuis a[ seems likely, the abbreviationsrefer to con- ]ciri[ tents, rrpoand irca might be rrpowrrEpvolv6sand Perhaps a proverb or motto. 94 M. PICTURES L 51 (P 1944).P1. 59. Upperpart of small gouged L 54 (P 481). P1.59. Rim fragmentof open bowl. jug, similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 359. Graffition top of outturnedrim (a) and outside Graffitoon neck. on wall below rim (b). VI cent. ANKZB[ Late Roman (a) ]HA M. PICTURES Commentaryseems superfluous, since the picturesspeak best for themselves.It is possibleto speculate Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. on the motivesbehind each drawing,but such speculationis likelyto be moreproductive of amusement than of profit. M 1 (MC 907).P1. 60. Pyramidalloomweight (Al). M 7 (P9889). P1.60. Wall fragment of black- of 6th- to-5th centuriesB.C. fabric. VIII-VII cent. B.C. (horse and rider) glazedkylix License: Graffitoon inside and outside Classical (a) (b). Hesperia, M 2 (P 1001). P1.60. Black-figuredskyphos with XV, 1946,p. 278, underno. 30. of lotus-bud on reservedband at handle pattern VI-V cent. B.C. (a) (two figures facing left zone. Graffito on inside wall, upper part. only. and a tree) B.C. Context: first half 6th century (116:4). (b) (small round holes and First half VI cent. B.C. (fish) theta) use School M 3 (P 24999).P1. 60. Wall fragmentfrom black- M 8 P1.60. Fragmentfrom rim and body Graffito in (P 7103). glazed kylix of "komast" shape. of small semi-glazedkrater. Graffito inside. zone. Context: mid-6th cen- reservedhandle Hesperia,XV, 1946,p. 273, no. 16. tury B.C.(Q 13:5). Early V cent. B.C. Koa7ij/xJv[o]s Mid-VI cent. B.C. (grotesque head) (headwith wreathand beard) Mpersonal 4 (P 3533). P1.60. Wall fragmentfrom black- An ostrakon. American glazed kylix. Graffitoon outside. Context:6th B.C. For © century M9 (P 27698). P1.61. Half of hemispherical before VI cent. B.C. (head) black-glazedstand (C 15). Incised glaing and firing. M 5 P1.60. Wall from black- (P 16789). fragment Second V cent. B.C. (act of sodomy) glazed skyphos. Graffitoon outside. Context: quarter 6th centuryB.C. (G 15:2). Hesperia,XV, 1946, For the verbaltext see C 15. p. 278, underno. 30. M 10 P1.60. Fragment of black- VI cent. B.C. (P 10352). (ithyphallic satyr) glazed lid with incised tendrilborder. Graffito M 6 (P 2714). P1.60. Fragmentaryblack-figured on upper surface.Context: fourth quarter5th skyphos. Graffitoon outside lower wall. Con- centuryB.C. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 1261. B.C. text: late 6th-early 5th centuries (G 6:3). Fourth quarter V cent. B.C. Hesperia,XV, 1946,p. 278, no. 30. (at right,pygmy fighting; Late VI-early V cent. B.C. (head) at left, partof crane) M. PICTURES 95 The drawingseems to have been done with III cent. B.C. (head) a fine before the was so point glaze applied, PerhapsKairos, with hair in front and bald that the head and upper body of the crane, behind. which were too lightly drawn, are no longer visible.The tendrilpattern was done in the same M 17 (P 14323).P1. 60. Rim fragmentof Megarian way. bowl. Graffitoon outside.Context: Hellenistic. M 11 (P 19312). PI. 60. Wall fragmentof black- III cent. B.C. (head) Graffitoon outside. Con- glazed skyphos (?). M 18 61. from text: late 5th century B.C. (P 3817). P1. Fragment large Pergameneplate. Graffitoon inside. Late V cent. B.C. (head) I cent. B.C.-I cent. (costume-design?) M 12 (P 23242). P1.60. Neck and shoulderfrag- ment of red-figuredoinochoe. Graffitoon out- M 19 (P 9880). P1.61. Wheel-ridgedjug. Graffito side of neck. Context: late 5th century B.C. on shoulder.Context: 1st century. Late V cent. B.C. I cent. Athens (swastika) (boukranion?) M 13 (L 2450). P1.61. Nozzle and of rim of at parts M 20 (P 12306).P1. 61. Wallfragment of amphora black-glazedlamp (= Howland, no. 176 ( = F 315). Graffito outside. Context: 4th C 30 above).Graffito on top of nozzle.Context: century(N 20:3). 4th century B.C. (E 6:3). IV cent. (somethingwith head and wings) Late IV cent. B.C. V-early (phallus) For verbaltext see F 315. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. For verbaltext see C 30. M 21 (P7048). P1.61. Wall fragment of large M 14 (L 4212).P1. 60. Black-glazedlamp (= How- no. 267 = F unglazed pot. Graffito on outside. Context: land, 177 above). Graffitoon sides Late Roman. of body and top of nozzle. Late Roman (uncertainletters; dolphin) IV-early III cent. B.C. (boukranion) License: M 22 P1.61. Base of low-footed bowl. Classical For verbaltext see F 177. (P 9873). Graffiti inside and outside. Context: Late M 15 60. of (P 20374). P1. Shoulderfragment from Roman. unglazed amphora. Graffitooutside and side- only. ways to pot, probably drawn on the sherd. Late Roman Context:4th-3rd centuries B.C. (inside)(head with helmet?) IV-III cent. B.C. (outside)(letters, perhaps alpha beta gamma) use (herm) School M 23 M 16 (P 23231). P1.60. Wall fragmentof West (P 15343). PI. 61. Wall fragmentof large Slope plate or saucer, with checkerboard unglazed pot. Graffito on outside. Context: pattern inside. Graffito on outside. Context: Late Roman. Hellenistic. Late Roman (face) personal American For © DEPOSITS The letterand firstnumber of each depositgive the grid-squareof its location(see P1. 62). The second numbergives its serialposition within that square.Since the datingof depositshas largely been the work of specialistsin the particularperiods, the indicationgiven here is only a brief summaryof fullerdes- criptionsappearing in relevantAgora volumes, which are listed in each case, or of study-notesby ex- Athens cavatorsand others in the Agora. Wheredeposits consist of severalfillings, ordinarily only those in which objectsfrom this volume were found are included.The cataloguedobjects are listed for each at depositor part thereof,except that in the case of those stratifiedover centuriesno attemptis made to list chronologically,but the usual class and numericalorder is retained.Differences in contextdescrip- tions hereand underindividual items are thosebetween the generaland immediatecontext. Abbreviationsused include:POU, use filling, or Periodof Use; L, M, U, dumpedfillings, Lower, Middleand Upper. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. A 16:1 BronzeCasting Pit (Agora,XII) Third quarter 4th century B.C. Ha 11 A17:1 Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Second quarter 6th century B.C. D 13; K 1 A 18:6 Pit Late 4th to early 3rd century B.C. F 184 A 18-19:1 Ostrakonfill (Agora,IV, XII) First and second quarters5th centuryB.C. F 56 A 20-21:1 Drain fill (Agora,XII) Fourth quarter 5th century B.C. L 8 A-BLicense: 21-22:1 Terrace Ca. 420-390 B.C. E 5; F 99-101 Classical fillings(Agora, XII) B 11:l Channelmouth Late 2nd into early 1st cent. B.C. F 233 of B 12:5 Well (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 380-350 B.C. L 13 B 13:1 Cisternshaft (Agora,V, VII, XII) Fourth quarter 3rd cent. B.C. (L) F 202, F 203 Bonly. 13:2 Well (Agora, V) Late 1st to early3rd cent. (POU)Hc 10 B 13:5 Well (Agora, XII) Fourth quarter 5th cent. B.C. L 6 B 13:8 Well IV, Ca. 325-300 B.C.(POU) F 163 use (Agora, XII) School Ca. 300-275 B.C.(U) Hb 1; Hc 2 B 14:1 Well (Agora, V, VI) Mid-lst to early3rd cent. (POU) He 21 5th cent. (U) J 5 B 14:2 Well (Agora, V, VI, VII) Late 1st to late 2nd cent. (POU) F 269, F 276 4th cent. (U) L 44 B 14:3 Cistern (Agora, IV, V, VII) Secondhalf 1st cent.F 255, F 256; Ha 17 Bpersonal 14:4 Well First half 4th cent. (POU) Ha 32 American B 15:1 Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Fourth quarter 5th cent. B.C. F 91; Hd 1 For © B17:1 Destructiondebris (Agora, VII) Mid-3rdcent. F 296 B 18:7 Well (Agora, IV, XII) Ca. 350-325 B.C.(POU) F 154 B 18:10 Well (Agora, IV) First quarter 6th cent. B.C. D 10 B 19:7 Constructionfilling (Agora, IV, XII) Ca. 430-410 B.C. F 90 B 19:9 Well 1st cent. B.C. to 1st cent. F 250 B 20:1 Well (Agora, V, VII) Second half 1st to mid-2nd cent. (POU) F 267, F283; G 23; Ha 20; Hb 6; He 15; L30 B 20:2 Cistern(Agora, XII) First half 2nd cent. B.C. F 227 BB 17:1 Well First half 4th cent. B.C. F 145 C9:6 Constructionfilling (Agora, IV, XII) Ca. 450B.C. C14; F72,F73; L5 C9:7 Cistern Late 2nd cent. B.C. F 228; Hc 3 C 12:1 Well (Agora, V, VI, VII) Mid-2ndto early3rd cent. (POU) B 18; He 15 C 12:2 Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Ca. 375-325 B.C. F 149 DEPOSITS 97 C 13:2 Well (Agora, XII) Late 2nd to 4th cent. (POU) F 170; Ha 34 C 14:1 Cistern Hellenistic F 193 C 14:2 Cistern(Agora, VII) Thirdquarter 3rd cent. F 298 C 14:4 Well (Agora, IV, VII) First half 2nd to second quarter 4th cent. (POU) F 310; Hb 13-15; Hd 19; He29 C18:2 Well (Agora, V) Second half 1st to early 3rd cent. (POU) F 257; L29 C 18:4 Constructionfilling (Agora, IV, XII) First half 5th cent. B.C. F 76 C 18:7 Constructionfilling (Agora, XII) Second quarter 5th cent. B.C. C 23 C18:11 Drain (Agora, XII) Ca. 490-480 B.C. F 51 C 19:5 House fillings(Agora, XII) a) Secondhalf 5th cent. B.C. B 8; F 110 b) Late 5th and firsthalf 4th cent. B.C. E 12; F 146; Ha9 C 19:9 Well (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 425-400 B.C. (POU) F 97 Ca. 400-390 B.C. (U) F 128 Athens C 20:1 Well (Agora,V, VI, VII) Early2nd to mid-3rdcent. (POU) Hd 13 D 10:2 Channel 3rd to 2nd cent. B.C. F 185 at D11:l Well (Agora,IV, V, VI, VII) Late 1st cent. B.C. to mid-lst cent. Hd 3 D 11:4 Cistern(Agora, IV, XII) Middle filling: mixed late Hellenisticto early Roman F 303 D 12:1 Well (Agora,IV, V, VI, VII) Bottom filling 3: late 2nd to mid-3rd cent. Ha 23; He 18 Studies DCC-BY-NC-ND. 12:2 Cistern (Agora, IV) Late2nd to early1st cent. B.C. (L) G 21 Late Hellenisticto early Roman (M) F 234 D 15:2 Well (Agora,V, VII) 6th cent. (POU) J 9 D 15:3 Cistern(Agora, IV, XII) Ca. 375-330 B.C. C 33 D 17:3 Cistern(Agora, IV, XII) Ca. 300-290 B.C. F 195 D 17:11 Well 1st cent. B.C. (L) G 22 License: Classical D-E 8-9:1 Cistern(Agora, XII) Ca. 330-305 B.C. D 43; F 165, F 166 E2:3 Foundrypit (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 375-350 B.C. F 142-144 of E3:l Cistern(Agora, IV, X, XII) Late 4th to early 3rdcent. B.C. F 182,F 183; only. G9; Hcl E6:3 Cistern (Agora, X, XII) Ca. 375-310 B. . C 30 (M 13); F 135, F 136; Fb 1,Fb 2 E use 11:2 Well (Agora, IV, V) Lowerfilling: 1st cent. F 259 School E 13:1 Well Ca. 470-425 B.C. C 26; F 58;Fa 23 E 14:1 Cistern(Agora, IV, V, VI, X, XII) a) Late 4th and 3rd cent. B.C. F 199, F 200; Hb 2, Hb 3 b) Late 1st cent B.C. E 16 c) Dumpedfilling of 3rd cent. Hd 18 E personal 14:2 Well (Agora,IV, V, VI) 1st cent. (POU) F 258 E 14:3 Cistern Mid-lst B.C. American (Agora, IV) cent. (M) F 243 E 14:5 Well (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 520490 B.C. F 14, F 15; Ha 1 For © E 15:1 Well (Agora, V) Constructionfilling in 1st cent. F 251 E 15:3 Cistern (Agora, IV) Late 2nd to early 1st cent. B.C.(POU) F 230 E 15:5 Well 4th and 5th cent. (POU) Hb 21, Hb 24; He 38 E 15:6 Well (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 500-480B. c. F 27;Fal E 17:1 Well Earlyto late 2nd cent. (POU) Ha 21; L 28 E 19:5 Pit Second half 5th cent. B.C. K 6 E 29:5 Well Early4th cent. F 319; He 34 F5:1 Cistern(Agora, IV, XII) 3rd to 2nd cent. B.C. F 210 F 11: Well (Agora,V, VI, VII) 1st and early2nd cent.F 268; He 13; L 26 F 11:2 Well (Agora, IV, XII) Second half 4th cent. B.C. (POU) E 13 F 12:3 Well (Agora,IV, XII) Second half 4th cent. B.C. B 13 F 12:5 Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) 7th cent to ca. 570 B.C.D 2, D 8 F 13:2 Well(Agora, IV, VI, VII) Secondhalf 1stcent. to end of 2ndcent. (POU) Hc 12 98 DEPOSITS F 15:1 Well (Agora, V) 4th cent. (POU) Hb 22 F16:1 Cistern(Agora, IV, XII) Ca. 350-310 B.c. F 164 F 17:3 Well (Agora, XII) End of 4th cent. to ca. 225 B.C. (second POU) F 206, F 207 F 19:1 Well (Agora,V, VI, VII) Late 3rd and 4th cent. (POU) F 311 F 19:2 Cistern(Agora, IV, XII) Ca. 375-340 B.c. A 6; B 10 F 19:3 Well 1st cent. B.C. Hb 4 F 19:4 Well (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 490-450 B.C. B7; C24; D39; F57, F 65, F ,F68, F69 F 19:5 Well (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 520-480 B.C. F 31 F 20:1 Filling(Agora, XII) 4th cent. B.C. F 150 F-G 12:1 Road levels(Agora, IV, VIII, XII) 7th and 6th cent. B.C.D 4, D 32; F 3 G3:1 Pit (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 500-470 B.C. L 1 G6:3 Rock-cutShaft (Agora, IV, X, XII) Ca. 510-480B.C.(U) A5; B2; F23, F24; M6 Athens G8:1 Well (Agora,IV, VII) 1st cent. (POU) Hb5 G11:l Cistern (Agora, V) Early 3rd to late 2nd cent. B.C. (POU) K 10 at G 11:2 Well(Agora, V, VI, VII) Late2nd to early6th cent. (POU)D 44; F 291, F307; He 33; K18 G 12:22 Pit (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 470-460 B.C. Fa 16-19 G 12:23 Pit (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 375-350 B.C. F 141 G 13:5 Well First quarter 4th cent. B.C. (U) F 139 Studies F 229 GCC-BY-NC-ND. 14:2 Well (Agora,IV, X, XII) Early 4th into 2nd cent. B.C. F 152, G15:1 Well (Agora,IV, X, XII) Ca. 500 B.C.(POU) D 28; F 16; K 5 G 15:2 Well (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 550-525 B.C.(POU) M 5 G 18:1 Well (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 425-400 B.C. (with some earlier) F 74, F 96 H 5-6:1 Fillings(Agora, IV, XII) Early 5th cent. B.C. F 42 H6:5 Well (Agora, XII) Ca. 470-460 B.C. C 16-22; E2; F 59-62; License: Fa 2-15 Classical H6:9 Pit (Agora,IV, X, XII) End of 4th cent. B.C.(L) F 160 of 2nd cent. B.C. F 190 H7:3 Constructionfilling (Agora, IV, XII) Ca. 375-350 B.C. F 140 Honly. 10:2 Pit (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Ca. 575-525 B.C. D 18 H 12:6 Well (Agora,IV, VII, XII) Ca. 425-400 B.C. F92,F93 H 12:11 Well Ca. 410-390 B.C.(POU) F 127 use (Agora,IV, XII) School H 13:5 Pit Ca.480B.C. B6; C13; D38 H 16:3 Cistern(Agora, IV, XII) Ca. 320-275 B.C. F 179, F 180 H 16:4 Pithos (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 150 B.C. G19 H 17:5 Filling(Agora, IV, XII) Ca. 375-340 B.C. F 148 H-I 7-8:1 Filling (Agora, VI) 5th cent. L 50 19:1 Drain(Agora, IV, VIII) Secondand thirdquarters 6th cent.B.C. D 14 110:1personal Well First half 6th cent. B.C. D 7 American 115:1 Well Late Roman 1 13 F 159 For © I15:2 Filling Third quarter 4th cent. B.C. I116:1 Well (Agora,V, VI, VII) Late 1stto mid-3rdcent. (POU)F 286; Ha 27; Hd 11, Hd 12 4th and 5th cent. (POU) Hd 20; L49 16:4 Well (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 600-540 B.C.(POU) F 8; M 2 I16:5 Cistern (Agora, IV) 2ndcent. B.C. with somelater intrusions F 288 I 16:7 Settlingbasin Late 5th to early 4th cent. B.C. F 138 117:1 Well (Agora, XII) Ca. 450-425 B.C. F 85 J11:1 Filling(Agora, XII) Ca. 400-340 B.c. F 158 J12:1 Well (Agora,V, VII) Late 1st to early3rd cent. (POU) Hd 7 J 13-14:1 Drain (Agora, XII) Fourth quarter 5th cent. B.C. B 9 J18:1 Well (Agora,V, VI, VII) 3rd century before A.D.267 (POU) Ha 28 J 18:4 Pit (Agora,IV, XII) Mid-6th centuryB.C. (lower fill) B 1; C 4; F 12, F 13 DEPOSITS 99 IK 18:1 Well (Agora,V, VII) Late 1st to early 2nd cent. (POU) F 260-262; M 19 4th to early5th cent. (POU) J 2, J 3 11lthcent. (POU) G 2 IK 18:3 Cistern Dumpedfilling of 3rd cent. Hc 21 IL 14:2 Well 6th and 7th cent. He 26 IM 11:3 Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Second half of 7th cent. B.C. F 6 IM 17:1 Well (Agora,IV, V, VI, VII, XII) Mid-lst to late 6th cent. (POU)B 17; F 285, F 312, F 320; Ha 24, Ha 26, Ha 33, Ha 47, Ha 48; Hb 10; He 11, He 24; Hd 14; He 16, He22, He31; 13; L43 M 18:1 Well(Agora, V, VI, VII) 1stand 2ndcent. (POU) F 277; Hd 5, Hd 10; He 17 M 18:4 Well 3rd to 6th cent. (POU) F 309; Hb 8, Hb 11, Hb27; I4, I16; K17 Athens M 18:10 Well (Agora,XII) Hellenistic ca. 200 B.C. F 208 M 18:11 Pit 5th cent. B.C. E 9 at M 19:1 Cistern(Agora, V, VII) First half of 2nd cent. F 280, F 281 M 20:2 Well (Agora,VI, VII) 3rd cent. Ha 30 M 21:1 Cistern(Agora, IV, V, XII) Late 3rd and early 2nd cent. B.C. F 212, F 213 N 7:3 Well (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 460-440 B.C. F 77, F 79-83 N 11:6 Well (Agora,VIII) Late 8th into early 4th cent. B.C. A 1 (M 1) Studies N CC-BY-NC-ND. 13:1 Well (Agora,V, VII) 5th cent. (POU) 114 N 17:1 Well (Agora,V) Mid-3rdinto 5th cent. (POU) Ha 25 N 17:2 Well (Agora,V, VII) Mid-lst to mid-2ndcent. (POU) F 270-275 N 18:5 Well (Agora,V) Late 3rd to 4th cent. Ha 31; He 26, He 27; I 1 N 19:1 Cistern(Agora, IV, V, VI, VII, XII) Secondquarter to end of 1st cent. He 5 N 19:2 Well (Agora,IV, V, VII) Mid-lst to first half of 2nd cent. (POU) License: F278; Hcl7;Hd8 Classical N 20:1 Well(Agora, IV, V, VI, VII,XII) Firsthalf of 1stcent. (POU) He 6, He 8; L 25 of N 20:2 Cistern(Agora, V) Secondhalf of 1st cent. He 8-11 N 20:3 Well (Agora,V, VII) 3rd cent. before A.D. 267 (POU) L 34 only. 4th cent. (POU) F 315 (M 20) N 20:4 Cistern(Agora, IV, V) Second quarter 1st cent. B.C. F 242 N 20:5 Well IV, VI) First half of 1st to 3rd cent. use (Agora, early (POU) School F282, F 292-294; Ha 19; Hd6, Hd 15; He 14; K 16 4th cent. 12, 17 N 20:7 Cistern(Agora, IV) Second half of 3rd cent. B. c. F 197 N 21:1 Well (Agora,V, VI, VII, XII) Early 1st to 5th cent. (POU) F 287; Ha 15; He 35; 1 10-12; L 28, L 32 N personal 21:4 Cistern (Agora, IV, XII) 3rd cent. B.C. F196; G 14 American N-P 20:1 Streetpacking (Agora, XII) a) Late 6th to early5th cent. B.C. F 30 For © b) Fourthquarter of 5th cent. B.C. F 94 07:10 Pit (Agora,XII) Ca. 450-425 B.C. F 88 O 12:1 Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Third quarter 7th cent. B.C. F 4 0 16:1-2 Constructionfilling (Agora, XII) Third quarter 5th cent. B.C. F 89 O 16:3 Well Second half of 3rd cent. B.C. F 198 O 16:4 Pit (Agora,XII) Ca. 350-325 B.C. Ha 10 0 17:1 Cistern(Agora, V, VII, XII) Secondto fourthquarter 1st cent. Ha 16 0 18:1 Well (Agora,V, VI, VII, XII) 4th to 6th cent. (POU) F322; Ha 41-43; I 17-19, I 23, 1 24, 1 28-34 O 19:1 Well (Agora, V) Early 4th to 6th cent. (POU) F 317, F318; Ha 50; Hb 16, Hb 18, Hb 19; He 4, He 32, He39,He41; 15, I6,I115; J6; L45, L 46 0 19:4 Well (Agora, XII Fourth quarter 5th cent. B.C. (POU) E6; F95 100 DEPOSITS P7:4 Well (Agora, VII) Late 5th to early6th cent. Ha 39 P8:1 Filling(Agora, V, VI, VII) First half of 2nd cent. F 284; Hd 9 P8:2 Pit (Agora,IV, XII) Third quarter into fourth, 5th cent. B.C. Ha 2 P 14:3 Deposit over floor (Agora,XII) Ca. 470-460 B.c. E4; F70, F71 P18:1 Well (Agora,V, VII) 5th to 6th cent. (POU) Hb 28, Hb 29; Hc 23; Hd22; J7 P 18:2 Well (Agora,V, VI, VII) First half of 3rd cent. (POU) L 33 4th to 6th cent. (POU) I 35-37, I 41 P 19:1 Well (Agora,V, VI, VII) Late 1st cent. (POU) He 12 Early 3rd to 6th cent. (POU) F 295, F 323; Ha 44; Hb 25, b 26, Hb 30; Hd 16; 19, 1 20-22, 25, I 26; L 47 Q8:1 Pit (Agora,IV, XII) Third quarter 5th cent. B.C. (into fourth) F 111 Q 10:4 Well Late 5th cent. B.C. F 123 Athens Q 12:3 Well (Agora,X, XII) Ca. 520-490 B.C. F 19, F 52; G 4 13:2 Cistern Dumped filling of 6th cent. B.C. D 19; F 32 at Q Q 13:3 Footing-trench(Agora, VII) 5th cent. B 21 Q 13:5 Well (Agora,VIII, XII) Ca. 575-540 B.c. L2; M3 Q 15:2 Well (Agora, XII) Ca. 420-390 B.C. C31; E 10; F 131-134; He 3 Q 17:1 Well 6th and 7th cent. Ha 53 Studies QCC-BY-NC-ND. 17:4 Well (Agora,V, VI, VII) Early 1st to 6th cent. (POU) F 266, F290 Hb 12; He 25; Hd 17; He 36; I 27, 1 39; J4; L31 Q 17:7 Well (Agora, VI) 3rdto 6th cent. (POU) F 327; Ha 45, Ha 46; Hb9, Hb 23; He23, He24; 140, 144, 45 Q 18:1 Well (Agora, IV, XII) Ca. 550-525 B.C.(POU) G 1 License: Classical Q 18:2 Well 5th and 6th cent. (POU) Ha 52; Hb 31 Q 19:1 Well 3rd to 6th cent. (POU) F 299, F 325; Hb 20; of He30,He40; 143; L42 19:2 Pit 3rd cent. B.C. E 15 Qonly. R8:2 Well (Agora, IV, VIII, XII) Third into fourth quarter 7th cent. B.C. F 5 R 10:1 Well (Agora,IV, V, VII) Early 1st cent. F 252, F 253; Hc 7; He 4-7 use K15; L24 School R 12:1 Well (Agora, IV, VIII) Ca. 520-480 B.C. C 7; F 33-41 R 12:3 Well (Agora, XII) Ca. 525-500 B.C.(POU) F 11 R 12:4 Well (Agora, XII) Ca. 520-480B.c. C 5; F28,F29 R13:1 Well (Agora, IV, V, VII, XII) Late 1st cent. B.C. to mid-lst cent. F 254 R 13:2 Well (Agora, IV, VII) Late 1st cent. B.C. to early 1st cent. L 23 Ca. 440-425 B.c. He He 2 Rpersonal 13:4 Well (Agora,IV, XII) 1, R 17:5 Well Second quarter 7th cent. B.C. C 1; F 2 American (Agora, VIII) R 19:2 Drain EarlyRoman He 19 For © R21:2 Cistern (Agora, IV) 1st cent. Hc9;Hd4 S16:1 Well (Agora, XII) Fourth quarter 5th cent. B.C. F 104, F 105; Ha 3-6 S 19:6 Well Secondhalf 6th cent. F 326 S21:2 Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Ca. 600-570B.C. D 11, D 12; F7 S21:3 Well (Agora, IV, V, VI, VII) Firsthalf 1stto firsthalf 3rdcent. Ha 22 T 18:2 Well (Agora, XII) Ca. 575-550 B.C. D 17 T18:3 Filling (Agora, XII) Ca. 600-550 B.C. D 23 T 19:3 Pit or well (Agora, IV, VIII, XII) Later 8th to mid-7th cent. B.C. D 3; F 1 T27:1 Filling Second quarter 1st cent. B.C. F 241 U22:1 Well a) 2nd to early3rd cent. Hc 18 b) 4th cent. F 316 U 23:2 Well (Agora,IV, XII) Ca. 525-500 B.C. (POU) G 3 CONCORDANCE Inv. No. Cat. No. Inv. No. Cat. No. Inv. No. Cat. No. Inv. No. Cat. No. P 8 F43 P 2022 B 9 P4233 K 2 P 5458 Fa 23 P13 D 16 P 2029 F 10 P4480 L 26 P5506 K 13 P83 F126 P2030 D6 P4498 F268 P 5595 Fa26 P103 F 107 P 2041 D 24 P 4618 He 43 P5623 I 14 P 119 F 190 P 2095 F 334 P 4627 D 32 P 5663 Ha 54 P124 He 37 P 2097 L 50 P 4663 F 3 P 5671 Ha 36 P133 F167 P2145 A 10 P4664 D 4 P5717 Hdl8 Athens P136 F 189 P 2228 F 300 P 4666 F 26 P 5726 F 243 P137 F44 P2272 F 249 P 4696 D 35 P5738 F 230 at P195 F9 P2281 F 314 P 4723 F 244 P 5774 Hc 12 P199 F 168 P 2366 He 2 P 4791 D 41 P 5792 Hb2 P226 E 3 P 2518 Hc 14 P 4794 D 8 P 5820 F 199 P266 F 160 P 2610 F 23 P 4899 B 14 P 5828 F 226 P410 C 12 P2707 A 5 P4909 E 7 P5838 F200 Studies P416CC-BY-NC-ND. F191 P2714 M 6 P4914 Ha 29 P5918 F201 P469 Ha 40 P 2759 F 24 P 4915 F 245 P 5925 F 199 P481 L 54 P 2841 F 127 P5009 F46 P 5929 Hb 3 P526 F 229 P 3002 18 P5012 F 45 P 6034 F 231 P580 F 179 P 3044 Ha 49 P 5028 F 331 P 6067 D 14 P605 G19 P3058 Hd 7 P5109 F84 P6074 A2 P633License: F 180 P 3076 L 55 P 5116 Fa 9 P6128 F209 Classical P638 Ha 35 P3140 Hc 22 P5117 Fa 2 P6139 Fa of P770 F288 P3143 F251 P5118 Fa 3 P6153 C33 P772 F 85 P3144 (F 251) P 5119 Fa 10 P 6173 F27 P897only. F 164 P 3163 F 216 P 5120 Fa 4 P 6349 E 16 P928 Ha 27 P3215 Hc 4 P 5121 Fa 5 P 6578 D2 P963 Hd 11 P 3218 L 35 P 5122 Fa 11 P 6717 F 235 use School P964 F 286 P 3272 A 2 P 5123 Fa 6 P 6799 D 43 P965 Hd 12 P 3285 F 217 P 5124 Fa 12 P 6825 Fb 3 P989 F 8 P 3289 B 16 P 5125 Fa 7 P 6864 F 234 P 1001 M 2 P 3297 He 13 P 5128 C 16 P6867 F 228 P1026 L 49 P 3446 F 218 P 5133 E 2 P 6873 F 238 P1027 Hd 20 P 3457 Hc 26 P 5137 F 59 P 6876 E 14 P1206personal F 16 P 3467 Hb 5 P 5140 Fa 13 P 6878 G 21 American P1265 B 2 P 3512 E 13 P 5144 C 17 P 6889 F 161 For © P1444 F147 P3533 M 4 P5157 C 18 P6903 F 169 P1458 F 148 P 3534 D 5 P 5158 Fa 14 P 6904 L 14 P1461 I 38 P 3549 F 301 P 5160 C 19 P6992 F 303 P1493 F 181 P 3629 D P 5164 C 21 P 7048 M 21 P1504 A 7 P 3671 F 302 P 5167 C 20 P 7058 F 53 P1538 F 181 P 3721 F 140 P 5168 F 62 P 7063 F 289 P1567 He 42 P 3736 F 109 P 5169 C 22 P 7082 F 233 P1850 F332 P3754 I13 P5174 F60 P7103 M8 P1870 F 108 P 3756 J 10 P5175 F 61 P 7140 F63 P1881 F 215 P 3784 B 13 P 5181 Fa 15 P7247 A 3 P 1944 L 51 P 3788 F 219 P 5203 F 115 P 7254 F 116 P1992 F 333 P 3817 M 18 P 5206 F 17 P 7360 G9 P1993 D 19 P3983 K10 P 5449 C 26 P7405 He 25 P2004 B 21 P 4232 F 25 P 5453 F 58 P 7502 F 149 102 CONCORDANCE Inv. No. Cat. No. Inv.No. Cat. No. Inv. No. Cat. No. Inv. No. Cat. No. P7507 L52 P9753 Hb 1P 10775 D44 P 12212 D 15 P 7525 L 36 P 9754 He 2 P 10778 F 291 P 12214 E 1 P 7529 Hd 3 P 9755 Hc 2 P 10779 C 25 P 12225 B 3 P 7544 J 1 P 9756 J 5 P 10803 F 92 P 12257 F 308 P 7575 Fa 8 P 9766 J 2 P 10805 F 64 P 12261 12 P 7583 He 15 P 9784 Ha 48 P 10809 D 37 P 12262 17 P 7607 F 193 P 9794 F 312 P 10810 B 12 P 12306 F315, M20 P7628 K 9 P9800 L43 P 10813 Fa 16 P 12314 L34 P 7638 L 53 P 9806 He 31 P 10814 Fa 17 P 12317 E 6 P 7670 F 170 P 9808 13 P 10815 Fa 18 P 12336 G 6 P 7690 C 6 P 9835 F280 P 10816 Fa 19 P 12351 F 321 P 7699 Hc 1 P 9873 M 22 P 10838 Fa 20 P 12352 F 292 P 7740 F 182 P 9878 F 260 P 10839 Fa 21 P 12354 F 293 P 7785 Hc 20 P 9880 M 19 P 11021 Hd 1P 12357 F 294 Athens P7820 L4 P9881 Hb 10P 11119 L44 P 12359 Hd 15 P 7843 L 37 P 9889 M 7 P 11142 F 269 P 12361 He 8 at P 7860 Ha 23 P 9897 He 22 P 11193 Hb 13 P 12373 Hd 6 P 7867 L 3 P 9902 Ha 26 P 11194 Hb 14 P 12396 F 141 P 7884 Hb 17 P 9907 (Ha 26) P 11195 He 29 P 12458 Ha 19 P 7925 He 18 P 9918 Hd 14 P 11196 F 310 P 12459 F 282 P 7957 F 254 P 9919 Ha 24 P 11197 Hb 15 P 12460 He 14 Studies P7977CC-BY-NC-ND. F 135 P 9922 B 17 P 11198 Hd l9 P 12468 He 9 P7985 Hd 23 P 9925 F281 P 11202 F 203 P 12469 He 10 P7994 F 259 P 9986 L 12 P 11249 F 255 P 12471 He11 P8001 Hd 21 P 9994 L 6 P 11256 F 256 P 12478 K 16 P8037 F 202 P 10032 F 261 P 11258 Ha 17 P 12510 F98 P8040 F 298 P 10035 F 262 P 11301 He 33 P 12629 G P8046License: B19 P 10040 F285 P 11307 K18 P 12664 G 17 Classical P8050 Ha 37 P 10048 H ll P 11355 Hb24 P 12695 Ha 50 of P8105 (Hc 3) P 10064 Hd 10 P 11357 He 38 P12707 He 41 P8108 Hc3 P10067 He 17 P11382 Hel P12710 I15 P8120only. F117 P 10151 F P 11392 F32 P 12713 J6 P8203 L13 P 10159 D22 P 11545 Hc 13 P12825 Hb16 P8341 B18 P 10181 F330 P 11558 Ha 47 P12827 I6 use School P8600 Fbl P 10247 He 21 P 11569 F320 P 12836 F 317 P8611 Fb 2 P 10265 I4 P11579 Ha 33 P12837 L45 P8621 F136 P10267 Hbll P11582 L43 P12841 He 32 P8813 F14 P 10268 K17 P 11583 L43 P 12842 F318 P8826 F15 P 10352 M10 P11584 L43 P 12863 I35 P8842 Ha P10422 Fa25 P 11590 L43 P 12866 He 39 P9055personal F 18 P10447 F276 P 11594 L43 P 12870 L46 American P9177 E 8 P 10466 F75 P 11634 He 16 P 12874 15 For © P9318 Ha 55 P 10469 Hb 8 P 11752 Hc 21 P 12914 Hb 28 P9322 Ha 56 P 10511 B5 P 11763 B20 P12936 Hb29 P9482 C14 P10512 F118 P11798 F145 F12965 L7 P9483 L5 P10537 F91 P 11991 L38 P12991 He 20 P9513 F 277 P 10556 Ha 32 P 11992 He 19 P13060 J 7 P9634 G2 P10564 J9 P12010 Ha 38 P13063 I36 P 9645 F 171 P 10613 F 307 P 12011 G 7 P 13064 141 P 9660 Hc 24 P10616 Fa 22 P 12030 F94 P 13065 137 P9670 Hc5 P10618 C29 P12100 F242 P13087 J8 P9671 Hd5 P10634 F246 P 12152 142 P13099 F95 P 9672 Ha 31 P 10710 Hb 21 P 12157 Ha 51 P 13130 F 313 P9675 He 26 P 10712 F258 P 12158 F329 P 13147 I24 P9676 He 27 P 10717 D34 P 12181 K4 P 13148 I18 P 9681 I P 10729 F 210 P12200 F220 P 13149 F 322 CONCORDANCE 103 Inv. No. Cat. No. Inv. No. Cat. No. Inv. No. Cat. No. Inv. No. Cat. No. P 13150 Ha 41 P 14131 B4 P 15784 I 1 P 17826 F 13 P 13151 132 P 14323 M 17 P 15867 F72 P 17827 C4 P 13152 Ha 42 P 14566 F 221 P 15868 F73 P 17867 Ha 30 P 13157 133 P 14622 El1 P 15990 F68 P 17883 L39 P 13158 19 P 14623 F 263 P 16024 F69 P 17894 Hd 13 P 13160 123 P 14636 F 142 P 16079 Hb 22 P 17898 F 78 P 13164 Ha 43 P 14644 F 143 P 16199 He 8 P 17902 F 173 P 13169 134 P 14658 F 144 P 16202 L25 P 17961 F 90 P 13170 I30 P 14670 L1 P 16206 He 6 P 17971 F78 P 13171 131 P 14676 G5 P 16236 G14 P 18003 F 146 P 13178 117 P 14687 D 11 P 16295 F 196 P 18009 F 184 P 13182 128 P 14691 F7 P 16313 J3 P 18248 All P 13188 129 P 14693 D 12 P 16360 F 311 P 18255 F 305 P 13227 Fa 24 P 14703 L9 P 16391 B 10 P 18264 F 223 Athens P 13248 D26 P 14705 F 150 P 16404 Hb4 P 18271 D 13 P 13251 D27 P 14710 C10 P 16585 F 21 P 18276 K1 at P 13282 A4 P 14725 L40 P 16594 F 248 P 18284 F 250 P 13307 F 247 P 14917 Ha 25 P 16679 112 P 18325 B8 P 13322 C2 P 14938 F 119 P 16700 L32 P 18337 F 76 P 13333 D9 P 14943 Cll P 16703 L28 P 18340 G 15 P 13360 D 18 P 14950 F 31 P 16704 F 287 P 18342 D 10 Studies P 13365 F 326 P 14960 F 186 P 16706 L28 P 18420 L 15 CC-BY-NC-ND. P 13386 F241 P 15075 J 1 P 16723 Ha 15 P 18434 L29 P 13433 120 P 15108 K6 P 16728 He 35 P 18435 F 257 P 13462 F30 P 15200 L21 P 16789 M5 P 18499 C23 P 13463 Ha 44 P 15208 B7 P 16791 K5 P 18609 Ha 9 P 13464 Hb 30 P 15209 D39 P 16812 D28 P 18610 E 12 P 16865 P 18619 PLicense: 13465 125 P 15217 F 96 D42 F 154 Classical P 13466 F 323 P 15218 F66 P 16869 F 22 P 18620 F 97 of P 13467 126 P 15224 F 57 P 16903 F 99 P 18625 F 188 P 13468 121 P 15225 C24 P 16904 F 100 P 18756 F 213 Ponly. 13472 Hb 25 P 15296 F 270 P 16905 F 101 P 18952 F 128 P 13474 122 P 15302 F271 P 16981 E5 P 19007 F 265 P 13477 Hb 26 P 15303 F 272 P 17005 F 264 P 19124 L16 use School P 13585 L47 P 15304 F 273 P 17043 F 227 P 19170 F 192 P 13590 19 P 15305 F 274 P 17059 F 130 P 19179 G22 P 13599 Hc 17 P 15307 F 275 P 17070 K 1 P 19203 F 296 P 13601 Hd 8 P 15343 M 23 P 17113 L30 P 19287 D 36 P 13602 F 278 P 15347 F 65 P 17123 C27 P 19312 M 11 P 13605 Hd 16 P 15348 F 65 P 17125 L8 P 19389 K8 Ppersonal 13615 F 295 P 15379 C9 P 17128 He 15 P 19400 Ha 21 American P 13617 He 12 P 15380 Hd 4 P 17129 Hb6 P 19401 L28 P 13655 D3 P 15397 F 187 P 17130 Ha 20 P 19403 C28 For © P 13754 G3 P 15446 F162 P 17133 F 283 P 19491 Ha 18 P 14016 Hb 27 P 15555 C8 P 17139 F 120 P 19555 F 110 P 14018 I16 P 15559 He 9 P 17144 F 267 P 19694 G8 P 14024 F 309 P 15560 J 12 P 17380 F6 P 19861 K14 P 14055 Ha 52 P 15576 F 316 P 17425 F 222 P 19956 F 151 P 14056 Hb 31 P 15664 D 25 P 17463 F 67 P 19958 F 121 P 14077 L33 P 15682 Ha 22 P 17499 Ha 28 P 20019 F 122 P 14086 Hd 22 P 15693 D29 P 17585 G23 P 20089 F 50 P 14093 Hc 23 P 15694 D30 P 17677 F 56 P 20191 F 204 P 14110 Hb 18 P 15707 F 74 P 17794 F 172 P 20216 F 194 P 14113 Hb 19 P 15719 F 304 P 17799 He 28 P 20283 F 155 P 14117 Ha 16 P 15741 L20 P 17824 B 1 P 20294 Hd 2 P 14130 D 33 P 15766 I 10 P 17825 F 12 P 20329 F 205 104 CONCORDANCE Inv. No. Cat. No. Inv.No. Cat. No. Inv. No. Cat. No. Inv. No. Cat. No. P 20361 F 239 P 22293 L 41 P 24935 F 198 P 26693 Ha 46 P 20373 K9 P 22483 G10 P 24998 L2 P 26694 I44 P20374 M 15 P22484 G 1 P24999 M3 P26699 Hb23 P 20422 F 51 P 22512 Ha 53 P 25048 139 P 26866 F 114 P 20424 G 13 P 22709 F4 P 25054 Hc 25 P 26945 F 159 P 20657 L 23 P 22833 He 44 P 25064 127 P 27040 G 12 P 20719 F252 P 22836 F224 P 25133 J4 P 27050 L48 P 20757 F 33 P 22914 F 153 P 25170 Hb12 P 27211 F319 P 20761 F 36 P 22976 K 12 P 25175 He 36 P 27220 He 34 P 20768 F37 P 22998 F86 P 25195 Hd 17 P 27314 F 104 P 20785 F38 P 23045 F 232 P 25218 L 31 P 27353 F 105 P 20787 C7 P 23130 L 10 P 25224 F290 P 27367 Ha 12 P 20788 F34 P 23163 F236 P 25245 F266 P 27513 Ha 3 P 20789 F39 P 23205 G 18 P 25464 Hc 16 P 27515 Ha 4 Athens P 20790 F 35 P 23227 F 237 P 25474 Ha 14 P 27517 Ha 5 P 20791 F40 P 23231 M 16 P 25475 F306 P 27525 Ha 6 at P 20792 F 41 P 23242 M 12 P 25742 Ha11 P 27566 F 138 P 20839 L 22 P 23272 F 137 P 25816 F 240 P 27690 F 70 P 20846 F 174 P 23274 L 19 P 25822 F 124 P 27692 F 71 P20848 F 195 P 23283 F 89 P 25852 L56 P 27694 E4 P20903 Ha 13 P 23309 B 15 P 25886 E9 P27698 C15, M9 Studies P20987 F156 P 23389 Hb7 P25892 F125 P27724 K3 CC-BY-NC-ND. P21220 F123 P 23452 F 5 P 25909 K7 P27741 D7 P21290 F77 P23523 F225 P 25922 F20 P27844 D38 P21310 Ha 39 P23690 Bll P25940 F324 P27848 C13 P21373 F82 P23693 C3 P25983 E15 P27850 B6 P21374 F80 P23821 F131 P25998 F206 Hd F P 21381License: 9 P 23835 132 P 26004 F207 L535 F 152 Classical P 21393 F 284 P 23837 C 31 P 26070 Ha 7 L 1096 F 42 of P21399 F79 P 23872 F 133 P26083 I43 L2019 F185 P21400 F81 P23873 E10 P26090 F325 L2122 F211 P 21404only. F 83 P 23874 F 134 P 26104 He 40 L2229 F 183 P 21454 G 20 P 23948 He 3 P 26114 Hb 20 L 2450 C30,M13 P 21553 Ha 2 P 24024 F 139 P 26119 He 30 L2653 F103 use School P 21583 D40 P 24062 G 4 P 26120 L 42 L3042 F 163 P 21631 Hc 18 P 24126 F52 P 26127 F299 L 3077 F214 P 21694 F88 P 24265 F 111 P 26179 F48 L 3088 F 93 P 21714 L 17 P 24274 F 54 P 26180 F 47 L 3269 F 113 P 21773 K 15 P 24668 F 28 P 26181 Ha 8 L 3293 F197 P 21776 L 24 P 24691 F 112 P 26192 F 49 L3653 F 178 P 21777personal F 253 P 24698 F 87 P 26262 F208 L 3773 A 6 American P 21788 He 5 P24727 F11 P 26389 (F 120) L3918 G 16 He P24735 F55 P 26410 F297 L4134 F 129 For © P21789 6 P 21791 Hc 7 P 24745 D 20 P 26420 F 2 L4194 F 212 P 21792 He 4 P 24746 D 21 P 26424 F 102 L4212 F 177, M 14 P21793 He7 P24760 Hal P 26452 C1 L4414 A9 P 21840 Ha 34 P 24774 F 106 P 26539 D 23 L 5298 C 32 P 22008 L 43 P 24853 Hc 10 P 26595 F 327 P 22009 L 43 P 24859 F 176 P 26598 Ha 45 MC216 F165 P 22104 F 175 P 24882 F 19 P 26599 He 23 MC 224 F 166 P 22110 A 8 P 24910 C 5 P 26601 He 24 MC483 C34 P22116 F158 P24911 F28 P26602 Hb9 MC907 A1,M1 P 22162 F328 P 24912 F28 P 26618 D 17 MC961 L18 P 22211 Hc9 P 24917 F 29 P 26675 L 27 MC 1011L 11 P 22218 F 157 P 24922 F 28 P 26690 I45 P 22234 F279 P 24923 F 28 P 26691 1 40 A 2498 D 31 INDICES Includedin the Index Nominumare only those items that are certainlynames of men, women or divinities.The Index Verborumlists all otheritems, including some whichmay be eitherplace namesor even personalnames; this servesto keep all the "estate"names of the Tax Notationstogether, since Athens those names range from simple geographicaldescriptions through proper place names to possible owners'names. Both the Index Nominumand the Index Verborunare dividedinto Greek and Latin at sections.The Greekheadings are in the Ionicalphabet, with the actualspelling of the texts givenwhere it differsfrom the heading.At the conclusionof eachsection of both indicesare listed brokenforms. The IndexNumerorum, which includeseverything that is numberedwhatever the unit may be (e.g., measure,coin, year), is in numericalorder, starting with one-halfand going up; fractionsare givenonly in context(e.g., 17 2/3), not separately.Single letters or two- and three-lettercombinations which might Studies beCC-BY-NC-ND. eithernumbers (alphabetic or acrophonic)or abbreviationsmay be listedin both IndexVerborum and IndexNumerorum. The IndexSigillorum includes only those notationsfor measuresand such that are not primarilyalphabetical; abbreviations which use lettersappear either under the appropriateword in the Index Verborumor as acrophonicunits in the IndexNumerorum. All referencesare to cataloguenumbers. License: Classical INDEX NOMINUM of Greek only. 'Appco( ) or 'AppcbF 227 'AuaKtioevS:F 26 'A]XKtouoi[vos 'Ayoftasuse F 271 'A?dcovF 310 School 'Ayaeovfis: F 179 'Ayaeo9og[u]s 'Aua( ) F 60 'Ay5ccov:F 199'AycOcovos 'A"ppovuXos:D 39 'Al4pipoXos 'Aya( )F 21 F48 'AvaKss:G 5 'A]v[a]K.ov 'Ayep[ F 302 'AvsoKISTis:B 5 'AvBoKt[o 'Aypu( ) F 20 'AvSp&as:F 321 'AvSpFo 'ASpaar(personal ) F 241 (monogram) 'AvSSptlros:F 131 'AvSpioKo;F 132 'A[v6]polco Hc 15 F F American 'ASpiav6s: 'ASplavoi 'AvSpi( ) 97 237 'AeQva:G 23 'A]eOva5 'Avirpltos:D 3 'AvplTros For © AXItav6sF 316 'AvOv,.:C 3 'AvOeE AlarXkas:D 33 A]loaXav;E 3 Aloyxia;F 65 'AvrTiPos:B 5 'Avnrp[fo] Altoeio 'Av-riTKEi5isC 32 Alaxt( ) F 119 'Avrfi.aXos:F 290 'AvwrfiaXos Alox[ C 3 'AvTritUSlirC 32 Alrcowrros:F 250 A]lacIoTro 'Avrip[ F 324 'AKiV( )F 254 'AiroM6Scopos:F 58 'A-TroXo6po;He 1 'AKIV.()F 320 'ArroMoScbp(ou) 'AKU( )F260 'Ar6TAcov:G 6 'A[rr6Sova 'AAKaios:C 19 'A?AKaios;C 20 'AAKai(ou); 'Apyefrins:D 25 'ApyE[LSs C 22 'A7]Kdaos 'Apiis: K 12 "ApEos 'AXK?( ) F 299 'Apio-rcSris:D 23 'ApiorefS(es) 'AhKiasC 32 'Apaoricov:D 22 'Apia-crov;F 16 'Apicrriov "AAKtrrros:F 146 'A]?KinTro 'Apiori( ) F 80 106 INDEX NOMINUM 'Apioarolvris:C 26 'Aploaro[ves A^itos:F 127 Arifo(u),Arl( ); see Ailos 'Aplo LOArls: D 42 'Apr)lTOT[ Atav( )He12 'Apiorvu[F 149 Alta-riqs:D 27 Atac-r&ES 'AptorrcovF 238 AitS( ) F 189 (ligature) 'Apiacr() F 153 Ale( ) F 14 (monogram) 'Apic( ) F 81 Aly( ) F 206 'Api( )F 219 Aioyvrls: F 304 Aioykvo[u]s 'ApKErfciasC 32 Aloye[ F 232 'Apxcritos B 7 Ato,ifis: F 177 AtoKhous 'Apo( )F194 AioKX( ) I24 'Apr( ) F 281 AtOKA[F 130 "AprTEpiS:G 16 'ApT-riSos;G 18 'ApTr[iStl; Aiov1tios F 150; F 209 F 233 Alovwuiou; G 21 'ApT-riSt He 6 Atovvoa'ou 'ApTi( ) F 148 Ao6vuos; G 9 AIovCmou;G 10 Ai[ov*rou; 'Ap( ) F 159; Hc 5 'ApT(Elafiou) G 21 Aiovaoco;G 22 Aiov[*crcp] Athens "ApXrwrros:F 205 'A]pXiTnro[u Al6Tin.L: K 10 AtOTrflouv 'Ap( ) F 112 (ligature) Aio( ) E 15 at 'A( ) F 208 AipiXos:F 152 Atpi(aou), AtliXou 'Aacr( )F280 Apa:l'rflisF 93 'ATrTaia:F 4 'ATTrafas Ap*ios:F 316 Apptou 'ATrpO61Tros:F 7 ]6owr[o]s 'Arv( ): see ATr( ) EtAEios(lXos): F 276 Ei?Eoy Studies AOyovrros:CC-BY-NC-ND. Hc 5 AOyoi(orrou) Eli7tlva: G8 'IAuv0e[ai AO( ) F 89 (ligature) Elp( ) F 120 F315 AOT( ) F 52 (monogram) EicriSwpos('Icrfcopos): F 291 Eloi[8]copos 'Appoitria: C 11 ['Apqpo]Staia 'EKi( ) F 265 'Aqpo8iTrl:G 10 ['Aqpo8iTris];G 11 'Acpp[o8iTrs 'EAXrri(): F 108 'E]jATir() 'Appo( )F 151 'Eoancov:F 85 'ExacrKov License: Classical 'AXE()F293 'Eqrl( )F53 'A( ) F 87; see also IndexNumerorum 'E6pTtos:D 13 'EopT[; F 22 'Eop( ) of 'Ewayca6s:F 292 'ESrayaoou B7A( )F 17 'ETrlyivyjs:D 38 'EwtyvbFs;F 223 'Ermyvous BA6ovusonly. or BXcoaus:D 29 BA6avs 'E'rryovosD 44 F 287 F 318; F 282 'Ei]Ifyovos 'Eirty( ) F 110 raFos:He 4 F249 use r(aiou) 'ETrnTK[ School racifisF 230 'ETorvacosG 4 rFv( ) F 210 'Eppatcos:F 270 'Eppaiou rfpus:F 142 rfipuos 'Ep,fis: G 1 G 4 heppte; G 17 'Ep.po raCxos: B 9 F1aiKot 'Epnrl[ F333 !rau( ) F 114 'EpLto[ F 226 rv6ecov:B 5 rv[&ecvos "Epi'rrnos:F 198 'Eppinrro personal rva( ) F 102 'Ep6ocopos:F 304 'ppiobpou American rov( )F239 'Epp[ F253 For © FopyiasD 6; F 64 ropyio 'EprTrivtaF 329 rpaCmKos:F 256 rpa Eirnrpaots:D 7 Ernrpaxcris I: see Et EOpuvp[F 284 'lavOiSTis(or 'laveIs):C 10 'lavei6[ EpOTnr:D 10 EpiOre 'IEpoK[F 218 EOp( ) F 314 'IEpoSi6rs:He 10 'I(Epo),So(u); He 11 'IEpo86ou EOicrrtos:F 332 .E.o-raofov 'Ieprbvuios: B 18 ['I]epoov[]pico EUrEK[F 10 'IEpcy[ F 315 EOTruXia:F 165 EOrvuxf[as 'I| Athens 'ExKpaCriSas:F 157 'ExEKpaT-i6a KaiAnrF 176 'Ecov( ) F 155 Kacr( )F 166 at 'E( )F98 Kapa( ) F162 Kp-ros: F 286 K&pwou F 306 ZaOAos(aAOXos ?): Hc 20 Zac.A[ou Kapqpvica: K.apqvifas Zes G 19; G 6 Afa; G 9 Ai6s K&anoos:He 4 Kacrai(ou) F 285 Zcbacnios:F 307 Zcocarlou;F 309 Z[cba]tlpos Ka[ Studies Zco'rK6s:CC-BY-NC-ND. F 312 ZcoTIKOV KKpo[F 101 Kep( ) F 105 Kepa[ F 161 'Hyicrrparos:C 8 'Eyarpa-ros; C 9 'Eyar(p>- Ke( ) F 73 (monogram) aTos KrS( ):F 45 KE( ) (monogram) 'Hy?iravSpos:F 116 'Hy'crSv[Spou K9l( ): F 66 KEp( ) F 168 'Hyiacirrros:License: 'Hyatrr( ) F 262 KiKKou Classical KiKxos: 'HAia( ) F 327 K{icov:D 41 Kf]gov of 'HpaAeiE[F 305 Kiooaos:D 30 Kfono[s K 12 'HpaKqs: 'HpaKiAous KAl-rToqcv:B 6 KAEi personal [O]acfis Kv( )F242 Eaef: see T-roT Kcb&is:F 123 KOE American OalvvES:B 1 [eOalvE]u;F 12 F 13 eOavios KGvos:D 4 Q98o[s;F 212 Kc&ou;F 213 Kcb(.ou) For © 6eppias:F 3 Oapio K( )F173 eioBoaoiaC 33 K[G5 GOElcopn6rs:F 259 OEIoScopiSou OEoyEfToov:F 220 OEoyEdTCo[ Aai( ) F 207 soyl[: F 55 Oeroyi[ Aapta( ) F 137 eEopvrns:F 231 eEotvou(s) E)OG AucyiSrloS:F 9 Av]atSigo NIK( )Ell AucIKAijs:C 7AuVaCKAe NiK[C 15 Avaiuorp&.l:F 158 Avauorp[[x]Trls Nov( ) F 156 Au( )F28 F296 N( )F245 M&yipos:F 330 Mayipou -ave0js: D 39 Eav9es McLaeos: F 274; F 271 F 278 M[Lca(8os) -av( )F 106 F 109 MA.IKOS:F 325 MaCiKoU -a( ):F42Xoa( ) Mapia F 322; F 258 Mapfas; J 2 J 3 J 5 J 10-12 EEV6&pavTosF 141 M(apfas) -Evoq>Sv:F 145 -VO.,opS(vros) Map( )F87 ME1i( )F 98 MOvaros:B 5 'Ova[ro MEKI( )or ME(K( F 129 D 19 F 46 'Ovrilcrpios: 'O]veyiipj[os MENsayyK,6iaS: McAa License: D 39 nh Classical Mi(as: F 180 Mifou evrapiorrTl: rapopre Mi6EcvF 78 rTEpipos:F 284 nefpptq of Miepas:I 28 Mifpou;129 Miep[ou] fie( )F31 F 195 TlTr( )F 133 MIKa(only. ) Mtiicov F 72 1TAavTrrlosF 224 MiXcov:F 56 MfiAcvos MAa( )F173 lTTivios:He 25 RTAviou Mip(use )F175 School F 167 MvralIcaXos:F 92 Mvrlicnt&Xo TToAXKrros: MloAvui(Trou) Mv[C 25 TnoiQufis:He 26 [Tl]oXuW( ) MoCacr:K 12 Movurov TloXopaos:He 2 TloXv6io(v) Mo( ) F 112 TnoiSEsF 285 26 MupTrc:D 20 Mupr6 nPAI( ) D C 32 MUspersonal F 204 tnpacias MfNOF 86 ppaCXivvi:D 10 TIpaXavw American M( ) F332 TTp&Ecov:C 21 npXCvos For © TTPE() F 221 NEIKOVF 252 Tpocrooucra:C 31 lpocroria NEsoKAfi:D 32 NEoK(o(s) nlpoa( ) F 255 Nrcr( )F 196 npcbTrapXos:D 39 Tlp6TapXos Nty( )F235 Tpco( )F248 C 19 NtK&vcop:E 3 NIK&vop fnve6copos: nue6iopos NiK EaL( ) F 178 (tXoKp&rrls:F 304 OlxoKpp[Tro]us X&KOS:F 301 26xKO PiXo( )F51 F90 atrrpa[ F 169 (DAcov:F 2 DiXovos actrpa: F 113 EaTcrpas OiA( ) F 126 EaTm( )F 180 Op*vcov:D 28 Opivov EPqrl( )F317 6EA?UK(): Hc 17 [ZX]AVK( ) Xatp( ) F 240 eE'vios:F 125 Yeevto Xai( ) F 174 EIKCaC 27 Xapi&v&r:F 24 Xapl&[v]Os Eipzcas:F 183 lfi{a Xapfas D 39 fipoS:F 107 I(lo XappiiSrs:C 21 XappfieS ZlUv( )F91 Xap( )F61 Xfiiov:F 86 Eico0vos Xot( )F25 Zt'ciJpppr:F 84 []'Jio~<<>Ppes Xpfocros:F 243 Xpcr-roU ZKI( )F70 Xpicr( ) F 244 Athens EKvea( ) F 79 X(pto-r6s)J2 J3 J5 J7 J8 J 10-12 EzuIKpvos:F 23 IEIlKpiVQo Xpio'inrrros:F 201 XpvuT[f]Tnlou at TrparcovD 43 X( )F 182 F230 XTrpaTco[F 319 X[ C14 F330 IZpa( ) F 222 X61papis:D 6 .vp&pios 'Q29(pE(): F 59 'Oq9E EuvSpo6aXosC 23 Studies Euv(CC-BY-NC-ND. )F 19 ]ayv( ) F 122 l0pos F 170; F 203 Srpou ]alrs: D 40 ]aiES Ecoofias:C 18 oacias ]cqKtT9[ D 35 2cao'tvecs:B 9 SoafvEo(S) ]aX.ta[ F 124 EcoaX[F 134 ]aoalK.uEaF 311 cbcrrparTo:F 143 2aooTrp&TO ]as G 18 License: G 9 F 117 Classical Ecorlp: 2coT[filpo ]aTafrl coyppovaSF 150 ]aTos:F 94 ]&-rT of ]6atos: F 144 ]6afou TaTr:F 11 Eaei ]Bt6Kos:D 5 ]St59os Tiypi(only. ) F 326 ]EiBrIs:D 24 ]eSEs;F 115 ]eio8 TtI6Evos: C 16 C 21 TtIg6Xovos;F 160 ].v( ) D 24 v[ou ]?SC 12 use T]tpco School Tilo( ) F 71 ]Eupa G 22 TiTas C 5 ]qlcov: F 140 ]^ovos Tpfpacxos:F 62 Tpfplaos ]icrcov:D 25 ].kcov Tp6XtXos:F 104 TpoxiXo ]fas F 63 Tp'rrls D 4 ](vaBoS:F 234 ]va&Sou Tupcrav6sF 44 ]iv( )F82 T*Oix:personal G 9 TX[rIs ]ios C 14 American ]tcrri86rs:F 216 ]tIcrT5ou For © OaifoTios:F 77 Oatacrrfo ]kov: C 14 ]fov ODcXavOos:B 2 cOac6[veo ]Kaio8[D 36 OaviAXrl:F 8 OavAXs ]A&TlXOsF 1 Oa&ccov:F 6 Oaaov ]oous: F 5 ]Mos OeiSorrpacros: F 181 ]?1i6oo0Tp(&rov) ]XvTC 29 $fiXA:F 277 0[qiXl ]XXosF 131 OiSfas:F 246 Ot619u ]AcXvios:F 264 ]?coviou fAnrl:D 41 [$]fDAT ]papiTrl:D 16 ] oaprTE OtLXrilcov:D 44 OXiXAovoS ]v( )F194 F224 OiXTr[ F 300 ]rlvo[ D35 OlAxrMnrB 17; F 103 OlAhr1s ].OHT.[ F171 OfcXiArosF 225; B 17 OlAirc ]ovTos F 82 O?iAt( ) F 211 ]o B 5 C15 OcAt68rlljoS:C 32; F 50 OIXopi]ot ]OTOSF 18 110 INDEX VERBORUM [.rTraaD 40 ]aoos:F 118 ]cro ]..PKEF 96 ]o'rparos C 28 ]sD42 F117 F209 K4 ]nKrcop:F 118 ]Kncopos ]aa C 14 ].pcovo[s F 289 Latin AusQ[Hd 3 Furmius:He 4 Furnio Ba( ) He 7 Gemmnianus:F 298 Gemmiano C( ) He4 L( ) F328 Cn( ) F 288 Marinus:F 251 Marini Co( ) F 228 Nero: He 8 Nerone Crispinus:He 6 Crispino Pasinus:F 313 Pasini Dom( ) F 283 Pat[ F 328 Drusus:He 6 Druso Q( )F328 Athens Fel( ) F 277 Se( ) F 228 Fund[ :F 328 Q. L. Fund[ Titius: F 288 Titio at Non-Greek(possibly Carian?) AITZKPIF 99 APXAH?O: F 100 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. INDEX VERBORUM Greek &yaO6s:G 9 [&yaouo],&[y]aOfis An L34 cycAulaG 1 &pyliA(aov)He 15 OyavG2License: dpyupis:He 15 &pyvpi6cov Classical ayopcaos: G 17 [3yop].dou; I 18 &yopl(ou) a&peva:L 19 d&ppivy[v of &ypos:1 32 &ypou &pva[L 25 dycoIK,6S:K 3 cyoviQ96v &pXcov:He 2 I[]pxovrTo &8EXp6s:only. B 17 &Sr^&:C;B 18 &5sp[Co],[t&]8&)p[Cv] &pco(l.rrTirs)Hd 15 AA L 55 'Acra:B 11 'Aaias Ad [B8 &duitpayo: Hd 11 ao ,iap6you use School AOL2 &otr B9 alpa: Hd 11 atpcov ATOZHe 12 Al F 163 AO He 20 &KEv( )I43 'AXPO()I45 &KuXos:B 19 KU( ) 'AXc( )I32 aXXos:B 2 &hos;G 6 [IAos] &nlv(e{Tts)Hd 23 AAEONpersonal L 49 'A[.. .][vios I 45 American AAI 11 A( )F87 F170 Hdl Hd20 He26 For © AMINL 26 A[ Hc 21 'Amgv( ) 17 110 116 I19 I20 I25 129 I40 I41 B&aai:I 34 Batcov &3(q9opaVs):K 10 K 11; He 3 &4(qpop&os) P&pos:L 47 P&p(os) avOT-rfeil:G 7 &vfKEiv P3rT&Vov:B 12 P aiv(a) &v8( )He 31 pev&~ppiov:B 21 [.. .]a ppi( ) ANKZB[L51 PiLpAivos:L 45 Plu1pAvou dvope6co:L 14 &vo eoils pIVt3: C 2 VE[EqC;C 14 4[v,Tro], er*[o] d&vrypa&co:K 6 &wvrTypcx[e Borip6lllov L 40 AN F 103 oqe6s J 6 &rrm() I12 Boi( )F65 rr6He23He 24 He 41 I4 I11 I112 pouvcaosI 45 rrroSifcoUt:B 17 drr66os PovvUs:I 5 .ouvoi &frroq[I 14 Po[ I1 INDEX VERBORUM 111 Bartos:L 40 Bvoio(v) Tro'WrrXo:B 9 I-ctu ve B( )F65 F233 128 129 brnirpacrItov: B 13 r1TrpaCrrfi[a it[ B 10 y&ia Hd 22 'Epevefa:He 14 'Eppvdis FraI(iXtov)L 29 EprTlos:Hb 6 :pfllou y&pov:Hd 8 yap( ); L 47 ydpgy? ppI[B 10 y(ev...)J2 J3 J5 J7 J8 J10-12 EP( )Hc11 yiyvoiati: B 10 .yEv1irn ros [Hc 19] Hc 21; He 4 He 7 Hc 15 hrous; yp&qco:C 18 yp&coaas;K 4 gypa[9oe; K 5 L 31 T-rOv;He 22-24 He 23 He 24 fr( ) ypa(p[ EOC 33 r( )F317 Hd15 fcosHe 41 E( ) F98; He 2 (s) 86: B 10 6' E[B 10 58(a): see Index Numerorum SEKaTiCapEsHe 2 lalrrlov: L 8 la(i&6rna) Athens 86aTos: I 4 SEK&xTn 8&irrpos He 15 fKco: B 7 hiK[E] at 8rl6Criov: Fa 1-26 S(ii6noov);Fb 1-3 'rl(6o'tov) hfltva: Ha 54 Jg(lvai) 8Tlv&piov:K 16 8q(vapla); see also Index Sigillorum fflo-rrov: B 14 t(lo'r(a) lATnA[ Hc 20 fi.oUv:Ha 18 fill( ); see also IndexNumerorum 6Kcatos Ha HaHa28; Ha 17 8IK[ ; Ha 25 8Ke(os); fillxa B 15 Ha 32 6iKEo[S fplfXous:B 12 'fiXouv Studies iKaxicosCC-BY-NC-ND. F 131; F 94 8tK[ ; fXi1:1 37 fX5ov F 132 [81]Kacos;F 139 [St]iKacos;F 154 [6S]Kafco[s Oe&:G 13 Oea[Tv] 81oupil-rK6s:Hd 21 Stoup(1rTK6v) i,ga: Hd 19 0icpara 8i( )Hb9 WE6s:J 6; J 7 0(ou); C 21 eiol; G 6 C6[s](ace.) 8i[ L13 Oco[ L25 SoK&o:License: Classical C 3 [8o]KEI;C 10 [8]oET;C 19 Somt lyyT&vco:K 2 [e0]yois 86XAXOs:B 16 8oAfXou e0pa: B 1 eOpas of Spaxpi: E 9 [6pax]pov; E 16 K 18 L 30 8p ( ); e( )I15 J8 L 20 bpa( ); see also Index Numerorum only. A( )F162 F282 Hd5 16( )He 42 A[B3 lipeiS:F 262 Ieprios use lipoer*Ts:F 304 itpoOirov School B 10 G I 31 G 10 G 11 G 20 !6 ' i?p6s 16; kpou; lepas; tycb: C 8 poi; G 1 lepov[ el: K 2 [ei] iE( ) F 323 Elpt (variously spelled and preserved) F 3 F 5 lv8(tKnTIv)I 12 1 44 F12 F13 F18 F32 F56 F58 F63 F 65 IN( )F82 F 94 F 107 F 115 F 131 F 144 F He 9 'lovfou personal [F 1321 177; 'loAtoos: Hd 2 [o-ri] 'lovtios: He 41 'louvfou American EtS:B 9 es; B 20 Is raeItov: K 1 T[eO]iov For © Ets:see Index Numerorum 'Clor0toviKrs:L 12 'lCO[l]t KCav()Hd7 uia:He 33 He 34 He 36 XAi-ros;He 29 [OhtT]os; [Kd&p6]oroSB 12 I 42 AIt[ mKaplK':L 32 Kaplifis gEi{vr: He 41 ieXivris KaprroS:He 17 K&perou IEi-riTvoS:He 21 eXi-rivou;He 30 ITrr() KaTaTrtycovC24 [C261; C5 C18 C22 C25 MEv[alTos]I 42 KarraTrOyov;C 27 KaaTanry(alva) 9EP( )L55 Ka( )F297 16 paCos:B 12 fooit Ka[B 10 F 103 F 285 Mecp( )He 23 KE!( )L23 Trpios:Ha 1 Utr'rpto; Ha 12 iTpi(ov) KEvri:I 36 KEVjs(see Katv6s) 6Trpov:Ha 19 He 37 e'(Tpa) KEV[B 10 Pe( ) Ha55 Kep6alov: Ha 18 ipalina; Ha 56 K(E)p(qiala) P4I:C 19 P KEpatos:E 5 KEpa0os n6E?is:G 2 [lrQ8v] KE( )He 25 !wv: He 41 1 23 nl(v6s); He 5 He 9 1 17 lr(qv6s) K1Tros:B 1 Krro Prl( )L43 Athens KIXHTOYL 30 Iicryco:C 8 liaoyT KA'TTS: F 199 vA-rTT[OU IoIrcTOS:C 1 I{CErTOS at KMaois:D 18 [K]XSais iva: Hb 5 pv(al); He 3 He 5 n(vai) Klivrfip: B 2 KA[ivT-p]as p6(8ios) Ha 16 Ha 44 Ha 53 He 4 He 8-11 1 24 Kvi6iov: Ha 15 KvB)(ov) MoA6rTO:1 25 MoXrroO Koivos:F 83 Koivai M( )F332 Hall J6 Ko6KKAos:C 30 KOKKOA(oi) [[ Hd22 Studies KOV(CC-BY-NC-ND. )He44 Kopitv[ B 10 vcSXAoS:B 20 vaoAou Kopi( ) He 44 va[ B10 Ko'rXTA:Ha 29 Ha 40 He 17 Ko( ); B 21 F 198 vlJios:I 41 [N]Eclv Ha 7 Ha 9 Ha 0OHa 35 He 1 K( ); see also VE( )L56 Index Numerorum vti: G 6 vE License: 11 Hb22 Hb28 He 25 He 28 B 16 VlKal;He 19 Classical Koopoos:Hb vf(K: [N]i(KrS) KcjaeoS:He 17 Kv(a0os) v6jiicaa: K 17 vo({ioacrr)a of KuSaOrivalwisD 44 vopOqn:B 19 [v]opirr Ko School (av6os: He 36 aav0oui AcKa.lco:C 33 XaiK&8e[t cTrrlTs(in various spellings or abbreviations): AalKao-rpia C 34; C 33 X(atcic-rpta) Ha 17 Ha 20 Ha 23 Ha 28 Ha 30 Ha 32 Ha 37 AaKK6rOTrpcOKOS:C 23 AcxKK6OTp[o]TroS Ha 38 Ha Ha4Ha46 Ha:Ha50-524 WAyco:B 11 Xeyo[ Ha56 Hd6 He 36 He4 e44 15 118 121 B 12 XixKuos 123 126 145 K 13; see also Index Sigillorum Afpepapersonal L 46 EHETYAPL 5 American Apvuo-r.K6s:L 3 Atlpucr[IK6s] Mieos:B 16 Aieo For © 6,, C C1 4 C 18 C 23 D 6 L 3 ho; L 126; Ha 26 Hb 6 Hb 7 ,6: AiTpa:(variously abbreviated) Hd 2 T6; B 1 B 2 F 304G 6 G 13 He 41 J 4 Hb26 Hbll Hb12 Hb l4 Hb 18 Hb21-23 K 5 L 14 Hb28 Hb29 Hd6 Hd10 He6 He7 Hel2 (various oblique cases) B 12 [6]peial; B 14 He22 He25 He26 He28 He29 He31-34 6opeAas: [6]p-hima 6poA6sL 7 He43 17 112 6e: Hd 2 L 3 ho5i B 14 [Tr]68; AoTra6rr olKosB 10 Aoxr&atov:B 12 XoTr&dia Ha 27 A7fco:B 10 aOIcaTo oivrpos olvos: Hd 13 He21 otvou; B20 olvov; (understood onHdl5 Hd17 Hd23) Jiyca: B 14 iey&Xrn 6OAK:E 15 6AK(ai);Hb 2 6A(Kai) MOievn:I 23 MeOfvnrs 'OAuITri6vtKoS:C 5 'OhAui)t6v[t]K.os AESCvosVOS:I 9 Hex2c[VjO]V OM He 33 vehMiv(os)He 23 He 24 6v&piov:B 106vO'pia INDEX VERBORUM 113 o6os:Hd 1 8o'xos;L 27 5( ) rrpo( ) L 43 6S,aWiov:B 20 60i[,[aca] iTp( )Hc26 O'rTOVB 19 mrvyaTio:C 12 1ruy[ 6carp6aK:Hb 12 6orTp6cns lnvcbv, see Ouvcbvv o6rrpaKov:Hb7 Hbl4 Hbl5 Hb21 Hb23 Hb26 mru( )L56 Hb 30 He 31 He 33 He34 He 37 d&rrpd&ouH( )J3 (variouslypreserved, spelled, abbreviated) &OTB 11 OarrRr(avcXaov)He 7 OTInB 8 pa L27 OYAE L 31 (vas?) PIA[ L 21 oVyK{a: B19 Hb3 Hb22 He7 He 13 He 22 poqpeTov:B 12 5oclta He 39 He 40 1 23 1 32 (variouslyabbreviated) purTlK6S:L 3 pOcrr[lK6S o866s:B 1 ho85i OUIK()I 11 onYKcola:Hb 4 q6C Classical rrap0Nvos:J 4 rrapeEvou TEI L23 rrapoSL 14 T-rTprpXoUs:Ha 13 [TrTp]6cXovv of a&no'rrTros:I 20 naoaarrov rTivco:G 6 TrdiiTro r&caaov:Hd Hd 12 He 13 He 40 T-Xaco:C 23 T-r?A only. 9; Trar(oov); Tra(r(aoov) TOA L 38 Tracr()L12 Tpacrr(rrir6s):see L 34 TrrVTE:use Ha 5 Trv(-rE);L 8 -rrT personal Trrir Tcb:C 19 'r6 IIPBL 44 American rr(Aipcotia) He 36 68pfa:Ha 18 0Spiat For © TroXAs:B 10 TrO9i; L 10 rro(<>) 06cop:Hd 16 0'Sa-ra Tr9gvrposB 10 'Yiirr6IOS:He 29 ]..rTTou,c'Y.rTC TropoS:K 3 or6po[v U]'rrcaipiosL 7 'rroTIlptov:B 12 rrOT-rlpa;F 3 'rro-rptOV T'rrr&AElca:Hd 2 rrrCa[XAtica] -rov( )L10 Trrrp:B 5 [iTr]?p 7ro( )Hd18 L15 0TrEpaB 19 TTPa&VEIOS:Hd 5 TTpacxiv[;Hd 17 He 26 Tpa( ); imrOB 1 htrro I 13 npa.( ) iTr( )1 6 Trp.I( )J7 vcar[ L56 rrpia[ 1 30 Y.rTA L 5 rrpicov:B 1 Trpiov(a) rrp6L 45; He42 Trp(6) O)aAEpv(6S)He 27 rrpoK( ) I 39 ipco:Ha 36; C 19 9ps 'rpOTrie01i:He 41 wp9Ogerco 1fprli:C 18 (cnvtv 114 INDEX VERBORUM OH .....AA L 48 ]ENHGHTOL54 qlfa G 14; G 9 [pl]Aas ]soi G6 qpAosC 7 ]eo 1 38 qniAoTioov:C 6 [pli]oTroaov ]EP-T[B4 pi( )He19 L 28 ]es C12 qpotv6s:B 19 cpovoU ]ETA.[ L4 9opCo: B 2 4p6pE? ]? Ha 18 pp&ap:K 1 'TpaXT(oS) ]HA(SBE[L 54 Ou$cbv:I 19 Ou(vovos ]HXHI L6 00 He 35 ]f5es B 15 0( )He32 ]ITorcov B 10 ]IVlKt L 11 F 199 XCAKci ]InE[ B4 Xa(KouS: B3 X&PTTs:B 14 [X1&p'r[s] ]IPE ].If[ L 13 Athens XE K 7 L24 Xois K 13; Ha 8 xo; Ha 31 X6s; F 198 Ha 2 ]KOINOAX at Ha 6 Ha 14 Ha 25 He 1 He 2 He 35 (variously ]K,ov G3 abbreviated;see also IndexNumerorum) ]KoS G6 Xprlcrr6s:B 18 [Xp]no-r'r ]Xipas B 10 Xp(6vos)Hc 26 ]A.[ B 12 L23 Xrarpa:B 13 Xrrpas; K 2 9JrT[pas] ]A.KE! ]AUO[ L 16 Studies 5 Xcop..CC-BY-NC-ND. He B21 XC(p(ou)I1 I 5 16 113-15 118-21 124 125 ]A( ) 127-37 1 39-43; 1 45 X(co)p( ) ]uacr L 16 L4 X( )F 182F230F330 ] L9 ]NHOE L17 B 10 TA He 23 ]veov ]NN![ B4 License: Classical Wcoifov:B 20 yc(fco[v 1 24 11 ]voulrls wcovo()I ]v.ra B 10 of ].N F 194 cvfionly. F 199 ]KOS L9 bs:C 18 hos; B 7 6s ].OM[ B3 ].02o B 10 use B10 ]os C2 School ]A[ ]a E4 ]TrrTl() Ha 16 ]A! L3 ]hrop( ) 1 8 ]AMA2 B11 ]piveias L 33 ]AMME[B4 ]EIE L6 ]ANIA L ].I L40 ]ANIpersonal L35 ]oEv9os B 10 American ]&vcovI 10 ]XOnOA[B 4 ]APENrE[L53 ]ZX[ B 10 For © ]ap( ) L29 ]EQT[ B 10 ]AXHAL 35 ] B 10 K4 L37 ]BE L17 ][ B 10 ]you Ha 40 ]TAPA.AHL 36 ].EAIHA L 1 ]TA5AIIt1EMAX B 11 ]ei8[ L 37 ]TA Bll ]EI.[ B3 B15 ]Tuqos L 42 ]E! B5 ]u L9 ]ENEIA[L 13 ]qnQP() B 21 INDEX NUMERORUM1 115 Latin ab Hd 3 N(onae) He 18 antea He 4 saec( ) He 18 Aug( ) He 18 s(itus) L 41 a[ L50 stig(matum)He 18 bol Hc 8 Terg( ) He 18 car( ) He 18 tuus: L 50 tuis coc(tum) Hd 3 vas He 18 (see L 31 OYAX) co(n)s(ul) Hc 3 He 4 vil(la) He 18 co(n)s(ule)sHc 7 vin(um)He 18 d(e)f(un)c(tus)L 41 [e(st)] L 41 Iciri L 50 e, Hc 6 ]orum L 50 mo(dius): He 4 mo(dii) Athens at INDEX NUMERORUM one-half:Ha 21 ( thirteenplus: He 43 ty'< one:B141; E13 F-;F87 F170 117 126a' fourteen: He 2 &xa CrLapEs; Hc26 Hd6 15 112 one plus: E44- 1 37 iS'; Hb 9 Hcl15 Si' Studies two:BCC-BY-NC-ND. 12 B 14 He16 1l; L151I; Ha7 He 1 KK; fourteen plus: Ha 41 tS'P" F198 Hal4 Ha25 HaS6 He40' fifteen: F323 Hcll He5 Hel17 He25 He31 two plus: Hal1OXXHK[; Ha 1l II= He38 116 121-23 ie'; Hb6 1 17 139 El' three: F 317 Ha 54 Hb 22 He 8-11 He 14 He 22 fifteen plus: Hb 19 XIIIII<;He 5 IE'< IS 123 127 144 L20 L31 L33y' sixteen: Ha 5 ].APF; He 15 is' four: B12 Ha31111; B21 F162 F282 Ha35 sixteen plus: Hbl1O XIIIIII= License: Classical Hdll1 He 4 He 10 He 39 I 8 19 1385S' seventeen: He 41 iL' four plus: E 4 F+FFICKT>;Ha 22 Ha 56 S'< seventeen plus: Ha 50 He 39 i<'(; Hb 17 XIIIIIII<; of five:Ha 5 Hb 25 He 31 11111;B 12 He 2 P; E 3 IF; Ha36 Ha42 Ha44 He42 iL'13 B21 He7-9 12 17 K18 L23 L40e' E 14 APF-l-; He 6 He 30 only. eighteen: irl' five plus: Hb 8 11111-;F 65 PE; He 38 e'< eighteen plus: Ha 47 tri'KSB six: Hbl3 HblS Hbl6 Hb24 Hb27 111111;nineteen: Ha 40 Ha 45 He 17 tO' use E 9 F1-F-F-;F 104 Ha 24 Ha 31 Ha 54 Hbl5 twenty: B 12 E 12 AA; He 3 AA; Hb3 Hd ll School Hb 22 Hb 30 Hc 5 He 35 He 37 115 I 23 141 He7 I12 L24K' K13 L 47 s" twenty plus: Ha 21 K'< six plus: He 17 He 33 iIIIII; He 33 s`<; E 6 PHFCTtwenty-one: F 285 (?) F 297 Hc 22 (?) 16 (?) Kc' seven: Ha 4 1111111;He 2 PEE; B 19 F 104 Hb 14 twenty-one plus: Ha 46 Ka'S" Hbl 8 Hb21 He8 L' twenty-two:Ha 11 II=; He 43 i'zB seven Ha 7 1111111 Ha 9 PIKKH E 8 personal plus: IEKK; twenty-three: AAIII[;E 7 AAFL-F[;He 29 Ky'; Ha6 Hb2O Hb3l 11111111;B13 Pill; Ha26 He 20 XXIII American eight: Ha30 He22 13 120 if twenty-four: Ha 38 KS' For © eight plus: Ha 6 [mXXXH twenty-four plus: Ha 45 He 33 YB'<;Ha 49 KS'<5' nine: Hb9 111111111;E9 PH-H-; Hb7 Hb12 twenty-five: Ha 52 iE'; He 19 He 41 XXV Hb23 Hb29 He6 He28 He29 He32 He44 twenty-six: Hb 1 AAIlIlll; He 12 ics" I 10133 135 0' twenty-seven: Ha 51 He 7 10 KUK nine plus:K8 IIIIIIIIIPl-I-H-;Ha 48 O'< twenty-sevenplus: Ha 43 KL'< ten: B 12 A; He 1 AA$; Hb28 He 13 He22 twenty-nine: F 250 Ke' He39 1 18 123 i' twenty-nine plus: Ha 39 Ke' thirty-eightplus: Ha 29 Xq'< 15?: He 14 pv[ forty: E15 F332 He13 He26 I' 172: He 16 pop' forty-five:E5 AAAAP[;K14 s'[XL]V;L38XXXXV 194: He 23 He 24 p96' forty-five plus: Ha 18 IE'fi(icv) 200:He35 132 K17 a' forty-seven: B 19 Ii'; L 40 ]Pi' 210:Ell HHA[ fifty: E 10 F 130 FA; E 16 AAAAA; F252 rF, v' 229: Hc 18 oxe' fifty-seven: L 30 vl' 230: L 23 acr' sixty:E 13 PA; He30 ~' 239: I 44 0ha' sixty-one: L 39 XIL 241: He 19 caa' seventy: He 10 L 24 o' 329: F 250 KOr' eighty: J 3 rr' 424: K9 SKv' q' eighty-one: L 34 air' 500: He 25 eighty-nine: Ha 10 eir' 502: He 17 qpP' 100:Hb2 K16 p' 580: He 24 'rr 111: L23 pia' 701: He 23 pa' Athens 115: F 315 Eip' 964: Hc25 F86' 121:He 10 1246: He9 at pKa' ,acrls' 139:Hc 1 He37 pAO' 9975: El PXXXXPIHHHHraAAP 146: He8 ppis' 10474: He 10 ,tv8o' 150:Hc12 Hc23 pv' 11100:E2 MXH 155: He 13 pve' Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. INDEX SIGILLORUM (half): see IndexNumerorum (xestes): Ha 30 Ha 56 (denarius):He 16 He 17 He 38 (?) F (ounkia): B 19 HIb3 He 13 He22 He 39 K (drachm):K 9 (?) see IndexNumerorum He40 I23132 License: Classical A (litra): Ha26 IHb2 Hb18 Hb21-23 K (ounkia):He 7 Hb 26 Hd 6He 6 He 22 He 26 He 28 He 29 + (cross):F 323 F 324 143 of He31 He33 He34 He43 112 -P (chi-rho):F322 Ha 46 He 22 He39 J1 He 44 K13 L28 only. (xestes): Ha37 He36 J4 J9 (xestes): Ha 38 Ha 43 Ha 45 Ha 46 Ha 48 xer (see text):J 8 Ha 50-52 He 41 118 21 23 1 45 XMr (see text):J 2 J3 J5 J 10-12 use School personal American For © Plates Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American For © PLATE1 A1 Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. A3 A2 License: Classical of only. tcRt use School A4 A6 A5 personal American © For A7 L A 10 -... Abecedaria PLATE2 B3 B2n nD Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. rR b D I License: Classical of only. use School /- ON/<' FX po< 3 AT A V oi\personal A : i C\ F nl American © For T/4\lIW r AF A X N Lists and Messages PLATE 3 Athens at B14 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. B15 B 16 License: -T."- Classical / I A NrrOOC of 1l AIn I 7A1 HC only. s !A IttVI use School B17 personal American © For B 19 Lists and Messages PLATE 4 C1 : 2 Athens :3 at Jc. 8g ( Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. C5 1:4 License: Classical of only. use School <)k F\\ personal American 0 C 15 1:2 © For > C 15 1:2 Love Names and Hate Names PLATE5 C17 Athens C 14 at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. C C19 1:10 License: Classical of only. C19 1:10 use School personal American © For C 21 1:2 T L A K k 1"Tf kO C C 2:3 C24 1:4 Love Names and Hate Names PLATE 6 C25 1:4 C26 Athens C27 at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. C31 1:2 License: Classical of only. C 31 1:2 use School C29 personal American © For C30 C32 -,, 1/- A~7 /A- \>~ C33 1:2 C34 Love Names and Hate Names PLATE 7 AIvy piro0 D3 D 1 Athens I at 9 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. D6 License: Classical of only. FrP use School D8 personal American © For D 11 D12 AVJ 1Q D14 D16 Names on Sherds PLATE 8 D18 Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For D28 D30 ol I" D27 D 29 Liv la4I Names on Sherds PLATE 9 Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. 0--l" use )N School personal American © For D41 A D42 Names on Sherds PLATE 10 Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For E 10 E12 E13 E 15 E14 E16 Numerical Notations on Sherds PLATE 11 T3 < oKF F1 F2 F3 Athens at F4 F6 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. *9\ F8 I F9 F 11 License: J'F10 Classical t of A \ N I 2 only. ' F12 F13 use School LvF2 F28 1:4 personal American 4 /,u 4 / © For F 17 F'20 F19 1:4 F18 i\p // F21 F22 F23 F24 Owners'Marks PLATE 12 Athens at VNI.,- Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. F 34 E38 License: Classical ff^^^_Q of only. use School personal American © For r, A 7 r4/ f / ti, A> F49 F54 F 50 ." F 52 1:4 F51 F53 F55 Owners' Marks PLATE 13 I If F67 Athens at F59 F76 F F60 1:4 0 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. _ _ F 61 1:4 F63 F 62 1:4 License: Classical of / only. F 64 1:4 use School r H57 F 69 E57 F 68 F 66 personal American \ F70 1:2 F65 1:4 / © For F75 F71 IV / F80 F 83 F82 Owners'Marks PLATE 14 Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For F 92 F 93 F 95) F94 / F 95 / F96 Owners' Marks PLATE 15 I F 97 1:2 F 98 Athens \/ F 101 at F 102 A F 100I F 102 F 100 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical F 105 of only. use School F 106 I N personal F 109 American © For F 108 E F pir/F F 110 F 111 F 113 F 115 F 116 Owners' Marks PLATE 16 /<-T0 p 0 K5 F 118 F 117 F 119 Athens /EI } at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School ?-;----- a i personal American © For F 131 - I A L1A . I ,;11 .-O 11-- --.. F 139 '.--' N F 140 Athens at \ \\ Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. / License: Classical / / F ',,, / F148148 of only. N, use School I F I \ _L2 F 144 v F 132 1:2 , /AU Ti personal f~~ American © For f 142 F151 I F 149 F 143 777-^<7**-- (\ F 150 / FF152 M O-NW \, ^ F 158 F 156 F 161 Athens zif at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical F 162 of only. use School F 163 personal American © For ~~------, F 173 F 171 F 169 Owners' Marks PLATE 19 F 176 F 174 F 175 /Nll*sN Al p ? oF177 F 177 F 177 Athens F 177 at 178 F 178 F 178 F 178 ( Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Vp F 179 F 181 License: Classical 'a L / of F 180 F 185 only. use School F 183 F 182 F 185 personal F 187 American © For F 197 Owners'Marks PLATE20 F\ 2 F 198 F 204 C. ,0I.'I.' .. , * . f ~ ~~~~~~~~~r r ^.V^e tN : 3 L r, ^yr~~~~~~o Athens "--1 F 201 I / at I` y F 205 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. F 203 C *SCk rG s F 208 F 210 F 207 License: Classical of CI^ 0 a F 206 k\c only. F 209 F 211 use School F 206 WA^1 14 F 213 \ F 212 F 214 F 215 . ,? . I personal -O.'~- I . ... American ?''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ © For 000 F 21 6 1:2 P r- 222 Aft A F 217 F 220 F 219 ipyp fA^7 ?jrrTc^4 F 226fi ..-. \ F 225 \ In'r9aYy F 221 F~3 g/,gX4NP~~~~~~~ Ca4Qt 2l2I FIF\2 224~ F 227 Owners'Marks PLATE 21 LA- LY^A 6 e )y F 229 F 230 F 231 a F 228 1:2 L F 232 F 231 Athens o rC) O DI at 1, P05 F 233 F 230 F 235 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. F 234 F 236 Qulrr"~~pwb S"j F 237 License: Classical F 238 1/ of only. F 2z- 41 . 4, F 242 use F 240 School F243 F 244 personal F 245 American F 245 / © For F 248 F 247 F 250 1:2 F 251 1:2 Owners' Marks PLATE 22 I I F 253 1:2 Athens F 255 at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 4(,j<4^25h^ F 257 F 256 License: Classical CbQ F 258.. - 1:2 of only. ) 1~ / use School F 265 I F 259 F 260 personal 1)()Y 4o American F 263 © For ~,4) ay I*AA IC' C-Vr- El) -- I% Y\ F 266 F 262 F 267 Owners' Marks PLATE 23 0 / x :2 F 272 ? 1:2 Athens 1:2 at k !~F 0\ F 276 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. F 268 License: Classical of only. >JN\O F 275 1:2 use School personal American F 27 © For F 270 1:2 0 F 271 1:2 F 273 F 274 1:2 Owners' Marks PLATE 24 F 278 1:2 Athens F 277 1:2 at I- 0- %. I '%.- - - .10, / .,0 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. F 280 1:2 .-.? ? , .i'.~~ r~~~~~~~~,: -. I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ License: F 279 1:2 IN Classical F 281 1:2 I N\ of /N -. I\ I'! only. ,-C !28\ j r2 personal 4i American F 286 1:2 © For It,4I U-a F 284 F 283 "Il n 7 F 285 1:2 F 287 1:2 Owners' Marks PLATE 25 .' I'll Y1Cl,I F 289 F293?. ', , '-:" . ^-7p^~~~~~~~~~~k F 293 Athens F288 AJ•.•.?}"' at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. F 296 1:2 -wr1A./.oc License: F 290 Classical of only. use School F 301 F 292 personal American F 295 / CIF A\ © For ~ /V\ Ak J &NO '^E/... f y F 298 F 297 F 302 F 300 Owners' Marks PLATE 26 r ci^'. F 308 JGclJiKJa7 F 311 Athens at 306 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. .. : . '. : ': . .. I(. :,;Z : .... F 310 License: Classical - of 'r / yr F~ ~4o ~3 only. r ,1- . use School F 314 personal American 4-^c/ © For F 305 F 315 V11' F 313 c I(0 I \F30 F 307 F 309 Owners' Marks PLATE 27 . . :. , " V.r^,- : < < t ^ w ^ ,^=^*^:^7\:t?^?;2 K .~' F 316 F 319 F 317 '1 Athens Cik C4,fat ^'-~~~~~~,* $ N F 320 F 318 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. yAI K:: lp F 322 License: F 321 Classical of only. use School / personal American © For / F 322 I S >/CA C F . F 323 1:3 /? F 326 F 327 Owners' Marks PLATE28 F 329 ,.-..?..| ~ :?;> {~ .,':. . Athens at F 324 F 330 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of F 325 F 331 F only. 3258 gwlw., use School ^ ^ir ^ir , Jn^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r~?ia2 y, /^~-/ v, "N.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)?~=:?y\ /?^*^ i ^ personal 1--W^a American © For E E F 332 i F 334 Owners' Marks PLATE 29 Fa 1 Fa 2 Fa 4 Fa 5 Fa 6 Fa 3 Athens Fa 7 Fa 8 Fa 9 Fa 10 Fa 11 Fa 12 Fa 16 at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Fa 17 Fa 18 Fa 19 Fa 20 Fa 21 Fa 22 Fa 23 License: Classical of Fa 25 only. use School Fa 14 personal American © For Fa 24 Fb 1 Fb 2 Fb 3 Owners' Marks: De (mosion) Ligatures PLATE 30 I^ f\ Athens at G 1 vrF3/v/ /-hPEQ G 4 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. V License: Classical of only. G3 G 5 use School personal American G6 © For G 8 01 JG 7 E G 10 G7 G9 7< TY G 9 Dedications and Convivial Inscriptions PLATE 31 A t > -E'f-1~~'i '+rI/ P&"h- ON G 11 / AKzo. G 14 G G12 hi 0 Athens ) at G 13 4-C. o P47 \ 0 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. G 17 G 15 License: Classical of pOI APTEoaA only. G 16 G 16 use School I^- p I K_ G 18 G 19 G20G 20 personal American © For Vt\E W1 oAIONY( kIMAPT.iI| A G 21 1:2 G 22 G 23 Dedications and Convivial Inscriptions PLATE 32 CHa\N 2 ' Ha 1 Ha 2 _- Ha3 Ha 3 ovoil ' '.~~ Athens /7 at I, /~?THl Ha 12 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Ha 5 11:2 License: Classical Ha 4 1:2 Skk of only. 0 Ha 7 use School Ha 8 personal American © HaFor 6 Ha 6 1:2 [7 IK 'yKH1 Ha 6 1:2 Ha 9 r0 ^i ^%Hal 10 Ha 11 1:2 I v^tu- w 4S,4SL ioc^ Ha 10 I-I. a ._ Ha 10 Commercial Notations: Capacity PLATE 33 (\ I Ha 17 Athens at Ha 15 Ha 15 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. V 0 Ha 21 License: Classical of Ha 20 only. use School Ha 18 ,--OOIIP' personal Ha 22 Ha 24 Ha 23 American © For Ha 25 2 L Ha 22 Ha 27 Ha 26 Commercial Notations: Capacity PLATE 34 & ~Cc IH r(~hAC A I Ha 30 Ha 29 Ha 28 Athens k c zI 1 ,A at Ls Ha 32 Ha 31 Ha 34 1:2 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 'A Ha 33 Ha 33 4 License: Classical Ha 36 e of ,l Nt only. i$ Ha 35 use School Ha 37 Ha 38 1:2 irAr personal U.!. American © For Ha 41 Ha 39 1:2 / /- Ha 40 Ha 41 Commercial Notations: Capacity PLATE 35 Ha 43 Ha 42 Athens at Ha 43 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. ;bj;.../}h";i: I? ,w#; License: Classical *?`^'~:~~..-. . \, p i'-: of ,,4i. Ha 44 Ha 47 Ha 48 Commercial Notations: Capacity PLATE 36 Athens at Ha 49 Ha 50 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. ;4. ,.i ... Ha 51 ';~ / e. l,4 License: Classical of vI only. .4/ / "'^^., -*ML-. .9' use Ha 52 1:2 School Ha 53 personal American © For Ha 55 Ha 54 Ha 56 Commercial Notations: Capacity PLATE 37 44 1111(1i Hb 1 /\ Hb 3 Hb 2 Athens at A& ^, Hb 6 li% Hb 5 -.6. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Hb 7 Hb 8 / I License: Classical Hb1/ 0 of / Hb 9 Hb 10 only. Oc/r F ) 4QAY/~~~~~~41,1 <- use P4L(Cr School Hb 12 Hb 11 Hb 13 personal American 'z © For I Hb 15 Hb 14 Hb 15 Hb 15 ~~Hbl~16 ~I Hb 16 i Hb 17 Commercial Notations: Tare PLATE 38 AC i iiic I \ Hb 19 Athens at Hb 18 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Hb 21 Hb 20 License: Classical of ? only. //111 I IL ^LI &/%, /MDH 25 use School Hb 23 " 4 personal American 1// ll JHb 22 © For Hb 27 I' \\ /A "'tA Hb 24 Hb 28 Hb 26 ' Hb 29 Hb 30 Hb 31 Commercial Notations: Tare PLATE 39 " i7 ,-yO 0 Hc3 ,M i Ic' "3 ?1 "', Ir. . Hc 1 '<' ?, '","4 AT. X c Athens at -* /lArr Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Hc 4 %Hc bpr Hc He 5 License: Classical 1 {\ of / only. Hc 6 use School personal , '1 ,. Hc American , I ...... IcI I,. i © For Hc 8 or Hc 12 1:4 Hc 10 "J' 1 F'T-^,eC t1 &'l' /A e- wA)ce Abl% Hc 13 1:2 Hc 14 1:4 Hc 15 Commercial Notations: E)ate PLATE 40 %jj? Hc 16 Hc 11 Athens Hc 18 at Hc 11 Hc 17 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. Hc 19 Hc 20 use School personal American Hc21 1:2 © For Hc 23 I Hc 24 1:2 Hc 25 Commercial Notations: Date PLATE 41 Hd 2 Hd 1 1:2 Athens at M^'t / Hd 3 Hd 5 Hd 4 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. a, ' Hd 6 -etF' License: Classical of Hd 8 only. Hd 7 Hd 9 use School k J personal Hd 11 American © For Hd 12 1:2 bg0se">I A JQ lnk I r r Hd 10 M Hd 14 0 (VI 6/ Hd 15 Hd 13 AW / JC Hd 17 -7 Hd 16 Commercial Notations: Contents PLATE 42 A20 U, Hd 19 Hd 20 0 C. Athens at Hd 23 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. .,22 I Hd 22 He 1 License: Classical /d/v hl\Rr'' of He 3 only. use School A a He 3 ~ ^~ ~~_ HHe1 personal American © rE For f tE KA ET p Ui H-e 2 40. f 4 . : , 01' .'. 4? 11 He 5 He 5 Commercial Notations: Contents; Combinations PLATE 43 M ,I _~1Mrgs;'? <4C4 60N VHe l4 ^V.I cor He 6 He 4 Trr le^ Athens 4 4 at He He 7 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. He 7 e 8 :He 8 1:4 He 8 1:4 License: Classical of He 8 only. use School personal American © For He 8 1:4 He 11 1:4 He 10 1:4 He 11 1:4 He 10 1:4 He 10 1:4 He 10 1:4 He 10 1:4 Commercial Notations: Combinations PLATE 44 .lot, '~~~~~~4V-He14)- H e9 1:4;, He9 1:4 He 14 14rr 1 Athens pf at \,ff He 15 He 12 t. Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. ,, EY:T E poc / He 15 ,\ *& License: He 16 Classical He 13 1:2 4 of only. .11, . ,, I e'll SN-P , He 19 1:4 use I School personal A American © For He 17 He 19 1:4 I -. , He 18 eo.I (4 a tk.t A r ,,: , [ ,.,,, ., X"^U 4^ 1*, / /.J *Itil 0/t He 23 r- -101-4 VIAL 10-1 01- I Athens He 26 at ff M9 tr 114Iwo t V-11' ,0 .."" , He 24 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. 4~B ". c4 4A V k > L He 29 He 26 J9 t 41"",07, po License: Classical of 27 ok He , r_. , C-" only. / 1 c r / .. M-C- T-,rlo-v- r-He29-T use School He 29 He 28 t^v> personal He 30 American C© For A /\I I He 31 XaBItt-- He 31 He 25 Commercial Notations: Combinations PLATE 46 0 /M / t I-\I i Athens A, oo\ t>-e.- He 33 at L Ank '" "7 n o3/ He 32 1:2 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. / He 34 License: Classical of He 35 i 't?#SJ only. He 38 He 36 use School I.9 ,,,, I t.. "' .I personal ,u American _s ~~~~~~~~~~0 © For 2 I He 38 / / .0,'O,I _ He 3cI He 39 Commercial Notations: Combinations PLATE 47 He 42 I Athens He 40 at He 42 He 41 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. Fd'iD License: Classical He 41 of only. use School personal American © For He 43 I : t f 61 I?2 I~c j r He 44 Commercial Notations: Combinations PLATE 48 Athens at I1 I2 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. i. .~'~."?.,.'. .~.' r..? License: c?..'Classical 't'.7S,.: .... of 13 I4 only. use School personal American © For I5 I6 17 18 Tax Notations PLATE 49 !~ 2 .C~~.~:~-:':~''':?,?: :'~~.~.' ::.:i?i:* ?::.- :-: '..-rCI "' ? ? ? b,/-.:,:'.','' ";"'": *''?,?' ?' , ,.. 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?I:r-:^^.?~-?~? .^, iftf i-'.' ff^ .... ''.'' '..:'.~~ ;;..:..- :, . .. .;.'?? ,.-,~~.'~:?? ? , . f , ....IT ..... 10...... 1~.-~ ,,..? v L: . ~ ..: . , ,,, ~ ,. . . ?.~,,, ~ '.:~.,-,~.'. . * . ,-. .~ ~".",- 'G : ' ',v.~~ ~ I e-,.':'-',., ~:'~',?- ~~ ;... ?::. .... Athens I9 ;~'%:1;:.-;:.;.:: ....? at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of Ill I12 only. use School personal American © For I 13 I 14 ,. "'s:,.': . ._- '^ '^ , ....',***''."^ ^s \.. ? .'.: , ~~~~~~~,...... , . ..,.-.j .: ' .~~~~j i' ~-. ., , -. I 15 Tax Notations I 16 PLATE 50 Athens I 17 I18 at * ' ? ... '*'. . .'* -.,.. . ?. "'.'. ' r i$ ' Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. i .- 2O ' License: 1,7'*. 4 Classical of I19 I 20 only. use School personal American © For I 21 I 22 -- , :,-'~:;-- _v'.. ~ ,:...... T..:' ":.:.." /*:? *.'. :rz ! r- .' -. ',' '..'^-- "-;.:t'''f L - . . . s* W ? r: ,'L - ..... ' ?'' ; ? t .. . . I 23 I 24 Tax Notations PLATE 51 Athens at I 25 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical 28 of I 1 27 only. use School -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_I -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?~? :-I 1" personal American © For 1 30 I 29 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~''. .~~~~~~~~~~~~~f. .. .. .:s':' - '.'., I 32 I31 Tax Notations PLATE 52 Athens at I 33 I 34 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of I 35 I 36 only. use School personal American © For I-.'' .3 I 37 I 38 I 39 I40 Tax Notations PLATE 53 ' ' '??'? ??ii' MA 44 A1L IL ' cib, ?R *, ''?*:r : , kbu: .:31 ..r r -? ?, ;i _ *',?? ,I ** F O L? h *Lj.' l??r Athens 141 I 42 at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of I.44.. I431...... 43..... I44 only. 4201. use School J 1 personal American / I 2 * . - - © For s 1 45 5,V \'"'<^- ,A J 4 Y-: 1- 14; Vl~, ' il c~~; ol4 "Wr 4- p4 . v ts`?eI J 6 J 3 J 5 Tax Notations; Christian Inscriptions PLATE 54 '"'" ?.:r":;T.;:'lt.??:F:I?:1 I,I- rl;l sil:;".:'c":'" ".';:?" ':c'P i .???. c?I ?~ ?:::r %` l?lti 9,pr i21.a!7r; I %';*?;:"??11 ?,;:?'ii':II C'?:,1H? .,,.. : y i ~ ?/ zy aYi,, Athens J 7 1:2 at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. J 8 J 9 License: Classical of J 7 1:2 only. J 100Jf use School 1//11 personal American J 12 J 11 © For 1AI K 1 .5, K2 K4 K 3 K 5 K 4 1 Christian Inscriptions; Miscellaneous PLATE 55 K 7 K 9 K 10 Athens at K 11 K 11 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of 8 1:2 only. use K 14 School Y r personal American i,, © For K 13 I L> c . \I r/7 K 19 ./^?S~.f; ^ / / K 17 B' K 16 K 19 K 18 Miscellaneous PLATE 56 I L3 L2 Athens at L 1 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. L4 L9 L5 License: Classical ^P rlc yr- L7 of only. T 8 L 19 L 8 use School I 1 L11 L10 J L6 personal American © For L13 L13 L13 L12 L16 ^"'N1^ 4 \ so- .A pA L15 L 14 L17 L18 Unclassified PLATE 57 "i G \/ (-.P t @' ? I >(.6r psC < L 22 L 21 L20 Athens at L 25 h Studies f1I CC-BY-NC-ND. L 24 / p ): WfSNI."/ fi, License: Classical L 23 of L 27 Lonly. 23 use School C(T72;N* personal /tIFr; L 24 American L 26 © For 'c\ wto@ \.h>A, t,Tt L 29 I M'j .'yo" Yv a '*- I. I L 28 1:2 L 30 L 28 1:2 Unclassified PLATE 58 ~ NIj. -t y *'' r L33 - 4'"'i Athens L 31 L 34 1:2 at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. L32 '-A \l^-^~~U ? L 37 L 35 I / _ License: IWM{^~ Classical of only. ~~~\ X\/~V L39 1:2 use School \t // ^-_ . V ( Lk36 personal / L 39 1:2 American © For /, i/(, A/T. C d, *,.. ~e~ L 40 ~ -7( ) A T'L 41 L 38 1:2 L42 Unclassified PLATE 59 v?Ps,wu + so Y L 43 L 45 L 43 L 43 ;1 ; L 49 Athens L 46 at L 47 K:7 . I.yv ' I \? `i- C(kL L 52 Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. L 48 License: Classical L 44 of only. use School personal American © For L 51 ,-:n,? . .1 c- ~Jr~ oI 0 N i ~ ~i}i ii A .^AlyI . L 54 (tL L 54 v ,tj, 'l "...;U' ' (p3 o...I. L 53 L 54 Unclassified PLATE 60 M1 Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. M5 M65 . M4 License: Classical of only. M 7 M7 use School personal American © For M10O M14 M 12 M11 M 15 M 16 Pictures Athens at I 0 -t 0 r6 ('p Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. 3 use School NA) 'IO tl-l personal American 0) © For PLATE 62 Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For Actual State Plan of the Agora paTos inscriptionsug- gested in the originalpublication seems to us only. (date of vessel only) (retrograde) unlikely.We suggest instead two names, both D 2 (P 6578). PI. 7. Fragmentfrom wall of very attested elsewhere,the first in the nominative, largelate Geometricvase, decoratedwith a row the second use probably in the nominative but School of hatchedtriangles between bands. Graffito on possiblyin the genitive. outside, obviously written on the sherd. Con- text: well of early 6th centuryB.C. with much D 5 (P 3534). P1.7. Fragmentfrom wall of large potteryof the 7th centuryB.C. (F 12:5). plain amphora. Graffito on outside, diagonal Late VIII-earlyVII cent. B.C. ME]vEsSoi with respect to the pot; probably but not certainly written on the sherd. Context: late personal Perhaps a tag accompanyinga parcel ad- 7th-early 6th centuries B.C. American dressedto a woman named MevsoScb(assumed feminineform of Menestheus). Late VII-early VI cent. B.C. ]e8tS9o For © D 3 (P 13655).P1. 7. Fragmentfrom wall of coarse We may restore some name such as Arche- pot, preservingthe stub of a handle on the dikos. outside.Graffito on inside,vertical with respect to the pot; obviously written on the sherd. D 6 (P 2030). P1.7. Fragmentof light roof tile Context:first half 7th centuryB.C. (T 19:3). with dull reddishglaze on concave side. Graf- First half VII cent. B.C. fito on the glazedside, obviouslywritten on the 'AvEprros sherd.Context: 6th centuryB.C. On the rarename early Hesperia, Aneritossee Bechtel,p. 195. Suppl.VIII, p. 407, pl. 60, d. D 4 (P 4664). P1.7. Fragmentfrom wall of large Early VI cent. B.C. 7th-centuryB.C. amphora, with streaky red ropyiasho .ucpelos (retrograde) 3 It is unlikely that this differentiationis in any way related to the later developmentof two sigmas, one initial or medial and the other final; that is almost certainlya result of cursivewriting. Comparable usage in the early period may be seen on the Dipylon Jug and in the Nikandra inscription (cf. Jeffery,L.S.A.G., pp. 68, 291). 18 D. NAMES ON SHERDS (Ha 25) or xo6s (Ha 31). Kotyle is abbreviatedas K (F 198; Ha 7, License: Classical Ha 9, Ha 10, Ha 35; He 1) or KO ( ) (Ha 29, Ha 40; He 17); other words used for the same unit be and Both units and continue to be used of may pE(Tpa)(Ha 19) Trav(Tava)(He 21). (kotyle chous) occasionallyin the Romanperiod; on the other hand, the Romanmodius begins to appearin the 1st centuryonly. B. C. (He 4). Capacityis also measuredby the mna-weightof the contents(He 3; see also He 5 for mna-weight in the Roman period). (os) ation from the standard. The of is 6.400 at capacity the jug 1., almost Ha 20 (P 17130). P1.33. Fragment from the twicethe old standardchous of 3.276 1. shoulderof an amphora.Dipinto, in black, on Ha 26 (P 9902). P1.33. Round-mouthedjug, Rob- shoulder.Context: early 2nd century(B 20:1). inson, Chronology,M 169. Dipinti, in black, EarlyII cent. eo-ras[ on neck (a) and underfoot (b). Context:mid-