Algemeen Ambtsbericht Irak Juni 2004

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Irak Juni 2004 Algemeen ambtsbericht Irak Juni 2004 Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken Directie Personenverkeer, Migratie en Vreemdelingenzaken Afdeling Asiel- en Migratiezaken 3 juni 2004 1 Inleiding 4 2 Landeninformatie 5 2.1 Basisgegevens 5 2.1.1 Land en volk 5 2.1.2 Geschiedenis 8 2.1.3 Staatsinrichting 8 2.2 Politieke ontwikkelingen 11 2.3 Veiligheidssituatie 16 2.4 Sociaal-economische situatie 31 3 Mensenrechten 33 3.1 Juridische context 33 3.1.1 Verdragen en protocollen 33 3.1.2 Nationale wetgeving 33 3.2 Toezicht 39 3.3 Naleving en schendingen 40 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting 40 3.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering 43 3.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst en overtuiging 46 3.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid 57 3.3.5 Rechtsgang 65 3.3.6 Arrestaties en detenties 67 3.3.7 Mishandeling en foltering 70 3.3.8 Verdwijningen 71 3.4 Positie van specifieke groepen 73 3.4.1 Koerden 73 3.4.2 Fayli-Koerden en Irakezen van Iraanse afkomst 75 3.4.3 Moeras-Arabieren 76 3.4.4 Turkmenen 76 3.4.5 Dienstplichtigen / militairen 78 3.4.6 Vrouwen 78 3.4.7 Baathpartij 82 4Migratie 86 4.1 Migratiestromen en –motieven 86 4.2 Opvang van binnenlands ontheemden 89 4.3 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties 90 4.4 Beleid andere Europese landen 91 5 Samenvatting 93 2 Algemeen ambtsbericht Irak 3 juni 2004 Bijlage 1. Koerden / Talen 95 Bijlage 2. Samenstelling IGC 96 Bijlage 3. Samenstelling kabinet 97 Bijlage 4. Politieke partijen 99 Bijlage 5. Landkaart 104 Bijlage 6. Tijdelijk reisdocument 105 Bijlage 7. Incidenten 106 Literatuurlijst 111 3 Algemeen ambtsbericht Irak 3 juni 2004 1 Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de huidige situatie in Irak beschreven, voorzover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit Irak en voor besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Iraakse asielzoekers. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van eerdere ambtsberichten over de situatie in Irak (laatstelijk 5 januari 2004). Het algemeen ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van januari tot en met mei 2004. Dit algemeen ambtsbericht is deels gebaseerd op informatie van openbare bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties, niet-gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Bovendien liggen bevindingen ter plaatse1, vertrouwelijke rapportages van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordigingen in Irak en omliggende landen, in EU-lidstaten en de VS aan dit algemeen ambtsbericht ten grondslag. In het algemeen ambtsbericht wordt veelvuldig verwezen naar geraadpleegde openbare bronnen. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Overigens zijn de tekstpassages waarbij wordt verwezen naar openbare bronnen, in veel gevallen ook gebaseerd op informatie die op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen. In hoofdstuk twee wordt ingegaan op recente ontwikkelingen op politiek, veiligheids- en sociaal-economisch gebied. Ook is een korte passage over de geografie en de bevolking van Irak opgenomen. In hoofdstuk 3 wordt de mensenrechtensituatie in Irak geschetst. Na een beschrijving van wettelijke garanties en internationale verdragen waarbij Irak partij is, komen de mogelijkheden van toezicht aan de orde. Daarna volgt de beschrijving van de naleving dan wel schending van enkele klassieke mensenrechten. Ten slotte wordt de positie van specifieke groepen belicht. In hoofdstuk 4 komen oorzaken van migratiestromen aan de orde. Tevens zal worden ingegaan op de opvang van binnenlandse ontheemden, het beleid van een aantal andere Europese landen inzake asielzoekers uit Irak en activiteiten van internationale organisaties, waaronder de positie van UNHCR, aan de orde. Een algehele samenvatting volgt in hoofdstuk vijf. 1 Naar aanleiding van een aanslag op Nederlandse ambassade in januari jl. is het uitgezonden personeel van de Nederlandse ambassade te Bagdad in de eerste maanden van de verslagperiode beperkt aanwezig geweest. In april werd de uitgezonden staf tijdelijk teruggeroepen naar Amman. De mogelijkheden voor onderzoek in Irak waren dientengevolge aan beperkingen onderhevig. 4 Algemeen ambtsbericht Irak 3 juni 2004 2 Landeninformatie 2.1 Basisgegevens 2.1.1 Land en volk De Republiek Irak heeft een oppervlakte van circa 444.000 km2. Irak2 telde in 1993 ongeveer twintig miljoen inwoners3. De bevolking van Irak werd in 2001 geschat op ongeveer 23,3 miljoen.4 Etnisch en linguïstisch kunnen in Irak als geheel onder meer Arabieren, Koerden, Turkmenen, Assyriërs, Armeniërs5 en Mandeeërs worden onderscheiden.6 Schattingen van het percentage Arabieren in geheel Irak lopen uiteen van 70 tot 85 procent. Schattingen over het percentage Koerden variëren van 15 tot 20 procent. In het overwegend islamitische Irak (97% is moslim, de overige 3 % bestaat uit vooral christenen, yezidi’s en Mandeeërs) is het religieuze onderscheid tussen soennitische en sjiitische moslims belangrijk.7 8 Soennitische Arabieren maken 12 tot 15 procent9 uit van een totale bevolking van Irak; sjiitische Arabieren 50 tot 65. Soennitische Koerden vormen 18 tot 20 procent van de bevolking. Tevens is er een minderheid van sjiitische Koerden, de Fayli-Koerden. Naast een minderheid van soennitische Turkmenen is er ook een kleinere minderheid van sjiitische Turkmenen. 2 Inclusief Noord-Irak. 3 Fischer Weltalmanach 1996; Harenberg Landerlexikon 1995/1996. Volgens een officiële volkstelling door de autoriteiten in Bagdad zouden er in 1997 in heel Irak 22 miljoen mensen hebben gewoond. 4 CIA World Fact Book 2001 – Iraq, Washington, 2001. 5 Het aantal Armeniërs in Irak werd in 2001 geschat op circa 20.000. De meerderheid van de Armeniërs is in Bagdad woonachtig. Eveneens zijn er kleine Armeense gemeenschappen in en nabij Mosul, Basra en Kirkuk. Zie ook algemeen ambtsbericht Centraal-Irak, november 2002. 6 Zie voor meer informatie over Koerden, Turkmenen en Assyriërs hoofdstuk 3. 7 De soennitische en de sjiitische islam zijn de grootste geloofsstromingen binnen de islam. Aanhangers van de soennitische islam - soennieten - volgen de ‘sunna’, de gedragslijn van de profeet Mohammed. Deze is schriftelijk vastgelegd in de verzameling van mondelinge overleveringen over hem (de zogenaamde ‘hadith’). Het overgrote merendeel van de moslims ter wereld is soennitisch. De sjiitische islam ontstond in de zevende eeuw na een geschil over de opvolging van de profeet Mohammed. De ‘Partij van Ali’ (‘Sji’at Ali’) is van mening dat de opvolgers van Mohammed nakomelingen zijn van diens neef Ali, die getrouwd was met Mohammeds dochter Fatima. 8 Zie verder over sjiieten subparagraaf 3.3.3. 9 Ook hogere percentages komen voor in de geraadpleegde bronnen. 5 Algemeen ambtsbericht Irak 3 juni 2004 De Republiek Irak was sinds het einde van de Golfoorlog in 1991 de facto in tweeën uiteen gevallen, waarbij Noord-Irak10 was onttrokken aan het centrale gezag in Bagdad. Noord-Irak stond sindsdien onder controle van de Koerdische partijen PUK (‘Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) en KDP (‘Kurdistan Democratic Party’) terwijl Centraal-Irak onder het gezag van de regering onder leiding van president Saddam Hoessein in Bagdad viel. De militaire interventie van de coalitie in de lente van 2003 heeft aan deze de facto scheiding tussen Noord- en Centraal- Irak formeel een einde gemaakt. Taal In de tijdelijke grondwet11, ‘Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period’ (ook wel ‘Transitional Administrative Law’,TAL), die na de machtsoverdracht eind juni 2004 in werking zal treden, zijn Arabisch en Koerdisch opgenomen als de twee officiële talen. Beide talen hebben dezelfde status en zullen onder meer gebruikt worden voor de publicatie van de Iraakse staatscourant, de ‘Official Gazette’, officiële gelegenheden (als parlementaire vergaderingen, de raad van ministers, rechtspraak etc.), officiële documenten, op scholen en in de federale instellingen in het gebied van de ‘Kurdistan Regional Government’ (KRG).12 In Irak, buiten de KRG-gebieden, is het Arabisch de algemene voertaal. Onderwijs wordt buiten het KRG-gebied overwegend in het Arabisch gegeven. In dit gebied woonachtige niet-Arabieren (zoals Koerden, Turkmenen en Armeniërs) zijn vaak ook, naast de taal van de minderheid waartoe men behoort, in meer of mindere mate het Arabisch machtig. De meeste Mandeeërs en ook sommige christenen hebben inmiddels het Arabisch als moedertaal. 10 In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt met Noord-Irak gedoeld op het gebied dat, voorafgaand aan de militaire interventie in Irak in de lente van 2003, onttrokken was aan het gezag van Bagdad. Noord-Irak behelst ruwweg de drie provincies Dohuk, Erbil en Sulaymaniyya alsmede het noordelijk deel van de provincie Kirkuk (Al-Ta’mim), een deel van het noorden van de provincie Diyala en een deel van de provincie Nineveh. Voorafgaand aan de militaire interventie vielen deze gebieden staatkundig onder het gezag van Bagdad. In de praktijk hadden de PUK (‘Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) en de KDP (‘Kurdistan Democratic Party’) beiden in het door hen gecontroleerde gebied een regering gevormd. Deze regering wordt in beide gebieden aangeduid als de Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG): KRG/KDP en KRG/PUK. Zie verder algemeen ambtsbericht Noord-Irak, oktober 2002. Voor de volledigheid dient hier dat Kirkuk, Mosul en Khanaqin geen deel uitmaken van de KRG- gebieden. 11 Begin maart 2004 is de ‘Transitional Administrative Law’ aangenomen. Zie verder voor de tijdelijke grondwet: subparagraaf 2.1.3. en 3.1.2. Zie ook www.cpa-iraq.org. 12 Law of administration for the state of Iraq for the
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