A Study of Inua Jamii Programme in Kisumu County

EFFECTS OF SOCIAL PROTECTION FUND APPROACHES ON SUSTAINABLE

LIVELIHOODS IN KENYA:

A STUDY OF INUA JAMII PROGRAMME IN KISUMU COUNTY

AGWA EDWIN ONYANGO

ODL-BDS/1/00003/3/2013

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF THE MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY OF AFRICA

March, 2019

DECLARATION

I declare that this research project is my original work and has not been presented for award of a degree in any other institution/university.

Signature: ...... Date: ......

Agwa Edwin Onyango

ODL-BDS/1/00003/3/2013

This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the university supervisor.

Signature: …………………………… Date: ...... JUSTER NYAGA The Management University of Africa

DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to my parents Mr and Mrs Leonard Agwa, daughter Ivy Edna for their undying support, encouragement and inspiration throughout the period. God bless you.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank the Almighty God for enabling me with the opportunity to study, the University especially ODEL Department, my supervisor Juster Nyaga for her professional guidance on research writing, my family for their support, encouragement and inspiration and finally, my gratitude goes to all staff of Kisumu County Social Welfare Department for their participation in this study.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to examine the Effects of Social Protection Fund Approaches on Sustainable Livelihoods in Kisumu County, Kenya. The research design guiding this study was a case with a population size of 100 respondents sampled from the County‟s Social Welfare Department. Data collection instrument was questionnaire and interview guide for primary data collection instrument and document analysis, journals for secondary data collection. The study adopted stratified purposive sampling. The data analyzed using descriptive (mean, standard deviation) the mean, which shows the normal execution of a gathering on some proportion of a variable, and the standard deviation, which demonstrates the dispersion of an arrangement of scores around the mean. SPSS version 20.0 was incorporated to decide whether there is noteworthy contrast among the methods for at least three gatherings to analyze bunch frequencies or to check whether an occasion happens more often in one gathering than another. The study came up with recommendations to help both public and private organization to review strategies of Social Protection Fund Approaches for transformative Sustainable Livelihoods especially State Inua Jamii Cash Transfer Programme at the local levels. The findings revealed that provisional social protection, preventive social protection, promotional social protection and transformative social protection fund had a significant effect on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya. The study concluded that there is higher expectations related to dependency syndrome among those who would otherwise be able to wean off the programme. The study also concluded that there is lack of single registry thus multiple beneficiaries overstretches the kitty; due to non-state actors e.g. NGOs, CBOs also running similar programmes at community levels which result in double registrations. Additionally, the study concluded that the goal of sustainable livelihoods faces the problems such as: of inadequate financial knowledge, lack of harmony between national and county government social services operations around safety nets programmes as well as conflict of interests among local leaders. Based on the study findings, the study recommended implementation of policies in a multimodal way to bridge gaps and strengthen collaboration between all actors at all government levels countrywide, adequate staffing to attract and retain/replace skilled personnel as well as scale up information, communications and education on social programmes and other government social economic policies for improved population positive public participation and desired impact devoid of political activities.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION...... ii

DEDICATION...... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iv

ABSTRACT ...... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vi

LIST OF TABLES ...... ix

LIST OF FIGURES ...... x

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... xi

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS ...... xii

CHAPTER ONE ...... 1

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.0 Overview ...... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Problem Statement ...... 4

1.3 Objectives ...... 5

1.4 Research Questions ...... 6

1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 6

1.6 Scope of the Study...... 7

1.7 Chapter Summary ...... 7

CHAPTER TWO ...... 9

LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 9

2.0 Introduction ...... 9

2.1 Theoretical Literature Review ...... 9

2.2 Empirical Literature Review ...... 12 vi

2.4 Framework for Social Protection Programmes ...... 19

2.5 Critique of the Eexisting Literature Relevant to the Study...... 19

2.6 Summary of Literature ...... 20

2.7 Research Gaps ...... 20

2.8 Conceptual Framework ...... 21

2.9 Chapter Summary ...... 23

CHAPTER THREE ...... 24

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ...... 24

3.0 Introduction...... 24

3.1 Research Design...... 24

3.2 Target Population ...... 25

3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques ...... 26

3.4 Study Instruments ...... 28

3.5 Validity and Reliability ...... 30

3.6 Data Collection Procedure ...... 30

3.7 Data Processing and Analysis ...... 30

3.8 Logistical and Ethical Considerations ...... 31

3.9 Chapter Summary ...... 31

CHAPTER FOUR ...... 32

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ...... 32

4.1 Introduction ...... 32

4.2 Response Rate ...... 32

4.3 Demographic Information ...... 32

4.4 Descriptive Statistics: Social Protection ...... 36

4.5 Limitations of the Study ...... 47

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4.6 Chapter Summary ...... 47

CHAPTER FIVE ...... 48

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 48

5.1 Introduction ...... 48

5.2 Summary ...... 48

5.3 Conclusions ...... 49

5.4 Recommendations ...... 50

5.5 Areas for Further Studies ...... 51

REFERENCES ...... 52

APPENDICES ...... 55

APPENDIX I: THE QUESTIONNAIRE ...... 55

APPENDIX II: Registered Beneficiaries For Inua Jamii Cash Transfer Programme...... 61

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Target Population Distribution………………………………………………………………25

Table 3.2: Target Sample Distribution….……………………………………………………………….28

Table 4.1: Response Rate………………………………………………………………………………..32

Table 4.2: Age of the Respondent……………………………………………………………………….33

Table 4.3: Level of Education…………………………………………………………………………...34

Table 4.4: Occupation…………………………………………………………………………………...35

Table 4.5: Government commitment……………………………………………………………………37

Table 4.6: Civil Society Involvement…………………………………………………………………...38

Table 4.7: Priority of social protection………………………………………………………………….38

Table 4.8 Priority of Social Protection…………………………………………………………………..39

Table 4.9 Social Protection Initiatives…………………………………………………………………..40

Table 4.10 Implementation of Social protection Initiatives………………….………………………….40

Table 4.11 Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTs)……………………………………………….41

Table 4.12 Selection Process………………………………………………….…………………………41

Table 4.13 Information Disseminated………………………………………….………………………..43

Table 4.14 Information Disseminated Facilitator……………………………………………………….44

Table 4.15: How potential beneficiaries are informed…………………………………………………..45

Table 4.16: Kind of Information………………………………….……………………………………..46

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Transformative Approach…………………………………………………………………14

Figure 2.2: Approaches to the needs of poor households……………………………………………..16

Figure 2.3: Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………...22

Figure 4.1: Gender of the Respondent………………………………………………………………...33

Figure 4.2: Marital Status……………………………………………………………………………..35

Figure 4.3: Religion…………………………………………………………………………………...36

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BC Before Christ CBOs Community Based Organizations COA Cost of Attendance DESA Department of Economics and Social Affairs EAC East African Community EFC Expected Family Contribution FGD Focused Group Discussion HIV Human Immune Virus ILO International Labour Organization NHIF National Health Insurance Fund NSSF National Social Security Fund OVC Orphans and Vulnerable Children RBA Retirement Benefits Authority U.N.D.P United Nations Development Programme UN United Nations SPDILO Social Protection Department International Labour Office

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Cash Transfer Programme Conditional or unconditional programs aim to reduce poverty by making welfare programs upon the receivers' actions. A programme that remits money to persons who meet certain criteria. Social Protection include authoritative measures, that upgrade the limit of and open doors for poor people and powerless for them enhance and manage their livelihood/welfare, that empower wage workers and their wards to keep up a sensible level of wage through not too bad work, and that guarantee access to moderate human services, standardized savings, and social help. Social Security Monetary assistance or insurance scheme from the state providing benefits to pensioners, those who are unemployed, disabled of for people with an inadequate or no income Sustainable Livelihood this is an instance or situation when a community or society can adapt to and recuperate from the anxieties and stuns and keep up or upgrade its capacities and resources both now and later on without undermining the common asset base

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Overview

This chapter examined the information on the background, the existing current problem in conjunction with the objectives and the importance of the study and the theoretical framework all forming the basis of the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

Social insurance assumes an especially critical job in understanding the right to human standardized savings for aged people, in guaranteeing salary security and access to fundamental administrations including wellbeing and care benefits in a way that advances their rights and pride. Solid wellsprings of salary security assume an especially critical job for more established people. As individuals become of age, they can depend less and less on wage from work for various reasons: while exceedingly instructed experts may frequently proceed with all around compensated occupations until late in their life, most of the populace is normally rejected from access to generously compensated employments at more seasoned ages (SPDILO, 2014).

The population across large parts of Asia is aging rapidly (UN, 2009). In spite of fast monetary development in a few nations, neediness stays high, with the elderly especially powerless against falling into destitution. Across much of Asia, older people are supported primarily by their children, with the state or other institutions playing only a limited role. Therefore, support frameworks, for example, benefits or social administrations stay generally undeveloped (HelpAge 2007a). However, alongside population aging in much of the region, other changes are taking place that are likely to increase the proportion of older people at risk of poverty. As declared by Devasahayam (2009), these are shifting family organization and family structures coming about because of lower fruitfulness and procedures of relocation. This is with the goal that dependence on youngsters in maturity will turn out to be progressively troublesome. Furthermore, these changes also weaken informal safety nets, while the elderly frequently take on additional responsibilities as carriers of grandchildren when parents migrate. Governments in

the region are seeking to address these emerging issues with growing support for expanding various social protection programs.

In Myanmar, Social protection, in a frequently used technical taxonomy, is divided into social security and social assistance (ILO). Hanlon, Hulme and Barrientos (2010) state that social security includes contribution-based old-age pensions, unemployment and accident insurance, and contributory health insurance; these forms tend to be concentrated in the formal sector i.e. government service and large private sector companies. Social assistance includes social transfers that are financed through government taxation or official development assistance and thus by definition are non-contributory.

Recently, public works schemes are being revived and becoming increasingly popular in numerous developing countries, emphasizing sustainable livelihoods, employment and the creation of productive aspects as integral to social protection (UN, 2009). Likewise, this ongoing methodology incorporates an emphasis on empowering access to administrations, both social administrations and also administrations and enactment that are requirements to investment and strengthening (ILO, 2011a).

Lately, many centres and undeveloped nations have attempted incredible endeavours to extend the inclusion of contributory benefits plans and to set up non-contributory annuities to ensure essential wage security in maturity to all. In the meantime, higher wage nations undertaking financial solidification are changing their annuity frameworks for cost investment funds, by means including raising the retirement age, lessening benefits and expanding commitment rates. These modifications are lessening state duty regarding ensuring pay security in maturity and moving huge parts of the monetary dangers related with annuity arrangement on to people, in this way undermining the sufficiency of benefits frameworks and decreasing their capacity to forestall neediness in seniority (SPDILO, 2014).

Despite the fact that the extension of the Cash Transfer to aged people is not fast, it shows that Kenya is on the lead in giving social security to its residents. The expanded allotment has come as a major aspect of extra interest in other money exchanges to helpless kids and individuals with incapacities, which see Kenya closer to accomplishing the base bundle of social assurance as characterized by the African Union Social Policy Framework (Help age international, 2011). 2

1.1.1 Inua Jamii Cash Transfer Programme

The Government of Kenya, at the national level is currently supporting four unconditional CT programs is currently divided into: Hunger Safety Net Program, Older Persons Cash exchanges (OPCT), Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC-CT) and Persons with extreme handicaps (PWSD-CT). All in all, in excess of 0.6M families are accepting money exchanges over the Kenyan counties. The responsibility by the administration to improve and grow the current Older Persons Cash Transfer Program (OPCT) into a more comprehensive program that gives exchanges to every single more established individual matured 70 years is educated to some extent by an attainability think about authorized by the HelpAge International together with the at that point, Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development in 2011 and an investigation visit by the Ministry to Brazil and various meetings and arrangements inside government and different partners. The Ministry of East African Community, Labor and Social Protection (MEACLSP) propelled another social help unqualified money exchange program known as the Inua Jamii 70 years or more money exchange program on 5tth July, 2017.

The Programme is an unqualified, social annuity money exchange framework that is meant to use Ksh 12 Billion consistently to help the most powerless senior nationals of Kenya matured 70 years or more as tied down in the Social Protection of the Vision 2030 Social Pillar (The Star, 2017).

It is imagined that by giving the every other month, ordinary and unlimited money exchanges to the 70 years or more Senior Citizens, it will give them the genuinely necessary social help required to get to social administrations in wellbeing and different comforts (Hunger Safety Net Program, 2017). Moreover, the Government will give National Health Insurance Fund cards that will be an esteem added reciprocal help to the Inua Jamii 70 or more money exchange program. Eligibility for the Inua Jamii Cash Transfer Programme is that a person must be a Kenyan Citizen aged 70 years and above and must have a valid national identity card.

Currently, Muranga and Nakuru Counties are leading in the number of registered beneficiaries with 21,114 and 19,494 persons respectively while Marsabit and Isialo have so far registered the lowest number of persons aged 70 years and above with 170 and 303 respectively as presented in Appendix II. 3

1.1.2 Legal and Policy Framework

According to Omilola and Kaniki (2014) social security is supported by the Kenyan constitution. The privilege of standardized savings is unequivocally expressed, restricting the State to "give fitting government-managed savings to people who can't bolster themselves and their wards.

As per the ministry of gender, the Kenya National Social Protection Policy expresses that the principal objective of social security to guarantee that all Kenyans live in nobility and adventure their human abilities for their very own social and monetary advancement. In the request to accomplish this objective, the Policy affirms that centre will be given to the accompanying wide arrangement of protest lives (MoG, 2011)

Shielding people and families from the effect of unfavourable stun to their utilization that is equipped for pushing them into neediness or into more profound destitution. Supporting people and families to deal with these stuns in manners that don't trap them in destitution by diminishing their avoidance and fortifying their capacity to move on from social help and to end up monetarily independent (Hakijamii, 2014)

Padding specialists and their wards from the outcomes of wage, for example, disorder, weakness, and wounds at work and from the risk of destitution in their post-business life. Advancing key interests in human capital and physical resources by poor and non-poor family units and people that will guarantee their flexibility in the medium term and that will break the intergenerational cycle of destitution (Devereux, 2016).

Advancing cooperative energies and mix among social assurance suppliers and in addition positive communications among partners for the ideal working of the Policy on social insurance in Africa: a Review of potential commitment and effect of degenerate decrease (Omilala & Kaniki, 2014).

1.2 Problem Statement

Four methodologies were sought after in the conveyance of social assurance, in a particular arrangement, counteractive action, advancement and change. Current situation however, have been met with several challenges of inclusion of Kenyan social help, government disability and 4

medical coverage frameworks which left out several gaps. Around 8 million casual segment laborers and those living in marginalized regions have deficient access to the defensive and promotive parts of social insurance. The government managed savings framework in Kenya is exceptionally partitioned, including a wide range of establishments and countless services. In this manner combination of both open and private retirement and medical coverage plans.

Wood et al (2010) discovered that the South African social help is an extremely compelling approach instrument to battle neediness and to enhance instruction and wellbeing, particularly of kids living in poor family units. Further, Bailer (2001), in Mauritius discovered that each elderly inhabitant of Mauritius gets pay bolster from a non-contributory benefits from age 60. An enhancement is paid to visually impaired or incapacitated people. The annuities are not expose to either a methods test or a retirement test however they are assessable. In Nigeria, Holmes and Buck (2012) discovered that there are low inclusion of existing projects which just achieve a small amount of poor people, the execution of just a thin arrangement of social security instruments, and the discontinuity of methodologies and activities the nationwide.

1.3 Objectives

To examine the effects of Social Protection Fund approaches on Sustainable Livelihoods in Kisumu County

1.3.1 Specific Objectives

i. To establish the effects of provisional social protection fund on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya

ii. To determine the effects of preventive social protection fund on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya iii. To find out the effects of promotional social protection fund on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya iv. To establish the effects of transformative social protection fund on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya

1.4 Research Questions

i. What are the effects of provisional social protection fund on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya?

ii. What are the effects of preventive social protection fund on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya? iii. What are the effects of promotional social protection fund on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya? iv. What are the effects of transformative social protection fund on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya?

1.5 Significance of the Study

Other than academic purpose, this study is expected to benefit several stakeholders in the local and national platform to understanding the dynamics of social protection fund programmes successful policy development, implementation, impact assessment as well as improvements.

1.5.1 East African Region

This research is grounded on the operationalization of a common Social Protection policy for the East African Region. The ambition courted by the EAC is to become a federation by 2015. The federation would, therefore, derive its orientation as a unit, from a common objective and purpose. The constituent units would have to work in synergy to achieve common goals that benefit all members and Social Protection is no exception.

Poverty as a central theme among governments would have to be tackled in a manner that does not seem to short change the other in a common dispensation. Gains on poverty alleviation have to be trans-boundary and therefore crosscutting in their implementation given that poverty is no longer merely a state centric issue but a regional one given the realities of globalization and regional integration.

Given that Kenya is regarded as an exemplary member with regard to strides it has made in its own Social Protection programmes, specifically with the mention of the Kenya Social Protection Policy by the EAC Strategy, the research would bias towards Kenya‟s systems as a standard that is admired to by other member countries within the EAC.

1.5.2 Government

This study was significant to both the state and county government of Kenya as it would shade more light on social protection policy and practice, strategic components to sustain and improve livelihoods. It would also help the government at both levels as data collected can be used by policy makers to ensure that adequate resources are allocated social protection in the long term.

1.5.3 Parastatals

In addition the study was significant to other organizations which are dealing with social protection services and improve their programmes

1.5.4 Other Researchers

The research study would help the management of the social protection get more insights on how to manage funds services and involve all the stakeholders in the budgeting process. It would give the management the right priorities when allocating resources to the various approaches in the improvement of welfare which has recently been faced with challenges due to old age. This research would assist management come up with solutions to gaps.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study delimited itself to Inua Jamii Cash Transfer Programme implementation among the targeted 100 respondents drawn from Kisumu County Social Welfare administration. The data collection was conducted between August and second December, 2018.

1.7 Chapter Summary

Chapter one has presented a background to the key concepts of the study (Social Protection Fund approaches on Sustainable Livelihoods). The chapter also presented the problem statement that is

evident in Kisumu County. The objectives of the study upon which the study is anchored were presented and the research questions drawn which the study sought to answer. The study further underscored the significance of the study and finally the limitations and delimitation of the study in general.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

The general economic growth is unlikely to be made pro-poor through initiatives that are solely growth promoting. Social protection initiatives reduce risk and vulnerability, and can impact positively on productive activity. This involves livelihood protection as well as livelihood promotion.

This paper discussed options within social protection that address risk and vulnerability in different ways. It also discusses different impacts of social protection on agriculture, a key productive sector of the economy. In Kenya, the agriculture sector is important as a source of income, asset accumulation and protection among the poor. This chapter presents theoretical literature review, empirical literature review, and framework for social protection programmes, literature critique, summary, research gaps, conceptual framework, independent and dependent variables.

2.1 Theoretical Literature Review

2.1.1 Resilience Theory

Resilience is a tendency to respond to stress in a flexible manner without being rigid and focuses on supports and opportunities which encourage success rather than failure. According to Deitheir et al. 92011), the hypothesis is based on ability to recuperate or bounce back in the wake of being extended or pushed and centers on empowering life achievement as opposed to dispensing with components. The theory looks at how people and systems can rise above their challenges and calls for moving away from vulnerability and emphasizes on success amidst diversity by empowering people to cope with shocks that can otherwise negatively affect them. It has shifted from being constrained in nature to being more extensive and concentrating on person's passionate self-direction, effectiveness and self-assurance to seeing the more extensive family unit connection and network's social resources in light of a scope of hazard defensive factors, for example, wellbeing nets (Cicchetti, 2010). The theory focuses on life stresses and how to 9

respond to the causes of the stress. The elderly, OVCs and people with severe disability are considered the vulnerable and can easily succumb to diversities therefore offered support to improve their capacity to manage them successfully adapt to the stressful events. It was underscored by Kaplan et al. (1996) that activities of endurance empower the helpless network individuals and their families to diminish introduction, lessen negative adapting procedures, keep up positive confidence and productivity and make chance to turn around the impacts of assorted variety. The aim of the social protection support given to the vulnerable groups is to improve their welfare and increase their resilience in order to reduce higher levels of poverty and vulnerability.

2.1.2 Theory of Change

The theory of change adapts the graduation approach which is based on 5 center components i.e. utilization bolster, reserve funds, a benefit exchange, specialized abilities preparing, and normal fundamental abilities instructing. The approach of graduation draws on the most pertinent parts of social security, occupations improvement, and money related incorporation to convey results by joining support for quick needs with longer-term human capital and resource ventures. The goal is to ensure the recipients in the short run while advancing reasonable employments for what's to come (CGAP, 2010).

The theory has three main visions; i) that a high up-front investment in program beneficiaries helps the extremely poor families develop sustainable livelihoods; ii) that as the beneficiary amilies build up their ability to create expanded pay and assemble resources, their strength will increment and their helplessness to stuns will decrease correspondingly after some time. This ought to diminish the danger of them falling once again into extraordinary neediness and stuns. The most helpless and extremely poor families are liable to numerous stuns; any of these stuns may make them drag behind therefore the progress along the pathway in not linear and households may not progress evenly. This theory elaborates that not all households can progress at the same rate, and some households may not succeed in fully adopting to the shocks, however the overall effect is that the majority of families, over time, are expected to develop livelihoods that will help move them out of severe vulnerability, extreme poverty and toward sustainability and resistance to future shocks; iii) that the long-term benefits accrues both to the individuals and

families directly affected, and also to the broader social goals of breaking entrenched, multigenerational vulnerability, poverty and of reducing inequality (Ford Foundation, 2014).

Consumption Support: Not long after recipients are chosen into the program, they begin accepting utilization bolster as a little money stipend or foodstuffs. This provides an ample time by lessening the worry of day by day survival. It tends to be offered through a previous government or other wellbeing net program, in settings where this is accessible. This part mirrors the essential exercises got from the field of social assurance.

Reserve funds: Once individuals' nourishment utilization balances out, they are urged to begin sparing, either semi-formally through self-developed projects) or all the more formally through a record with a formal budgetary administrations supplier. Notwithstanding building resources, customary reserve funds impart monetary order and acquaint members with formal money related administrations. Many Graduation Programs have found the importance to offer money related education preparing, showing members money and budgetary administration, and acclimating them with reserve funds and credit. This element brings about on rising exercises about the significance of reserve funds from the field of money related consideration.

Market Analysis and Asset Transfer: This is the place recipients get a benefit for instance domesticated animals to enable boost at least one financial exercise. Before that exchange, a careful examination of the nearby market's framework and bolster administrations to recognize supportable work alternatives in esteem chains that can retain new contestants and a few reasonable choices distinguished are given to the recipients to pick resources dependent on employment inclinations and previous happenings.

Technical Skills Training: This involves the recipients getting abilities and preparing on thinking about an advantage and maintaining a business. As simple, such preparing is fundamental in overseeing effective independent companies, the preparation gives data on where to go for help and administrations such as a veterinarian. The advantage exchange and aptitudes preparing join exercises got from the employment improvement field.

Life Skills Coaching: This acknowledges that needy individuals on an average need fearlessness and social capital and accordingly require nonstop checking and instructing as far as business

arranging, cash administration, social help and wellbeing and illness counteractive action administrations. In a few occurrences, it has demonstrated profitable to arrange social care groups or connection up with a medicinal services specialist co-op, regardless of whether government centres or non-legislative choices.

Grosh, 2014 asserts that the hypothesis of change adjusts the components to the local setting organizing, sequencing, and moulding the components to the need needs of the poorest and to the truth of the business sectors in the different program locales. The major issue is to execute accomplices, particularly the recipient confronting staff, to comprehend the centre rationale of the methodology and to know how and when to acquire adaptability. Abrams et al (2012) also indicates that the general objective crosswise over is to help defenceless individuals onto a pathway out of extraordinary destitution through accomplishing sustenance security, creating and balancing out wage, building resources, getting to human services, and having an arrangement for what's to come. These criteria are utilized not exclusively to evaluate the status of a person at a particular point in time, yet in addition, expect to fuse a prescient proportion of versatility to future stuns

2.2 Empirical Literature Review

2.2.1 Transformative Approach and Livelihood

This mechanism acknowledges social justice contending that social security need to address the hidden drivers of weakness, not simply the indications of destitution. It additionally features the linkages from protection of livelihood to the promotion of livelihood, which makes social security a great toolbox for financial and also social improvement. Transformative adopts a rights-based approach and is about empowering excluded individuals and marginalized groups to claim their rights (FAO, 2016).

In the beginning of the 2000s, the IDS built up a system for social insurance that meant to widen the extent of social assurance past its roots in social wellbeing nets and hazard administration approaches that offer just monetary security against employment stuns (FAO, 2016). Transformative Social Protection contends that the center capacity of social security is to lessen helplessness and in addition destitution, and that neediness and defenselessness ought to be

extensively characterized to incorporate underestimation and imbalance, to such an extent that social insurance likewise has a social equity work.

According to Devereux and Sabates (2004), Social security portrays all open and private activities that give wage or utilization exchanges to poor people, secure the helpless against vocation dangers, and upgrade the societal position and privileges of the discriminated with the general goal of lessening the monetary and social defenselessness of forlorn and underestimated gatherings.

FAO (2016) notes that the protection programme proposes a more extensive scope of social assurance intercessions including formal and casual social help exchanges, social protection components, access to social administrations, and social value activities to ensure all individuals are secured against separation or misuse. These intercessions can be grouped as far as their destinations, under four classes

Defensive instruments give alleviation from hardship, and incorporate focused on money or nourishment exchanges juvenile stipends, social annuities, nutritional help and access to administrations such as well-being and education.

These instruments are intended to counteract hardship, and incorporate contributory standardized savings plans, government-or network oversaw key grain holds, climate filed protection, and semi-formal foundations, for example, reserve funds clubs and internment social orders.

Promotive instruments expect to upgrade wages and capacities by supporting jobs in various divisions agribusiness such as input sponsorships, contributions for-work; businesses and education.

Transformative on the other hand plan to address issues of social shamefulness, for example, separation and abuse, and can incorporate crusades for monetary, social and social (ESC) rights, the lowest pay permitted by law enactment, and measures to kill youngster work.

Figure 2.1: Transformative Approach

Source: Author (2018)

2.2.2 Promotive Approach and Livelihood

The Promotive Social Protection aim to improve monetary flow and abilities by supporting occupations in various areas including; agriculture where the beneficiaries are supported with input subsidies and inputs-for-work; education where the beneficiaries are supported in terms of school fee waivers and school feeding; and enterprises where the beneficiaries are involved in public works programmes and asset transfers(FAO, 2016).

Promotive consideration into social security is available to the feedback that it takes social assurance too a long ways past its unique conceptualization. In any case, the expectation isn't to expand the extension to incorporate all improvement activities, yet to center around promotive estimates that have pay adjustment in any event as one goal.

Models incorporate microcredit that puts resources into little businesses with the end goal to satisfy salary balancing out and utilization smoothing capacities, or open works extends that exchange nourishment proportions or money compensation while at the same time fabricating financial foundation, for example, streets or water system (Wheeler, 2004).

The Starter Pack Scheme (SPS) introduced in Malawi in 1998/1999 emerged as a very efficient and progressive source of targeted aid. An evaluation of the SPS showed that, in 1998 terms, the scheme was worth approximately 60 per cent to the household, more than its cost to donors (Masterset al., 2000). However, an obvious potential drawback with such programme is leakage. For instance, incentives may exist for farmers to sell their starter packs, or fertilizer intended for a particular crop may find its way onto other crops. In addition, such programmes can depress the demand for inputs from the private sector dealers when distributed through government agencies that exclude private sector participation and poor targeting can hamper efficiency (Chirwa, 2006; Gregory, 2006).Other studies show that social protection measures could have far-reaching effects, as far as rural poverty, and rural incomes and income inequalities are concerned. For instance, the removal of fertilizer subsidy resulted in increase in rural poverty and income inequality (Firdausy, 1997).

Figure 2.2: Approaches to the needs of poor households

Source: Author (2018)

2.6.4 Framework for Social Protection Programmes

2.2.3 Preventive Approach and Livelihood

It focuses on averting hardship, and incorporates contributory standardized savings plans, government or grain holds that are managed by the community, climate listed protection, and semi-official organizations, for example, reserve funds clubs and entombment social orders (FAO, 2016).

Preventive Social Protection deals directly with poverty alleviation for economically vulnerable groups. Wheeler (2004) indicates that the scheme incorporates social security for the financially defenseless individuals who may require support to enable them to deal with their job stuns. The programs alluded to formalized frameworks of annuities, medical coverage, maternity advantage and joblessness benefits, frequently with tripartite financing between bosses, representatives and the state. They likewise incorporate casual systems, for example, reserve funds clubs and burial

service social orders. It likewise includes techniques of hazard enhancement, for example, yield or salary broadening which are additionally considered as preventive measures

Social protection programmes can have a positive impact on development and are an under- exploited tool for achieving rapid and cost-effective reductions of hunger and critical poverty. They complement other forms of assistance by providing basic social protection to households that cannot be reached by mainstream development and poverty reduction programmes. Where or when markets are not functioning effectively, short to medium term interventions should aim to compensate for market failure by providing alternative, non-market mechanisms to promote secure and low-cost food availability and access. Social protection has a role to play in maintaining access for identified vulnerable groups in ways which support rather than undermine markets (Microcredit Summit Campaign 2012).

Mediations into livelihoods advance the utilization of material and human resources for create salary sources and methods for living for instance a craftsman. The point of these mediations systems is to keep individuals possessed and beneficial, with nobility, as long as possible. In any case, few work improvement programs have tended to the necessities of to a great degree poor family units. This is particularly the situation in provincial territories, where business advancement programs will in general spotlight on financially dynamic family units, ordinarily those with enough land to create excess to offer in the customers.

2.2.4 Provisional Approach and Livelihood

Protective Social Protection give alleviation from hardship, and incorporate focused on money or nourishment exchanges juvenile stipends, social benefits, sustenance help and access to administrations, for example, cancelation of client expenses for training and wellbeing. Measures to provide are barely focused on security net measures in the traditional sense. They expect to give help from neediness and hardship to the degree that limited time and preventive measures have neglected to do as such (FAO, 2016). Arrangement measures incorporate social help for the ceaseless poor, particularly the individuals who can't work and acquire their occupation. This is likened to standard welfare. Devereux and Sabates (2004) observed that arrangement measures can be delegated social administrations for poor people and gatherings that require uncommon consideration, including halfway houses and gathering habitats for deserted youngsters, and the 17

nullification of training and wellbeing charges to stretch out access to essential administrations to the plain poor.

Reports by Microcredit Summit Campaign (2012) suggest that the needy individuals settle on problematic financial choices in view of diversion because of stress disorder which restricts their capacity to center around anything past the following up and coming emergency lest their wants and needs are attended to.

There exists a sensible faith for the mediations to battle even the most outrageous types of neediness. The most encouraging methodologies to put to great degree poor family units on a way toward supportability are multi-disciplinary, consolidating the qualities of various neediness lightening mediations. The Ford Foundation Graduation Program consolidates components of three particular methodologies that is, social assurance, vocations advancement, and monetary consideration with the end goal to move such family units out of extraordinary destitution and into supportable jobs. In general, these mediations have a dynamic and gainful interchange to such an extent that the entire is more noteworthy than the total.

In Tanzania, a reinstitution of subsidy in fertilizer would prompt an expansion in total wage of most country and urban rural and non-rural family units (Wobst & Mhamba, 2003) Well targeted social protection programmes could also have a significant effect in reducing income inequality. For instance, Soares et al. (2006) noted that both conditional and unconditional CT arrangements in Brazil resulted in a fall in inequality observed between 1995 and 2004. They were responsible for 28 per cent of the fall in the Gini inequality index observed in that period. In Brazil, Chile and Mexico, Conditional cash transfer programmes helped to reduce inequality in the mid-1990s and in the mid-2000s. Their equalizing impact was responsible for about 21 per cent of the fall in the Gini index in both Brazil and Mexico, where it fell by about 2.7 points. Soares et al. (2007) underscored that the effect in Chile, was in charge of a 15 percent decrease in imbalance, with an unassuming fall in disparity by 0.1 point. Elsewhere, Schubert (2005) observed that investigations of some social insurance programs e.g. social trade exchange programs out creating nations uncovers that their effect has been by and large positive and that the expenses are cost effective.

2.4 Framework for Social Protection Programmes

Table 2.1: Framework for Social Protection Programmes

Vulnerability Examples of Affected Category of Types of Programmes Categories Groups Interventions Chronically Poor Severely disabled Social Disability benefit Terminally ill Assistance Single-parent allowances Ethnic minorities Social pensions Urban unemployed Food aid Pastoralists Food-for-work Subsistence Social Insurance Formalized pensions smallholders Unemployment benefits Economically at Cash crop farmers Health insurance Risk Internally Displaced Maternity benefits Persons Burial societies Orphans Transformative Changes to regulatory Informal sector workers Action framework to protect Widows vulnerable groups The elderly Operationalizing Socially Ethnic minorities economic, social and Vulnerable Abducted children cultural rights People living with Sensitization campaign AIDS Victims of domestic Social Services Community based care abuse Orphanages People with disabilities Refugee/IDP camps Street children Crèches/pre-schools Female-headed households

Source: Devereux et al. (2002).

2.5 Critique of the Eexisting Literature Relevant to the Study

The existing literature discusses the various social protection approaches, the target groups and programmes, and how the target groups benefit from the programmes, but do not directly link the programmes out puts, impacts and sustainability to the livelihood. It would be necessary to evaluate the effects of the social protection fund approaches on the sustainable livelihoods of the target populations.

2.6 Summary of Literature

This review has revealed a number of challenges concerning the availability, quality and nature of evidence on the impacts of policies and programmes in the area of livelihoods, basic services and social protection. Firstly, many local researchers doubt the authenticity and accuracy of the data used to monitor socio-economic progress and track the achievements of the MDG targets. Secondly, the usage of different methodologies for measuring poverty and defining minimum subsistence thresholds produces different poverty measures and affects understanding of people‟s livelihoods.

2.7 Research Gaps

The literature review reveals that there is a series of gaps in the evidence base regarding the impacts of various interventions on the livelihood of the vulnerable populations. These include the following:

Robust evaluations of livelihoods interventions are relatively scarce in the Nairobi Nepalese context and many of those that do exist are preoccupied more with inputs and outputs than outcomes and impacts.

Similarly, there are few impact evaluations in the area of service delivery and social protection.

There are limited data on that shows the role and effectiveness of various, governmental and non-governmental actors in delivering basic services to the population. Further, there is a scant information linkages and interdependence between the micro, meso and macro levels of livelihoods.

There is little information on the wellbeing of children and child poverty. Most studies on basic services and social protection contain inadequate gender specific and gender disaggregated analysis.

There is also limited evidence on people‟s perceptions of the quality and accessibility of services. Many studies rarely incorporate participatory methods that would seek to identify and utilize people‟s voice and experiences.

There is no study that has assessed the effects of social protection fund approaches on the livelihoods of the vulnerable community members and more specifically, in Kisumu County. It is this gap that this study addressed through Inua Jamii Cash Transfer Programme case study in Kisumu County.

2.8 Conceptual Framework

Very needy individuals may incline toward not to borrow thinking that the debt will be an obligation and will probably hurt instead of assisting them and they are frequently right. In the sorts of gathering ensure approaches utilized by some monetary administrations suppliers, the individuals from the gathering may reject the poorest, out of dread that such individuals were default. What's more numerous monetary specialist co-ops just assume that the poorest are too expensive to serve.

The exchange costs related with the simple little advances, and with the low account balance Vis a Vis high-action investment accounts, needy individuals frequently require an intense disincentive to serve that client portion. Monetary administrations suppliers rarely loan to potential borrowers who are new to microenterprise and who don't have other salary sources to reimburse the advance if the new business comes up short.

Despite the fact that they might be neglected by monetary specialist suppliers, needy individuals however obtain and set aside some cash, regardless of whether casually or semi-formally by means of network based sorts of clubs for instance through revolving funds, Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) that are a long-standing widespread nearness in poor networks all through the creating scene. Indeed, even extremely needy individuals set aside extra cash to a great extent, since it involves survival. Fund is the main accessible instrument to ensure against stuns for individuals who have no entrance to protection, crisis credit, or something besides their very own assets. A few persons, contingent upon the employment may in the end seek after, and furthermore advantage from loan.

2.6.2 Independent and Dependent Variables

A variable is an instrument used to measure the characteristics of different values among the subjects. The researcher used two different variables which are dependent and independent. The independent variables include the social protection fund approaches (promotive, preventive, provisional and transformative). Sustainable livelihood is the dependent variable which changes as a result in the change in independent variable.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Promotive Approach

(Economic Opportunities)

Preventive Approach

(Insurance and Diversification Livelihood of Vulnerable Mechanisms – Social Security) community members

(OVCs, Elderly Persons, Provisional Approach Persons with disability)

(Social help and adapting methodologies - social help – formal and non-state)

Transformative Approach

(Transformative Action)

Figure 2.3: Conceptual Framework

2.9 Chapter Summary

The chapter reviewed the various theories which are a collection of interrelated concepts that explain the independent and dependent variables. The reviewed theories are then critiqued for relevance to specific variables.

The chapter also explored the conceptualization of the independent and the dependent variables by analyzing the relationships between the two set of variables that is the social Protection Fund approaches and Sustainable Livelihoods in Kisumu County. Empirical review was conducted where past studies were reviewed in line with the following criteria, title, scope, methodology resulting into a critique. It is from these critiques that the research gap was identified.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction.

The researcher used survey method to collect the data. This technique is an endeavor to gather information from individuals from a particular population with the end goal to decide current status of that populace as for at least one factor. It is a method of research where thoughts, behaviors or attitudes of a representative sample of a group of people is studied and the findings are generalized to the wider population.

3.1 Research Design.

The researcher employed survey method which is descriptive explanatory or involving advanced statistical analysis. Descriptive studies involve hypothesis formulation and testing, they are non- experiment in that they deal with relationships between non manipulative variables in a natural rather than artificial setting. In survey, a set of questions related to a particular topic of interest are administered through questionnaires, or interviews.

The researcher used this methodology because of these evident advantages; A lot of data can be collected in a relatively short time, participants are asked the same structured questions if interviews or questionnaires are used, it takes short time, it is less expensive than using the whole of a population. This research methodology has some demerits which include: sources are likely to be inaccurate if the sample is too small therefore representing a small part of the population, sometimes few questionnaires are returned and some are not fully completed, you can never be sure people are giving their true feelings or opinions, the questionnaires may not be fully fair and unbiased, the study often lacks depth and lastly the questionnaire is time consuming for illiterate people.

3.2 Target Population

According to Lyon (2007) target population represents a widespread arrangement of the investigation of all individuals from genuine or theoretical arrangement of individuals, occasions or questions which an examiner wishes to sum up the outcome. The study targeted Kisumu County. According KNBS (2009), the county has a total population of 968, 909. The total number of registered senior citizens aged 70 years and above who are jobless, vulnerable and poor in Kisumu are 11,841 while old people aged 55 years and above are 8750. The registered beneficiaries with severe disability stand at 1,400 while the OVCs are 23,000. The survey targeted all the County Government of Kisumu Planning and Economic Development–Safety Net Programme employees who were interviewed as the respondents. Currently the County has one Director, one County Coordinator, Assistant Directors who are Sub-County Coordinators covering the seven Sub Counties and eighteen field staff. The study therefore, targeted 135 County Government of Kisumu Planning and Economic Development–Safety Net Programme employees from the seven sub counties in Kisumu. The population was distributed as follows:

Table 3.1: Target Population Distribution

Sub counties Population distribution Kisumu West 19 Kisumu Central 22 Kisumu East 17 Seme 14 Muhoroni 18 Nyando 21 Nyakach 25 Total Population 135

Source: (County Government, 2018)

3.2.1 Study Location

The research was carried out in Kisumu County between August and December 2018. The county lies at the heart of the Lake Basin climatic condition of hot and wet. Her proximity to Lake Victoria has attributed to the many fishing activities within the county and her neighboring counties of Homa Bay to the south west and Siaya County to the North West. The agricultural 25

production of Kisumu County is average. This explains why the county significantly relies on buying agricultural products from neighboring agriculturally endowed counties to supplement her locally produced ones. The county in other elements however is self-supporting. For instance, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital is the main health referral facility for not only Kisumu but also other five neighboring counties. Good road network, schools and social amenities are also found in the county.

Kisumu County‟s population is majorly inhabited by Luos and some Luhyas, Kisiis, Somalis and Indians. The County also boasts of various geographical features such as rivers, (Yala, Nyando, Miriu) plains (Kano plains), plateau (Nyabondo plateau), Lake (L. victoria) and Winam Gulf.

There is also moderate communication due to average network coverage. Transport within the county is sound; this is attributed to many tarmacked roads and well maintained murram roads.

Kisumu County also struggles with her share of challenges ranging from poor living conditions of her sizeable population resulting from their low economic status, high human population and highest rate of unemployment, HIV/AIDS prevalence rate of 24%, substance abuse and immorality. Illiteracy is a bit high leading to low knowledge on the importance of providing children with good foundations of education. The locals engage so much in odd jobs such as hawking, unprofessional fishing.

3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques

Saunders et al. (2003) characterizes sampling as testing from the population which is a critical procedure in research since it tends to be very impracticable to overview the whole populace of the area. The process of determining the test/sample estimate is an essential issue since tests that are too extensive may misuse time, assets and cash, while tests that are too little may prompt off base outcomes. A stratified simple random sampling approach was used to come up with a sample for purposes of this study. My sampling frame was the total number of the County Government of Kisumu Social Development employees.

3.3.1 Sample Size Determination

The desired sample was obtained using the formula by Fisher et al., (1998) as cited in Kothari (2004). n = z²pq

d²

Where: n= desired minimal sample population z = standard normal deviate which is 1.96 at 95% confidence level.

p = proportion of the target population estimated to have a particular characteristic being measured. d = degree of accuracy q = 1-p

In this case is estimated to be of the Kisumu County Employees

Thus n= (1.96)²(.50) (.50)

(0.50)²

= 384, n = the desired sample size (when the target population is greater than 10,000)

Target population less than 10,000, final estimate (nƒ) is calculated as; nƒ= n

(1+n)/N

Where: nƒ = the desired sample size (if the target population is less than 10,000) n = the desired sample size (when the target population is greater than 10,000) 27

N= the estimate of the population size n = n / [1+ (n/N)] =384/ [1+ (384/135) =99.88

The sample size will be 100

The researcher obtained a list of the 100 staff in the Social Protection Department and used simple random sampling through use of a table of random numbers to select the desired 100 respondents were interviewed. The study will then use stratified random sampling technique to select the sample as shown below:

Table 3.2: Target Sample Distribution

Population Distribution Population Sample Sub counties distribution Kisumu West 19 (19/135*100) 14 Kisumu Central 22 (22/135*100) 16 Kisumu East 17 (17/135*100) 12 Seme 14 (14/135*100) 10 Muhoroni 18 (18/135*100) 13 Nyando 21 (21/135*100) 16 Nyakach 25 (25/135*100) 19 Total Population 135 100

Source: (Author, 2018)

3.4 Study Instruments

These are the tools used by the researcher to gather the requisite data that would be analyzed to answer the study questions and address the objective. The instruments are used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. For this study, the researcher used one instrument which is a questionnaire with both open ended and closed ended questions to collect both qualitative and quantitative data from the respondents;

3.4.1 Interview Guides

The researcher structured questions that were admitted to the respondent orally or by word of mouth. Interview schedules were largely used to collect information from experienced staff 28

members on their opinions towards effectiveness of social protection fund among youths and women and the elderly in the societies of Kisumu County.

The researcher used this method of data collection because of the following merits: All questions were always responded to, the interviewer and respondent were able to clarify issues that may be ambiguous, the interviewer was able to gather other data about the respondent and environment which may be useful in the research and lastly data collected was accurate than the ones collected using self-administration method.

This method of data collection has some limitations such as: interviews can be time consuming and expensive, respondents may not be available when you want them, it‟s also a method through which respondents feel intimidated in the presence of the interviewer and therefore not give objective responses, and respondents might not give accurate information.

3.4.2 Questionnaires

These were questions mailed or given to respondents to answer on their own. Questionnaires can be closed or open-ended. In open ended questions, respondents are free to respond to questions in the way they choose. In closed ended questionnaires, answers are provided and the respondent is asked to choose the answer. The researcher used this method to collect information from the 100 sampled staff members of Kisumu County Social Welfare Department to solicit for views on effects of Social Protection Fund Approaches on Sustainable Livelihoods in Kisumu County. The researcher used this method because of the following merits:-questionnaires are quick method of collecting data; plenty of data may be collected if mailed questionnaires are returned, and use of questionnaires is cheaper than interviews. This method had some demerits like:-it is not possible to clarify ambiguous questions in mailed questionnaires, in questionnaires, the researcher may not know who actually responded to the questionnaires, respondents may give incorrect data if they do not understand some questions, many questionnaires may not be returned, questionnaires are mainly useful with literate people, many questionnaires may not be responded to arising in gaps in data and lastly the information received may not be correct because the person who responded to the questionnaires may not be the one who was expected to respond to it.

3.5 Validity and Reliability

3.5.1 Validity

Validity refers to the extent to which assessment instrument measures what is supposed to be measured. The three instruments used by the researcher were variable because they measured the characteristics they are supposed to measure.

Pre-testing of the instrument should enable the researcher to access clarity of the instrument and its ease of use. Mugenda & Mugenda (2003) suggests that pre-testing allows errors to be discovered as well as acting as a tool for training a research team before the actual collection of data begins.

3.5.2 Reliability

Reliability refers to how consistent one gets the same results when he/she repeatedly access the same ability or characteristic. The data to be collected was reliable because there is consistency of information collected after retesting and therefore ensures quality of measurements. Reliability of the data was ensured through the use of quality checks during data collection and verification of the data collected.

3.6 Data Collection Procedure

The researcher collected data from individuals work for the Kisumu County Social Welfare Department. The researcher also sent questionnaires personally to the sampled individuals and hold brief meetings individuals whose availability was of abundance to give them some guidelines on how to answer the questions.

3.7 Data Processing and Analysis

The data was analyzed using descriptive mean and standard deviation. Mean is indicated by the aggregate execution of a gathering on some proportion of a factor, while the standard deviation indicates how dispersed an arrangement of scores is around the mean, that is, regardless of whether the scores are moderately homogeneous or heterogeneous around the mean. The

quantitative information in this examination was dissected by expressive insights and inferential measurements utilizing Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20.0).

3.8 Logistical and Ethical Considerations

The following ethical considerations were put to practice: -

No Plagiarism or Frauds: The researcher did not refer another person‟s work as his without acknowledging the author, and has not stolen ideas from other scholars. University standards were employed to ensure the investigator complied to work originality.

Voluntary Participation: Where the researcher had confirmed to the principle of voluntary consent and where the respondents participated willingly in research without being paid

Confidentiality: Another ethical issue where respondents were protected by keeping the information given confidential, risk of human participants; the researcher did not undertake research that would cause physical or psychological harm. Lastly use of human beings as subjects because there were ethical issues that limit human beings being used as subjects in research especially in experimental research.

3.9 Chapter Summary

This chapter discussed the various methods and techniques used during the research process. It basically discussed the approaches used to obtain the data that was used to draw conclusions of the study. This chapter identified the population that was targeted, how the sample size was drawn from the target population, outlined the method of data collection from the targeted respondents and outlined how the data was analyzed and presented.

CHAPTER FOUR

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter incorporates the analysis of the collected information, reporting of the results, interpreting them and presenting them in clear and understanding forms such as in tables and diagrams.

4.2 Response Rate

Table 4.1: Response Rate

Response Frequency Percentage Returned 100 100% Non-returned 0 0% Total 100 100%

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The administered number of questionnaires to the residents of the County Government of Kisumu was 100. A total of 100 were properly filled and returned. This represented an excellent response rate of 100% as shown on Table 4.1. According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) and also Kothari (2004) a response rate of above 50% is adequate for a descriptive study. Babbie (2004) also asserted that return rates of above 50% are acceptable to analyze and publish, 60% is good, 70% is very good while above 80% is excellent.

4.3 Demographic Information

4.3.1 Respondents’ Gender

Respondents‟ gender distribution was as shown in figure 4.1 below.

Figure 4.1: Gender of the Respondent

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in figure 4.1 revealed that majority of the residents (75%) were female while 25% of the respondents were male. This implies that majority of residents of the County Government of Kisumu are female.

4.3.2 Respondents’ Age

The respondents were then asked to indicate their respective age. The results are as shown in table 4.2 below:

Table 4.2: Age of the Respondent

Age Frequency Percent 18-30yrs 28 28 31-40yrs 10 10 41-50yrs 18 18 Above 50yrs 44 44 Total 100 100

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in table 4.2 revealed that 44% of the residents of the County Government of Kisumu stated that they were above 50 years, while 28% of the residents indicated that they were between 18 and 30 years. The results also revealed that 18% of the residents noted that they were between 41 and 50 years while10% of the respondents indicated that they were between 31 and 33

40 years. This implies that majority of residents of the County Government of Kisumu are over 50 years.

4.3.3 Level of Education

The respondents‟ level of education as shown in table 4.3 below:

Table 4.3: Level of Education

Level of Education Frequency Percent Primary School Not Completed 23 25 Primary School Completed 44 33 Secondary School 17 15 College Cert/Dip 10 21 University 3 3 None–Never attended School 3 3 Total 100 100

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in table 4.3 revealed that most of the respondents (44%) had completed primary school, 23% of the respondents had not completed primary school yet while 17% of the respondents had a secondary level attainment. The results also indicated that 10% of the respondents had a college certificate or a diploma while 3% of the respondents had attend ended university education while 3% of the respondents had never attended School at all. This implies that majority of residents of the County Government of Kisumu are not well educated.

4.3.4 Occupation

The respondents were then requested to indicate their occupation. The results are as shown in table 4.4 below:

Table 4.4: Occupation

Occupation Frequency Percent Medical Doctor 6 6 Health Auxiliary 3 3 Accountant 7 7 Engineer 6 6 Lawyer 3 3 IT Specialist 6 6 Lecturer/Teacher 6 6 Artisan 11 11 Administrator 5 5 Clerk 6 6 Driver 5 5 Unskilled worker 36 36 Total 100 100

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in table 4.4 revealed that most of the respondents (36%) were unskilled labourers, 11% of the respondents were artisans while 7% of the respondents were accountants. The results also revealed that 6% of the respondents were medical doctors, engineers IT specialists, clerks and lecturers respectively. The results also indicated that 5% of the respondents were drivers and administrators while 3% of the respondents were health auxiliaries and lawyers. This implies that majority residents of Kisumu County are unskilled labourers with no significant jobs.

4.3.5 Marital Status

The respondents‟ marital status as shown in figure 4.3 below:

Figure 4.2: Marital Status

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in the figure above revealed that most of the respondents (36%) were married while 25% of the respondents were widows/widowers. The results also indicated that 17% of the respondents were single, 15% were separated while 7% of the respondents were divorced. This indicates that majority of the residents of the County Government of Kisumu are couples.

4.3.6 Religion

The respondents were then requested to indicate their religion. The results are as shown in figure 4.4 below:

Figure 4.3: Religion

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in figure 4.4 above revealed that most of the respondents (35%) were SDAs, 24% were Catholics while 19% of the respondents were Protestants. The results also indicated that 14% of the respondents were Muslims while 8% of the respondents had no denomination. This indicates that majority of the residents of the County Government of Kisumu are couples.

4.4 Descriptive Statistics: Social Protection

4.4.1 Government Commitment

The respondents were then requested to state whether the government was committed enough (politically, financially) to improving social protection. The results are as shown in table 4.5 below:

Table 4.5: Government Commitment

Government commitment Frequency Percent Yes, social protection coverage and systems are satisfactory 9 9 Yes, however social security scope and mechanisms require an improvement 23 23 No, because it lacks political will 44 44 No, because it lacks funds 24 24 Total 100 100

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in table 4.5 revealed that most of the respondents (44%) indicated that the government was not committed to improving social protection because it lacks political will while 24% indicated that the government was not committed to improving social protection because it lacks funds. The results however, indicated that 23% of the respondents indicated that the government was committed to improving social protection however social security scope and mechanisms require an improvement improved while 9% of the respondents indicated that the government was committed to improving social protection coverage and systems are satisfactory. This implies that majority of residents of the County Government of Kisumu are not adequately satisfied with the commitment of the Government towards social protection. This was attributed to the inability of the government employees to perform their services adequately due to understaffing problem.

4.4.2 Civil Society Involvement

The respondents were also asked to indicate their views on the involvement of the civil society social protection programs and responded as shown in table 4.6 below:

Table 4.6: Civil Society Involvement

Frequency Percent Yes, most of the time 14 14 Yes, sometimes 19 19 No, almost never 36 36 No, never 31 31 Total 100 100

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in table 4.6 revealed that most of the respondents (36%) indicated that the civil society almost never involved in social security schemes while 31% indicated that the civil society never involved itself in social security frameworks. The results however, indicated that 19% of the respondents indicated that yes the civil society was sometimes involved while 14% of the respondents indicated that the civil society was most of the time, involved in t in social security frameworks. This implies that majority of residents of the County Government of Kisumu are not adequately satisfied with the involvement of the civil society in social security frameworks. The county government is understaffed and thus the delivery of service becomes a challenge to all the residents of the County.

4.4.3 Priority of Social Protection

The respondents were also requested to indicate whether social protection would be a priority. The results are as shown in table 4.7 below:

Table 4.7: Priority of Social Protection

Priority of social protection Frequency Percent Yes, social security is one of the nation‟s major responsibilities and scope should be universal 52 52 Yes, it is one of the nation‟s major responsibilities however the scope should be targeted 32 32 No, it is too expensive and the resources should be allocated to other development priorities 8 8 No, since if the state gives gifts, individuals will live on welfare 8 8 Total 100 100

Source: Survey Data (2018) 38

The results in table 4.7 revealed that majority of the residents (52%) indicated that social security is one of the nation‟s major responsibilities and scope should be universal while 36% of the respondents indicated that yes, it is one of the nation‟s major responsibilities however the scope should be targeted. However, the results indicated that 8% of the respondents indicated that social protection should not be a priority because it is too expensive and the resources should be allocated to other development priorities and since if the state gives gifts, individuals will live on welfare. This implies that majority of residents of the County Government of Kisumu believe that social protection needs to be a priority.

4.4.4 Social Protection to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

The respondents‟ opinion on instrumental capacity of social protection contribution to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

Table 4.8 Priority of Social Protection

Responses Frequency Percent Yes 79 79 No 21 21 Total 100 100

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results revealed that majority of the residents (79%) stated that social protection is instrumental to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals while only 21% of the respondents stated that social protection is not instrumental to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. This indicates that social protection is significant in the Sustainable Development endeavor.

4.4.5 Social Protection Initiatives

On respondents‟ awareness of any social protection initiatives in Kenya; results are as shown in table 4.9 below:

Table 4.9 Social Protection Initiatives

Social Protection Initiatives Frequency Percent No 69 69 Yes 31 31 Total 100 100

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in table 4.9 above revealed that majority of the residents (69%) indicated that were not aware of any social protection initiatives in Kenya while only 31% of the respondents indicated that were aware of any social protection initiatives in Kenya. This indicates that majority of residents of the County Government of Kisumu are not much enlightened about the social protection initiatives.

4.4.6 Implementation of Social Protection Initiatives

Table 4.10 below shows respondents‟ response on the social protection initiatives implementation.

Table 4.10 Implementation of Social Protection Initiatives

Implementation Frequency Percent Yes, they are 39 39 No, they are not 25 25 It‟s difficult to tell 36 36 Total 100 100

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in table 4.10 revealed that most of the respondents (39%) indicated that yes social protection initiatives were actually implemented, 36% of them stated that social protection initiatives were not actually implemented while only 25% of the respondents indicated that it was difficult to tell if the social protection initiatives were actually implemented. This indicates that

the Social Protection Initiatives in Kisumu County are not clearly implemented to the knowledge of the residents of the County.

4.4.7 Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTs)

The respondents‟ response on fairness of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTs) in Kenya as shown below:

Table 4.11 Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTs)

CCTs Frequency Percent Yes 35 35 No 27 27 I‟m not aware of any CCTs in the country 38 38 Total 100 100

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in table 4.11 revealed that most of the respondents (38%) indicated that they were not aware if there were any Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTs) in Kenya. However, according to 35% of the residents, the beneficiary selection is fair while according to 27% of the respondents indicated that they did not believe that the beneficiary selection is fair. This indicates that the awareness of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTs) in Kenya are not sufficient and thus people do not believe in them. These study findings reveal that the cash disbursement to older persons, persons with disabilities and OVCs is not sufficient in meeting their consumption, upkeep and educational needs. The results also indicated that the selection process is not equitable to all the beneficiaries.

4.4.8 Selection Process

The respondents were also asked, if the CCTs beneficiary selection process is transparent and well understood by all members. The results are as shown in table 4.12 below:

Table 4.12 Selection Process

Frequency Percent Y es 18 18 No 48 48 41

Don't know 34 34 Total 100 100 Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in table 4.12 revealed that most of the respondents (48%) indicated that CCTs beneficiary selection process was not transparent and well understood by all members, 34% of the respondents indicated that they did not know if the CCTs beneficiary selection process was transparent and well understood by all members while only 18% of the respondents indicated that the CCTs beneficiary selection process was transparent and well understood by all members. This implies that the selection process of the CCTs in Kenya is not transparent and well understood by all members.

The respondents were also asked to indicate the effects of provisional social protection fund on sustainable livelihood. Some of their responses were as shown below:

Respondent 1 “Monthly individual stipend of sh.4000”

Respondent 2 “NHIF Cover to registered members”

Respondent 3 “bursary towards education programmes”

Among residents‟ opinion on the effects of preventive social protection fund on sustainable livelihood were as shown below:

Respondent 1 “OVCs may utilize the income from such programmes to pay school fees and provided”

Respondent 2 “Persons aged 55yr and above get stipend of 2000/- per household per month”

Respondent 3 “disabled persons get 24 hour attendance/surveillance”

Respondent 4 “security/safety for OVCs”

The respondents were further requested to indicate the effects of promotional social protection fund on sustainable livelihood. Some of their responses were as shown below:

Respondent 1 “Jobs to the disabled”

Respondent 2 “agribusiness projects to the old persons aged above 55 years”

Respondent 3 “quality education to the vulnerable child”

Respondent 4 “poverty reduction in the rural areas”

In addition, the respondents were requested to indicate the effects of transformative social protection fund on sustainable livelihood. Some of their responses were as shown below:

Respondent 1 “Social justice to marginalized groups and OVCs”

Respondent 2 “equal representation of the disabled in positions of government”

Respondent 3 “improved standards of living among the marginalized groups”

Respondent 4 “improved purchasing power”

4.4.9 Information Disseminated

The results of respondents‟ belief on the adequacy of information dissemination are as shown in table 4.13 below:

Table 4.13 Information Disseminated

Frequency Percent Yes, the information is both easily understandable and accessible 9 9 The information is well disseminated but difficult to understand 17 17 information is straightforward however it doesn't cover everyone 48 48 No, potential beneficiaries are not adequately informed 26 26 Total 100 100

Source: Survey Data (2018) 43

The results in table 4.13 revealed that most of the respondents (48%) indicated that the information is straightforward however it doesn't cover everyone while 26% of the respondents indicated that potential beneficiaries are not adequately informed. The results further revealed that 17% of the respondents indicated that the information is well disseminated but difficult to understand while 9% of the respondents indicated that the information is both easily understandable and accessible. This indicates that the information about social protection is not adequately disseminated.

4.4.10 Information Disseminated Facilitator

On respondents‟ belief on the information dissemination; results are as shown in table 4.14 below:

Table 4.14 Information Disseminated Facilitator

Information Disseminated Facilitator Response Percent Local Government Yes 52 No 48 NGOs Yes 74 No 26 Community-Leaders Yes 59 No 41 External Factors Yes 86 No 14

Source: Survey Data (2018)

The results in table 4.14 revealed that majority of the residents (52%) indicated that they felt the local government could facilitate the dissemination of information about the programs while 48% of the respondents indicated that the local government could not facilitate the dissemination of information about the programs. The results also revealed that majority of the residents (74%) indicated that they felt the NGOs could facilitate the dissemination of information about the programs while 26% of the respondents indicated that they the NGOs could not facilitate the dissemination of information about the programs. The results further revealed that majority of the residents (59%) indicated that they felt the community leaders could facilitate the dissemination of information about the programs while 41% of the respondents indicated 44

otherwise. The results additionally, revealed that majority of the residents 86% indicated that they felt the external factors could facilitate the dissemination of information about the programs while 14% of the respondents indicated that they felt the external factors could not facilitate the dissemination of information about the programs. This implies that majority of the social development employees of the County Government of Kisumu believe in the facilitation of information by other external organizations such as NGOs rather than the government which might be attributed to the quality of service of the external factors.

This is due to the efficiency in service delivery by the NGOs whom some of the respondents indicated that they can deliver the services at doorstep. This therefore, attributes to the fact that Kisumu County has less awareness in relation to the number of logistics staff available for the service delivery to the households.

4.4.11: How potential beneficiaries are informed

The respondents were also asked to indicate how potential beneficiaries are informed about the social protection initiatives. The results are as shown in table 4.15 below:

Table 4.15: How potential beneficiaries are informed

Statement Response Percent Internet Yes 13 No 87 TV Yes 82 No 18 Radio Yes 80 No 20 Posters Yes 52 No 48 Booklets Yes 61 No 39 Newspapers Yes 85 No 15 Email Yes 76 No 24 Face to face by members of their community Yes 62 No 38 Face to face by people from the government Yes 13 45

No 87

The results in table 4.15 revealed that majority of the residents (13%) indicated that potential beneficiaries are not informed through the internet while majority of them (92%) indicated that potential beneficiaries are not informed through the TV. The results further revealed that majority of the residents (80%) indicated that potential beneficiaries are informed through radios, 52% indicated that potential beneficiaries are informed through posters while 61% of the respondents indicated that potential beneficiaries are informed through newspapers. Furthermore, the results revealed that majority of the residents (76%) indicated that potential beneficiaries are informed through emails while 62% indicated that potential beneficiaries are informed through face to face by members of their community. However, majority of the residents (87%) indicated that potential beneficiaries are not informed through face to face by people from the government. This indicates that the information in the County Government of Kisumu is majorly disseminated through the media because it is easily accessible to all of the citizens.

4.4.12: Kind of Information

The respondents were also asked to indicate the kind of information provided to potential beneficiaries. The results are as shown in table 4.16 below:

Table 4.16: Kind of Information

Statement Response Percent The list of benefits they can have access to Yes 43 No 57 The procedure to access the benefits Yes 70 No 30 The way in which they can complain if needed Yes 78 No 22 No information is shared Yes 82 No 18

The results in table 4.16 revealed that majority of the residents (57%) indicated that the information related to the list of benefits they can have access to was not provided to potential beneficiaries while 43% of the respondents indicated that the information related to list of benefits they can have access to was provided to potential beneficiaries. The results also revealed

that majority of the residents (70%) indicated that the information related to the procedure to access the benefits was provided while 30% of the respondents indicated otherwise. The results further revealed majority of the residents (78%) indicated that the information related to the way in which they can complain if needed was provided while 22% of the respondents indicated the information was not provided. However, the results also revealed that majority of the residents (82%) indicated that no information is shared while 12% of the respondents indicated otherwise. This implies that information is shared with potential beneficiaries however the list of the beneficiaries in particular is not disclosed.

4.5 Limitations of the Study

Confidentiality to the respondents and information gathered: the researcher ensured ethical considerations while undertaking the study and get consent from all the respondents to ensure the information gathered is treated with utmost confidentiality.

Time was a limitation since it has taken long for the proposal to be approved. I worked very closely with my supervisor and ensure that I distribute the questionnaire to be self-administered of otherwise I took leave and do the interviews myself to complete the study in time.

Perspectives related to respondents‟ characteristics and work environment. I worked closely with the County Government in planning and collecting the data so that I do not interfere with the respondents working time as well as understanding their work environment

4.6 Chapter Summary

This section presented the various outcomes from the analysis done by the researcher. The chapter introduces the response rate where the study identified the proportion of the respondents who responded to the questionnaires administered to them. The demographics were presented in form of tables and charts. The chapter then presented the descriptive statistics which were analyzed using SPSS and presented in tables. The qualitative results were analyzed using content analysis and presented in form of themes. The chapter finally addressed the various limitations which were encountered during the process.

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter incorporates the summary and discusses the findings in relation to the research problem and research objectives.

5.2 Summary

The study sought to establish the effects of provisional social protection fund on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya. The findings revealed that as a result of the provisional social protection fund, vulnerable groups could receive a monthly individual stipend of sh.4000, vulnerable groups got NHIF Cover to registered members of the community and bursary towards education programmes. Additionally, the findings were also upheld by the indications in the survey which larger part of the residents concurred.

The study also sought to determine the effects of preventive social protection fund on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya. The findings found out that due to preventive social protection fund, as a result of OVCs could benefit from utilizing the income from such programmes to pay school fees and provided. Persons aged 55yr and above also could get stipend of 2000/- per household per month, disabled persons get 24 hour attendance/surveillance and constant security/safety for OVCs was assured. The findings were in agreement with the indications in the survey which larger part of the residents concurred.

The third objective of the study was to find out the effects of promotional social protection fund on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya. The findings revealed that Jobs to the disabled, agribusiness projects to the old persons aged above 55 years, quality education to the vulnerable child and poverty reduction in the rural areas was the effect of promotional social protection fund. The findings were further upheld by the indications in the survey which larger part of the residents concurred.

The fourth objective of the study was to establish the effects of transformative social protection fund on sustainable livelihoods in Kenya. The findings revealed that social justice to marginalized groups and OVCs, equal representation of the disabled in positions of government, improved standards of living among the marginalized groups and improved purchasing power of the community was the effect of transformative social protection fund in the County Government of Kisumu. The findings were also corroborating with the indications in the survey which larger part of the residents concurred.

5.3 Conclusions

The study came to a conclusion that social protection is necessary to the protection of the interests of the citizens of the country. However, the study found that there were some issues related to the goal of sustainable livelihoods in Kenya through social protection. The study concluded that there is higher expectations related to dependency syndrome among those who would otherwise be able to wean off the programme. The study concluded that there is lack of single registry thus multiple beneficiaries overstretches the kitty; due to non-state actors e.g. NGOs, CBOs also running similar programmes at community levels which result in double registrations. Additionally, the study concluded that the goal of sustainable livelihoods faces the problems such as: of inadequate financial knowledge e.g. personal budget among significant beneficiaries; lack of harmony between national and county government social services operations around safety nets programme arising from diverse political and vested interests from local resource persons especially during electioneering cycles for sociopolitical expedience; conflict of interests among local leaders e.g. administration and politicians as they form significant link to grassroots operations especially during registration of cases; devolved governance units which are yet to domesticate/cascade policy implementation to the lowest social units i.e. ward levels and inadequate staffing and necessary resources to cover catchment areas/populations.

5.4 Recommendations

Based on study findings, the researcher recommends the following :

Implementation of policies in a multimodal way to bridge gaps and strengthen collaboration between all actors at all government levels countrywide.

There is critical need for programme manpower capacity and adequate staffing to attract and retain/replace skilled personnel.

Resources mobilizations need be expanded to sustain budget and consider SME startups, improvement of agribusiness projects including sustainable farming and agro-insurance for programme‟s sustainability and efficacy.

Establish devolved social protection/safety nets secretariat and systems to merge county social services up to sub-county and ward levels-structures.

The study also recommends the government to reconsider its stipulated timeline for the sponsorship given to OVCs.

Scaling up of information, communications and education on social programmes and other government social economic policies for improved population positive public participation and desired impact devoid of political activities

The study further recommends that there should be an increase in the amount of cash payments to older citizens, persons with disabilities and households with OVCs (orphaned and vulnerable children) in Kisumu County.

The study finally recommends that cash payment intervals for the older citizens, persons with disabilities and households with OVCs beneficiaries be timely and be tailored according to their environment and challenges.

5.5 Areas for Further Studies

The study sought to examine the effects of Social Protection Fund approaches on Sustainable Livelihoods in Kisumu County. This study focused on Kisumu County, Kenya and from findings thus recommends further studies in other Counties such as Kakamega, Mombasa, Kisumu, Eldoret, Uasin Gishu, Kiambu, etc. for the purpose of making a comparison of the findings with those of the current study. In addition, the study could incorporate a moderating variables to offer room for a moderate approach to the study among devolved Kenyan governance units/counties.

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: THE QUESTIONNAIRE

Section 0: Background/identification information

{This information will be handled with utmost confidentiality}

Introductory Note:

This questionnaire is intended to gather research data in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Development Studies of The Management University of Africa. The data collected will be strictly for the study and the information obtained will not be used for any other purpose other than for the academic purposes. I will request that I read for you the consent form and that the study is voluntary (you may decide to participate or decline to participate). I shall not hesitate to clarify anything that may not be clear to you. All the information received from you shall be treated with utmost confidentiality. Your participation is highly appreciated.

Thank you. a) The respondents origin Constituency;

[1] Kisumu Central Constituency [2] Kisumu East Constituency [3] Seme Constituency

[4] Kisumu West Constituency [5] Nyando Constituency [6] Muhoroni Constituency

[7] Nyakach Constituency [8] Other (Specify) ………………………………………

b) Ward of the respondent ……………….………………………………………………………………..

c) Village of the respondent ……………….………………………………………………………………..

d) Respondent Name ______Signature ______Date ……./…../………

e) Interviewer Name ______Signature ______Date……./…../………

Part A: Background Information 1. Respondent sex (a) Male [ ] (b) Female [ ]

2. What is your age ______18-30yrs 31-40yrs 41-50yrs Above 50yrs

3. What is your highest level of education (a) Primary School Not [ ] (b) Primary School Completed [ ] Completed (c) Secondary School [ ] (d) College Cert/Dip [ ]

(e) University [ ] (f) None–Never attended School [ ]

(g) Other (specify) …………………………………………………………………………

4. What is your occupation? (a) Medical Doctor [ ] (b) Health Auxiliary [ ] (c) Accountant [ ] (d) Engineer [ ] (e) Lawyer [ ] (f) IT Specialist [ ] (g) Lecturer/Teacher [ ] (h) Artisan [ ] (i) Administrator [ ] (j) Clerk [ ] (k) Driver [ ] (l) Unskilled worker [ ] (m) Other (specify) ……………………………………………………………………..

5. What is your marital status? (a) Single [ ] (b) Married [ ] (c) Divorced [ ] (d) Separated [ ] (e) Widowed/widower r [ ] (f) Other (Specify) …………………..

6. What is your religion (a) Catholic [ ] (b) Protestant [ ] (c) SDA [ ] (d) None [ ] (e) Muslim [ ] (e) other (specify) ………………

Part B: General information on Social Protection 7. In your opinion, is the government committed enough (politically, financially) to improving social protection? No. Possible responses (1) Yes, social protection coverage and systems are satisfactory [ ] (2) Yes, although social protection coverage and systems still need to be improved [ ] (3) No, because it lacks political will [ ] (4) No, because it lacks funds [ ] (5) Don‟t know [ ]

8. a) Is civil society involved in the organization, design, implementation, and monitoring of social protection schemes? (1) Yes, most of the time [ ] (2) Yes, sometimes [ ] 57

(3) No, almost never [ ] (4) No, never [ ] (5) Don‟t know [ ]

8. b) If Yes, how exactly? ………………………………………………………………………………………..……………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Should social protection be a priority? (Check appropriately) No. Possible responses (1) Yes, social protection is one of the main functions of the state and coverage should be [ ] universal (all citizens) (2) Yes, it is one of the main functions of the state but coverage should be targeted [ ] (3) No, it is too expensive and the resources should be allocated to other development [ ] priorities

(4) No, because if the state provides handouts, people will choose to live on welfare [ ]

(5) Don‟t know [ ]

10. a) In your opinion, is social protection instrumental to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? (a) Yes [ ] (b) No [ ]

10. b) If Yes, which ones in particular and why? (Please select all that apply and explain why in the text box below)

11. How would you define social protection? What should it include? ……………………………………………………..…………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………...…………………………………….

12. Are you aware of any social protection initiatives in Kenya? (a) Yes [ ] (b) No [ ]

12b) If Yes, which ones? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

13. In your opinion, are these initiatives actually implemented? (a) Yes, they are [ ] (b) No, they are not [ ] (c) It‟s difficult to tell [ ]

14. If you are aware of any Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTs) in Kenya, do you believe the beneficiary selection is fair? (a) Yes [ ] (b) No [ ] (c) I‟m not aware of any CCTs in the country [ ]

14b) If NO, who is excluded unfairly and reasons thereto? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 58

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

`15. In your opinion, is the CCTs beneficiary selection process transparent and well understood by all members of the community? (a) Yes [ ] (b) No [ ] (c) Don‟t know [ ] Part C: Provisional Social Protection Fund 16 What are the effects of provisional social protection fund on sustainable livelihood?

Part D: Preventive Social Protection Fund 11. What are the effects of preventive social protection fund on sustainable livelihood?

Part E: Promotional Social Protection Fund 12. What are the effects of promotional social protection fund on sustainable livelihood?

Part F: Transformative Social Protection Fund 13. What are the effects of transformative social protection fund on sustainable livelihood?

Part G: Dissemination of Social Protection Information to Beneficiaries (Communication) 14. Do you believe that information about social protection is adequately disseminated? (a) Yes, the information is both easily understandable and accessible [ ] (b) The information is well disseminated but difficult to understand [ ] (c) The information is easy to understand but it doesn‟t reach everybody [ ] (d) No, potential beneficiaries are not adequately informed [ ]

15. Who do you feel can facilitate the dissemination of information about the programs because they are more trusted by the beneficiaries? (More than one answer is possible for this question) (a) Local Government [ ] (b) NGOs [ ] (c) Community-leaders [ ] (d) External actors [ ] (e) Other (Specify): …………………………………………………………………….

16. How potential beneficiaries are informed about the social protection initiatives? (more than one answer is possible for this question) (a) Internet [ ] (b) TV [ ] (c) Radio [ ] (d) Posters [ ] (e) Booklets [ ] (f) Newspapers [ ] (g) Email [ ] (h) Face to face by members of their community [ ] (i) Face to face by people from the government [ ] 59

(j) Other (specify) ……………………………………………… [ ]

17. What kind of information is provided to potential beneficiaries? (more than one answer is possible for this question) (a) The list of benefits they can have access to [ ] (b) The procedure to access the benefits [ ] (c) The way in which they can complain if needed [ ] (d) No information is shared [ ] (e) Don‟t know [ ] (j) Other (specify) ……………………………………………………… [ ]

18. What is your general comment on how to improve social protection to the vulnerable citizens of Kenya? ……………………………………………………..……………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thank you for taking your precious time to answer the question

APPENDIX II: Registered Beneficiaries For Inua Jamii Cash Transfer Programme

No. County Numbers Registered 1 Baringo 3,007 2 Bomet 3,684 3 Bungoma 9,903 4 Busia 5,338 5 Elgeyo Marakwet 4,756 6 Embu 6,134 7 Garissa 884 8 Homa Bay 8,513 9 Isiolo 303 10 Kajiado 1,902 11 Kakamega 8,434 12 Kericho 3,594 13 Kiambu 15,908 14 Kilifi 2,900 15 Kirinyaga 10,617 16 Kisii 392 17 Kisumu 11,841 18 Kitui 12,945 19 Kwale 1,433 20 Laikipia 5,336 21 Lamu 460 22 Machakos 6,678 23 Makueni 7,661 24 Mandera 831 25 Marsabit 170 26 Meru 8,948 27 Migori 3,303 28 Mombasa 925 29 Muranga 21,114 30 Nairobi 3,194 31 Nakuru 19,494 32 Nandi 6,442 33 Narok 6,855 34 Nyamira 4,152 35 Nyandarua 9,044 36 Nyeri 12,830 37 Samburu 547 38 Siaya 4,983 39 Taita Taveta 1,894 40 Tana River 554 41 Tharaka 6,593 42 Trans Nzoia 1,372 43 Turkana 1,210 44 Uasin Gishu 4,620 45 Vihiga 6,266 46 Wajir 719 47 West Pokot 763

Total 259,446