Epigraphy Day 1-Alphabetical

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Epigraphy Day 1-Alphabetical Vocabulāria Prō Inscriptiōnibus I Base Core and Weeks 1-10 Vocab Omitted repeated words omitted (h)osteria or (h)ostaria –ae f.: a (female) innkeeper frūgālitās –ātis f.: thriftiness, frugality Albānus –a –um: pertaining to Alba fūnus fūneris n.: funeral; death; dead body Alfius —ī m.: Alfius (name) futūrus –a –um: about to be; future Arminius —iī m.: Arminius (name) Gāius –iī m.: Gaius (name) audāx: bold; reckless Helvius –ī m.: Helvius (name) avārus –a –um: greedy hospes hospitis m.: guest; stranger; host Bētiliēnus –ī m.: Betilienus (name) hospitium hospiti(ī) n.: hospitality Birronius –ī m.: Birronius (name) Iānuārius –a –um: of or belonging to Janus or the month of January Bruttiī –ōrum m.: the Bruttii īgnōscō īgnōscere īgnōvī īgnōtus: to pardon, C.: abbreviation for the praenomen Gaius (Caius) forgive Calventius –ī m.: Calventius (name) impēnsa –ae f. (sc. pecūnia): outlay Caricus –ī m.: Caricus (name) indicium indici(ī) n.: information, evidence Cassiānus –ī m.: Cassianus (name) labōriōsus –a –um: laborious casula –ae f. : a cottage, hut lapis lapidis m.: stone cinis cineris m. or f.: ashes līberta –ae f.: freedwoman clārus –a –um: clear, distinguished lībertus lībertī m.: ex–slave, freedman Coccēius –iī m.: Cocceius liceō licēre licuī: to be for sale Crispīnus –ī m.: Crispinus Licinius –ī m.: Publius Licinius dēcēdō dēcēdere dēcessī dēcessus: to move away, locuplētō –locuplētāre: to make rich, enrich withdraw Lūcius –iī m.: Lucius dēcipiō dēcipere dēcēpī dēceptus: to deceive, cheat Lucriō –ōnis m.: Lucrio (a name) Dīs –ītis m.: Dis mānēs –ium m. pl: ghosts, departed spirits dispēnsātor –ōris m. : a steward, attendant, treasurer Mānēs –ium m.: Manes duodecim; duodecimus –a –um: 12; 12th Marcus Marcī m.: Marcus Eros Erōtis m.: Eros (name) meritus merita meritum: deserved, due exstinguō exstinguere exstinxī exstinctus: to monumentum monumentī n.: memorial, monument extinguish negōtior negōtiārī negōtiātus sum: to be in Faustus –ī m.: Faustus (name) business Firmus –ī m.: Firmus (name) Nepōs –ōtis m.: Nepos Novellius –ī m.: Novellius (name) sacrilegus –a –um: guilty of impiety, sacrilegious novem; nōnus –a –um: 9, 9th sē–moveō –movēre –mōvī –mōtum: to move apart, separate Numida –ae m.: a Numidian (a tribe in northern Africa) secūrus –a –um: free from care Optāta –ae f.: Optata (name) sēdēs sēdis f.: seat os ossis n.: bone Semprōnius –iī m.: Sempronius P. : abbreviation for populus, or publicus, or the Serēnus –ī m.: Serenus (name) praenomen Publius servus servī m.: slave Pa(n)saes –is f.: Pa(n)saes (name) Sextus –ī m.: Sextus Papīrius –ī m.: Papirius Sittius —ī m.: Sittius (name) patrōnus patrōnī m.: protector subtus: below, underneath Petronius –iī m.: Petronius (name) suprā: above (adv. and prep. +acc.) pīgnus –oris n.: pledge Synegdēmus –ī m.: Synegdemus (name) Pollia (tribus): Pollia (one of the Roman tribes) Telesphoriō –ōnis m. and Telesphoris –dis f.: Pompēius –iī m.: Pompey Telesphorio and Telesphoris (names) Praesēns –ntis m.: Praesens (name) testāmentum testāmentī n.: will Publius –iī m.: Publius testor –ātus sum: to testify Q.: Quintus titulus – ī m.: title, label, claim to fame quādrāginta; quādrāgesimus –a –um: 40; 40th Titus –ī m.: Titus (name) quadrātus –a –um: squared, square trēs tria: three Quintiānus –ī m.: Quintianus trīgintā; trīcēsimus or trīcēnsimus –a –um: 30; 30th Quintius –iī m.: Roman nomen gentile tumulus tumulī m.: mound Quintus –ī m.: Quintus Tychē –ēs f.: Tyche (name) quoniam: since Vehilius –iī m.: Vehilius (name) Ragionus –ī m.: Ragionus (name) vendō vendere vendidī venditus: to sell remaneō remanēre remānsī remānsus: to stay vicārius –a –um: substituted, vicarious behind violō violāre violāvī violātus: to violate requiēscō requiēscere requiēvī requiētum: to rest vīvus –a –um: alive respiciō respicere respexī respectum: to look back voluptās voluptātis f.: pleasure Rūfiō –ōnis m.: Rufio (name) Rutīlia —ae f.: Rutilia (name) sacer sacra sacrum: holy .
Recommended publications
  • From Republic to Principate: Change and Continuity in Roman Coinage
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ From republic to principate change and continuity in Roman coinage Gyori, Victoria Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 This electronic theses or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Title: From republic to principate change and continuity in Roman coinage Author: Victoria Gyori The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement.
    [Show full text]
  • “At the Sight of the City Utterly Perishing Amidst the Flames Scipio Burst Into
    Aurelii are one of the three major Human subgroups within western Eramus, and the founders of the mighty (some say “Eternal”) “At the sight of the city utterly perishing Aurelian Empire. They are a sturdy, amidst the flames Scipio burst into tears, conservative group, prone to religious fervor and stood long reflecting on the inevitable and philosophical revelry in equal measure. change which awaits cities, nations, and Adding to this a taste for conquest, and is it dynasties, one and all, as it does every one any wonder the Aurelii spread their of us men. This, he thought, had befallen influence, like a mighty eagle spreading its Ilium, once a powerful city, and the once wings, across the known world? mighty empires of the Assyrians, Medes, Persians, and that of Macedonia lately so splendid. And unintentionally or purposely he quoted---the words perhaps escaping him Aurelii stand a head shorter than most unconsciously--- other humans, but their tightly packed "The day shall be when holy Troy shall forms hold enough muscle for a man twice fall their height. Their physical endurance is And Priam, lord of spears, and Priam's legendary amongst human and elf alike. folk." Only the Brutum are said to be hardier, And on my asking him boldly (for I had and even then most would place money on been his tutor) what he meant by these the immovable Aurelian. words, he did not name Rome distinctly, but Skin color among the Aurelii is quite was evidently fearing for her, from this sight fluid, running from pale to various shades of the mutability of human affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Handout Name Yourself Like a Roman (CLAS 160)
    NAME YOURSELF LIKE A ROMAN Choose Your Gender 0 Roman naming conventions differed for men and women, and the Romans didn’t conceive of other options or categories (at least for naming purposes!). For viri (men): Choose Your Praenomen (“first name”) 1 This is your personal name, just like modern American first names: Michael, Jonathan, Jason, etc. The Romans used a very limited number of first names and tended to be very conservative about them, reusing the same small number of names within families. In the Roman Republic, your major options are: Some of these names (Quintus, Sextus, • Appius • Manius • Servius Septimus, etc.) clearly originally referred • Aulus • Marcus • Sextus to birth order: Fifth, Sixth, Seventh. Others are related to important aspects of • Decimus • Numerius • Spurius Roman culture: the name Marcus probably • Gaius • Postumus • Statius comes from the god Mars and Tiberius from the river Tiber. Other are mysterious. • Gnaeus • Publius • Tiberius But over time, these names lost their • Lucius • Quintus • Titus original significance and became hereditary, with sons named after their • Mamercus • Septimus • Vibius father or another male relative. Choose Your Nomen (“family name”) 2 Your second name identifies you by gens: family or clan, much like our modern American last name. While praenomina vary between members of the same family, the nomen is consistent. Some famous nomina include Claudius, Cornelius, Fabius, Flavius, Julius, Junius, and Valerius. Side note: if an enslaved person was freed or a foreigner was granted citizenship, they were technically adopted into the family of their “patron,” and so received his nomen as well. De Boer 2020 OPTIONAL: Choose Your Cognomen (“nickname”) Many Romans had just a praenomen and a nomen, and it was customary and polite to address a 3 person by this combo (as in “hello, Marcus Tullius, how are you today?” “I am well, Gaius Julius, and you?”).
    [Show full text]
  • Magic and the Roman Emperors
    1 MAGIC AND THE ROMAN EMPERORS (1 Volume) Submitted by Georgios Andrikopoulos, to the University of Exeter as a thesis/dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics, July 2009. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. ..................................... (signature) 2 Abstract Roman emperors, the details of their lives and reigns, their triumphs and failures and their representation in our sources are all subjects which have never failed to attract scholarly attention. Therefore, in view of the resurgence of scholarly interest in ancient magic in the last few decades, it is curious that there is to date no comprehensive treatment of the subject of the frequent connection of many Roman emperors with magicians and magical practices in ancient literature. The aim of the present study is to explore the association of Roman emperors with magic and magicians, as presented in our sources. This study explores the twofold nature of this association, namely whether certain emperors are represented as magicians themselves and employers of magicians or whether they are represented as victims and persecutors of magic; furthermore, it attempts to explore the implications of such associations in respect of the nature and the motivations of our sources. The case studies of emperors are limited to the period from the establishment of the Principate up to the end of the Severan dynasty, culminating in the short reign of Elagabalus.
    [Show full text]
  • Aristocratic Identities in the Roman Senate from the Social War to the Flavian Dynasty
    Aristocratic Identities in the Roman Senate From the Social War to the Flavian Dynasty By Jessica J. Stephens A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Greek and Roman History) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Professor David Potter, chair Professor Bruce W. Frier Professor Richard Janko Professor Nicola Terrenato [Type text] [Type text] © Jessica J. Stephens 2016 Dedication To those of us who do not hesitate to take the long and winding road, who are stars in someone else’s sky, and who walk the hillside in the sweet summer sun. ii [Type text] [Type text] Acknowledgements I owe my deep gratitude to many people whose intellectual, emotional, and financial support made my journey possible. Without Dr. T., Eric, Jay, and Maryanne, my academic career would have never begun and I will forever be grateful for the opportunities they gave me. At Michigan, guidance in negotiating the administrative side of the PhD given by Kathleen and Michelle has been invaluable, and I have treasured the conversations I have had with them and Terre, Diana, and Molly about gardening and travelling. The network of gardeners at Project Grow has provided me with hundreds of hours of joy and a respite from the stress of the academy. I owe many thanks to my fellow graduate students, not only for attending the brown bags and Three Field Talks I gave that helped shape this project, but also for their astute feedback, wonderful camaraderie, and constant support over our many years together. Due particular recognition for reading chapters, lengthy discussions, office friendships, and hours of good company are the following: Michael McOsker, Karen Acton, Beth Platte, Trevor Kilgore, Patrick Parker, Anna Whittington, Gene Cassedy, Ryan Hughes, Ananda Burra, Tim Hart, Matt Naglak, Garrett Ryan, and Ellen Cole Lee.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Death in Ancient Rome
    Reading Death in Ancient Rome Reading Death in Ancient Rome Mario Erasmo The Ohio State University Press • Columbus Copyright © 2008 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Erasmo, Mario. Reading death in ancient Rome / Mario Erasmo. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-1092-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-1092-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Death in literature. 2. Funeral rites and ceremonies—Rome. 3. Mourning cus- toms—Rome. 4. Latin literature—History and criticism. I. Title. PA6029.D43E73 2008 870.9'3548—dc22 2008002873 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978-0-8142-1092-5) CD-ROM (978-0-8142-9172-6) Cover design by DesignSmith Type set in Adobe Garamond Pro by Juliet Williams Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI 39.48-1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Figures vii Preface and Acknowledgments ix INTRODUCTION Reading Death CHAPTER 1 Playing Dead CHAPTER 2 Staging Death CHAPTER 3 Disposing the Dead 5 CHAPTER 4 Disposing the Dead? CHAPTER 5 Animating the Dead 5 CONCLUSION 205 Notes 29 Works Cited 24 Index 25 List of Figures 1. Funerary altar of Cornelia Glyce. Vatican Museums. Rome. 2. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus. Vatican Museums. Rome. 7 3. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus (background). Vatican Museums. Rome. 68 4. Epitaph of Rufus.
    [Show full text]
  • Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius
    THE REPUBLIC IN DANGER This page intentionally left blank The Republic in Danger Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius ANDREW PETTINGER 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Andrew Pettinger 2012 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2012 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 978–0–19–960174–5 Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn To Hayley, Sue, and Graham Preface In 2003, while reading modern works on treason trials in Rome, I came across the prosecution of M. Scribonius Drusus Libo, an aristocrat destroyed in AD 16 for seeking out the opinions of a necromancer.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Criminal Law and Legal Narrative in the Neronian Books of the Annals of Tacitus
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1993 Roman Criminal Law and Legal Narrative in the Neronian Books of the Annals of Tacitus John Warren Thomas Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Thomas, John Warren, "Roman Criminal Law and Legal Narrative in the Neronian Books of the Annals of Tacitus" (1993). Dissertations. 3288. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3288 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1993 John Warren Thomas LOYOLA UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ROMAN CRIMINAL LAW AND LEGAL NARRATIVE IN THE NERONIAN BOOKS OF THE ANNALS OF TACITUS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICAL STUDIES BY JOHN WARREN THOMAS III CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MAY 1993 © Copyright by John W. Thomas III, 1993 All Rights Reserved To Kirsten Fortuna spondet multa multis, Praestat nemini. Vive in dies et horas, Nam proprium est nihil. CIL 1.1219 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For the completion of this study I gratefully acknowledge the direction of Drs. James G. Keenan, John F. Makowski, and Fr. John P. Murphy S. J., whose criticism and advice have been invaluable.
    [Show full text]
  • Epigraphic Evidence for Boundary Disputes in the Roman Empire
    EPIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR BOUNDARY DISPUTES IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE by Thomas Elliott A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2004 Approved by _____________________________________ Advisor: Professor Richard Talbert _____________________________________ Reader: Professor Jerzy Linderski _____________________________________ Reader: Professor Mary Boatwright _____________________________________ Reader: Professor George Houston _____________________________________ Reader: Professor Melissa Bullard ii This page intentionally left blank. iii © 2004 Thomas Elliott ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iv This page intentionally left blank. v ABSTRACT THOMAS ELLIOTT: Epigraphic Evidence for Boundary Disputes in the Roman Empire (Under the direction of Richard Talbert) This dissertation presents all published Greek and Latin epigraphic documents relating to internal boundary disputes of the Roman empire. In date, it spans the period from 2 BC to the third century AD. Spatially, the documents derive from 12 provinces ( Achaia, Africa, Asia, Baetica, Cilicia, Creta et Cyrene, Dalmatia, Iudaea, Lusitania, Macedonia, Moesia and Syria ), plus Italy. The presentation of each includes a text, English translation, bibliography and commentary. Analytical chapters expand upon recent published work by G. Burton and B. Campbell. Terminological analysis permits classification of epigraphic and literary evidence into five categories: boundary disputes, restoration of public and sacred lands, other land disputes, the assignment of boundaries and other authoritative demarcations involving Roman officials. The analysis also provides a more focused definition of several Latin and Greek words that indicate the delivery of a verdict by a Roman official ( decretum, sententia, iudicium, ἀποφάσις, κρίσις, ἐπικρίμα ).
    [Show full text]
  • The Local Impact of the Koinon in Roman Coastal Paphlagonia Chingyuan Wu University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2018 The Local Impact Of The Koinon In Roman Coastal Paphlagonia Chingyuan Wu University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Wu, Chingyuan, "The Local Impact Of The Koinon In Roman Coastal Paphlagonia" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 3204. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3204 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3204 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Local Impact Of The Koinon In Roman Coastal Paphlagonia Abstract This dissertation studies the effects that a “koinon” in the Roman period could have on its constituent communities. The tudys traces the formation process of the koinon in Roman coastal Paphlagonia, called “the Koinon of the Cities in Pontus,” and its ability to affect local customs and norms through an assortment of epigraphic, literary, numismatic and archaeological sources. The er sults of the study include new readings of inscriptions, new proposals on the interpretation of the epigraphic record, and assessments on how they inform and change our opinion regarding the history and the regional significance of the coastal Paphlagonian koinon. This study finds that the Koinon of the Cities in Pontus in coastal Paphlagonia was a dynamic organisation whose membership and activities defined by the eparchic administrative boundary of the Augustan settlement and the juridical definition of the Pontic identity in the eparchic sense. The necessary process that forced the periodic selection of municipal peers to attain koinon leadership status not only created a socially distinct category of “koinon” elite but also elevated the koinon to extraordinary status based on consensus in the eparchia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Empire Strikes: the Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C
    The Empire Strikes: The Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C. – A.D. 68 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences by David Schwei M.A., University of Cincinnati, December 2012 B.A., Emory University, May 2009 Committee Chairs: Peter van Minnen, Ph.D Barbara Burrell, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Coins permeated the Roman Empire, and they offer a unique perspective into the ability of the Roman state to implement its decisions in Italy and the provinces. This dissertation examines how this ability changed and grew over time, between 60 B.C. and A.D. 68, as seen through coin production. Earlier scholars assumed that the mint at Rome always produced coinage for the entire empire, or they have focused on a sudden change under Augustus. Recent advances in catalogs, documentation of coin hoards, and metallurgical analyses allow a fuller picture to be painted. This dissertation integrates the previously overlooked coinages of Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt with the denarius of the Latin West. In order to measure the development of the Roman state’s infrastructural power, this dissertation combines the anthropological ideal types of hegemonic and territorial empires with the numismatic method of detecting coordinated activity at multiple mints. The Roman state exercised its power over various regions to different extents, and it used its power differently over time. During the Republic, the Roman state had low infrastructural minting capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ashmolean Non-Monumental Latin Inscriptions
    30-Apr-19 Ashmolean Non-Monumental Latin Inscriptions BRICKSTAMPS AshLI 178 TN1864 Brickstamp Description A large complete rectangular brick, with a stamp in hollowed retrograde letters on two lines. Dimensions • Letters: line 1, h., 0.027; line 2, h., 0.025 • Brick: h., 0.223; w., 0.233; d., 0.038 Text VIN PAN SVL/ PI Vin(ici) Pan(tagathi) Sul(picianum)/Pi(---) Translation ‘Sulpician product of Vinicius Pantagathus. Pi(---)’ Photograph • ASHLI Apparatus Date • AD c.120 (Steinby 1974-75: p.91) Collection history This stamp has a temporary accession number (and object barcode ODS9-3396), and is found in storage box CDS9-345. No further information about its provenance is available. Historical notes This stamp belongs to the same series as CIL XV 565, stamps from the figlianae Sulpicianae. In other examples, the second line of the stamp contains the initials of one of his workmen: PI is otherwise unknown. Bibliography Editions Unpublished. Works cited • Steinby, M. (1974-75) ‘La cronologia delle figlinae doliari urbane’, Bullettino della commissione archeologica comunale di Roma 84: 25-132 1 30-Apr-19 AshLI 179 1872.1482(1) (no.364) Brickstamp, Portus Description A circular, orbicular stamp, slightly damaged, with a large orbiculus extending into the central section of the stamp. There is one line of text around the edge of the stamp, and in the centre is a canine animal (interpreted by Dressel 1891 as a wolf, whilst Lanciani 1868: p.174 considered it to be a dog), walking to the right, with one front paw raised. It seems likely that it should be viewed as a wolf (lupus), punning upon the name of its producer (Bodel 2005).
    [Show full text]