TEMPERATURE SCALES (CELSIUS VS FAHRENHEIT)

The Celsius (also known as centigrade) temperature scale is the overwhelmingly popular scale around the world. Americans are really the only folks stubborn enough to hang on to our old habits.

Anders Celsius, (1701 – 1744) born in Uppsala Sweden, was one of a large number of scientists (all related) originating from Ovanåker in the province of Hälsingland. The family name is a latinised version of the name of the vicarage (Högen). His grandfathers were both professors in Uppsala: Magnus Celsius the mathematician and Anders Spole the astronomer. His father, Nils Celsius, was also professor in astronomy. Celsius, who was said to have been very talented in mathematics from an early age, was appointed professor of astronomy in 1730. For his metereological observations he constructed his world famous Celsius thermometer, with 0 for the boiling point of water and 100 for the freezing point. After his death in 1744 the scale was reversed to its present form. http://www.astro.uu.se/history/Celsius_eng.html

What can be considered the first modern thermometer, the mercury thermometer with a standardized scale, was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) in 1714. The Fahrenheit scale divided the freezing and boiling points of water into 180 degrees. 32°F was the freezing p0int of water and 212°F was the boiling point of water. 0°F was based on the temperature of an equal mixture of water, ice, and salt. Daniel Fahrenheit based his temperature scale on the temperature of the human body. Originally, the human body temperature was 100° F on the Fahrenheit scale, but it has since been adjusted to 98.6°F. http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventions/a/Fahrenheit.htm

Purpose: To determine an algebraic relationship between Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales. Secondary purpose is to practice using the Bunsen burner.

Materials - Two thermometers (one C and one F) scale thermometer - Hot Plate - Little piece of glass - Ice

Procedure 1. In your lab journal or on a separate sheet of paper set up a table with two columns as shown below. You should have room for between 20 and 30 pairs of data:

X-Axis Y Axis Celsius Temp (C) Fahrenheit (F) Use a ruler to make a neat table.

Have your table checked______

Assign one person to read one thermometer, another person to read the other thermometer and one others to record the data.

2. Fill a beaker to about 1/3 to 1/2 with tap water. 3. Put several ice cubes in the beaker and stir. Your goal is to get the water temperature close to 32 degrees F. << It wont happen immediately, be patient>> 4. Stir until the ice cubes are completely melted. 5. Gently place the rectangular piece of glass in the beaker with the tapered end down. 6. Lean the thermometer against the glass piece. The glass is only to hold up the little thermometer. 7. When you have reached the low temperature begin recording the temperatures. Read the F and C scale and record them together in the table. 8. Place the beaker with the cold water and thermometer on the hot plate. 9. Turn the hot plate on a low setting (not more than half way on) 10. Once your hot plate is set, allow the water to heat. Record F and C temperatures at regular time intervals (you pick the time) until you reach 90 F…… THEN STOP HEATING!!!! 11. Shut down the Hot Plate… and carefully remove the beaker from the hot plate 12. CLEAN UP YOUR AREA. HAVE YOUR AREA CHECKED BEFORE COMPLETING THE LAB. _____ Fit the following graphs on one page (Portrait). GRAPH 1 Create the graph to determine the Equation between C and F  From your data create a graph with C on the independent axis and F on the dependent axis  Include a title, x-axis title with units, and y-axis title with units  Point markers should be x’s, or *’s or +, but not dots like the period at the end of a sentence as they become confused with smudge marks (DO NOT CONNECT THE DOTS)  Use the Add Trendline and Display Equation on Chart options that you learned earlier in the week to determine the equation between C and F.  Print out the graph with all the appropriate information (name etc) and hand in for a grade with the grading sheet on the due date. GRAPH 2 Create the graph to determine the Equation between F and C  From your data create a graph with F on the independent axis and C on the dependent axis (you will have to copy your data to another location and switch the order ( What was X is not Y)  Include a title, x-axis title with units, and y-axis title with units  Point markers should be x’s, or *’s or +, but not dots like the period at the end of a sentence as they become confused with smudge marks (DO NOT CONNECT THE DOTS)  Use the Add Trendline and Display Equation on Chart options that you learned earlier in the week to determine the equation between C and F.  Print out the graph with all the appropriate information (name etc) and hand in for a grade with the grading sheet on the due date.

LAST NAME______FIRST NAME______PERIOD______

GRADING RUBRIC FOR EXCEL TEMPERATURE SCALES GRAPHS F vs C C vs F DUE DATE______graph Graph Title 2 2 Please attach this as the first page of your graphing assignment. The graph should be the second and only other page. Below is a list of what should be included on the graph Graph type 2 2 printout. You will only receive credit for these things if they are typed on the page. X axis title 2 2 Please learn to do this. X axis units 2 2 10% of your grade will be deducted for every day this assignment is late. Completed Y axis title 2 2 Correctly Y axis units 2 2 Assignment Graph of Markers 2 2 Requirements Yes No Graph Trend 2 2 First and Last Name 2 Equation for Date typed on page 2 Graph 2 2 Period typed on page 2 TOTAL OF 36 Graph fits on Page 2 Questions answered 10 Assignment Total of 54 Total of 18

QUESTIONS 1. What did Celsius first set the value of a. 100 degrees to represent? b. 0 degrees to represent? 2. Is the Celsius Scale the same today as when Celsius created it? 3. What did Fahrenheit use to determine (set) zero value on the scale he created? 4. How many degrees did Fahrenheit use to separate the boiling point and freezing point of water? 5. Using Fahrenheit’s original scale what would be the normal temperature of a healthy person? 6. What is the equation that converts F to C? C to F? 7. How does the equation you determined for converting between C and F compare to the accepted equation? (Explain)