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The Russo-Afghan Question and the Invasion of India George Bruce Malleson

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The Russo-Afghan Question and the Invasion of India George Bruce Malleson University of Nebraska Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Books in English Digitized Books 1-1-1885 The Russo-Afghan question and the invasion of India George Bruce Malleson Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno Part of the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Malleson, George Bruce, "The Russo-Afghan question and the invasion of India " (1885). Books in English. Paper 33. http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno/33 This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by the Digitized Books at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books in English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RIISSO-AFGHAN OUESTION- AND THE I ', INVASION OF INDIA IiY I i COLOXLI,G. B. IVMLLESON, C.S.I. '.bL~IIOI: 01: "110'.1:~\1', TIII! Oll,\NAPV ASl> c;\RI>lW 01, CENTRAL d\~l.\," ;. " IIIS.IORV01' AI~GIIASIST.\N,"EX. I " uJ' LONDON ,GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS IIROI'LDWAY,LUDCATE HILL I 4 T ..iEW, PORK: g LAFAYETTE PLACE 1855 'RUSSIA has at last spoken ! After ycars paticnlly spent in Jxorlirg tl~cdcscr ,slrc reachccl in 1584 thc bordcrs of the promised land. Her first act on arriving there was Lo ol~jcctto the fronticr uhich J.orc1 Granvjlle had proposed in Oclobcr, 1872, whidi she, by the despatches of her Chancellor, dated respectivcIy in I)ccc*nber,1872,and January, 1873, had acceptecl, and which in Russian ancl English Innps alikc has, cvcr sincc, bccn nnrkd xs thc frontier. Yielding, in a wcnk monwnt, to an objection posed solcly for the purpose of dcriving sonle practical advantagc from the rc-opening of n sct~1c:l clucstion, J.ord Granville arranged with Rossla that Conlnlissioncrs shouId be sent f~omboth countries to thc spot, to fis there thc exact line of demarcation which was to bc the limit of Russia's advance towards India. In conscquencc of this agreement an English Commissioner, of clist~nguishcd service in India, pro- ceeded witho~tt dcIny to the point agreccl upon. He found Lherc the ~alleys.the rivers, thc mountains, the peoplc, but no Kussinn Cotn~nissioner! The Russian Comn~issionerwas. indeed, conspicuous by his absence, but, to counterbalance that : absence, parties of Russian soldiers crossed the line' which sinie 1872-71 had been accepted AS the boundary of the coan- \ 4 'try, and seized psitions, useless far comn~crcinl,most impor- .:$ tant for str~tcgical,prlrposes-positions \vllicl~,sincc the year 53, ancl cvcn hrfore that year,liad paid tribute to Herilt-the rth-western province of tlie dominions of England's ally, the ~frof Aigl~dniskin! I'r) show the nrrcssity, if we wish still to hold India, of the . ::fgntion, by ari ally of England, of the positions Russia has seizcd ; to demnustrate lhc absolutc right of tlie Amir to tl~osc d positions, and the la\vlessncss of the act of Russia in seizing them ; to- set clearly before thc public the chcrished ultimate rh aim \vllich promplctl Russia to thc conqucst of the desert ; an;; 4 to point out how the displ:~yof an iron resolution alonc c<A# nvcrt from IHcrBt ancl India tl~ctllrcatcncd clangcr, I have writtcn the pngcs that follow. I I~avcwritten then], not as a T party man, but as an Englishman. Not as a party man, first, l~ccnnsc,lxlieving that t11c two great partics in the State havc nlikc blt~ndcrecl, I hnvc pointccl out with impartiality the ~nis- takes of both. Not as a party man, secondly and spccia"~*, bccnr~sein a n~atteralfecting the lnaintcnance of an Em-- thc voice of patriotis111 should silence the sclfish contention, d party. For, in very dcetl, it is an Elnpire which is now :r, st;tke, and it is by patriotic efforts alone that the splendid crea- tion of our fatllcrs and our fi~tl~crs'Others can bc ~naintained. The form in whicl~this little book is publislled will 1na1:c it accessible to all classes. It will tell those classcs thc trut11, ancl, telling then1 thc truth, will impose upon t11-m a sacrcd duty. That duty is, above all things, to insist that the Minis- ters of England shall maintain, with respect to our Indian Empirc, the old historic:~lpolicy of England; that the Ministers of England shall compel lii~ssinto withdraw her unjust prc- tensions, to rctire behind thc frontier which ?.he has violatctl. If thc pcople of Great ISritain fail to perforln this duty, they will become partners in a policy, born of infirmity of purposc ancL cowardice, which will lose (or us our Indian Enlpirc ! In my oi~tspokcncriticisms I lnag have struck at cl~erishecl p~ejuclices and wo~mclcd personal valiities. In dealing with a crisis which is partly the consccpencc of mistakcs in the past, it was inlpossible absolutely to avoid doing this. But to those <*@- wl~omay be aficcted by my criticisms, and to all, 1 so~~ld thus appcal, using the words of the greatcst of English writers i Who is hcre so base that would he a l~ondsman? If any, spcak ; for him hnvc I offcndecl. Who is Ilere so rude that wo~~lclnot bc a Briton ? IF any, speak; for him llav offended. Who is here so vile that will not love his If any, spcak ; for him hax I offentletl. I pause lor I CONTENTS. CIIAI'TER 111. TIIE I?II:ST CONNECTIONIIE'~U~EEN ENCLANII AND IIEIL~T. 20 CIIAPTER V, 0 CI-IAPTER VI. RUSSIA'SLAST MOVE AND ENGLAND'SREPLY , . 9s CIIAI'TER IS. l'lrn ~\n!drl:s ox nour SIDES . CIIAPTER S. Russrn's Awmc ON PANJ-DEII,AND 1'1,s NOTIVE THE RUSSO-AFGI-IAN OUESTION.'Y CHAPTER I. AFGHANIS'I'AN,the land of the Afghdns, is the borderland, the frontier bulwark, of the empire of the Mogols, as that empire was constituted when the earlier princes of that race ruled Inch It is bordered on the east by thc Panjdb, on tlie south by Balilchistin, 011 the \vest by Persian K1~or:lsLn and the desert of Eaksu, on tlie north and north-west by a line drawn fi.om Snrnkhs, just above Iiobnt- Abdullah Iihin and Andkhoi, to Khoja Snleh on tlie Oxus, nncl from the latter to a point on ils tributary he I<oktcl~a, beyond Fnizkbbd. Speaking roughly, the terrilory pay be ' divided into five distinct parts ; to the north-east, is I<dbulist:in or jfgl-iAnis~Anpro'per, the country of ~vhich I<dbul is the capital, betwcen the Hindu Kush to its north and Ghazni and the SaGd Koh to its south, and from the , diaibar Pass to the Koh-i-Bnba; to the north of that niain, sloping to the Oxus nncl its tributary, is Bndnkslinn, wit; its dependent district or Vnlthan, from tlie Snrikul on the east to the junction of the Koktcha river with tlie Oxus, the latter forming the northern boundary of this 10 Th X ?/SSO-Afghm Q~~c~tiqu.,- -- - -- ATglilin provincc tllrougll its entire estcnt; lo lhc west of Bndnltshnn, Afgliin 'I'urkist:in, comprising llie districts mf. Kunduz, liliulm, and Ualkh; fur~licrwcst\vnrd still, thc districts of Akshn, Scripul, Maimen6, Silibbcrjun, and And- klioi, the latter of which i:; the cstrenlc Afg1i:in fsonticr possession to the north-west ; to the wcst arid south-wcst, Khordsbn or Znbulistdn, comprising Herit, tlie land of thc upper AllirgIiAb, Cdrdistdn, tl~cI-Iazbreh moul~tninlands, the Innds watered by tlic Helniund nncl the desert of Sihtdn. The natural bonndnry to the north is the ningni- ficcnt range of the Hindu ICusli, sloping northmnrds Lo\vnscIs the Oxos, which, in n inilit:~ry sense, forms its ditch. Separntccl from the Hinclu I<LIS~by tlie famous Bnmih Pnss, but continuing its course westwq& rises the cver snowbearing Koh-i-Baba, spouting irom its southern slopcs the water which forms the Helin~~ncl,which runs a course of about four hundred niiles to the south-west. TO this lofty rangc are linked on likewise, Lo the westwnrd, two pardlel ranges, the Snfdcl Koh and tlie Siah-Kohl which enibrnce the valley of the Heri-rfid. The first of these is equally well Icno\\-n as the Pnropamisan range. Between 1ler:it and I<dbul, rmining soutl~nnrdsas far as Lhc Argnnddb, n tributnsy of the Hclmund, the lofty peaks and chains of the Sinh-Koh, separnted iron1 cnch olher by slrenlns issuing froin its southern slopes, form the unex- plored coitntry of the IlazCLreh. To the east, running ' almost directly north and south, is tlie great Sulaiindn range, almost at right angles with the Snf;.'d Koh, which strikes off froin it westward nt a point below I<dbiil. This Sulaimdn range, which reaches as far as Balilchistdn, fork a natural boundary between India nnd Persia. The stony, barren nature of tlie country as the ir~ountainslopes tocthe latter, affords n striking contrast to the richness and fertility of the \dleys on the Peslia\mr side. It is through -- - - -~ this range that the ILibul river, forcing its way, has formed t% famous IChaibar Pass, the pass which forms the ro:id of communication be~ween1Lll)uI 2nd thc Indian frontier. * It offers liltcwise n mode of communication betwccn Eastcrn Afghhis~dnand Sindh by nienns of the Gomal Pass. Ectwcen Lhese two grcat ranges, the Sulnimin and the Paropamisan range, which alnlost inclose in a right angle the high lands of Afghdnistin proper, thcrc run in a dingonal direction, from the north-east to the south-west, several distinct mountain ranges, amongst which those which rise to the east of Kandnhar are the most con.
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