DOCSLIB.ORG

Masterly Inactivity’: Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864-1879

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Masterly Inactivity’: Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864-1879 This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ ‘Masterly inactivity’: Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864-1879 Wallace, Christopher Julian Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 1 ‘Masterly inactivity’: Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864-1879 Christopher Wallace PhD History June 2014 2 Abstract This dissertation examines British policy in Afghanistan between 1864 and 1879, with particular emphasis on Sir John Lawrence’s term as governor-general and viceroy of India (1864-69). Having achieved national renown for his exploits in the Punjab during the Indian Mutiny, as governor-general Sir John (later first Baron) Lawrence became synonymous with a particular line of foreign policy in Afghanistan, commonly referred to by contemporaries as ‘masterly inactivity’. His tenure at Calcutta coincided with a critical period in Anglo-Afghan relations, on account of a protracted civil war in Afghanistan and the renewal of Russian military advances in central Asia. This dissertation explains why government ministers granted Lawrence so much latitude for formulating British policy and what motivated his ‘masterly inactivity’, an alluring although misleading expression. A central concern is the extent to which public criticism in Britain influenced Lawrence’s decisions in India. Some of the constraints on policy-makers are also explored, including contemporary perceptions about the importance of ‘prestige’ to the control of India. In addition, the thesis considers some of the domestic effects of British imperialism, by reference to Lawrence’s public criticism of government policy before the second Afghan war, and by analysing metropolitan reaction to the murder of the British envoy at Kabul in 1879. His utility to parliamentary Liberals and prominence in public discussion about Afghanistan in 1878 demonstrate that—after nearly a lifetime on the imperial ‘periphery’—Lawrence ultimately exerted a considerable influence on politics in the imperial metropolis. 3 A portrait of Sir John Lawrence (by George Frederic Watts; oil on panel, 1862) is currently displayed at the National Portrait Gallery, London (NPG 1005). 4 Table of contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 5 Introduction 6 I. Sir John Lawrence, the ‘saviour of India’ 33 II. British policy in Afghanistan: Sir John Lawrence and official decision-making, 1864-1869 69 III. The pragmatism of ‘masterly inactivity’ 87 IV. The importance of prestige: Britain, India and Abyssinia, 1867-1868 114 V. ‘Our Indian armies pine for war’! Perceptions of army officers in India, c.1864-1869 165 VI. The limits of ‘masterly inactivity’, 1864-1869 199 VII. Lord Lawrence, the Liberals and Afghanistan, c. 1878 222 VIII. Major Sir Louis Cavagnari, Afghanistan and imperialism in British culture, c.1879 259 Conclusion 281 Bibliography 300 5 Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Paul Readman, of King’s College London, for his invaluable advice and supervision throughout the period of my doctoral research. I alone am of course responsible for any shortcomings or omissions in this dissertation. I would also like to thank my wife Rebecca, for her constant support and encouragement during the preparation of the manuscript. Christopher Wallace London June 2014 6 Introduction John Lawrence, first Baron Lawrence, GCB, GCSI, PC, was a British administrator who worked in the Punjab, achieved national renown for his exploits during the Mutiny, and subsequently served as governor-general and viceroy of India for a perfect five-year term, from 12 January 1864 to 12 January 1869. During his tenure at Calcutta, Sir John Lawrence (he was not ennobled until his return to England in 1869) became synonymous with a particular line of British policy in Afghanistan. Contemporaries understood that policy as ‘masterly inactivity’, an alluring although misleading expression. Neglected by modern scholars, Lawrence’s approach to Afghanistan is worth studying, for as governor-general he had great latitude for determining policy at a critical juncture in Anglo-Afghan relations, when civil war in Afghanistan and Russian military expansion in central Asia threatened to disturb the status quo enjoyed since the end of the first Afghan war in 1842. Examining the formulation and motivation of his policy also illuminates characteristics of British imperialism, in India and at home, as well as some of the external influences and constraints on policy-makers. Lawrence’s return to public prominence in 1878, as perhaps the most conspicuous force in Liberal opposition to a new Afghan policy, demonstrates how a Briton from the imperial ‘periphery’ could exert a powerful influence on public discussion and politics in the imperial metropolis. * * * John Laird Mair Lawrence was born at Richmond, Yorkshire, on 4 March 1811. He was the sixth son of Major Alexander Lawrence, of Ulster protestant stock, and his wife 7 Catherine Letitia, daughter of Reverend George Knox of Lifford, co. Donegal.1 Having attended schools at Bristol, Londonderry and Wiltshire, in 1827 Lawrence received a nomination to the East India College at Haileybury. He sailed for India in 1829, in the company of an elder brother, Henry, who later died in the defence of Lucknow (Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence, KCB (1806-57)). After a year studying languages at Calcutta, John Lawrence requested a posting to Delhi, where he worked for four years as assistant judge, magistrate and collector. He was then given temporary charge of the Panipat district (north of Delhi), with responsibility for surveying its lands and assessing their taxation. Initially working without a British assistant, in a population of several hundred thousand, Lawrence ‘displayed the qualities that were to become a legend and a model. Riding armed through a district with a turbulent history, attired for comfort in a mixture of Western and Indian dress, he made himself accessible to its people, in patriarchal fashion, and acquired a local reputation for omniscience. He excelled in settlement work, spending the greater part of the year under canvas.’2 Lawrence came home on extended sick leave (1840-42), following a near fatal attack of jungle fever. Against medical advice, he returned to India after marrying (in 1841) Harriette Katherine Hamilton (1820-1917), daughter of Richard Hamilton, rector of Culdaff, co. Donegal. In 1844 Lawrence was appointed collector of Delhi and Panipat. Two years later he was promoted to commissioner of the Trans-Sutlej States, territory acquired after the first Anglo-Sikh war. After the second Anglo-Sikh war and the annexation (in 1849) of the Punjab, a board was established to administer the new province, with Henry Lawrence at its head, supported by John and a third member. The 1 D. Steele, ‘Lawrence, John Laird Mair, first Baron Lawrence (1811-1879)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004; online ed. Jan. 2011). 2 Steele, ‘Baron Lawrence’. 8 brothers disagreed regarding the treatment of the defeated Sikh aristocracy. Henry pleaded with the governor-general, Lord Dalhousie, for the Sikhs. John favoured their total subjection to direct rule, believing that lower taxation and greater security for the peasantry would provide stronger foundations for British rule than Sikh princes and noblemen. Dalhousie backed the younger Lawrence: in 1853 the board was dissolved, Henry moved to another post, and John was promoted to chief commissioner of the Punjab.3 John Lawrence was therefore able to implement his policy of reconciling the ‘hardy yeoman’ to British rule. ‘Assess low,’ he instructed a subordinate in 1853, ‘leaving fair and liberal margin to the occupiers of the soil, and they will increase their cultivation and put the revenue almost beyond the reach of bad seasons.’4 The achievements of Lawrence’s administration in the Punjab were considerable: a warlike population, predominantly Sikh and Muslim, was disarmed; roads and irrigation works were constructed; a police force of over twenty thousand men ‘set a standard of public order unequalled in the subcontinent’; within three years of annexation thuggee and dacoity had been eradicated; and by 1856, over three thousand schools existed, providing rudimentary education. In recognition of these achievements, in 1856 Lawrence was made KCB, on the recommendation of Lord Dalhousie.5 Although Lawrence had been an unusually successful administrator in India, it was the Indian Mutiny (1857-58) that transformed his reputation in Britain. His exertions during 3 Steele, ‘Baron Lawrence’. 4 John Lawrence to John Nicholson, 22 Jan. 1853, cited in R. Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence (II vols., London, 1883), vol. I, p. 394. 5 Steele, ‘Baron Lawrence’. The term thuggee refers to the practices of a sort of criminal brotherhood of thugs, who strangled their victims before stealing their valuables and burying their bodies. The term dacoity refers to acts of robbery committed by armed bandits.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Beacon Genealogical and Heraldic Research 53
    BEACON GENEALOGICAL AND HERALDIC RESEARCH 53 HITCHIN STREET, BALDOCK, HERTFORDSHIRE, SG7 6AQ UNITED KINGDOM Telephone: 01462 892062 Mobile: 07989 976394 E-mail: [email protected] Web: https://sites.google.com/site/beacongandhresearch The Crest of the Family of Baring The crest as engraved upon this Pair of Victorian English Sterling Silver Salts by Paul Storr hallmarked London circa 1840 is that of the family of Baring. It may be blazoned as follows: Crest: A mullet erminois between two wings argent Undoubtedly this pair of salts was in the possession of a gentleman who was a member of the Baring banking family. The family is noted for the number of peerages and baronetcies that were granted to members of the family between the years 1793 and 19601. The family's earliest known ancestor is Peter Baring (or Petrus Baring), who was a burgher of the city of Groningen, then a semi-independent city- state that was part of the Holy Roman Empire and the Hanseatic League, now part of the Netherlands, who was living around the year 1500. 1 In order of creation: 1) the Baronetcy of Larkbeer, Co. Devon 29th May 1793; 2) the Barony of Ashburton, of Ashburton, Co. Devon 10th April 1835; 3) Baron Northbrook, of Stratton, Co. Southampton 4th January 1866 (the 1st Baron Northbrook being the 3rd Baronet of Larkbeer); 4th) Earl of Northbrook and Viscount Baring 10th June 1876 extinct 12th April 1929; 5) Baron Revelstoke, of Membland, Co. Devon 30th June 1885; 6) Earl of Cromer, Co. Norfolk (also Baron Cromer, of Cromer, Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This Collection Was the Gift of Howard J
    Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This collection was the gift of Howard J. Garber to Case Western Reserve University from 1979 to 1993. Dr. Howard Garber, who donated the materials in the Howard J. Garber Manuscript Collection, is a former Clevelander and alumnus of Case Western Reserve University. Between 1979 and 1993, Dr. Garber donated over 2,000 autograph letters, documents and books to the Department of Special Collections. Dr. Garber's interest in history, particularly British royalty led to his affinity for collecting manuscripts. The collection focuses primarily on political, historical and literary figures in Great Britain and includes signatures of all the Prime Ministers and First Lords of the Treasury. Many interesting items can be found in the collection, including letters from Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning Thomas Hardy, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, King George III, and Virginia Woolf. Descriptions of the Garber Collection books containing autographs and tipped-in letters can be found in the online catalog. Box 1 [oversize location noted in description] Abbott, Charles (1762-1832) English Jurist. • ALS, 1 p., n.d., n.p., to ? A'Beckett, Gilbert A. (1811-1856) Comic Writer. • ALS, 3p., April 7, 1848, Mount Temple, to Morris Barnett. Abercrombie, Lascelles. (1881-1938) Poet and Literary Critic. • A.L.S., 1 p., March 5, n.y., Sheffield, to M----? & Hughes. Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon (1784-1860) British Prime Minister. • ALS, 1 p., June 8, 1827, n.p., to Augustous John Fischer. • ANS, 1 p., August 9, 1839, n.p., to Mr. Wright. • ALS, 1 p., January 10, 1853, London, to Cosmos Innes.
    [Show full text]
  • Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 – 2007
    Library and Information Services List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 – 2007 K - Z Library and Information Services List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 - 2007 A complete listing of all Fellows and Foreign Members since the foundation of the Society K - Z July 2007 List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 - 2007 The list contains the name, dates of birth and death (where known), membership type and date of election for all Fellows of the Royal Society since 1660, including the most recently elected Fellows (details correct at July 2007) and provides a quick reference to around 8,000 Fellows. It is produced from the Sackler Archive Resource, a biographical database of Fellows of the Royal Society since its foundation in 1660. Generously funded by Dr Raymond R Sackler, Hon KBE, and Mrs Beverly Sackler, the Resource offers access to information on all Fellows of the Royal Society since the seventeenth century, from key characters in the evolution of science to fascinating lesser- known figures. In addition to the information presented in this list, records include details of a Fellow’s education, career, participation in the Royal Society and membership of other societies. Citations and proposers have been transcribed from election certificates and added to the online archive catalogue and digital images of the certificates have been attached to the catalogue records. This list is also available in electronic form via the Library pages of the Royal Society web site: www.royalsoc.ac.uk/library Contributions of biographical details on any Fellow would be most welcome.
    [Show full text]
  • “Othering” Oneself: European Civilian Casualties and Representations of Gendered, Religious, and Racial Ideology During the Indian Rebellion of 1857
    “OTHERING” ONESELF: EUROPEAN CIVILIAN CASUALTIES AND REPRESENTATIONS OF GENDERED, RELIGIOUS, AND RACIAL IDEOLOGY DURING THE INDIAN REBELLION OF 1857 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences Florida Gulf Coast University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters of Arts in History By Stefanie A. Babb 2014 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in History ________________________________________ Stefanie A. Babb Approved: April 2014 _________________________________________ Eric A. Strahorn, Ph.D. Committee Chair / Advisor __________________________________________ Frances Davey, Ph.D __________________________________________ Habtamu Tegegne, Ph.D. The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. Copyright © 2014 by Stefanie Babb All rights reserved One must claim the right and the duty of imagining the future, instead of accepting it. —Eduardo Galeano iv CONTENTS PREFACE v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE HISTORIOGRAPHY 12 CHAPTER TWO LET THE “OTHERING” BEGIN 35 Modes of Isolation 39 Colonial Thought 40 Racialization 45 Social Reforms 51 Political Policies 61 Conclusion 65 CHAPTER THREE LINES DRAWN 70 Outbreak at Meerut and the Siege on Delhi 70 The Cawnpore Massacres 78 Changeable Realities 93 Conclusion 100 CONCLUSION 102 APPENDIX A MAPS 108 APPENDIX B TIMELINE OF INDIAN REBELLION 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY 114 v Preface This thesis began as a seminar paper that was written in conjunction with the International Civilians in Warfare Conference hosted by Florida Gulf Coast University, February, 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LAWRENCES of the PUNJAB All Rights Reserved
    Presented to the LIBRARY of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO by JOHN ENGLISH THE LAWRENCES OF THE PUNJAB All rights reserved THE LAWRENCES OF THE PUNJAB BY FREDERICK P. GIBBON AUTHOR OF "THE RECORD OF THE SIKHS," " THE GURKHA SCOUTS," ETC. 1908 LONDON: J. M. DENT & CO. NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO. TO FIELD-MARSHAL THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL ROBERTS, V.C., K.G. THIS BOOK IS (BY HIS PERMISSION) RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED NOTE For the greater part of the material used in this biography I am indebted to Mr. R. Bosworth Smith's Life of Lord Lawrence, to the Life of Sir Henry Lawrence by Sir Herbert Edwardes and Mr. Merivale, and to Sir John Kaye's History of the Sepoy War and Lives of Indian Officers. My acknowledgments are especially due to Mr. Bosworth Smith for permission freely " to dig in his mine," and I have endeavoured to show appreciation of his courtesy by making copious use of the permission. I take this opportunity of expressing my gratitude also to Lieut. -Colonel D. C. Phillott for the photographs of Punjabis, and to Colonel J. Hay, C.B., for that of the Gurkhas. vii — CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ........ xvii. CHAPTER I— 1806-1822 BOYHOOD The Lawrence Family—Henry's School-days—His Courage John at Foyle College and- Wraxhall—No Indication of Future Greatness ....... 1 CHAPTER II— 1822-1829 HENRY AT DUM-DUM The Bengal Artillery—Padre Craufurd—-War with Burma Invalided Home—Honoria Marshall—The Lawrence Fund . .11 CHAPTER III— 1827-1833 JOHN ENTERS THE CIVIL SERVICE Self-Conquest—Haileybury College—The Brothers sail for India Together .
    [Show full text]
  • Huguenot Merchants Settled in England 1644 Who Purchased Lincolnshire Estates in the 18Th Century, and Acquired Ayscough Estates by Marriage
    List of Parliamentary Families 51 Boucherett Origins: Huguenot merchants settled in England 1644 who purchased Lincolnshire estates in the 18th century, and acquired Ayscough estates by marriage. 1. Ayscough Boucherett – Great Grimsby 1796-1803 Seats: Stallingborough Hall, Lincolnshire (acq. by mar. c. 1700, sales from 1789, demolished first half 19th c.); Willingham Hall (House), Lincolnshire (acq. 18th c., built 1790, demolished c. 1962) Estates: Bateman 5834 (E) 7823; wealth in 1905 £38,500. Notes: Family extinct 1905 upon the death of Jessie Boucherett (in ODNB). BABINGTON Origins: Landowners at Bavington, Northumberland by 1274. William Babington had a spectacular legal career, Chief Justice of Common Pleas 1423-36. (Payling, Political Society in Lancastrian England, 36-39) Five MPs between 1399 and 1536, several kts of the shire. 1. Matthew Babington – Leicestershire 1660 2. Thomas Babington – Leicester 1685-87 1689-90 3. Philip Babington – Berwick-on-Tweed 1689-90 4. Thomas Babington – Leicester 1800-18 Seat: Rothley Temple (Temple Hall), Leicestershire (medieval, purch. c. 1550 and add. 1565, sold 1845, remod. later 19th c., hotel) Estates: Worth £2,000 pa in 1776. Notes: Four members of the family in ODNB. BACON [Frank] Bacon Origins: The first Bacon of note was son of a sheepreeve, although ancestors were recorded as early as 1286. He was a lawyer, MP 1542, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal 1558. Estates were purchased at the Dissolution. His brother was a London merchant. Eldest son created the first baronet 1611. Younger son Lord Chancellor 1618, created a viscount 1621. Eight further MPs in the 16th and 17th centuries, including kts of the shire for Norfolk and Suffolk.
    [Show full text]
  • Télécharger Article
    ﻣﺠﻠﺔ دراﺳﺎت دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ 2015 British Intervention in Afghanistan and its Aftermath (1838-1842) Mehdani Miloud * and Ghomri Tedj * Tahri Mohamed University ( Bechar ) Abstract The balance of power that prompted the European powers to the political domination and economic exploitation of the Third World countries in the nineteenth century was primarily due to the industrialization requirements. In fact, these powers embarked on global expansion to the detriment of fragile states in Africa, South America and Asia, to secure markets to keep their machinery turning. In Central Asia, the competition for supremacy and influence involved Britain and Russia, then two hegemonic powers in the region. Russia’s steady expansion southwards was to cause British mounting concern, for such a systematic enlargement would, in the long term, jeopardize British efforts to protect India, ‘the Crown Jewel.’ In their attempt to cope with such contingent circumstances, the British colonial administration believed that making of Afghanistan a buffer state between India and Russia, would halt Russian expansion. Because this latter policy did not deter the Russians’ southwards extension, Britain sought to forge friendly relations with the Afghan Amir, Dost Mohammad. However, the Russians were to alter these amicable relations, through the frequent visits of their political agents to Kabul. This Russian attitude was to increase British anxiety to such a degree that it developed to some sort of paranoia, which ultimately led to British repeated armed interventions in Afghanistan. Key Words: British, intervention, Afghanistan, Great Game Introduction The British loss of the thirteen colonies and the American independence in 1883 moved Britain to concentrate her efforts on India in which the East India Company had established its foothold from the beginning of the seventeenth century up to the Indian Mutiny (1857).
    [Show full text]
  • Major Begs the Question Of
    "poverty will ■ ■ ■ anarchist^fortnightty always exist! Yes, so long as property does.”9f p-j. Proudhon Vol.Freedom 55 No. 12 FIFTY PENCE 11 JUNE 1994 MAJOR BEGS THE QUESTION OF HOMELESSNESS or Mr Major the homeless living in The official figures have shown a “It concludes that ex-service people are Fthe streets and doorways of our monthly decrease, but as everybody more disadvantaged than other homeless cities are ‘offensive* and quite by now must know, the government’s people. Most of those interviewed stayed unnecessary. His vitriolic attack on statistics refer only to those in receipt less than a year in their first the youngsters among the ‘beggars’ is of the dole. Those wage slaves who accommodation after leaving the forces. understandable. After all it was he, More than one-third have never had a have been unemployed for more than settled home after leaving. when Social Securities Minister, who a year no longer exist, even as a About 70% said they had physical or deprived the 16-17 year old statistic! mental health problems. A quarter unemployed school leavers of any With the Labour Party’s Mr Brown suffered from depression or stress-related social security payments unless they declaring that if returned to power Illnesses while a quarter also reported an took part in some kind of training then full employment will be their alcohol-related condition. More than 40% scheme - which anyway could not first priority, we wonder how they had been in prison and 23% in a absorb all the school leavers and intend to achieve these ends (apart psychiatric unit.
    [Show full text]
  • War Medals, Orders and Decorations Including the Suckling Collection of Medals and Medallions Illustrating the Life and Times of Nelson
    War Medals, Orders and Decorations including the Suckling Collection of Medals and Medallions illustrating the Life and Times of Nelson To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Upper Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1 Day of Sale: Thursday 3 July 2008 at 12.00 noon and 2.00pm Public viewing: 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE Tuesday 1 July 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Wednesday 2 July 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Thursday 3 July 10.00 am to 12.00 noon Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 33 Price £10 Enquiries: James Morton or Paul Wood Cover illustrations: Lot 3 (front); Lot 281 (back); Lot 1 (inside front) and Lot 270 (inside back) in association with 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Fax: +44 (0)20 7495 6325 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Important Information for Buyers All lots are offered subject to Morton & Eden Ltd.’s Conditions of Business and to reserves. Estimates are published as a guide only and are subject to review. The actual hammer price of a lot may well be higher or lower than the range of figures given and there are no fixed “starting prices”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Canterbury Association
    The Canterbury Association (1848-1852): A Study of Its Members’ Connections By the Reverend Michael Blain Note: This is a revised edition prepared during 2019, of material included in the book published in 2000 by the archives committee of the Anglican diocese of Christchurch to mark the 150th anniversary of the Canterbury settlement. In 1850 the first Canterbury Association ships sailed into the new settlement of Lyttelton, New Zealand. From that fulcrum year I have examined the lives of the eighty-four members of the Canterbury Association. Backwards into their origins, and forwards in their subsequent careers. I looked for connections. The story of the Association’s plans and the settlement of colonial Canterbury has been told often enough. (For instance, see A History of Canterbury volume 1, pp135-233, edited James Hight and CR Straubel.) Names and titles of many of these men still feature in the Canterbury landscape as mountains, lakes, and rivers. But who were the people? What brought these eighty-four together between the initial meeting on 27 March 1848 and the close of their operations in September 1852? What were the connections between them? In November 1847 Edward Gibbon Wakefield had convinced an idealistic young Irishman John Robert Godley that in partnership they could put together the best of all emigration plans. Wakefield’s experience, and Godley’s contacts brought together an association to promote a special colony in New Zealand, an English society free of industrial slums and revolutionary spirit, an ideal English society sustained by an ideal church of England. Each member of these eighty-four members has his biographical entry.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir Alexander Burnes 1805 - 1841 'Bokhara Burnes'
    Forfarshire Masonic Celebrities Sir Alexander Burnes 1805 - 1841 'Bokhara Burnes' 'Text taken from the Montrose Standard and Angus and Mearns Register - 3rd March 1865' Transcribed and Reproduced by Iain D McIntosh [October 2016] Forfarshire Masonic Celebrities Sir Alexander Burnes Sir Alexander Burnes 1805 to 1841 Killed at Kabul in 1841 along with his Brother Lt Charles Burnes (1812 - 1841) at the beginning of the 1st Anglo Afghan War Sir Alexander Burnes - I.D. McIntosh 2016 Page 2 Text from the “Montrose Standard and Angus and Mearns Register – 3rd March 1865.” In the present number of ‘Good Words’ the following very interesting sketch of the life of the late Sir Alexander Burnes, a native of Montrose, and brother to Mr Adam Burnes, writer is given by Mr John William Kaye under the head of “Our Indian Heroes.” The article is introduced by referring to the brilliant career of the late Joseph Hume in India, the influence it exercised over the mind of young Burnes, and the intimacy which arose between Mr James Burnes and Mr Hume. The father of Sir Alexander, we need not tell our local readers was Provost of Montrose, and was closely related to our national poet Robert Burns. After giving his sons (of whom he had four who lived to be adults) a good education, he availed himself of the intimacy which had arisen between him and Mr Hume, and solicited his influence on behalf of his two sons James and Alexander, the former (the eldest) being destined for medical service. Alexander was promised a cadetship in the East India Company’s Service as soon as he was old enough for the appointment.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 TRIBE and STATE in WAZIRISTAN 1849-1883 Hugh Beattie Thesis
    1 TRIBE AND STATE IN WAZIRISTAN 1849-1883 Hugh Beattie Thesis presented for PhD degree at the University of London School of Oriental and African Studies 1997 ProQuest Number: 10673067 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673067 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT The thesis begins by describing the socio-political and economic organisation of the tribes of Waziristan in the mid-nineteenth century, as well as aspects of their culture, attention being drawn to their egalitarian ethos and the importance of tarburwali, rivalry between patrilateral parallel cousins. It goes on to examine relations between the tribes and the British authorities in the first thirty years after the annexation of the Punjab. Along the south Waziristan border, Mahsud raiding was increasingly regarded as a problem, and the ways in which the British tried to deal with this are explored; in the 1870s indirect subsidies, and the imposition of ‘tribal responsibility’ are seen to have improved the position, but divisions within the tribe and the tensions created by the Second Anglo- Afghan War led to a tribal army burning Tank in 1879.
    [Show full text]