Die Anatomie Des Kopfes Und Des Cephalen Skelett-Muskelsystems Der Crustacea, Myriapoda Und Hexapoda

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Die Anatomie Des Kopfes Und Des Cephalen Skelett-Muskelsystems Der Crustacea, Myriapoda Und Hexapoda Die Anatomie des Kopfes und des cephalen Skelett-Muskelsystems der Crustacea, Myriapoda und Hexapoda: Ein Beitrag zum phylogenetischen System der Mandibulata und zur Kenntnis der Herkunft der Remipedia und Tracheata Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Fakultät für Biologie der Ruhr-Universität Bochum Teil 1/3 (S. 1-128) Angefertigt am Lehrstuhl für Spezielle Zoologie Vorgelegt von Martin Fanenbruck aus Lage in Lippe Bochum 2003 Betreuer und Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. J.-W. Wägele Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. W.H. Kirchner Meinen Kindern Hannah Franziska Leonie Charlotte und Jonas Immanuel Titelbild: Speleonectes ondinae, Remipedia Verändert aus Schram, F.R.; Yager, J. & Emerson, M. J. (1986) Inhaltsverzeichnis I Inhaltsverzeichnis Teil 1/3 1 Einleitung..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Allgemeiner Teil.....................................................................................................1 1.2 Stand der Forschung ...............................................................................................2 1.2.1 Euarthropoda................................................................................................2 1.2.2 Uniramia-Hypothese ....................................................................................3 1.2.3 Mandibulata .................................................................................................4 1.2.4 Tracheata .....................................................................................................5 1.2.5 Hexapoda .....................................................................................................7 1.2.6 Myriapoda....................................................................................................8 1.2.7 Labiophora...................................................................................................8 1.2.8 Progoneata ...................................................................................................9 1.2.9 Dignatha.......................................................................................................9 1.2.10 Crustacea ...................................................................................................10 1.2.11 Entomostraca .............................................................................................11 1.2.12 Maxillopoda...............................................................................................12 1.2.13 Palliata.......................................................................................................12 1.2.14 Thoracopoda ..............................................................................................13 1.2.15 Thecostraca................................................................................................13 1.2.16 Die Phylogenetische Stellung der “Orsten-Fossilien” .................................14 1.2.17 Kopfanatomie und cephales Endoskelett.....................................................14 2 Fragestellungen ......................................................................................... 18 3 Material und Methoden ............................................................................ 20 3.1 Tiermaterial und Fundorte.....................................................................................20 3.2 Methodik ..............................................................................................................23 3.2.1 Phylogenetische Systematik .......................................................................23 3.2.2 Histologie, Tomographie und anatomische Rekonstruktion ........................25 3.2.3 Hälterung und Zucht...................................................................................27 3.2.4 Fixierung....................................................................................................28 3.2.4.1 Formolfixierung ...................................................................................28 3.2.4.2 Glutaraldehydfixierung.........................................................................28 3.2.5 Trocknung..................................................................................................29 3.2.6 Einbettung..................................................................................................29 3.2.6.1 Kunstharzeinbettungen für Semidünnschnitte .......................................29 3.2.6.2 Gelatineeinbettung für Dickschnitte......................................................29 3.2.7 Herstellung von Schnitten- bzw. Schnittserien............................................30 3.2.7.1 Semidünnschnitte .................................................................................30 3.2.7.2 Dickschnitte .........................................................................................30 3.2.8 Histologische Färbungen............................................................................30 3.2.8.1 Chlorazolschwarz für Totalfärbung.......................................................30 3.2.8.2 Toluidinblau .........................................................................................31 3.2.8.3 Basisches Fuchsin.................................................................................31 3.2.9 Digitalisierung histologischer Daten...........................................................31 3.2.10 Alignierung digitalisierter histologischer Daten..........................................31 3.2.11 Röntgen-Mikrotomographie .......................................................................32 3.2.12 Räumliche Rekonstruktion von Schnittdaten ..............................................33 3.2.12.1 Rekonstruktion von Hand – Styropormodellbau....................................33 3.2.12.2 Zeichnerische Rekonstruktion...............................................................33 Inhaltsverzeichnis II 3.2.12.3 Virtuelle Rekonstruktion.......................................................................33 4 Auswahl und Begründung der terminalen Taxa ..................................... 35 4.1 Mystacocarida.......................................................................................................35 4.2 Copepoda..............................................................................................................37 4.3 Branchiura ............................................................................................................37 4.4 Ostracoda..............................................................................................................38 4.5 Tantulocarida........................................................................................................39 4.6 Ascothoracida .......................................................................................................40 4.7 Cirripedia..............................................................................................................40 4.8 Cephalocarida .......................................................................................................41 4.9 Branchiopoda........................................................................................................42 4.10 Malacostraca.........................................................................................................44 4.11 Remipedia.............................................................................................................45 4.12 Diplura .................................................................................................................47 4.13 Ellipura.................................................................................................................47 4.14 Archaeognatha......................................................................................................48 4.15 Dicondylia ............................................................................................................48 4.16 Chilopoda .............................................................................................................49 4.17 Symphyla..............................................................................................................51 4.18 Pauropoda.............................................................................................................51 4.19 Diplopoda.............................................................................................................52 5 Terminologie.............................................................................................. 54 6 Ergebnisse Teil 1: Anatomie des Cephalothorax von Godzilliognomus frondosus (Remipedia) .............................................................................. 55 6.1 Das Integument.....................................................................................................55 6.1.1 Das Endoskelett..........................................................................................57 6.1.2 Stammmuskulatur ......................................................................................59 6.1.3 Extrinsische Muskulatur der Extremitäten ..................................................60 6.1.3.1 Die erste Antenne (A1).........................................................................60 6.1.3.2 Die zweite Antenne (A2) ......................................................................61 6.1.3.3 Die Mandibel (Md)...............................................................................61
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