Călimani National Park Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Introductory Note

This guide is based on field data collected within the Improving the conservation status of species and habitats of community importance in the Călimani National Park project, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The species and habitats included are those listed in the standard form for the site ROSCI019 Călimani Gurghiu, as well as in the documentation provided when establishing the park. Other species and habitats of community interest were identified and added during the implementation of the above-mentioned project. A note was made in the case of species and habitats not identified during field trips. The guide is intended as support material for those who want to find out more about the lives of species of community interest from the Călimani National Park, and is not a taxonomic approach for identifying animal groups or plant communities. Enjoy its exploration and, do not forget, when visiting the Călimani National Park, to take with you only memorable experiences and pictures and, try not to leave anything else on the path but your Text: Elena Cenușă footprints. Contact: Administraţia Parcului Asociația Naţional Călimani R.A. Tășuleasa Social Principală Street, 54C We thank all those who contributed with pictures Liviu Rebreanu Street 727515 Șaru Dornei Nr. 46, Bistrița Suceava, Romania for this guide! Jud. Bistrița-Năsăud www.calimani.ro 9410 – Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine levels Table of Contents (Vaccinio-Piceetea)...... 28 NATURAL HABITATS OF COMMUNITY INTEREST...... 8 9420 – Alpine Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra forests...... 29

FRESH WATER HABITATS...... 10 SPECIES OF COMMUNITY AND NATIONAL INTEREST...... 30 3220 – Alpine rivers and herbaceous vegetation along their banks...... 10 3260 – Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion MOSS SPECIES OF COMMUNITY AND NATIONAL INTEREST...... 32 fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation...... 11 Dicranum viride (Sull. & Lesq.) Lindb...... 32 Hematocaulis vernicosus (Mitt.) Hedenaeas...... 32 MEADOWS AND SHRUBBERIES IN THE TEMPERATE ZONE...... 11 Meesia longiseta Hedw...... 32 4060 – Alpine and Boreal heaths...... 11 4070* – Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum (Mugo- PLANT SPECIES OF COMMUNITY AND NATIONAL INTEREST...... 33 Rhododendretum hirsuti)...... 13 Marsilea quadrifolia L. (Four Leaf Clover)...... 33 4080 – Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub...... 14 Angelica palustris (Besser) Hoffm. (Marsh Angelica)...... 34 Campanula serrata (Kit.) Hendrych...... 34 NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLANDS...... 15 Carex chordorrhiza L.f...... 35 6150 – Siliceous alpine and Boreal grasslands...... 15 Cypripedium calceolus L. (Lady’s Slipper)...... 35 6170 – Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands...... 16 Iris aphylla ssp. hungarica Hegi...... 35 6230* – Species-Rich Nardus grasslands...... 17 Ligularia sibirica L. (Cass.)...... 36 6410 – Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden Polygonum alpinum All. (Alpine Knotweed)...... 36 soils (Molinion caeruleae)...... 18 Tozzia alpina ssp. carpathica (Woll) Dostal...... 36 6430 – Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the Vaccinium uliginosum L. (Bog Bilberry)...... 37 montane to alpine levels...... 18 6440 – Alluvial meadows of river valleys of the Cnidion dubii...... 19 INSECT SPECIES OF COMMUNITY AND NATIONAL INTEREST...... 38 6520 – Mountain hay meadows...... 19 Carabus hampei Kuster...... 38 Carabus variolosus Fabricius (Ground Beetle)...... 38 OLIGOTROPHIC BOGS, RAISED BOGS AND ALKALINE FENS...... 20 Cerambyx cerdo L. (Great Capricorn Beetle)...... 39 7110* – Active raised bogs...... 20 Cucujus cinnaberinus Scop...... 39 7230 – Alkaline fens...... 21 Lucanus cervus L. (Stag Beetle)...... 40 7240* – Alpine pioneer formations of the Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae....22 *Osmoderma eremita Scop. (Hermit Beetle)...... 40 *Rosalia alpina L. (Rosalia Longicorn)...... 40 ROCKY AND CAVE HABITATS...... 22 *Callimorpha quadripunctaria Poda (Jersey Tiger)...... 41 8220 – Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation...... 22 Euphydryas maturna L...... 42 Leptidea morsei Fenton (Fenton’s Wood White)...... 43 FORESTS...... 23 Lycaena dispar Haworth (Large Copper)...... 43 9110 – Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests...... 23 *Nymphalis vaualbum Denis & Schiffermuller (Compton 9130 – Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests...... 24 Tortoiseshell)...... 44 9180* – Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines...... 25 Pholidoptera transsylvanica Fischer...... 45 91E0* – Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)...... 25 FISH SPECIES OF COMMUNITY AND NATIONAL INTEREST...... 46 91V0 – Dacian beech forests (Symphyto-Fagion)...... 27 Barbus meridionalis Risso (Mediterranean Barbel)...... 46 Cottus gobio L. (Bullhead)...... 46 Cottus poecilopus Heck. (Alpine Bullhead)...... 47 MAMMAL SPECIES OF COMMUNITY AND NATIONAL INTEREST.....74 Eudontomyzon danfordi Regan (Carpathian Lamprey)...... 48 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Schreb. (Greater Horseshoe Bat)...... 74 Romanogobio uranoscopus Agassiz (Danube Gudgeon)...... 48 Vespertilio murinus L. (Particolored Bat)...... 74 Hucho hucho L. (Danube Salmon)...... 48 Miniopterus schreibersi Kuhl (Schreibers’ Long-Fingered Bat)...... 75 Sabanejewia aurata Filippi (Golden Spined Loach)...... 49 Nyctalus noctula Schreb. (Noctule Bat)...... 76 Nyctalus lasiopterus Schreb. (Greater Noctule Bat)...... 77 AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE SPECIES OF COMMUNITY AND Pipistrellus savii Bonap. (Savi’s Pipistrelle)...... 77 NATIONAL INTEREST...... 49 Eptesicus nilssonii Key. & Blas. (Northern Bat)...... 78 Triturus alpestris Laur. (Alpine Newt)...... 49 Eptesicus serotinus Schreb. (Serotine Bat)...... 79 Triturus cristatus Laur. (Great Crested Newt)...... 50 Pipistrellus pipistrellus Schreb. (Common Pipistrelle)...... 80 Triturus montandoni Boul. (Carpathian Newt)...... 51 Pipistrellus kuhlii Kuhl (Kuhl’s Pipistrelle)...... 80 Triturus vulgaris L. (Smooth Newt)...... 51 Plecotus auritus L. (Brown Long-Eared Bat)...... 81 Salamandra salamandra L. (Common Fire Salamander)...... 52 Plecotus austriacus Fischer (Grey Long-Eared Bat)...... 82 Bombina variegata L. (Yellow-Bellied Toad)...... 53 Barbastella barbastellus Schreb. (Barbastelle Bat)...... 83 Bufo bufo L. (Common Toad)...... 54 Myotis myotis Bork. (Greater Mouse-Eared Bat)...... 83 Rana temporaria L. (Common Frog)...... 54 Myotis blythi Tomes (Lesser Mouse-Eared Bat)...... 84 Lacerta agilis L. (Sand Lizard)...... 55 Myotis daubentoni Kuhl (Daubenton’s Bat)...... 85 Anguis fragilis L. (Slow Worm)...... 56 Myotis mystacinus Kuhl (Whiskered Bat)...... 86 Coronella austriaca L. (Smooth Snake)...... 56 Myotis brandtii Evers. (Brandt’s Bat)...... 87 Vipera berus L. (Adder)...... 57 Myotis nattereri Evers. (Natterer’s Bat)...... 88 Myotis emarginatus Geoff. (Geoffroy’s Bat)...... 88 SPECIES OF BIRDS OF COMMUNITY AND NATIONAL INTEREST...... 58 Myotis bechsteinii Kuhl (Bechstein’s Bat)...... 90 Aquila pomarina Brehm. (Lesser Spotted Eagle)...... 58 Muscardinus avellanarius L. (Hazel Dormouse)...... 90 Falco tinnunculus L. (Kestrel)...... 58 Dryomys nitedula L. (Forest Dormouse)...... 91 Falco vespertinus L. (Red-Footed Falcon)...... 59 Sorex alpinus Schinz (Alpine Shrew)...... 92 Tetrao urogallus L. (Western Capercaillie)...... 60 Neomys anomalus Cabr. (Mediterranean Water Shrew)...... 93 Bonasa bonasia L. (Hazel Grouse)...... 61 *Canis lupus L. (Wolf)...... 94 Strix uralensis Pallas (Ural Owl)...... 62 *Ursus arctos L. (Brown Bear)...... 95 Dryocopus martius L. (Black Woodpecker)...... 63 Lutra lutra L. (Eurasian Otter)...... 97 Picoides tridactylus L. (Eurasian Three-Toed Woodpecker)...... 63 Lynx lynx L. (Eurasian Lynx)...... 98 Motacilla alba L. (White Wagtail)...... 64 Felis silvestris Schreb. (Wildcat)...... 99 Motacilla cinerea Tunst. (Grey Wagtail)...... 65 Cinclus cinclus L. (Dipper)...... 66 Prunella collaris Scop. (Alpine Accentor)...... 66 Prunella modularis L. (Dunnock)...... 67 Key Erithacus rubecula L. (Robin)...... 68 Phoenicurus ochruros Gmelin (Black Redstart)...... 69 – Priority species / Priority Habitat Phylloscopus collybita Vieill. (Common Chiffchaff)...... 70 – Species of Community interest, Annex I 147/09 CE Sitta europaea L. (Eurasian Nuthatch)...... 71 – Species of Community interest, Annex II 43/92 EEC Corvus corax L. (Raven)...... 71 Nucifraga caryocatactes L. (Spotted Nutcracker)...... 72 – Species of Community interest, Annex III 43/92 EEC Coccothraustes coccothraustes L. (Hawfinch)...... 73 – Species of national interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 10 11 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest

Freshwater Habitats 3260 – Water courses of plain to montane levels with 3220 – Alpine rivers and herbaceous vegetation the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion along their banks vegetation Habitat description: It comprises vegetation specific to Habitat description: It comprises plant communities with substrate with high moisture content, found along mountain submerged vegetation or floating vegetation in river beds streams, in subalpine and alpine zones, on scree and gravel. found in plain and hilly areas. The dominant species is Micranthes stellaris. Floristic composition: Creeping buttercup (Ranunculus Floristic composition: Golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium trichophyllus, R. fluitans, R. peltatus, R. penicillatus subsp. alpinum, Chrysosplenium alternifolium), large bittercress penicillatus, R. aquatilis), watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spp.), (Cardamine amara), bog stitchwort (Stellaria uliginosa), water-starworts (Callitriche spp.), horned pondweed willowherb (Epilobium nutans), greater wood-rush (Luzula (Zannichellia palustris), pondweed (Potamogeton spp.), water sylvatica); moss (Fontinalis antipyretica); Area covered: Some m², islets near mountain creeks; Area covered: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: High moisture throughout the year; Habitat requirements: Smooth flowing rivers with a relatively Conservation status: Favorable; constant water level; Threats: Grazing by the spread of invasive species, soil Conservation status: – compaction and vegetation destruction; Threats: – Management and monitoring measures: Invasive species Management and monitoring measures: – removal.

Micranthes stellaris habitat in spring, Photo: Elena Cenuşă Meadows and Shrubberies in the Temperate Zone 4060 – Alpine and Boreal heaths Habitat description: It comprises low-growing or creeping plant communities, i.e. shrubs, dominated by ericaceous species are predominant: rhododendron (Rhododendron myrtifolium), blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), bog bilberry (V. uliginosum), low bush cranberry (V. vitis-idaea). Floristic composition: Highland rush (Juncus trifidus), Alpine Hawkeed (Hieracium alpinum), Siberian juniper (Juniperus sibirica), mountain lovage (Ligusticum mutellina), Alpine woodrush (Luzula alpinopilosa), Alpine bellflower Campanula( alpina), Lycopodium alpinum, Huperzia selago, Alpine anemone (Pulsatilla alba), black alpine-sedge (Carex atrata), spreading bellflower Campanula ( patula ssp. abietina), blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), low bush cranberry (Vaccinium vitis- Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 12 13 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest idaea), Veronica baumgartenii, twoflower violet Viola( biflora), 4070* – Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron Soldanella major, least primrose (Primula minima); hirsutum (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti) Area covered: Variable between 10 m² and 10 ha; Habitat requirements: Thin, easily erodible soils, strong Habitat description: Areas covered with scrub mountain pine heat; (Pinus mugo), with rhododendron (Rhododendron myrtifolium), Conservation status: Favorable; on rocky soil, scree and gravel, with poorly developed soil. Threats: Blueberry and cranberry picking, touristic activities; Floristic composition: Scrub mountain pine (Pinus mugo), Management and monitoring measures: Sanctions for rhododendron (Rhododendron myrtifolium), spreading unauthorized berry picking; bellflower Campanula( patula ssp. abietina), purple colt’s foot Traditional use/cultural significance: Blueberries are used (Homogyne alpina), low bush cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), for the manufacturing of a traditional blueberry liqueur. blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), tufted hair grass (Deschampsia cespitosa), great wood-rush (Luzula sylvatica), white wood- Blueberry shrubberies habitat, Photo: Elena Cenuşă rush (Luzula luzuloides), Huperzia selago, wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella), mountain-ash (Sorbus aucuparia), Adenostyles alliariae; Area covered: Over 4.000 ha in the park; Habitat requirements: Acid, poor soils; Conservation status: Favorable; Threats: Norway spruce (Picea abies) sapling, Ericaceae fruits and rhododendron flower picking; Management and monitoring measures: Sanctions for unauthorized fruit and flower picking in protected areas; Traditional use/cultural significance: Locals make infusions, jam and liqueur out of rhododendron flowers.

Rhododendron (Rhododendron myrtifolium) habitat, Photo: Elena Cenuşă Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 14 15 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest

4080 – Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub Natural and Semi-natural Grasslands Habitat description: Green alder (Alnus viridis) and Silesian 6150 – Siliceous alpine and Boreal grasslands willow (Salix silesiaca) lanes along torrents and avalanche Habitat description: Grasslands in the subalpine and alpine slopes, and in zones with an anthropogenic footprint at an zone, on acidic soils and siliceous rocks, with highland rush altitude of over 1.500 m. (Juncus trifidus), moss and lichens. And snowfield plant Floristic composition: Green alder (Alnus viridis), Silesian communities. willow (Salix silesiaca), Adenostyles alliariae, Alpine rose (Rosa Floristic composition: Alpine avens (Geum montanum), Alpine pendulina), Alpine timothy (Phleum alpinum), alps yarrow chewing’s fescue (Festuca nigrescens), dwarf yellow cinquefoil (Achillea distans), Leucanthemum waldsteinii, white false (Potentilla aurea), Anthoxanthum alpinum, Alpine bellflower hellebore (Veratrum album), Senecio nemorensis, hairy chervil (Campanula alpina), Oreochloa disticha, Alpine pasqueflower (Chaerophyllum hirsutum), Austrian leopard’s bane (Doronicum (Pulsatilla alba), dwarf willow (Salix herbacea), rhododendron austriacum), reed grass (Calamagrostis villosa), bellflower (Rhododendron myrtifolium); (Campanula abietina), Phyteuma wagneri, Alpine lady-fern Area covered: Hundreds of ha; (Athyrium distentifolium), twoflower violet (Viola biflora), tufted Habitat requirements: Windy slopes, at an altitude of over hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa), wood forget-me-not 1.800 m, acid, nutrient-poor soils; (Myosotis sylvatica), common valerian (Valeriana sambucifolia), Conservation status: Favorable; Alpine sow-thistle (Cicerbita alpine), valerian (Valeriana tripteris), Threats: Excessive grazing, spruce or other invasive species rough small-reed (Calamagrostis arundinacea), scrub mountain spread on meadows; pine (Pinus mugo); Management and monitoring measures: Establishing the Area covered: A few ha; grazing areas and the maximum no. of animals/area according Habitat requirements: Semi-sunny slopes on acidic soils; to the type of meadow and its degradation stage; getting rid Conservation status: Favorable; of the invasive species; Threats: Avalanches; Traditional use/cultural significance: Sheepherding and Management and monitoring measures: Not applicable. cattle herding during summer time. Green alder habitat, Photo: Elena Cenuşă Alpine meadows habitat on siliceous substrate, Photo: Elena Cenuşă Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 16 17 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest

6170 – Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands 6230* – Species-Rich Nardus grasslands Habitat description: It comprises high-altitude meadows Habitat description: It comprises matgrass (Nardus stricta) that grow on basic soils. The most recurrent species are Salix meadows on acidic soil with siliceous substrate. This habitat kitaibeliana and snowbell (Soldanella major). can be rich in species and then its conservation value is high, Floristic composition: Salix kitaibeliana, yellow saxifrage or poor in species and then it is degraded. (Saxifraga aizoides), dwarf willow (Salix herbacea), Alpine Floristic composition: Scorzonera rosea, Scheuchzer’s woodrush (Luzula alpinopilosa), Veronica baumgartenii, bellflower Campanula ( serrata), Viola declinata, mountain Oreochloa disticha, tufted fescue (Festuca supina), black alpine- everlasting (Antennaria dioica), heath speedwell (Veronica sedge (Carex atrata), Alpine bellflower Campanula ( alpina), officinalis), dwarf yellow cinquefoil (Potentilla aurea), leopard’s least primrose (Primula minima); bane (Arnica montana), Gymnadenia conopsea, common Area covered: Some m²; wilkwort (Polygala vulgaris), spreading bellflower Campanula( Habitat requirements: Altitude around 1.900-2.300 m, snow patula ssp. abietina); that lasts until the beginning of summer, calcareous rocks; Area covered: Hundreds of ha; Conservation status: Favorable; Habitat requirements: Plateaus, acidic soils; Threats: Climate warming; Conservation status: Favorable; Management and monitoring measures: Not applicable. Threats: Excessive grazing, spruce or other invasive species advance; Salix kitaibeliana habitat, Photo: Loredana Buta Management and monitoring measures: Establishing the grazing areas and the maximum number of animals/area according to the type of meadow and its degradation stage; getting rid of the invasive species; Traditional use/cultural significance: Sheepherding and cattle herding during summer time.

Nardus stricta and Viola declinata habitat, Photo: Loredana Buta Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 18 19 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest

6410 – Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or Petasites albus), meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), touch- clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae) me-not balsam (Impatiens noli-tangere), lungwort (Pulmonaria rubra), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), bishop’s weed Habitat description: Meadows growing in hilly and plain (Aegopodium podagraria), etc.; zones, in the proximity of rivers, where the dominant species Area covered: Some dozens of ha in the park; is purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea). Habitat requirements: Moist-soil with plenty of gravel; Floristic composition: Purple moor grass (Molinia coerulea), Conservation status: Favorable; fringed pink (Dianthus superbus), Cambridge milk parsley Threats: Inappropriate wood exploitation; (Selinum carvifolium), tuberous thistle (Cirsium tuberosum), Management and monitoring measures: Sanctions for autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), willowleaf yellowhead unauthorized forest exploitation. (Inula salicina), etc.; Area covered: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: Moist, nutrient-poor soil; 6440 – Alluvial meadows of river valleys of the Conservation status: – Cnidion dubii Threats: – Habitat description: Lower altitude meadows that grow on Management and monitoring measures: – soils with excessive moisture. Floristic composition: Cnidium dubium, fen violet (Viola 6430 – Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of persicifolia), spear-leaved skullcalp (Scutellaria hastifolia), plains and of the montane to alpine levels mouse garlic (Allium angulosum), herb of grace (Gratiola officinalis), Carex praecox, Juncus atratus, wand loosestrife Habitat description: Tall herbs that grow along park streams, (Lythrum virgatum); in the proximity of mixed forests, towards Norway spruce Area covered: It has not been identified in the park; (Picea abies) and scrub mountain pine (Pinus mugo) areas. Habitat requirements: Natural flow regimen; Floristic composition: Adenostylles alliariae, Austrian leopard’s Conservation status: – bane (Doronicum austriacum), Aconitum tauricum, reed grass Threats: – (Calamagrostis villosa), spreading bellflower Campanula ( Management and monitoring measures: – abietina), Senecio nemorensis, hairy chervil (Chaerophyllum hirsutum), wood forget-me-not (Myosotis sylvatica), twoflower violet (Viola biflora), Alpine blue-sow-thistle (Cicerbita alpine), 6520 – Mountain hay meadows yellow oxeye (Telekia speciosa), butterbur (Petasites hybridus, Habitat description: Species-rich mesophilic meadows of Streambed habitat, Photo: Elena Cenuşă montane to subalpine zones in the Carpathians. Floristic composition: Golden oat grass (Trisetum flavescens), sweet vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), cock’s foot (Dactylis glomerata), bent-grass (Agrostis capillaris), meadow- grass (Poa pratensis), ox-eye daisy flower Leucanthemum ( vulgare), common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), bladder campion (Silene vulgaris), Carthusian pink (Dianthus carthusianorum); Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 20 21 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest

Area covered: Some ha; Area covered: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: Slopes, generally facing North, on Habitat requirements: Flatlands with an excess of water in nutrient-rich soils; the ecosystem, low permeable soil, cold climate; Conservation status: Favorable; Conservation status: – Threats: Grazing, scything before seeds are ripe; Threats: Drainage; Management and monitoring measures: Limited scything Management and monitoring measures: – season; Traditional use/cultural significance: On hay meadows the 7230 – Alkaline fens fodder necessary for feeding domestic animals during winter time is harvested; animal husbandry is one of locals’ main Habitat description: Waterlogged zones with base-rich water source of income. covered with brown moss and sedge communities. Floristic composition: Broad-leaved cottongrass (Eriophorum Mountain hay meadows with ox-eye daisies, Photo: Elena Cenuşă latifolium), sedge (Carex flava, Carex davalliana, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex distans), black bogrush (Schoenus nigricans), flat-sedge Blysmus ( compressus), roundfruit rush (Juncus compressus), marsh valerian (Valeriana simplicifolia), heath spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza maculata), early marsh-orchid (Dactylorhiza incarnate); Area covered: Some ha; Habitat requirements: Flatlands in the proximity of streams, soils rich in organic substances and calcium carbonate; Conservation status: Unfavorable; Threats: Soil compaction from animal and tourist traffic; Oligotrophic Bogs, Raised Bogs and Management and monitoring measures: Exclusive use of trails and restrictions on grazing. Alkaline Fens Alkaline fen habitat, Photo: Loredana Buta 7110* – Active raised bogs Habitat description: These rainwater-fed ecosystems are called fens, raised bogs or oligotrophic bogs and they are nutrient-poor. They enable the development of species well adapted to acidic pH and water excess whose remains, in time, generate the peat. Floristic composition: Bog-mosses (Sphagnum magellanicum, S. imbricatum, S. fuscum, S. angustifolium), bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia), bog cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos), rounded-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), hare’s-tail cottongrass (Eriophorum vaginatum); Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 22 23 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest

7240* – Alpine pioneer formations of the Caricion zawadzkii, musky saxifrage (Saxifraga moschata), catchfly bicoloris-atrofuscae (Silene lerchenfeldiana), Senecio glaberrimus, Silene dinarica, firmoss Huperzia( selago), highland rush (Juncus trifidus), Alpine Habitat description: Incipient bogs with a thin layer of peat bellflower Campanula( alpina); at high altitude. The dominant species is recurved sphagnum Area covered: It has not been identified in the park; (Sphagnum recurvum). Habitat requirements: Cracks on rocks having a siliceous Floristic composition: Sedge (Carex rostrata, Carex echinata, substrate, on almost vertical walls; Carex canescens), recurved sphagnum (Sphagnum recurvum, Conservation status: – Sphagnum subsecundum, S. warnstorfii), large bittercress Threats: – (Cardamine amara), cotton grass (Eriophorum angustifolium), Management and monitoring measures: – bog-bean (Menyanthes trifoliata), marsh stitchwort (Stellaria palustris), Northern green rush (Juncus alpinus), Ligularia sibirica; Forests Area covered: Some ha; 9110 – Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests Habitat requirements: Flatlands, acidic soils with low content of calcium, sodium and potassium cations; Habitat description: Mixed forests of common beech (Fagus Conservation status: Favorable; sylvatica), European silver fir (Abies alba) and Norway spruce Threats: Soil compaction from animal and tourist traffic; (Picea abies) growing on acidic soils, and where oakforest Management and monitoring measures: Exclusive use of woodrush (Luzula luzuloides) can also be found. trails and restrictions on grazing. Floristic composition: Norway spruce (Picea abies), common beech (Fagus sylvatica), European silver fir (Abies alba), Incipient bogs habitat, Photo: Elena Cenuşă oakforest woodrush (Luzula luzuloides), lady-fern (Athyrium filix-femina), large yellow foxglove (Digitalis grandiflora), sweet wooduff Galium ( odoratum), artillery plant (Galeobdolon

Luzulo-Fagetum forest habitat, Photo: Elena Cenuşă

Rocky and Cave Habitats 8220 – Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation Habitat description: Vegetation to be found in the cracks of steep siliceous rock walls, with different regional subtypes. Floristic composition: Wormwood (Artemisia eriantha), Silene Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 24 25 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest luteum), common wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella), bracken European silver fir (Abies alba), Norway spruce (Picea abies), (Pteridium aquilinum), heath speedwell (Veronica officinalis); lady’s nightcap (Anemone nemorosa), yellow archangel Area covered: Some ha; (Lamiastrum galeobdolon), sweet wooduff Galium( odoratum), Habitat requirements: Maximum 1.400 m altitude, acidic, Schultes’ bedstraw (G. schultesii), wood melick (Melica uniflora), moist soils; Dentaria spp.; Conservation status: Favorable; Area covered: Some ha; Threats: Long droughts, fragmentation; Habitat requirements: Neuter or low-acidic, mull-rich soils; Management and monitoring measures: Correct Conservation status: Favorable; management of wood resources; sanctions as necessary. Threats: Long droughts, fragmentation; Management and monitoring measures: Correct 9130 – Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests management of wood resources; sanctions as necessary. Habitat description: Mixed forests of common beech (Fagus sylvatica), European silver fir (Abies alba) and Norway spruce 9180* – Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and (Picea abies) in the montane zone, with dominant Dentaria ravines species in the herbaceous layer. Habitat description: Mixed forests of hardwood species, Floristic composition: Common beech (Fagus sylvatica), especially small leaved lime (Tilia cordata), maple sycamore Asperulo-Fagetum mixed forest habitat, Photo: Elena Cenuşă (Acer pseudoplatanus) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior), on mobile substrate. Floristic composition: Maple sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), baneberry (Actaea spicata), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), perennial honesty (Lunaria rediviva), common yew (Taxus baccata), Wylch elm (Ulmus glabra), common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), hazel (Corylus avellana), oaks (Quercus spp.), small leaved lime (Tilia cordata), large leaved lime (T. platyphyllos); Area covered: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: Steep slopes, screes, dry soil; Conservation status: – Threats: –

91E0* – Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) Habitat descriptions: Riparian woodlands along mountain rivers where the dominant species is the golden alder (Alnus incana). In the flatlands the black alder is to be found (Alnus glutinosa). Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 26 27 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest

Floristic composition: Golden alder (Alnus incana), ox-eye 91V0 – Dacian beech forests (Symphyto-Fagion) daisy (Telekia speciosa), wild Angelica (Angelica sylvestris), Habitat description: Mixed forests of common beech (Fagus bishop’s weed (Aegopodium podagraria), lady fern (Athyrium sylvatica), European silver fir (Abies alba) and Norway spruce filix-femina), hairy chervil (Chaerophyllum hirsutum), creeping (Picea abies) growing on neuter, basic or low-acidic substrate. jenny (Glechoma hederacea), mourning widow (Geranium Floristic composition: Symphytum cordatum, Cardamine phaeum), butterbur (Petasites hybridus), sticky sage (Salvia glanduligera, anemone transsilvanica (Hepatica transsilvanica), glutinosa), hedge woundwort (Stachys sylvatica); lungwort (Pulmonaria rubra), Ranunculus carpaticus, Euphorbia Area covered: Under 10 ha; carniolica, Hieracium rotundatum, Festuca drymeja; Habitat requirements: Maximum altitude: 1.700 m, clay, Area covered: Approximately 2.000 ha; permanently moist soils; Habitat requirements: Maximum altitude: 1.400 m, low Conservation status: Favorable; slopes, low moist soils; Threats: Deviation of water courses; Conservation status: Favorable; Management and monitoring measures: Maintain the Threats: Long drought, fragmentation; natural status of mountain streams and no anthropic activities Management and monitoring measures: Correct meant to exploit natural resources. management of wood resources; sanctions if the case may Alluvial forests with Alnus incana, Photo: Elena Cenuşă be.

Symphyto-Fagion forests, Photo: Elena Cenuşă Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 28 29 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest Natural Habitats of Community Interest

9410 – Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to 9420 – Alpine Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetea) forests Habitat description: Norway spruce (Picea abies) only Habitat description: Subalpine mixed forests, made up of forests growing on mountain slopes up to 1.800 m. At Swiss pine (Pinus cembra) and Norway spruce (Picea abies). 1.800 m it can be found in glades, together with the scrub Floristic composition: Norway spruce (Picea abies), Swiss pine mountain pine (Pinus mugo). (Pinus cembra), scrub mountain pine (Pinus mugo), Siberian Floristic composition: Norway spruce (Picea abies), Soldanella juniper (Juniperus sibirica), rhododendron (Rhododendron major, Alpine lady-fern (Athyrium distentifolium), hairy reed myrtifolium), Alpine lady-fern (Athyrium distentifolium), grass (Calamagrostis villosa), tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia bellflower Campanula ( abietina), Huperzia selago, white caespitosa), purple colt’s foot (Homogyne alpina), white wood-rush (Luzula luzuloides), small cow-wheat (Melampyrum wood-rush (Luzula luzuloides, L. sylvatica), Alpine dock (Rumex sylvaticum), wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella), raspberry (Rubus alpinus), raspberry (Rubus idaeus); idaeus); Area covered: Significant, over 10.000 ha; Area covered: Approximately 70 ha; Habitat requirements: Steep slopes, very acidic, moist soils; Habitat requirements: Steep slopes in cirques, on skeletal, Conservation status: Favorable; very acidic, moist soils; Threats: Insect attacks, strong winds, exploitation; Conservation status: Favorable; Management and monitoring measures: Correct Threats: Insect attacks, drought, strong winds; management of wood resources; sanctions if the case may Management and monitoring measures: Surveillance for be. strictly protected areas.

Spruce forests with Oxalis acetosella, Photo: Elena Cenuşă Pinus cembra glades, Photo: Elena Cenuşă Species of Community and National Interest Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 32 33 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Moss Species of Community and Specific threats: Drainage, soil compaction; Management and monitoring measures: Redirect tourist National Interest trails outside the area populated by the plant; ban grazing in Dicranum viride (Sull. & Lesq.) Lindb. the area. Class Equisetopsida, Order Dicranales, Family Dicranaceae Meesia longiseta Hedw., Photo: Sorin Ştefănuţ Description: Moss species growing in pillow-shaped colonies with acuminate, fresh green leaves and reddish spore capsules. They grow on the ground or on hardwood tree trunks. Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: Hardwood forests, constant dampness, poor light; Conservation status: – Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

Hematocaulis vernicosus (Mitt.) Hedenas Class Equisetopsida, Order Hypnales, Family Amblystegiaceae Description: Moss species growing in bogs, in the form of green-brown clumps. It has sickle-shaped little leaves. Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: Zones with oligotrophic bogs; Conservation status: – Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: – Plant Species of Community and National Interest Meesia longiseta Hedw. Marsilea quadrifolia L. (Four Leaf Clover) Class Bryopsida, Order Schistostegales, Family Meesiaceae Class Filicopsida, Order Marsileales, Family Marsileaceae Description: Moss species growing in cold areas, also to be Description: Hemicryptophyte, small (5-20 cm) fern. Spores found in high mountains with thin, green-yellowish stems and develop in August-October. It is mostly found in plain areas, in leaves lying perpendicularly on the stem. Capsules are small, the proximity of stagnant waters. supported by a long axis. Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Population size: Small, a few m²; Habitat requirements: Zones with oligotrophic bogs; Habitat requirements: Acidic pH, high dampness, cold Conservation status: – climate; Specific threats: – Conservation status: Favorable; Management and monitoring measures: – Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 34 35 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Angelica palustris (Besser) Hoffm. (Marsh Angelica) Specific threats: Trees invading on meadows; Class Dicotyledonata, Order Apiales, Family Apiaceae Management and monitoring measures: Maintain the meadows. Description: It is a plant akin to the carrot and to other Umbelliferae, but it prefers other habitats, i.e. fens and damp meadows. It has small, white groups of flowers. Frequently, Carex chordorrhiza L.f. because of its resemblance, it is mistaken for wild angelica Class Monocotyledonata, Order Poales, Family Cyperaceae (A. sylvestris), which is more common. Description: Sedge species with Holarctic and circumpolar Population size: It has not been identified in the park; distribution, growing at high altitude. The stems are straws, Habitat requirements: Zones with oligotrophic bogs; erect at the beginning and then, when mature, prostrate and Conservation status: – generating stolons in the 2nd year. Specific threats: – Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Management and monitoring measures: – Habitat requirements: Zones with oligotrophic bogs; Conservation status: – Campanula serrata (Kit.) Hendrych Specific threats: – Class Dicotyledonata, Order Asterales, Family Campanulaceae Management and monitoring measures: – Description: It is a bellflower species whose violet flowers can be seen from July through September. Its distinguishing mark: Cypripedium calceolus L. (Lady’s Slipper) the thick, napiform root. Perennial species, frequent in the Class Monocotyledonata, Order Asparagales, Family Orchidaceae subalpine and alpine layers. It is endemic to the Carpathians. Description: It is an orchid species, known for its big flowers, Population size: It can be found on all alpine and subalpine with brown-reddish sepals lying in a cross-shape. The upper meadows in the park; part of the corolla is big, rounded, light yellow on the outside, Habitat requirements: High altitude meadows; with purple dots on the inside, resembling a slipper. It is a rare Conservation status: Favorable; plant. Campanula serrata (Kit.) Hendrych, Photo: Elena Cenuşă Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: Hardwood and softwood forests, semi-shaded, mild temperatures; Conservation status: – Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

Iris aphylla ssp. hungarica Hegi Class Monocotyledonata, Order Asparagales, Family Iridaceae Description: Irises whose violet flowers can be seen from May through June. Sporadically it is found in oak forests, in beech woods and on sunny meadows. Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 36 37 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Population size: It has not been identified in the park; and yellow flowers. It can be found on montane, subalpine Habitat requirements: Calcareous substrate, dry meadows; and alpine meadows in the Carpathians. It is a rare species. Conservation status: – Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Specific threats: – Habitat requirements: Moist, calcareous soils, high altitude; Management and monitoring measures: – Conservation status: – Specific threats: – Ligularia sibirica L. (Cass.) Management and monitoring measures: – Class Dicotyledonata, Order Asterales, Family Compositae Vaccinium uliginosum L. (Bog Bilberry) Description: It is an easily identifiable plant due to its Class Dicotyledonata, Order Ericales, Family Ericaceae robust aspect, with big, dented leaves of fresh green color. The yellow flowers grow at the end of the stem, grouped in Description: Plant akin to the bilberry. Shrub, with small leaves inflorescences. It can be found especially on the outskirts, on lying in alternation. The flowers are white-pink, grouped in acidic substrate. inflorescences. It blossoms in May-June. The fruits are ovoid Population size: It has not been identified in the park; shaped spheres, blue inside with a juicy, light colored core. It Habitat requirements: Semi-shaded, low-acidic to acidic can be found on subalpine and alpine meadows, next to other soils; Ericaceae. Conservation status: – Population size: Some dozen ha; Specific threats: – Habitat requirements: Acidic substrate; Management and monitoring measures: – Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Bilberry and cranberry picking by tourists; Polygonum alpinum All. (Alpine Knotweed) Management and monitoring measures: Sanctions for Class Dicotyledonata, Order Caryophyllales, Family Polygonaceae unauthorized berry picking; Traditional use/cultural significance: The fruits and leaves Description: Perennial plant of up to 1 m tall, with white are used for infusion. flowers that blossom in June-July. It can be found on damp meadows, at the edge of the forest, on slopes with humus-rich Vaccinium uliginosum L., Photo: Elena Cenuşă soils, at high altitude. Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: High-moist soils; Conservation status: – Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

Tozzia alpina ssp. carpathica (Woll) Dostal. Class Dicotyledonata, Order Lamiales, Family Scrophulariaceae Description: Semi-parasitic plant with leaves without petiole Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 38 39 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Insect Species of Community and Population size: Small, it has been noticed only in few places in the park; National Interest Habitat requirements: Habitats with a high level of dampness, Carabus hampei Kuster high altitude; Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera Family Carabidae Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Habitat disappearance following human Description: Beetle with a black thorax and shades from activities; green to blue and indigo. Fine striations can be noticed on the Management and monitoring measures: Maintain unaltered elytra. It can be found in shady forests, with debilitated trees. habitats that it populates. Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: Hardwood forest detritus, especially that of beech forests, in various degrees of putrefaction, a Cerambyx cerdo L. (Great Capricorn Beetle) place with no human activity; Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera, Family Cerambycidae Conservation status: – Description: It is a very beautiful, black beetle, 25-55 mm long Specific threats: – and it has very long antennae. Its elytra are coarse. It can be Management and monitoring measures: – found in oak and mixed forests. Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Carabus variolosus Fabricius (Ground Beetle) Habitat requirements: Little temperature variation, habitats Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera. Family Carabidae free from anthropic intervention; Conservation status: – Description: It is a beetle species, frequently found in Specific threats: – montane regions, up to 1.700 m. Its body is black with a length Management and monitoring measures: – varying from 20 to 30 mm. Deep notches are to be found on the elytra. It prefers swampy, shady places, sometimes it can even be found in water. Cucujus cinnaberinus Scop. Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera, Family Cucujidae Carabus variolosus Fabricius, Photo: Lucian Pârvulescu Description: A relatively big beetle (11-15 mm), easily identifiable because of the red color of its body, a color that sets it apart from the other species it is akin to. Preferred habitat: the bark of dead trees, whose wood is in different rotting stages. The trees can be hardwood species (Acer, Fagus, Fraxinus, Populus, Quercus, Salix) or conifers (Abies, Picea, Pinus). Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: Little temperature variation, habitats free from human intervention; Conservation status: – Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: – Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 40 41 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Lucanus cervus L. (Stag Beetle) Habitat requirements: Dead rotten wood; Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera, Family Lucanidae Conservation status: Endangered; Specific threats: No dead wood in the forests; Description: A relatively big beetle, known especially for the Management and monitoring measures: Correct ’horns’ males have. The body is robust, elongated, of shiny management of wood resources. black color whereas the mandibles are chestnut brown. The male’s mandibles are horn shaped, very big, supported by the Rosalia alpina L., Photo: Cristin Cireş massive head. It lives in old hardwood forests, preferring oak forests, but it can also be found in silvo-steppe and steppe zones. It can often be seen in a town’s green areas. Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: Hardwood forests; Conservation status: – Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

*Osmoderma eremita Scop. (Hermit Beetle) Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera, Family Cetoniidae Description: This beetle’s body is dark brown with bronze shades. It feeds on dead wood. It can be found in old hardwood forests. Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: Hardwood forests, free from human activity; Conservation status: – Specific threats: – *Callimorpha quadripunctaria Poda (Jersey Tiger) Management and monitoring measures: – Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera, Family Erebidae Description: A moth whose front wings are black, with silver *Rosalia alpina L. (Rosalia Longicorn) nuances and three diagonal white-yellowish stripes. The rear Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera, Family Cerambycidae wings are red with dark dots lying as follows: 2 near the edge, one towards the edge and one in the middle – for each wing. Description: It is an attractive insect because of its velvety It can be seen at the edge of hardwood forests. body, covered with tiny short and rich hairs colored ash-green, Population size: It has been identified in some places the sometimes even blue. It lives in conifer areas, sometimes – but park; rarely in oak forests, while preferring old beech forests. Habitat requirements: Habitats with plants flowering during Population size: Small, it has been identified in several places the whole hot season, sunny forest edges; the park; Conservation status: Favorable; Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 42 43 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Specific threats: Destruction of habitats populated by this Leptidea morsei Fenton (Fenton’s Wood White) species; Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera, Family Pieridae Management and monitoring measures: Maintain unaltered Description: Butterfly with white wings and greyish nervures. habitats. The ventral part is greyish. It flies at the edge of forests, over Callimorpha quadripunctaria Poda, Photo: Lucian Pârvulescu shrubbery and hay meadows. Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: Forest margins rich in flowers during the entire summer; Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Habitat destruction via human activities on river beds or pesticides in the proximity of forests; Management and monitoring measures: Maintain habitats unpolluted and with no human alteration.

Leptidea morsei, Photo: Daniel Mietchen/Source: wikimedia.org

Euphydryas maturna L. Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera, Family Nymphalidae Description: Butterfly with wings of brown-dark color and orange stains on the upper part. The larvae live on leaves of guilder rose, of ash, or on herbaceous plants, birdseed, and Lycaena dispar Haworth (Large Copper) rosy squill on which they also feed. They prefer damp forests Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera, Family Lycaenidae with openings in the plain zone. The adult can be seen at the beginning of summer – in May, June – in openings and shady Description: Medium sized butterfly, beautifully colored: forests in the plain zone. orange with black margins on the upper side. The ventral Population size: It has not been identified in the park; part has silvery nuances which are a distinguishing mark as Habitat requirements: Habitats with young ash plants, with opposed to the other species it is akin to. It can be seen at the aromatic plants; forests’ edge, in the proximity of streams in the mixed forest Conservation status: – zone. Specific threats: – Population size: It has been identified in some places the Management and monitoring measures: – park; Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 44 45 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Habitat requirements: Sunny habitats with streams; edge, at low altitude, areas rich in flowering plants. Conservation status: Favorable; Population size: It has been identified in some places the Specific threats: Destruction of habitats by draining the park; streams, by introducing pesticides in the nearby forests; Habitat requirements: Sunny forest edges, rich in flowering Management and monitoring measures: Maintain habitats plants; unpolluted and with no human alteration. Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Habitat destruction by scything, by Lycaena dispar Haworth, Photo: Elena Cenușă introducing pesticides in the nearby forests; Management and monitoring measures: Maintain habitats unpolluted and with no major human alteration.

Pholidoptera transsylvanica Fischer Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera, Family Tettigoniidae Description: It is a species of beetle with regressed wings, dark shades and a lighter stripe on its back. It can be found at high altitudes in mountain hay meadows. It is endemic to the Carpathians. Population size: It has been identified in some places the park; *Nymphalis vaualbum Denis & Schiffermuller Habitat requirements: Mountain hay meadows and shrubberies; (Compton Tortoiseshell) Conservation status: Favorable; Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera, Family Nymphalidae Specific threats: Habitat destruction by modifying the Description: Vividly colored butterfly, the upper part of the existing vegetation, planting trees on meadows and using wings being orange-reddish, with black dots and stripes. On chemical substances; the upper part of rear wings it has a V-shaped, white stain and Management and monitoring measures: Maintain mountain towards the rear edges, a yellow stain. It lives at the forests’ hay meadows.

Nymphalis vaualbum, Photo: Alpsdake/Source: wikimedia.org Pholidoptera transsylvanica Fischer, Photo: Lucian Pârvulescu Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 46 47 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Fish Species of Community and frogs, snails, tadpoles and, especially, trout. Population size: It has been identified in the southern part of National Interest the park, in two spots; Barbus meridionalis Risso (Mediterranean Barbel) Habitat requirements: Cold mountain waters; Class Actynopterigia, Order Cypriniformes, Family Cyprinidae Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Water pollution and water drainage; Description: The Mediterranean barbel is a fish that can Management and monitoring measures: Maintain habitats be found in hilly or mountain freshwater courses. Its back is unaltered by human activities. bluish and its ventral part white-yellowish. It has dark dots and stains on the lateral lines, dorsal area and head. During the reproduction period, males have white tubercles on their Cottus poecilopus Heck. (Alpine Bullhead) head. Class Actynopterigia, Order Scorpaeniformes, Family Cottidae Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Description: Similarly to other Cottidae family members, this Habitat requirements: Hill and mountain freshwater fish has a big head, the eyes located almost dorsally, with big streams; gills that resemble little wings when the fish lies deep in the Conservation status: – water. It feeds on insect larvae and other water invertebrates. Specific threats: – It can be found in the rocky depths of high level oxygen Management and monitoring measures: – mountain water. When Cottus gobio is present, C. poecilopus tends to go upstream. It hides among rocks and ventures out Cottus gobio L. (Bullhead) from its hidings towards sunset, looking for food. Class Actynopterigia, Order Scorpaeniformes, Family Cottidae Population size: It has been identified in some places the park; Description: Lonely, sedentary fish – it can be found in rapid Habitat requirements: Mountain freshwater streams; mountain streams, preferring the rocky depths so that he can Conservation status: – hide. It is a greedy carnivore, feeding on insect larvae, eggs of Specific threats: – Cottus gobio L., Photo: Hans Hillewaert/Source: wikipedia.org Management and monitoring measures: –

Cottus poecilopus Heck., Photo: Jwojna1/Source:wikimedia.org Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 48 49 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Eudontomyzon danfordi Regan (Carpathian Lamprey) a light, white-silvery color. Some of them can turn reddish. Class Cephalaspidomorphia, Order Petromyzontiformes, Family Reproduction period is in March-April. It can be found in Petromyzontidae bigger mountain rivers among deep lying rocks. Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Description: Carnivorous species that feeds on fish with Habitat requirements: Deep mountain water with rocky small fins (trout, bullhead, barbel) and, afterwards, sucks their substrate; blood and meat. Its body is elongated, greyish towards the Conservation status: – lateral sides with lighter colors, almost yellowish. The dorsal Specific threats: – part is darker-brownish or bluish and the ventral one whitish- Management and monitoring measures: – yellowish. The larvae are red to purple. It can be found in waters favorable to barbels and Chondrostoma nasus. Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Sabanejewia aurata Filippi (Golden Spined Loach) Habitat requirements: Smooth running mountain rivers with Class Actynopterigia, Order Cypriniformes, Family Cobitidae muddy substrate; Description: It is a small fish (up to 14 cm) to be found in Conservation status: – significant numbers in the waters where it lives. Its head is Specific threats: – flattened on the lateral side, with three pairs of whiskers Management and monitoring measures: – around its mouth. It lives in different biotopes with different characteristics: from mountain rivers with rapid flow and sandy Romanogobio uranoscopus Agassiz (Danube substrate to smooth running waters with muddy substrate. Gudgeon) Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Class Actynopterigia, Order Cypriniformes, Family Cyprinidae Habitat requirements: Broad water courses; Conservation status: – Description: Fish found in mountain waters with rocky Specific threats: – substrate. The body is brownish-greenish, on the lateral side Management and monitoring measures: – having a thin bluish stripe and dark stains. The eyes are located on the frontal part. It feeds on insect, worm and crustacean larvae. Amphibian and Reptile Species of Population size: It has not been identified in the park; Habitat requirements: Mountain water with rocky substrate; Community and National Interest Conservation status: – Triturus alpestris Laur. (Alpine Newt) Specific threats: – Class Amphibia, Order Urodela, Family Salamandridae Management and monitoring measures: – Description: It is a newt species inhabiting hilly and mountainous regions. During the mating season, the male Hucho hucho L. (Danube Salmon) exhibits a dark blue coloring on its back, and flanks are colored: Class Actynopterigia, Order Salmoniformes, Family Salmonidae a white and black spotted stripe below a light blue band. The belly is orange. Females reveal a water camouflage coloring, Description: Predatory fish, akin to the trout, but bigger. an adaptation for the aquatic environment they inhabit. After Its dorsal part is brownish-greenish and the ventral one of the mating season, males take on the camouflage coloring Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 50 51 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest exhibited by females. Triturus montandoni Boul. (Carpathian Newt) Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Class Amphibia, Order Urodela, Family Salamandridae Habitat requirements: Wet habitats, montane bodies of Description: It is an endemic newt species, found only in the water; Carpathian mountain range. It inhabits hilly and montane Conservation status: Favorable; areas, as high as 2.000 m elevations and reaches higher Specific threats: Desertification, pollution of waters it densities at elevations of 500-1.500 m. Reproduction occurs in inhabits; bodies of water, road edge ditches, swamps, lakes. Management and monitoring measures: Preserving Population size: Spotted in numerous areas in the park; unaltered habitats. Habitat requirements: Wet habitats, with montane swamps; Triturus alpestris, Photo: Lucian Pârvulescu Triturus montandoni Boul., Photo: Dan Grigoroaea

Conservation status: Favorable; Triturus cristatus Laur. (Great Crested Newt) Specific threats: Desertification, pollution of waters it inhabits; Class Amphibia, Order Urodela, Family Salamandridae Management and monitoring measures: Preserving Description: It is a relatively large species compared to its unaltered habitats. relatives; the males’ lengths reach up to 14 cm and females’ up to 18 cm. Males display a vivid coloring, olive brown to Triturus vulgaris L. (Smooth Newt) blackish brown, with deep black spots. The flanks and neck are Class Amphibia, Order Urodela, Family Salamandridae black with white and reddish dots. The underside is yellowish- orange with black markings. It can be found in hedgerows, in Description: It is a newt species of approximately 10 cm in swamps and ponds, or fish ponds, from lowland areas up to length, with a greenish-grey upper part. The belly is whitish or hilly regions. gray, with a big yellow or orange streak. During the breeding Population size: It has not been spotted in the park; season, males display a crest. It spreads over a vast range, from Habitat requirements: Stagnant waters in lowland areas; lowlands to montane areas. Conservation status: – Population size: Spotted in numerous areas in the park; Specific threats: – Habitat requirements: Meadows or woodlands with bodies Management and monitoring measures: – of water; Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 52 53 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Conservation status: Favorable; and tend to have shorter limbs and tails. It displays camouflage Specific threats: Desertification, pollution of waters it skin coloration when it crawls on terrains alternating shade inhabits; and sun, its colorations serving also as a warning signal about Management and monitoring measures: Preserving its toxicity. It inhabits deciduous or mixed woodlands. unaltered habitats. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Deciduous and mixed forests; Triturus vulgaris, Photo: Lucian Pârvulescu Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Habitat loss, pollution; Management and monitoring measures: Preserving unaltered habitats.

Bombina variegata L. (Yellow-Bellied Toad) Class Amphibia, Order Anura, Family Bombinatoridae Description: This toad is found in stagnant waters, mostly rainwater puddles. The body is flat and covered in a warty earthy-brown, yellowish or greenish skin on its top side. The belly is grey to blackish, with yellow streaks and may be marked by white dots. Its head is big, wide, with a rounded Salamandra salamandra L. (Common Fire snout. The vivid coloring on its underside serves defense Salamander) purposes, warning predators about its toxicity. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Class Amphibia, Order Urodela, Family Salamandridae Habitat requirements: Bodies of water; Description: It is a species of tailed amphibians, with a body Conservation status: Favorable; length of approximately 25 cm, and cylindrical tail, shorter Specific threats: – than the body length. Females are slightly larger than males Management and monitoring measures: –

Salamandra salamandra L., Photo: Oliviu G. Pop Bombina variegata, Photo: Dan Grigoroaea Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 54 55 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Bufo bufo L. (Common Toad) Population size: Widespread across the whole range of Class Amphibia, Order Anura, Family Bufonidae habitats in the park; Habitat requirements: Bodies of water during springtime for Description: A species of tailless toad, displaying two bulging spawning and spawn development purposes; regions behind the eyes called the paratoid glands. It has Conservation status: – a warty brown-greenish skin. Males are smaller, reaching Specific threats: – approximately 8 cm in length while females reach 13 cm. Management and monitoring measures: – Population size: It has not been spotted in the park; Habitat requirements: Areas with abundant vegetation to be used for hiding purposes, bodies of water; Lacerta agilis L. (Sand Lizard) Conservation status: – Class Reptilia, Order Squamata, Family Lacertidae Specific threats: – Description: It is a lizard species with the body covered in light Management and monitoring measures: – colored skin on the underside and a dark band on the top side. Males develop green coloring during the breeding season. It Rana temporaria L. (Common Frog) dwells in deforested areas, in the vicinity of hedgerows and Class Amphybia, Order Anura, Family Ranidae in heather, on the grassy banks of creeks from where it would jump quickly in the water, if sensing the presence of enemies. Description: It is small toad, with a length ranging from 6 to 10 It is carnivorous, feeding on small slugs, brandling, flies, cm, and found in numerous habitats. It displays dark patches caterpillars, and other larvae. on its back and the color of its body ranges from green to Population size: Spotted in numerous areas in the park; brown and grey. It seems this toad is capable of altering its skin Habitat requirements: Sunny slopes; coloring in order to blend in better with its surroundings. Conservation status: Favorable; Rana temporaria L., Photo: Elena Cenuşă Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

Lacerta agilis, Photo: Cristian Maxim Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 56 57 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Anguis fragilis L. (Slow Worm) Habitat requirements: Dry heather and heathland; Class Reptilia, Order Squamata, Family Anguidae Conservation status: – Specific threats: – Description: It is a limbless lizard species, which spends Management and monitoring measures: – most of its time hidden in the litter of the forest. It feeds on brandling, insects, insect larvae and other small invertebrates. Due to its shiny appearance, it is also called the glass snake. Vipera berus L. (Adder) Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Class Reptilia, Order Squamata, Family Viperidae Habitat requirements: Litter, mossy rocks; Description: It is the most common venomous snake in Conservation status: – Romania, found throughout the whole Carpathian range Specific threats: – and in hilly regions. Of all coloring varieties, black is the most Management and monitoring measures: – widespread in Romania. The young are grey at birth and turn Anguis fragilis, Photo: Elena Cenuşă black with time. The first coupling takes place in spring and the second in autumn if the first one was early. The female gives birth to 5-20 young that start foraging immediately after birth. It is primarily nocturnal. It tends to be very aggressive when the sky is overcast. Its bite can be lethal. Population size: Spotted in all the woods in the park; Habitat requirements: Coniferous and deciduous forest edges, sunny glades; rocky slopes, stubs, habitats rich in small mammals, lizards, toads; Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

Vipera berus L., Photo: Dan Grigoroaea

Coronella austriaca L. (Smooth Snake) Class Reptilia, Order Squamata, Family Colubridae Description: It is a non-venomous snake, with a length of up to 60 cm, with brown, reddish or grey coloring. It has a crown- shaped dark marking on its head, giving rise to the generic name Coronella. It feeds on small animals, usually reptiles. It subdues larger prey by constrictions, although it does not kill it like true constrictors would do. It lays eggs which it buries in the sand. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 58 59 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Species of Birds of Community and Their plumage coloring ranges from grey to brown. It feeds on small animals. In terms of hunting sites, it favors open habitats, National Interest with meadows or grass lands. Aquila pomarina Brehm (Lesser Spotted Eagle) Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Class Aves, Order Falconiformes, Family Accipitridae Habitat requirements: Open areas where food is readily available; Description: It is a large diurnal bird of prey with a wingspan Conservation status: Favorable; of 150 cm and body length of 60 cm, found in open patchy Specific threats: Changes in land usage purposes, use of habitats, with meadows, hedgerows and clusters of trees. Its pesticides on farmlands and grass lands; head and wings have a lighter coloring compared to the rest Management and monitoring measures: Implementation of the body which is brown. It feeds on snakes, lizards, small of agricultural restrictive measures, offset by compensations mammals and birds. for land owners. Population size: It has not been spotted in the park; Habitat requirements: Open areas, clusters of trees, with no anthropic disturbance; Falco vespertinus L. (Red-Footed Falcon) Conservation status: – Class Aves, Order Falconiformes, Family Falconiidae Specific threats: – Description: Small sized diurnal bird of prey. The male has a Management and monitoring measures: – distinct appearance compared to the female: grey plumage, warm chestnut underside, red legs. The female is larger, with Falco tinnunculus L. (Kestrel) blue-grey upper parts, tail patterned with black bands, rusty Class Aves, Order Falconiformes, Family Falconidae yellowish underside, orange legs. Population size: Spotted in several areas of the park; Description: It is one the smallest diurnal birds of prey. Its Habitat requirements: Open areas, unused rookeries for tail is longer than the rest of its body, which constitutes a nesting; distinctive feature from its relatives in the Falconidae family. Conservation status: Favorable; Falco tinnunculus L., Photo: © Kodo34 | Dreamstime Stock Photos Falco vespertinus, Photo: Dan Grigoroaea Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 60 61 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Specific threats: Diminishing nesting sites, rise in agriculture Conservation status: Favorable; with the use of pesticides; Specific threats: Poaching, habitat deterioration, Management and monitoring measures: Implementation overgrazing; of restrictive agricultural measures offset by compensations Management and monitoring measures: Regulation of for land-owners, establishment of tree thickets. grazing and ban of this activity in certain areas; strengthening of security. Tetrao urogallus L. (Western Capercaillie) Class Aves, Order Galliformes, Family Tetraonidae Bonasa bonasia L. (Hazel Grouse) Class Aves, Order Galliformes, Family Tetraonidae Description: The Capercaillie is the largest bird in the park, occurring in coniferous and mixed woodlands with high and Description: Related with the Black Grouse, but smaller in size, thick trees. The male is larger than the female and during the Hazel Grouse lives in coniferous and mixed coniferous and the breeding season has a distinct black plumage with a beech, sycamore, birch, and alder dense and damp woodlands greenish metallic sheen, a white flash on each shoulder and occurring at lower elevations. It hides in shrubs and flies briefly red, prominent eyebrows. The female displays a camouflage from tree to tree, in search of food. It is keen on fruit (wild plumage, blending in with the surrounding landscape. It feeds strawberries, raspberries, blueberries), and buds and crisp on buds, fruit, seeds, and small worms, in winter time having shoots. no choice but to resort to coniferous needles. It flies over short Population size: Spotted in several areas of the park; distances, especially when sensing danger. It does not migrate Habitat requirements: Shrubby woodlands, and woodland from its territory during the cold season. borders rich in shoots, buds and fruit; Population size: Spotted in several areas of the park; Conservation status: Favorable; Habitat requirements: Old coniferous woodlands, not Specific threats: Habitat deterioration; tampered by anthropic interference; availability of food all Management and monitoring measures: Ban of human year long in the its territory; activities in areas where it has been spotted.

Tetrao urogallus – female, Photo: Dan Grigoroaea Bonasa bonasia – male, Photo: Iacob Simionescu Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 62 63 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Strix uralensis Pallas (Ural Owl) Dryocopus martius L. (Black Woodpecker) Class Aves, Order Strigiformes, Family Strigidae Class Aves, Order Piciformes, Family Picidae Description: Nocturnal bird of prey, occurring in both Description: The largest European woodpecker, the Black deciduous and coniferous forests. It requires open, vast areas Woodpecker is often found in old deciduous and coniferous – glades and wood edges – for hunting purposes. It feeds on forests. It will excavate large holes in stumps and trees, in small mammals, reptiles and sometimes even birds. It usually search of insect larvae. It is a sedentary bird. hunts at dusk or during the night, but can also be spotted Population size: Spotted in several areas of the park; at daytime. It nests in large tree cavities, hollow tree trunks, Habitat requirements: Old forests, with debilitated trees; raptors’ abandoned nests. They live in pairs or in solitude all Conservation status: Favorable; year long. It is a sedentary bird. Specific threats: Diminishing of mature woodlands areas; Population size: Spotted in several areas of the park; Management and monitoring measures: Implementation Habitat requirements: Quiet forests, with glades and of measures aimed at preserving old tree woodlands. clearings; Dryocopus martius, Photo: Dan Grigoroaea Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Habitat fragmentation, logging; Management and monitoring measures: Implementation of measures for the conservation of mature woodlands.

Strix uralensis, Photo: Dan Grigoroaea

Picoides tridactylus L. (Eurasian Three-Toed Woodpecker) Class Aves, Order Piciformes, Family Picidae Description: Middle-sized woodpecker, with a black plumage on the head, wings and tail, white from the throat to the belly. The flanks are white with black bars. The back is white with black bars. The male has a big yellow cap. It nests every time in a freshly excavated cavity. It is scarce in mountainous regions across Central and Eastern Europe, in coniferous forests. Not skittish. It is a resident species. Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 64 65 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Population size: Spotted in several areas of the park; and prefers open countries and the outskirts of rivers or lakes. Habitat requirements: Old forests, with debilitated trees; Present only during summer. Conservation status: Favorable; Population size: Spotted in numerous areas in the park; Specific threats: Diminishing of mature woodlands areas; Habitat requirements: Open habitats, on water banks; Management and monitoring measures: Implementation Conservation status: Favorable; of measures aimed at preserving old tree woodlands. Specific threats: Unknown; Management and monitoring measures: – Picoides tridactylus, Photo: Dan Grigoroaea

Motacilla cinerea Tunst. (Grey Wagtail) Class Aves, Order Passeriformes, Family Motacilidae Description: Small-sized bird, with grey head and back, black chin, grey tail, lemon yellow breast and underside. It feeds on small invertebrates caught on the banks of mountain creeks. The stony crevices bordering creek banks are also the spots where it nests, laying 4 to 5 eggs. Present only during the summer. Population size: Spotted in numerous areas in the park; Motacilla alba L. (White Wagtail) Habitat requirements: Banks of mountain streams; Class Aves, Order Passeriformes, Famiy Motacilidae Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Destruction of nests and eggs in areas of Description: Small-sized bird, with a white-greyish plumage intense forestry works, water pollution; on its back and flanks, white on the chest and belly. The crown Management and monitoring measures: Preserving and chin are also white. It feeds on insects and their larvae unaltered creeks.

Motacilla alba, Photo: Dan Grigoroaea Motacilla cinerea, Photo: Dan Grigoroaea Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 66 67 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Cinclus cinclus L. (Dipper) Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Class Aves, Order Passeriformes, Family Cinclidae Ecologic requirements: Open habitats, high rocky areas; Conservation status: Favorable; Description: It occurs on the banks of mountain streams, Specific threats: Nest and eggs destruction by sheepdogs; has a brown sooty back and white breast. Its tail is short and Management and monitoring measures: Monitoring of uplifted. It displays very good swimming skills, in search of nesting sites and establishment of bans. insect larvae and fish spawn. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Prunella collaris Scop., Photo: Hans Braxmeier Habitat requirements: Banks of mountain streams; Conservation status: Favorable;

Cinclus cinclus, Photo: Dan Grigoroaea

Specific threats: Mountain streams pollution; Management and monitoring measures: Preserving clean Prunella modularis L. (Dunnock) mountain streams. Class Aves, Order Passeriformes, Family Prunellidae Description: As opposed to the Alpine Accentor, the Dunnock Prunella collaris Scop. (Alpine Accentor) dwells in lower elevations, starting from creeping pines and Class Aves, Order Passeriformes, Family Prunellidae Norway spruce open woods, down to mixed woodlands. Its Description: Occurring in high mountainous areas, in bare plumage resembles that of a sparrow. It nests at the foot of alpine areas, on meadows and dwarf shrubs. It displays a trees or in shrubs and on moss. In winter, it migrates to glens. streaked, dun camouflage plumage, with a lighter chin and Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; light brown flanks. It nests in rock crevices and talus. In winter Habitat requirements: Habitats consisting of woodlands time it descends in glens, at lower altitude. with shrubs; Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 68 69 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Conservation status: Favorable; cavities, under tree trunks, on the banks of streams. It spends Specific threats: Habitat destruction; summers in mountain woodlands and when winter comes, Management and monitoring measures: Preserving some descends into glens, where the climate is milder. It is a resident pristine areas. bird. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Prunella modularis, Photo: Lucian Pârvulescu Habitat requirements: Habitats consisting of woodlands with shrubs; Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measure: –

Phoenicurus ochruros Gmelin (Black Redstart) Class Aves, Order Passeriformes, Family Saxicolidae Description: Small-sized bird, comparable to a sparrow in terms of proportions. In springtime, during the breeding season, the plumage of the male becomes distinct from that of the female: blue-grey, grey-silvery tail and gets a black spot on the back. The rump is red-orange and the wing tips are dark Erithacus rubecula L. (Robin) blue-grey. The female is grey-brown. It is an insectivorous bird, Class Aves, Order Passeriformes, Famiy Saxicolidae but when the cold season comes, it switches to small fruit. It Description: Small-sized passerine bird, with a brown back nests in rocky terrains. and rusty-red chin and chest. It feeds on insects. It nests in tree Population size: Spotted in numerous areas in the park;

Erithacus rubecula, Photo: Lucian Pârvulescu Phoenicurus ochruros Gmelin, Photo: Lucian Pârvulescu Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 70 71 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Habitat requirements: Wooded habitats, with shrubs; Sitta europaea L. (Eurasian Nuthatch) Conservation status: Favorable; Class Aves, Order Passeriformes, Family Sittidae Specific threats: – Sitta europaea L., Photo: Lucian Pârvulescu Management and monitoring measures: –

Phylloscopus collybita Vieill. (Common Chiffchaff) Class Aves, Order Passeriformes, Family Sylviidae Description: Small-sized bird, greenish-brown above and off- white yellow below. The female builds the nest on ground. The male defends the territory against rivals and attacks potential predators. It is an insectivorous bird. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Woodland edges with abundant vegetation; Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

Phylloscopus collybita, Photo: Lucian Pârvulescu Description: Resident bird, occurring particularly in mixed mountain and lowland forests. It has grey-blue back plumage, and orange-red breast and belly. It feeds on insect larvae and mature insects, various nuts and acorn. It nests in tree holes excavated by woodpeckers not before reducing their entrance by building a mud wall. It is a sedentary bird. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Mixed forests; Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

Corvus corax L. (Raven) Class Aves, Order Passeriformes, Family Corvidae Description: Medium-sized bird, with an all-black plumage. It is the largest of passerine birds. Despite related myths, it lives 10 to 15 years in freedom and in captivity it can attain 40 years. Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 72 73 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

It is an intelligent bird, capable of imitating sounds and even Population size: Numerous individuals in the Arolla pine and words. Its habitats are diverse, although it prefers forests. It is Norway spruce habitat; an omnivorous, sedentary species. Habitat requirements: Mountainous woodlands; Population size: Numerous individual birds and flocks Conservation status: Favorable; consisting of as much as 100 individuals have been spotted Specific threats: – in the park; Management and monitoring measures: – Habitat requirements: Very diverse; Nucifraga caryocatactes, Photo: Dan Grigoroaea Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

Corvus corax, Photo: Lucian Pârvulescu

Nucifraga caryocatactes L. (Spotted Nutcracker) Coccothraustes coccothraustes L. (Hawfinch) Class Aves, Order Passeriformes, Famiy Corvidae Class Aves, Order Passeriformes, Family Fringillidae Description: The Spotted Nutcracker is related to the Eurasian Description: It is a robust bird with a strong bill. It has a rusty- Jay, the rook and the raven. Its plumage is speckled, in black brown head, dark brown back and light orange underparts. and white. Wings and cap are black and the rump is white. It is Resident of deciduous and mixed woodlands, it feeds on fruit very deft and clever. Omnivorous species, it feeds on insects, and seeds with a particular taste for kernels with a hard husk fruit and seeds. In Călimani National Park, it can be easily that it breaks with the help of its strong bill. spotted pecking on Arolla pine (Pinus cembra) cones. It is in Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; the habit of stashing seeds in hidden places thus setting aside Habitat requirements: Mixed woodlands with plants reserves for a longer period. providing its favorite food; Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 74 75 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: – Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: – Management and monitoring measures: – Vespertilio murinus, Photo: Irina Pocora Mammal Species of Community and National Interest Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Schreb. (Greater Horseshoe Bat) Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Rhinolophidae Description: Large bat, revealing fleshy protuberances on its nose. The ears are large, with cross-cutting folds on their outer parts. It used to dwell in caves primarily, but has adjusted quite well to man-made dwellings. In shelters, it hangs upside down freely. Usually the individuals making up a colony keep a certain distance from others and gather closer only when temperature drops. Population size: Has not been spotted in the park; Habitat requirements: Caves, buildings’ attics, undisturbed sites; Conservation status: – Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: – Miniopterus schreibersi Kuhl (Schreibers’ Long- Fingered Bat) Vespertilio murinus L. (Particolored Bat) Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Description: These bats form large colonies. In Romania their Description: Medium-sized species, with a dark brown colonies can grow to 20.000 individuals. Colonies are usually back and white fur tips, grey belly and white neck. Occurs in established in caverns or mine pits, but can be also found in deciduous woodlands and finds shelter in tree holes, house tunnels, abandoned buildings and other artificial structures. attics, church steeples, rock crevices. Males and females form Recent years have seen a decline in the population of this separate groups. species. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Population size: Has not been spotted in the park; Habitat requirements: Deciduous and mixed woodlands, Habitat requirements: Undisturbed caves; undisturbed sites; Conservation status: – Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: – Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 76 77 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Nyctalus noctula Schreb. (Noctule Bat) Nyctalus lasiopterus Schreb. (Greater Noctule Bat) Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Description: Large-sized species, with a reddish-brown fur on Description: The largest bat species in Europe and, at the the back and light brown on the belly. Ears are wide and round- same time, one of the few bat species feeding on birds. It is very edged. It occurs all across Europe. It forms breeding colonies well adapted for hunting using echolocation and its wings are in tree holes, buildings, walls, and rock crevices. During winter, fit for chasing purposes, its echolocation frequencies being it hibernates in clefts, tree holes and seldom in rock crevices. above the hearing range of the birds it feeds on. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Forests, abandoned buildings; Habitat requirements: Deciduous woodlands, with trees fit Conservation status: Favorable; for roosting, dead wood; Specific threats: Disturbances during hibernation; Conservation status: Vulnerable; Management and monitoring measures: – Specific threats: Loss of habitat; Management and monitoring measures: Preserving trees Nyctalus noctula, Photo: Viorel Pocora with thick-cracked trunks.

Nyctalus lasiopterus, Photo: CC-BY/Source: wikimedia.org

Pipistrellus savii Bonap. (Savi’s Pipistrelle) Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Description: Small-sized species, with a brown-yellowish or dark brown fur on the back and yellowish-grey or pale grey on the belly. Ears and nose are blackish. It has distinctive incisors and first molar. It feeds on insects. In roosts under the bark of tree trunks and in winters it favors cavers, cellars and deep rock crevices. Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 78 79 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; 200 to 2.000 m above sea level. It does not migrate seasonally. Habitat requirements: Quiet hideouts; In winter, it hibernates in houses and underground sites. In Conservation status: Favorable; summertime, females form colonies and males dwell alone. It Specific threats: – feeds on insects. Management and monitoring measures: – Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Quiet hideouts; Pipistrellus savii Bonap., Photo: Tomaž Jančar/Source: wikimedia.org Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Colonies’ disturbances; Management and monitoring measures: Locating colonies and maintaining their habitats unspoiled.

Eptesicus serotinus Schreb. (Serotine Bat) Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Description: Medium-sized species, with a smoky brown fur on the back and a yellowish-brown belly. Face and ears are black. It is widespread in Europe and favors tree holes and cracks in tree trunks. Population size: Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Eptesicus nilssonii Key. & Blas. (Northern Bat) Habitat requirements: Tree holes; Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Conservation status: Favorable; Description: Medium-sized species, with brown back fur and Specific threats: – golden brown belly fur. It favors forest uplands ranging from Management and monitoring measures: –

Eptesicus nilssonii, Photo: Irina Pocora Eptesicus serotinus, Photo: Viorel Pocora Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 80 81 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Pipistrellus pipistrellus Schreb. (Common Pipistrelle) Description: Small-sized bat, with the male slightly smaller Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae than the female. Fur color varies depending on the habitat, from beige to reddish-brown on the back while the belly is Description: Europe’s smallest bat species. Its fur is brown white with the individual hairs having black bases. Species with some variations in tone. It is common in forests and identification relies on dentition. unused buildings, even in towns, as it has adapted well to the Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; specific living conditions. It forms large hibernation colonies Habitat requirements: Undisturbed sites – abandoned comprising thousands of individuals. buildings; Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Conservation status: Favorable; Habitat requirements: Tree holes; Specific threats: Rehabilitation of abandoned buildings; Conservation status: Favorable; Management and monitoring measures: – Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: – Plecotus auritus L. (Brown Long-Eared Bat) Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Photo: Irina Pocora Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Description: Medium-sized species, with grey brown back fur and light yellowish belly. The ears are long, constituting quite a distinctive feature from other species. It roosts in tree holes and buildings. It hunts at high elevations, sometimes during daytime, and favors moths and nocturnal butterflies. It is a bat with better eyesight than echolocation capacities. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Tree holes, buildings; Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

Pipistrellus kuhlii Kuhl (Kuhl’s Pipistrelle) Plecotus auritus, Photo: Viorel Pocora Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae

Pipistrellus kuhlii, Photo: Viorel Pocora Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 82 83 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Plecotus austriacus Fischer (Grey Long-Eared Bat) Barbastella barbastellus Schreb. (Barbastelle Bat) Clasa Mammalia, Ordinul Chiroptera, Familia Vespertilionidae Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Description: Bears close resemblance to the brown long- Description: It is a bat with short nose, small eyes and wide eared bat, but its belly is paler in color. It has been often ears. It lives all year long under the bark of trees, in old, spotted on cultivated areas and lowlands. Able to withstand undisturbed forests with dead wood, constituting, in fact, its low temperatures which allows it to hibernate in caverns, ideal habitat. It is a rare species throughout its whole range. mine pits and rock crevices. It is a highly sedentary species, Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; migrating over short distance, no more than 60 km. Habitat requirements: Undisturbed woodlands; Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Conservation status: Favorable; Habitat requirements: Tree holes, buildings; Specific threats: Habitat shrinking, disturbances; Conservation status: Favorable; Management and monitoring measures: Preserving some Specific threats: Intensive agriculture; woodland untouched by logging. Management and monitoring measures: – Barbastella barbastellus, Photo: Irina Pocora Plecotus austriacus, Photo: Irina Pocora

Myotis myotis Bork. (Greater Mouse-Eared Bat) Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Description: It is one of the largest species of the Myotis genus and one of the most sizeable bat species in Europe. It feeds on various arthropods that it forages from the ground, after locating them based on the sounds they make. It uses echolocation to find its way. Summer colonies roost almost Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 84 85 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest exclusively in building attics, whilst in winter time they retreat Conservation status: Favorable; in cavers, mine pits, cellars. Specific threats: Disturbances during hibernation; Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Management and monitoring measures: Banning access to Habitat requirements: Caves, grasslands and bush for colonies. foraging; Myotis blythi Tomes, Photo: Irina Pocora Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Disturbances during hibernation; Management and monitoring measures: Banning access to colonies.

Myotis myotis, Photo: Viorel Pocora

Myotis blythi Tomes (Lesser Mouse-Eared Bat) Myotis daubentoni Kuhl (Daubenton’s Bat) Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Description: A relatively large bat, with long, pointed ears and Description: Small-sized bat, with a grey-brown fur color on a slender tragus. It is blackish or greyish on the upper parts and the back and silvery-grey on the belly. Found particularly in brown-grey to off-white on the under parts, with grey tips to woodlands, favoring trees located in the proximity of bodies of the hair. Some individuals have a white patch between the ears; water, rivers or canals. Hibernates in highly damp sites: cellars, it occurrs often in mixed colonies with other Myotis species. mine pits or under bridges. It is an insectivorous species and Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; uses echolocation for catching its prey and for nocturnal Habitat requirements: Caves, grasslands and bush for orientation purposes. foraging; Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 86 87 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Habitat requirements: Sites in the vicinity of bodies of water, it roosts in rock crevices, buildings and tree holes. It hibernates high humidity during hibernation; in underground sites. It hunts on woodland edges, on Conservation status: Favorable; open meadows or over water and favors flies, spiders and Specific threats: Disturbances during hibernation; butterflies. Management and monitoring measures: – Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Wall, rock clefts; Myotis daubentonii, Photo: Viorel Pocora Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Disturbances during hibernation; Management and monitoring measures: –

Myotis brandtii Evers. (Brandt’s Bat) Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Description: A species slightly larger than the whiskered bat, with relatively long ears and light brown shaggy fur. Deciduous and mixed woodlands as well as the vicinity of water are particularly significant habitats. It rarely occurs near human settlements. In summertime, it roosts in tree holes and tree trunks creeks while in winter it hibernates in caverns and Myotis mystacinus Kuhl (Whiskered Bat) mine pits. Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Mixed forests, bodies of water; Description: Small-sized species, with relatively shaggy Conservation status: Favorable; fur, occurring in various habitats: urban areas, mountainous Specific threats: – areas, cultivated areas as well as woodlands. In summertime, Management and monitoring measures: –

Myotis mystacinus, Photo: Viorel Pocora Myotis brandtii, Photo: Irina Pocora Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 88 89 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Myotis nattereri Kuhl (Natterer’s Bat) Males tend to hibernate solitarily while females form maternity Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae colonies comprising about 200 individuals. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Description: Medium-sized species, with long ears having Habitat requirements: Closed hunting grounds, tree a distinct curvature. Its shaggy, soft fur is grey-brown on the crowns; back and white on the belly. It appears in various habitats, Conservation state: Favorable; particularly in oak and beech woodlands and in the vicinity of Specific threats: – bodies of water. In summertime, it roosts in tree holes, building Management and monitoring measures: – walls and in winter it hibernates in rock crevices, caverns, cellars etc. It feeds on spiders, flies, beetles and aquatic insects. Myotis emarginatus, Photo: Gilles San Martin/Source: wikimedia.org Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Clefts, tree holes, bodies of water; Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

Myotis nattereri, Photo: Viorel Pocora

Myotis emarginatus Geoff. (Geoffroy’s Bat) Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae Description: Medium-sized species, with a distinct notch on the top third fraction of its ear. Its long, wooly fur reveals three colors on the upper sides: grey, reddish and auburn while its belly is yellowish-grey. It appears in deciduous woodlands and would rather roost in rock and cave crevices than in buildings. Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 90 91 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Myotis bechsteinii Kuhl (Bechstein’s Bat) in the trees in search of food. In October, it starts hibernating Class Mammalia, Order Chiroptera, Family Vespertilionidae in a nest built in trees, stacks of wood or other covert places. It rarely descends on ground. In summertime, if the weather is Description: Medium-sized species, with relatively long ears, cold and food scarce, it significantly reduces its metabolic rate long, soft fur, reddish-brown on the back and pale grey on going into torpor. the belly. Flies discretely, which is quite suitable for catching Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; nocturnal insects. It roosts in tree holes which also serve as Habitat requirements: Trees with holes, seeds and fruit, hibernation sites. It favors woodlands and particularly vast hazels to set aside provisions before hibernation; forest habitats, stretching over dozens of hectares. Conservations status: Favorable; Myotis bechsteinii Kuhl, Photo: Irina Pocora Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

Muscardinus avellanarius, Photo: Mariana Popovici

Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Vast woodlands; Dryomys nitedula L. (Forest Dormouse) Conservation status: Favorable; Class Mammalia, Order Rodentia, Family Myoxidae Specific threats: Habitat fragmentation; Description: This dormouse species, with a long tail almost as Management and monitoring measures: Preserving long as its body, has long, fluffy grey hair. It has greyish-brown compact woodland areas of at least 25 hectares. fur on its back side and yellowish on its underside. A black stripe surrounds the eyes and extends to the ear. It dwells in Muscardinus avellanarius L. (Hazel Dormouse) a variety of habitats: mixed and coniferous woodlands, rocky Class Mammalia, Order Rodentia, Family Myoxidae landscapes, dwarf montane pine shrubbery, reaching altitudes as high as 3.000 m. It feeds on small invertebrates, buds, crisp Description: Small-sized species, with golden-brown fur and shoots and, in autumn time, on various fruit and seeds. big black eyes. It is a nocturnal species and spends its time up Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 92 93 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Management and monitoring measures: Divert tourist Habitat requirements: Tree holes and trunks, shrubbery for routes around the areas where the species was spotted. building its nest; Sorex alpinus, Photo: Dodoni/Source: wikimedia.org Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: – Management and monitoring measures: –

Dryomis nitedula, Photo: Dodoni/Source: wikimedia.org

Neomys anomalus Cabr. (Mediterranean Water Shrew) Class Mammalia, Order Insectivora, Family Soricidae Description: This species occurs in mountainous areas. It has a revealing dark brown backside, and off-white flanks and belly. It feeds on amphibians and small fish as well as insects and worms, and eats up to three times its body mass. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Damp lowlands along rivers; Conservation status: Favorable; Sorex alpinus Schinz (Alpine Shrew) Specific threats: – Class Mammalia, Order Insectivora, Family Soricidae Management and monitoring measures: –

Description: Species occurring in subalpine and alpine Neomys anomalus, Photo: David Perez/Source: wikimedia.org meadows and coniferous woodlands at high elevations. It has a greyish-black fur on its back side and brown on its underside. Its darker fur and longer tail sets it apart from other shrew species. It feeds on insects, spiders, worms, and mollusk. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Damp meadows close to streams located in the upper woodlands area; Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Tourism in its habitat; Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 94 95 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

*Canis lupus L. (Wolf) the same territory. Their foraging begins at nightfall, more Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Canidae precisely at dusk, continues throughout the night and ends in the morning when they are back at base. The only exception is Description: Alongside the brown bear, the wolf one of the the mating season when they can be seen during daytime. biggest and most threated large predators in Europe. It is Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; monogamous, and pairs form from December up to February Habitat requirements: Vast continuous woodlands; when mating occurs. The dominant female will settle with Conservations status: Favorable; one of the suitors and form a pair bond until the offspring are Specific threats: Habitat fragmentation, poaching; grown. Although sedentary, it is the animal that walks most. Management and monitoring measures: Establishment of In one night only it can travel 40 to 50 km in search of food. wildlife corridors, strengthening security. The breeding pairs’ home range is smaller (3-6 km) for about three months, the time needed for the offspring to mature, but it increases significantly come autumn when wolves group *Ursus arctos L. (Brown Bear) in packs. Packs are territorial, each one covering a distinct Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Ursidae territory in search of food. After some time, depending on the Description: A particularly strong animal, with a body quantity of food they are able to amass, the pack gathers on length of up to 2,5 m, a shoulder height of up to 1,5 m and Canis lupus, Photo: Elena Cenușă a maximum weight of up to 500 kg. It might seem ungainly, but it can run effectively and it is quite resilient. It spends its days retreating in the bush and comes out at night to feed and drink. In general, if undisturbed, the bear keeps to its trails. In heavy winters, it retreats to a den. This can be a hollow space in rocks, dirt, or trees; an area confined by fallen trees; or any other shelter located preferably on the southern slope, sunny, shielded form winds and close to water. The den is lined with moss, leaves, dry grass, and savin. The pregnant female visits the den early and often, preparing it for littering. If possible, the den will be located close to a grazing site in anticipation of its weakened condition by winter and nursing. The bear is generally peaceable in relation to humans. However, it will attack in rare occasions: if hurt; if the mother bear is with cubs and fears they will be taken from her; if disturbed when hungry and eating from a dead prey; if surprised from a small distance and has no time to run off; or, finally, if based on previous encounters with humans, it has come to the conclusion that attack is the best means of self-defense. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Vast continuous woodlands; Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 96 97 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Conservations status: Favorable; Lutra lutra L. (Eurasian Otter) Specific threats: Habitat fragmentation, poaching; Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Mustelidae Management and monitoring measures: Establishment of Description: A predator species, dwelling preferably in wildlife corridors, strengthening security. mountainous waters and their shores. It is a crepuscular and Ursus arctos, Photo: Elena Cenuşă nocturnal animal, but can be seen also during the day. It can last 6-7 minutes under water without needing to surface. Adaptations for its aquatic lifestyle include the iris muscle’s capacity to push out the lens so as to reach the required distance for underwater vision, a similar adaptation being found with seals and cormorants. Its large whiskers help it fish in turbid waters. Its diet consists mainly of crabs. Of fish species it favors trout, grayling and carp. It also feeds on frogs, mallards, common coots, aquatic rodents including muskrats. Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Habitat requirements: Rocky stream edges covered in green growth; Conservation status: Favorable; Specific threats: Mountain stream enhancement, pollution; Management and monitoring measures: Preserving water streams unaltered by human interference.

Lutra lutra, Photo: © Navarone | Dreamstime Stock Photos Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest 98 99 Guide of Species and Habitats of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest Species of Community and National Interest

Lynx lynx L. (Eurasian Lynx) Felis silvestris Schreb. (Wildcat) Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Felidae Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Felidae Description: A nocturnal and solitary animal, it sometimes Description: The wildcat resembles from many points of hunts also at daytime. Over short distances, it is the fastest of view the domestic cat. Nevertheless, while domesticated cats predators in the Romanian fauna. It inhabits very large home have different shapes, sizes and colors, the wild cat’s coat ranges. Vital territory: approximately 4-10 square km per ranges from pale yellow to dark brown, with black stripes specimen. Lynxes can travel over 45 km a night. Females leave and patches. Its underside is light brown in color and black their maternity range after 6 months, establishing themselves spotted in some cases. It can be found in various habitats, at significant distance (sometimes over 100 km). They give but it favors undisturbed broad-leaved forests and coniferous birth once a year. Kittens become independent as they reach and broad-leaved mixed forests. Its favorite food consists of one year of age, when their mother retreats again for littering. rodents, particularly hare, as well as birds, lizards and other Like other wild animals, it raises its offspring in dens located small animals. away from trails, but given the reclusive nature of this animal, Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; these sites are even more secluded. Dens consist of large, Habitat requirements: Quiet woodlands, undisturbed by hollow logs or rocks, uprooted or overlapping trees, and any human activities; cavern in the ground, appropriate for lairing. Conservations status: Favorable; Population size: Spotted in several areas in the park; Specific threats: Habitat fragmentation, poaching; Habitat requirements: Quiet woodlands, undisturbed by Management and monitoring measures: Strengthening human activities; security, establishment of wildlife corridors and silence zones. Conservations status: Favorable; Felis silvestris, Photo: Elena Cenuşă Specific threats: Habitat fragmentation, poaching; Management and monitoring measures: Establishment of wildlife corridors, strengthening security.

Lynx lynx, Photo: Mircea Vergheleţ References Ambroze, L. et al.: The Atlas of Species of European Interest for Natura 2000 Sites in Slovakia, Slovenske muzeum ochrany prirody a jaskyniartstva, Bratislava, 2011. Asoltani, Loredana: Floristic and Phytocoenological Ecosystem Diversity in Neagra Șarului River Basin, Ph.D Thesis, 2008, Al.I. Cuza University Press, Iași. Bruun, B., Delin, H., Svensson, L. 1999, Birds in Romania and Europe, Romanian Ornithological Society Press, Romanian translation by Dan Munteanu. Ciocârlan, V.: Illustrated Flora of Romania – Pteridophyta et Spermatophyta, Ceres Publishing, Bucharest, 2009. Doniță et al., Habitats in Romania, Tehnică Silvică Publishing, Bucharest, 2005. Gafta D., Mountford J. O., (coord.). 2008. Guideline for the interpretation de Natura 2000 habitats in România, Risoprint Publishing, Cluj-Napoca, p. 101. Garnweidner, Ed.: Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe, 1994, Harper Collins Publisher, London. Hofmann, Helga: Wild animals of Britain and Europe, Harper Collins Publisher, London, 2007. Hofmann, H., Marktanner, T.: Butterflies and Moths of Britain and Europe, 1995, Harper Collins Publisher, London. Jére, C., Szodoray-Parádi, A., Szodoray-Parádi, F. 2008. Bats and Environmental Impact Assessment, Romanian Bat Protection Association Press. Lippert, W., Podlech, D. – Wild Flowers of Britain and Europe, 2001, Harper Collins Publisher, London. Meschede, A., Guthler, W., Boye, P., Forest Bats, Romanian Bat Protection Association Press, Romanian translation by: Farkas Szodoray-Parádi, László Szántó. Milvus Group: The Wolf – Biology, Ethology, and Damage Prevention Measures, 2006, brochure published under the project „Large Carnivores: improving man-wolf relationship in Călimani and Gurghiului Mountains” Popa, L.., Moglan, I., Jdanchin, T., 2003. Butterflies in Romania and Moldova, Universităţii Press „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Iaşi. Sova, C. Brăescu, D. 1988. Carnivores of Romania, Bacău Museums Press, Bacău.

Online references www.wikipedia.com www.caudata.org http://www.luontoportti.com www.eurobats.org www.lhnet.org Regulations COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, consolidated version of 1 January 2007; DIRECTIVE 2009/147/EC of the EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds; Government Emergency Ordinance 57 of 2007 regulating natural protected areas, the conservation of natural habitats, and wild flora and fauna passed with modifications and supplements by way of Law no. 49 of 2011.