Hofstra University Model United Nations Conference
UN General Assembly 4: Special Political and Decolonization (SPECPOL)
Gopal Khandelwal Chairperson Council Resources: goo.gl/Vz2MhK 1
Hello Delegates!
My name is Gopal Khandelwal, and I will be serving as your chair for the SPECPOL Committee. I wanted to welcome you to the conference and give you some information about myself, especially in relation to MUN.
I’m an international student from Hong Kong, currently a freshman at Hofstra University, with an undeclared major, and I am involved in a large number of on-campus activities. This is my first MUN conference as a Hofstra student, but I have been to nearly twenty conferences during high school. I have also served as a chair three times on three different committees, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the UN Environmental Program, and emergency sessions in the General Assembly (GA).
Throughout my Model UN experiences, I have debated many different topics. In Singapore, I voted to extradite Hissène Habré, the former dictator of Chad, to Belgium to face his war crimes against his own people and condemned terror organizations around the world. In Malaysia, I argued for greater protection of the seas and coral reefs from the destructive fishing industry. In Hong Kong, I advocated for a better Security Council and drafted a plan that would, hopefully, lead to the end of the terror group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). As a chair, I have seen the power, zeal, and energy that new delegates bring to the table, coupled with the knowledge and experience of seasoned delegates. The topics we will discuss at this conference are ones that directly affect some of the largest and most important nations not only in Asia, but in the world, and are those which will require you to exercise skills you may have never known existed within you.
I wish you the best of luck.
Gopal Khandelwal [email protected]
2
Introduction to the Committee
The Special Political and Decolonization Committee (SPECPOL) is described by the United
Nations as the body which1, 2 ,3
considers a broad range of issues covering a cluster of five decolonization-related agenda items, the effects of atomic radiation, questions relating to information, a comprehensive review of the question of peacekeeping operations as well as a review of special political missions, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), the Report of the Special Committee on Israeli Practices and International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space.
The General Assembly (GA) hosts the largest gathering of world leaders at the UN, and was the first ever UN body assembled when the United Nations was established at San Francisco in 1945. The GA consists of six different functional committees, the Disarmament and
International Security Committee (DISEC); the Economic and Financial Committee (ECOFIN); the Social, Cultural and Humanitarian Committee (SOCHUM); the Special Political and
Decolonization Committee (SPECPOL); the Administration and Budgetary Council; and the
Legal Committee.
SPECPOL is the arguably among the most important GA committees and is extremely active in the international community in solving some of the world’s major issues. These range from such topics as human rights and peacekeeping, to issue areas concerning outer space and mining on internationally-governed celestial bodies such as the moon.
In our committee, you will be discussing the issues of Kashmir in regards to violations of the Line of Control (LOC), and that of the territorial dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea. Both of these issues are inspired by the ICJ’s cases.4
3
Introduction to the Issues before the Committee
Topic 1: The Issue of Kashmir in Regards to Violations of the LOC | Timeline
The Issue of Kashmir is a deeply contentious issue that has divided the governments of
India and Pakistan ever since their decolonization. Both nations claim Kashmir, and ever since China started to involve itself in the conflict, a move heavily criticized by India, the issue has become even more relevant.
The issue started in1947 when during partition, Kashmir was not acceded to either state, and remained a so-called “princely state”.5 After instigation by the newly created government of Pakistan, armed warlords invaded Kashmir. The monarch of Kashmir, Maharaja
Hari Singh, requested aide from India, who acquiesced after being promised in a letter that
Kashmir would be handed over to India afterwards. (Note: Pakistan does not recognize this letter as a valid legal document.)
Timeline of events in the Kashmir conflict between Indian and Pakistan:*6, 7, 8, 9
Year Event 1947 Partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan. 1947 The Maharaja of Kashmir signs a treaty of accession with India after a Pakistani tribal army attacks. War breaks out between India and Pakistan over the region. 1984 India raises the issue of Kashmir in the UN Security Council, whereby in UN Resolution 47, a call is made for a referendum on the status of the territory. The resolution also calls on Pakistan to withdraw its troops, and India to cut its military presence to a minimum. A ceasefire comes into
* This timeline was adapted from the BBC’s "Kashmir Profile - Timeline", PeaceInsight’s "Kashmir: Conflict Timeline", and CNN’s "Timeline of the Kashmir Conflict". Information was added to the original text, as needed, for clarification.
4
force, but Pakistan refuses to evacuate its troops. Kashmir is, for practical purposes, partitioned. 1950s China gradually occupies eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin). 1951 Elections in the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir back accession to India. India says this makes a referendum unnecessary. The UN and Pakistan say a referendum needs to take into account the views of voters throughout the former princely state. 1953 The pro-Indian authorities dismiss and arrest the Prime Minister of Kashmir, Sheikh Abdullah, leader of the governing National Conference, after he takes a pro-referendum stance and delays formal accession to India. A new Jammu and Kashmir government ratifies accession to India. 1957 The constitution of Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir defines it as part of India. 1962 China defeats India in a short war for control of Aksai Chin 1963 Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China. 1965 A brief war between Indian and Pakistan over Kashmir ends in a ceasefire, with a return to territorial status quo and military positions. 1971-72 Another Indo-Pakistani war ends in defeat for Pakistan and leads to the 1972 Shimla Agreement. This turns the Kashmir ceasefire line into the Line of Control (LOC), requires both sides to settle their differences through negotiations, and calls for a final settlement of the Kashmir dispute. The Agreement forms the basis of Pakistani-Indian relations thereafter. 1974 The Opposition Plebiscite Front in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir drops demand for a referendum in return for extensive autonomy in an agreement with the Indian government. Sheikh Abdullah becomes chief minister and his political dynasty continues to dominate the National Conference and state after his death in 1982. 1984 The Indian Army seizes control of the Siachen Glacier, an area not demarcated by the Line of Control. Pakistan makes frequent attempts to capture the area in the following decades. 1987 Disputed state elections in Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir give impetus to a pro-independence insurgency centered on the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF). India accuses Pakistan of fomenting the insurgency by dispatching fighters across the Line of Control, which Pakistan denies. 1990 The insurgency escalates after the Indian Army kills about 100 demonstrators at Gawakadal Bridge. Attacks and threats lead to the flight of almost all Hindus from the Kashmir Valley area of the state. India imposes Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Jammu and Kashmir. 1990s The insurgency continues, with Kashmiri militants training in Pakistan and India deploying hundreds of thousands of troops in Jammu and Kashmir. Violence against civilians by both sides is widespread. Both nations achieve nuclear power; neither sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1999 India and Pakistan go to war again after militants cross from Pakistani- administered Kashmir into the Indian-administered Kargil district. India
5
wards off the attack, accuses Pakistan of being behind it and breaks off relations. 2001-2004 Moves to boost relations between the two countries are punctuated by continuing violence, notably a 2001 attack in Srinagar on the parliament of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.
2010 Major protests erupt in the Kashmir Valley of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir over the summer after a demonstrator is killed by the Indian army. The protests abate in September after the government announces measures to ease tension. 2011 August: Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah announces an amnesty for the 1,200 young men who threw stones at security forces during the anti- government protests in the Kashmir Valley the previous year.
Indian State Human Rights Commission confirms presence of more than 2,000 unidentified bodies in unmarked graves near the Line of Control. Activists say many may be people who disappeared after being arrested by security forces.
September: Indian forces kill three Pakistani soldiers in firing across the Line of Control. India accuses Pakistan of opening fire first. 2013 February: Mohammad Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri member of Jaish-e- Mohammed, is hanged over role in 2001 Indian parliament terror attack, prompting protests in which two young men are killed.
September: The prime ministers of India and Pakistan meet and agree to try to reduce the number of violent incidents at their disputed border in Kashmir. 2014 August: India cancels talks with Pakistan after accusing it of interfering in India's internal affairs. The decision comes after Pakistan's High Commissioner in Delhi consulted Kashmiri separatist leaders in advance of the talks.
During a visit to the disputed border state of Jammu and Kashmir, India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi accuses Pakistan of waging a proxy war against India in Kashmir.
October: Pakistan and India exchange strongly-worded warnings after a flare-up of violence across their common border leaves at least eighteen people dead. 2015 March: India's ruling BJP party is sworn into government in Indian- administered Jammu and Kashmir, for first time, in coalition with local People's Democratic Party, with the latter's Mufti Mohammad Sayeed serving as chief minister.
6
September: Muslim separatist leaders in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir close shops, businesses, and government departments in protest over at the enforcement of a colonial-era ban on eating beef.
November: One person dies in violent protests following a visit to Indian- administered Kashmir by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. 2016 April: Mehbooba Mufti, the leader of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), becomes the first female chief minister of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir following the death of her father and party founder Mufti Mohammad Sayeed.
July: Authorities impose an indefinite curfew in most parts of Indian- administered Jammu and Kashmir after violent protests sparked by the killing by security forces of Burhan Wani, a popular militant and top commander of the Hizbul Mujahideen group.
August: A curfew in most parts of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir is lifted but schools, shops and most banks remain shut and mobile and internet services remain suspended. At least sixty-eight civilians and two security officials have died and more than 9,000 people injured in over fifty days of violence according to official tallies.
September: India and Pakistan exchange a war of words after eighteen Indian soldiers are killed in a raid by gunmen on an army base in Indian- administered Kashmir.
India says it has carried out "surgical strikes" against suspected militants along the Line of Control but Pakistan rejects the claims.
October: The Indian army shoots dead three suspected militants as they try to enter an army camp in northern Kashmir.
November: Human Rights Watch appeals for an end to the burning of schools in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir after pro-separatist groups destroy 25 such schools.
Thousands of villagers in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir are evacuated after violence escalates following the killing of seven Pakistani soldiers in an exchange of fire between India and Pakistan along the Line of Control. 2017 May: Thousands defy a curfew across Indian-administered Kashmir to attend the funeral of top rebel commander Sabzar Ahmad Bhat.
July: Violent clashes take place in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir on the anniversary of the death of militant commander Burhan Wani.
7
Militants attack Hindu pilgrims, killing at least seven and injuring sixteen, in the worst such attack since 2000. UN Resolutions on Kashmir: : undocs.org/S/RES/47(1948)
Topic 1: The Issue of Kashmir in Regards to Violations of the LOC | Summary
,is an area located in between the countries of India ( ﺮﯿﺸﻤﮐ :Kashmir (Hindi: कशीर Urdu
Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China. The LOC refers to the “Line of Control”, the de facto boundary between the India and Pakistan (Note: This conference does not focus on the Line of
Actual Control (LAC), the border between India and China). The core of this topic is the Indian
Independence Movement of the former half of the previous century. When the British Raj was set to be carved up into the nations of India and Pakistan (and eventually Bangladesh), territories were divided according to the majority religion of the area: majority
Hindu areas were considered part of India, while majority Muslim areas were considered Pakistan. These eventually coalesced into their current form. However, some areas, such as the Princely State of Kashmir, were given free rein as to which country they would choose to go to.10
In order to secure the region, an army of Pakistani tribes attacked the Princely State of
Kashmir, which had a Muslim-majority population but a Hindu ruler, or maharaja. Because of the security threat, the maharaja felt forced to sign a treaty of accession with India in order to maintain his rule. India claims that this is the basis for Kashmir belonging to them, while
Pakistan rejects such a claim and casts doubt the authenticity of the treaty. As an issue, it is extremely important to solve due to its lasting impacts on the regional geopolitics and
8 economies. Most countries, including India and Pakistan, agree that the issue has gone on for too long, and seek to finally solve the issue. However, the two sides differ on many points about possible solutions.
The international community has also recognized the need for resolution. The United
Nations has passed 4 resolutions on the India and Pakistan issue, namely UNSC Resolutions 38,
39, 47, and 51. Of all of these, UNSC 47 is the most important resolution. Both sides technically agreed to Resolution 47, but neither side has completely fulfilled its responsibilities to the resolution, hence locking the region in a stalemate.
Topic 1: The Issue of Kashmir in Regards to Violations of the LOC | Case Studies
Violations of the Line of Control are unfortunately frequent and often result in massive losses of civilian life on either side of the conflict.11 Such violations include the 26/11 Attacks on the Taj Mahal Hotel in Mumbai, an attack called the 9/11 of India, perpetrated by the Lashkar-e-
an allegedly Pakistani-sponsored militant group in Kashmir. This attack ,(ﻟﺸﮑﺮ طﯿﺒہ :Taiba (Urdu resulted in 164 dead and at least 308 injured. Other recent major violations of the LOC include the 2016 Uri/Pathankot attacks against an Indian Army outpost in Kashmir, after which retaliatory “surgical strikes” were conducted against the alleged perpetrators of the violence. In
ﺟﯿﺶ :this case, India blamed Pakistani-supported groups such as the Jaish-e-Mohammed (Urdu
for the Uri/Pathankot attacks.12, 13, 14, 15 (ﻟﺸﮑﺮ طﯿﺒہ :and Lashkar-e-Taiba (Urdu ( ﺪﺤﻤﻣ
Terrorism in the region is considered one of the reasons why the issue is so contentious.16,
17, 18, 19 Since India considers the attacks as directed from Pakistan, the government of India is distrustful of stated intentions and actions from the Pakistani side. Pakistan claims no responsibility for the actions of what it refers to as “lone-wolf terrorists”. The delegation of India
9 will most likely take issue with alleged Pakistani-sponsored terrorism in Kashmir, and the delegate of Pakistan will likely have to confront that in session. Additional research on how terrorism affects bilateral relations is thoroughly recommended by the chair. Documents curated by the chair can be found here: goo.gl/Vz2MhK.
Topic 1: The Issue of Kashmir in regards to violations of the LOC | Bloc Positions
Besides India and Pakistan, whose positions should be obvious, many nations favor one resolution of the issue over others. Members of the Association of South East Asian Nations
(ASEAN) are underlined. Members of the ASEAN Plus Three are marked with a “+3” mark.
India Leaning Neutral Pakistan Leaning India Brunei Pakistan
United States Indonesia (formerly Pakistan China+3 leaning) Russia Myanmar (slightly India leaning) Cambodia Philippines (slightly India leaning)
Laos South Korea+3 Malaysia Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Japan+3
Topic 1: The Issue of Kashmir in regards to violations of the LOC | Guiding Questions
1) What steps can be taken immediately (both cooperatively and separately) by both parties
to alleviate violations of the LOC and de-escalate tensions?
2) What significance does Kashmir play for each nation politically or militarily? What
geopolitical significance does the Kashmir issue have for the region and beyond?
10
3) What steps should be taken by both parties to collectively find a peaceful end to the
conflict?
4) Should a plebiscite be held in Kashmir, and if so, how should such a plebiscite be
conducted?
Further Research Link: goo.gl/Vz2MhK
Topic 2: The Issue of the ownership of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands | Timeline
The Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands (referred to by the Chinese as Diaoyu or 钓鱼岛 and the
Japanese and Senkaku or 尖閣諸島) are an issue that neither President Xi Jinping of China nor
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan are willing to give any ground over.20, 21 Both sides acknowledge the existence of massive amounts of natural resources in the area, including schools of fish and potential offshore oil and natural gas reserves. Both Japan and China desperately need resources. As the world’s biggest consumer of electricity, China uses massive amounts of coal and oil to power its country, and thus would like to obtain the islands for access to their oilfields. Japan is also one the world’s largest consumers of energy and is also projected to be in a food shortage. In order to secure the current quality of life, it would have to secure food and energy resources, both of which are in the
Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. The islands are claimed by China as part of their historical territory, while Japan, which holds control over the islands, asserts that the islands were not owned by anyone before they obtained control over the islands. 22, 23 In addition, the United Nations has not passed and resolutions on Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands, to-date.
11
Timeline of events in the dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands† 24:
Year Event 1895 The Japanese government formally obtains control of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. Japan asserts the islands were not owned by anyone prior to their occupation while China maintains it has had sovereignty over the island chain for centuries. 1945 Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands, as part of Ryukyu Islands, come under the US government’s control after the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II. 1972 The Agreement between Japan and the United States of America Concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands is signed between Japan and the US, returning the Senkaku Islands (as part of the Ryukyu Islands) to Japanese administration. This triggers the first anti-Japanese protests, led by Taiwan. 1978 The Japan-China Peace and Friendship Treaty is signed between China and Japan, in which the dispute over the isles is put aside for future resolution. 1996 September 26: Hong Kong activist David Chan drowns after jumping into waters off the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands during a pro-China protest.
September 29: Tens of thousands of people gather for a candlelight vigil in Hong Kong’s Victoria Park to mourn David Chan’s death and protest against Japan’s claim of the islands.
October 7: Three activists from Hong Kong and Taiwan land on the Diaoyu Islands. 2004 Activist Feng Jinhua and six others from China land on the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands, the first mainland activists successfully land on the islands. 2010 A Chinese trawler collides with Japanese patrol boats near the disputed islands and results in Japan arresting the Chinese skipper, Zhan Qixiong. The incident prompts a major diplomatic dispute between the two countries. 2012 August 14: Hong Kong activists reach the disputed islands by sea for the first time since 1996, with seven activists disembarking onto the island.
August 19: Ten Japanese activists swim ashore and raise Japanese flags on the island chain.
September 10: Japan’s government says it has decided to purchase the disputed islands from a private Japanese owner in an effort, Tokyo claims, aimed at diffusing territorial tensions.
† The following timeline has been adopted from the “South China Morning Post”. Information was added to the original text, as needed, for clarification.
12
September 14: Six Chinese surveillance ships sail into waters around the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands to assert China’s territorial claims and for “law enforcement”, leaving after seven hours.
September 15: The biggest anti-Japanese protests since China and Japan normalized diplomatic relations in 1972 are held in cities across China. The Japanese embassy in Beijing is besieged by thousands of protesters throwing rocks, eggs, and bottles.
September 16: Anti-Japanese protests break out in dozens of mainland cities for a second day. In some cities, peaceful protests turn violent as protesters clash with policemen, attack Japanese-made cars and smash up Japanese restaurants.
September 17: Some major Japanese firms such as Toyota and Honda temporarily shut factories and offices across China.
September 18: Two Japanese activists land on the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands while widespread anti-Japanese protests have been held across China at the anniversary of Japan's invasion of Manchuria.
Topic 2: The Issue of the ownership of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands | Summary
Talking historically, the Chinese and the Japanese may‡ have both controlled the islands at different points of time. Leading up to World War II (1937§-1945), the Japanese controlled the islands, and after the surrender of the Japanese following the explosion of the atomic bombs over
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the US took control over the islands. The United Nations Economic
Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) identified potential oil and natural gas reserves near the islands in 1969, and in 1971 the US Senate passed the Okinawa Reversion Treaty in which the US returned all rights and interests obtained as a result of World War II in the Pacific
Theatre. While we in SPECPOL will not be considering this treaty, this may be a useful piece of evidence for both parties of the conflict to examine.**
‡ Due to possible incorrect translations between ancient and modern versions of Chinese and Japanese, the chair deliberately uses the word “may”. § World War II in the Pacific Theater lasted from 1937 to 1945 rather than 1939 to 1945 in the European Theater. ** The treaty is in the google folder linked (goo.gl/Vz2MhK)
13
Topic 2: The Issue of the ownership of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands | Case Studies
Following the Meiji Restoration, Japan annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom, now the Okinawa
Prefecture. This inadvertently set the boundary between China and
Japan as the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. On the map, the islands are the small dots south of the ones labeled “Ryukyu Islands”.
The islands were subject to multiple attempts by both Chinese and Japanese activists attempting to navigate to the island and asserting territorial claims by leaving flags of their respective countries on the islands. In 1996, Hong Kong’s David Chan (Cantonese: 陳毓祥) drowned off the coast of these islands, which led to a candle-light vigil held for him as well as a landing on the islands by three activists about a week later. In 2012, multiple activists from both sides of the conflict continued to land on the islands, sparking diplomatic rows between China and Japan. As a resident of Hong Kong at the time, the chair recalls the vivid anti-Japanese sentiment expressed in the city due to these events. The Japanese embassy in Beijing was subject to riots and became a victim of mob violence by citizens of the PRC.††
After World War II, the islands, which geographically fall under the Ryukyu Island
Chain, were under the control of the United States,25 under Article III of the San Francisco Peace
Treaty, and thus, Japan argues, the Okinawa Reversion Treaty applies to the Islands. China believes that the Islands are a part of Taiwan (formerly Formosa), and as China claims that
Taiwan is officially a part of the PRC, the islands therefore belong to China. Japan’s
†† It is to be noted that the government of the PRC did not, and does not, condone the violence committed by its citizens.
14 counterargument is that the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which ended the first Sino-Japanese War, in which Formosa was ceded to Japan by China’s ruling Qing Dynasty, does not define the limits of
Formosa, and hence the Chinese claim that the islands are a part of Formosa is an unfounded claim.
The Korean Academic Seokwoo Lee, in his book “Territorial Disputes among Japan,
China and Taiwan concerning the Senkaku Islands”,26 concludes, “Accordingly, and having regard to the various factual and legal issues explored above, one is inclined to conclude that
Japan has a stronger claim to the disputed islands.”
15
Topic 2: The Issue of the ownership of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands | Bloc Positions
Besides China and Japan, whose positions should be obvious, many nations favor one resolution of the issue over others. Almost all members of the ASEAN group remain neutral.
Chinese-leaning Neutral Japanese-leaning China ASEAN Japan Russia India United States Pakistan Taiwan (slight Chinese- Australia leaning)
Topic 2: The Issue of the ownership of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands | Guiding Questions
1) What steps can be taken immediately by China and Japan to definitively solve the
territorial dispute?
2) What significance do the islands play for each nation politically or militarily? What
geopolitical significance do these islands have for the two countries, and for other
countries in the region?
3) What symbolic message will ownership have for the country that is awarded international
recognition of ownership?
4) What steps should be taken by both parties to find a peaceful end to the issue? What can
the United Nations do to facilitate a solution to the conflict that it hasn’t already done?
5) What role does the Okinawa Reversion Treaty play, and how valid is it?
Further Collected Materials: goo.gl/Vz2MhK
16
Image Works Cited
Kashmir_map.jpg. Digital image. Kashmir Library. Web.
“Japan Map.” Map of Japan, Owl and Mouse, www.yourchildlearns.com/online-atlas/japan-map.htm.
Senkaky_Diaoyu_Tiaoyu_Islands.png. Digital image. Wikimedia Foundation. Web.
1 "The General Assembly." United Nations. United Nations. Web.
17
Influence in the 21st Century, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 2017, pp. 235–290. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7864/j.ctt1hfr0wn.12 21 Li, Mingjiang. “XI JINPING AND THE CHALLENGES TO CHINESE SECURITY.” China in the Era of Xi Jinping: Domestic and Foreign Policy Challenges, edited by Robert S. Ross and Jo Inge Bekkevold, Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2016, pp. 233–264. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1c2crg2.13 22 "International Energy Statistics." International Energy Statistics. U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis. Web.