The Kashmiri Conflict: Historical and Prospective Intervention Analyses

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Kashmiri Conflict: Historical and Prospective Intervention Analyses Special Conflict Report The Kashmiri Conflict: Historical and Prospective Intervention Analyses November 19-21, 2002 Waging Peace. Fighting Disease. Building Hope. The Carter Center strives to relieve suffering by advancing peace and health worldwide; it seeks to prevent and resolve conflicts, enhance freedom and democracy, and protect and promote human rights worldwide. The Kashmiri Conflict: Historical and Prospective Intervention Analyses November 19–21, 2002 One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5185 Fax (404) 420-3862 www.cartercenter.org July 2003 The Carter Center The Kashmiri Conflict Foreword ashmir has been referred to as the most acknowledging lessons learned in other conflict areas dangerous place on Earth. The prospect while not losing focus on the special considerations of two nuclear powers facing off across unique to Kashmir. such a comparatively small space is I would like to express my appreciation to those frightening indeed. Since the partition participants: Professor Mari Fitzduff from INCORE Kof India and Pakistan in 1947, this unresolved land in Belfast (through her written correspondence); and the people who live there have been at the Joseph Montville, formerly director of the Program root of constant tension between the world’s most on Preventive Diplomacy, Center for Strategic and populous democracy, India, and its neighbor Pakistan. International Studies in Washington; Professor That three major wars have been fought between William Zartman from the School of Advanced those protagonists over the years only heightens the International Studies, Johns Hopkins University; fear that now exists given their advanced technology. Ambassador Teresita Schaffer of the Center for Global and regional implications aside, the instability Strategic and International Studies in Washington; and lack of any conclusive resolution to the political Honorable Salman Haidar, former foreign secretary dispute have left the population of Kashmir divided of India; Hassan Abbas and Usmaan Ahmad, then and uncertain about their future. A land of immense from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, beauty, Kashmir has seen its once burgeoning tourist Tufts University. I appreciate their time, effort, and industry fade completely in the face of military passion in discussing this most dangerous of the incursions and terrorist activity. intractable conflicts worldwide. Their contributions The search for solutions to intractable disagree- to this program were inspiring, and their continued ments is a focus of attention in 2002 for the cooperation with, and interest in, our activities have Carter Center’s International Council for Conflict been most gratifying. Resolution (ICCR), a body composed of leading The Carter Center’s Conflict Resolution Program ex-politicians, diplomats, and academics as well as hosted this event as one of a series of small group technical experts in the field of conflict resolution. In symposia on intractable wars. Program staff con- November 2002 a small group that brought together tinually monitor the world’s conflicts, large and ICCR members with leading regional experts met at small alike, in an effort to maintain their readiness to The Carter Center in Atlanta to discuss the ongoing engage in direct mediation when called upon by the strife in Kashmir. The purpose was to examine parties involved, either on their own or supporting the situation using a comparative analysis of other me in my personal efforts. I am grateful for their violent struggles, seeking to identify common threads work, with the assistance of members of the ICCR, of thought that could inform policy-makers engaged in holding this symposium and assembling this report. in peacemaking efforts in Kashmir and building on the previous small group symposium that focused on the Middle East. As in the previous symposium, the participants attacked the problem with great vigor, 2 The Carter Center The Kashmiri Conflict The Kashmiri Conflict: Historical and Prospective Intervention Analyses Introduction and Summary border provinces with Afghanistan won in the last parliamentary elections. And elements of Pakistani n late March 2003, terrorists thought to be military intelligence continue to support terrorist members of Pakistan-supported Islamic groups activity in Kashmir. Analysts believe that President killed 24 Hindu villagers in Kashmir. This Musharraf has limited ability to curb this action. At incident evoked memories of the suicide attack the same time, as the election season approaches in by Muslim terrorists on the Indian Parliament 2004, the ruling party in India, the Bharatiya Janata Iin New Delhi in December 2001. Events like these Party (BJP), resorts increasingly to the concept of raise the potential threat of war between India and Hindutva, a belief that India is not a secular, pluralist Pakistan. South Asia is thought by many observers to state, but the sacred place of Hindu ascendancy. Any be the most dangerous place in the world, with both student of religion and politics knows that when antagonists armed with nuclear weapons. either party in an ethnic or sectarian conflict invokes Kashmir has been in dispute between India and God or gods on its side, the potential for major loss Pakistan since the time of the partition in 1947. It of life in war simply soars. is a site where both countries constantly face off. In After hosting a two-day workshop earlier last January and June of 2002, India was poised to attack November on the respective roles of Track 1, official Pakistan because of terrorist military action against diplomacy, and Track 2, unofficial diplomacy, in Indian targets in Kashmir. Pakistani President Pervez the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the Carter Center’s Musharraf said last December that if India had, Conflict Resolution Program chose the Kashmir issue indeed, invaded, its armies would have met with an for its next subject. Reflecting its commitment to “unconventional response.” India’s defense minister, in-depth political, psychological, and historical George Fernandes, responded saying, “We can take analysis as a prerequisite to building any plausible a [nuclear] bomb, or two or more…but when we strategy on Track 1/Track 2 approaches, the Center respond there will be no more Pakistan.” This is convened native-born Indian, Pakistani, and an alarming level of discourse between neighbors, Kashmiri experts on the conflict with senior retired because it indicates that men in positions to make diplomats from the subcontinent and the United nuclear war happen are suggesting that one or the States and conflict resolution specialists to develop other can prevail in a nuclear confrontation. This an approach to peacemaking in Kashmir. This is a level of self-delusion that can have only the report is the fruit of this preliminary effort. most catastrophic consequences for the people of Three states, India, Pakistan, and China, control both countries. It suggests that the lessons of the parts of Kashmir, which despite a large Muslim U.S.-Soviet balance of terror and the absurdity majority is host to important Hindu and Buddhist of mutually assured destruction have been lost on minorities and seven major language families. One of the governments of India and Pakistan. the many ironies in the conflict is that while the Vale Furthermore, the rise of the religious right in both of Kashmir is the violent center of the conflict that countries creates a political environment that verges could precipitate nuclear war, it amounts to just on the apocalyptic. Islamic factions in Pakistan’s .25 percent of the territory, population, and GNP of 3 The Carter Center The Kashmiri Conflict South Asia. Yet Kashmir has paralyzed the region for Pakistan needs India’s help as it attempts to suppress the last 12 years and over several decades produced the radicalization in its country. If Pakistan fails as a competing national narratives in India and Pakistan state, India would suffer a major deterioration in its on the right of possession that have left the region in own security. a limbo of agony. Consideration of Track 1 and Track 2 initiatives The issue of whether Muslims or Hindus or secular requires considerable caution given the fragility of politicians should rule has preoccupied Kashmir from the India-Pakistani relationship. There is strong at least the early 1930s when a distinctly Kashmiri consensus that the United States has a critical Track 1 identity began to emerge. But with the approach to mediating role to play, and it should play it on a partition in 1947, Kashmir became embroiled in the continuing basis. This security situation is too serious cataclysms of the subcontinent as a whole. As for episodic interventions. But rather than formal Kashmiri national aspirations became subsumed bilateral discussions between the two countries, facili- under the greater India/Pakistani conflict, the tated back-channel communication may be easier to grievances of the region began to crystallize. A manage and more productive initially. Again, the plebiscite called for by the United Nations to American effort must be sustained, reflecting an discern Kashmiri wishes about their political status investment in time and energy commensurate with was never held. With a new educated generation the level of danger to the region. There should also coming to age in the 1980s, demands for Kashmiri be serious and continuous efforts to build peace con- self-determination increased but were faced with stituencies in both countries and in Kashmir. And a vigorous suppression by the Indian army and police. special effort should be made to find respected reli- Attempts of independent-minded Kashmiris to use gious leaders who can promote the idea of peaceful elections for a popular mandate were ended when settlement of conflicts. the election of 1987 was rigged against them. The Track 2 efforts to date have primarily consisted of resulting downward spiral, exacerbated intensively meetings usually organized by foreigners that bring by the appearance in the region of jihadi veterans together former Indian and Pakistani government of the Afghan war, has contributed to the political officials, retired military officers, and academics.
Recommended publications
  • A Look Into the Conflict Between India and Pakistan Over Kashmir Written by Pranav Asoori
    A Look into the Conflict Between India and Pakistan over Kashmir Written by Pranav Asoori This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. A Look into the Conflict Between India and Pakistan over Kashmir https://www.e-ir.info/2020/10/07/a-look-into-the-conflict-between-india-and-pakistan-over-kashmir/ PRANAV ASOORI, OCT 7 2020 The region of Kashmir is one of the most volatile areas in the world. The nations of India and Pakistan have fiercely contested each other over Kashmir, fighting three major wars and two minor wars. It has gained immense international attention given the fact that both India and Pakistan are nuclear powers and this conflict represents a threat to global security. Historical Context To understand this conflict, it is essential to look back into the history of the area. In August of 1947, India and Pakistan were on the cusp of independence from the British. The British, led by the then Governor-General Louis Mountbatten, divided the British India empire into the states of India and Pakistan. The British India Empire was made up of multiple princely states (states that were allegiant to the British but headed by a monarch) along with states directly headed by the British. At the time of the partition, princely states had the right to choose whether they were to cede to India or Pakistan. To quote Mountbatten, “Typically, geographical circumstance and collective interests, et cetera will be the components to be considered[1].
    [Show full text]
  • Florida State University Libraries
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2017 Nuclearization as National Security a Comparative Analysis of Framing and Frame Building in Indian and Pakistani Newspapers Awais Saleem Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION NUCLEARIZATION AS NATIONAL SECURITY A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FRAMING AND FRAME BUILDING IN INDIAN AND PAKISTANI NEWSPAPERS By AWAIS SALEEM A Dissertation submitted to the School of Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2017 Awais Saleem defended this dissertation on July 19, 2017. The members of the supervisory committee were: Stephen D. McDowell Professor Directing Dissertation Christopher Coutts University Representative Andrew Opel Committee Member Brian Graves Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii This effort is dedicated to the two most important women in my life - my mother, Nuzhat Saleem, and my wife, Ayiesha Awais - for always standing by me through every thick and thin. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is a culmination of a long and fulfilling academic journey. When I look back, there are so many people who have contributed to the successes that I have achieved and for shaping the course of my life. To start with, I must thank my teachers in Pakistan. Each one of them, in their own unique ways, have contributed to my academic career.
    [Show full text]
  • Kashmir Conflict: a Critical Analysis
    Society & Change Vol. VI, No. 3, July-September 2012 ISSN :1997-1052 (Print), 227-202X (Online) Kashmir Conflict: A Critical Analysis Saifuddin Ahmed1 Anurug Chakma2 Abstract The conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir which is considered as the major obstacle in promoting regional integration as well as in bringing peace in South Asia is one of the most intractable and long-standing conflicts in the world. The conflict originated in 1947 along with the emergence of India and Pakistan as two separate independent states based on the ‘Two-Nations’ theory. Scholarly literature has found out many factors that have contributed to cause and escalate the conflict and also to make protracted in nature. Five armed conflicts have taken place over the Kashmir. The implications of this protracted conflict are very far-reaching. Thousands of peoples have become uprooted; more than 60,000 people have died; thousands of women have lost their beloved husbands; nuclear arms race has geared up; insecurity has increased; in spite of huge destruction and war like situation the possibility of negotiation and compromise is still absence . This paper is an attempt to analyze the causes and consequences of Kashmir conflict as well as its security implications in South Asia. Introduction Jahangir writes: “Kashmir is a garden of eternal spring, a delightful flower-bed and a heart-expanding heritage for dervishes. Its pleasant meads and enchanting cascades are beyond all description. There are running streams and fountains beyond count. Wherever the eye
    [Show full text]
  • Kashmir: January 2019 by Jon Lunn
    BRIEFING PAPER Number 7356, 2 January 2019 Kashmir: January 2019 By Jon Lunn update Contents: 1. 2016: The killing of Burhan Wani triggers renewed violence 2. Developments during 2017 3. Developments during 2018 4. Low-key response from Western governments 5. Impasse without end? www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 Kashmir: January 2019 update Contents Summary 4 1. 2016: The killing of Burhan Wani triggers renewed violence 6 Protests, strikes and curfews 6 Response of the Indian Government 6 Flaring up of tension between India and Pakistan 7 2. Developments during 2017 8 2017 the deadliest year since 2010 8 Main flashpoints and incidents 8 3. Developments during 2018 10 2018 more violent than 2017 10 Flashpoints and incidents 10 Deepening political crisis 12 4. Responses of Western governments and the UN 13 US response 13 UK response 13 EU response 14 UN response 14 5. Conclusion: impasse without end? 15 3 Commons Library Briefing, 2 January 2019 Cover page image copyright: Indian Army Act on Kashmiris by Usama302. Wikimedia Commons Licensed by CC BY 4.0 / image cropped. 4 Kashmir: January 2019 update Summary This briefing covers events in Indian-administered Kashmir since July 2016, which have been characterised by a dramatic upsurge in protest and violence on the ground – what some have called the “worst crisis in a generation”. On 8 July 2016, Burhan Wani, a 22-year-old leader of the armed group Hizbul Mujahedin, was killed by the Indian security forces. Following Wani’s death, the Kashmir Valley saw its biggest outbreak of protest and violence since 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORTING KASHMIR an Analysis of the Conflict Coverage in Indian and Pakistani Newspapers
    REPORTING KASHMIR An analysis of the conflict coverage in Indian and Pakistani newspapers Chindu Sreedharan A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bournemouth University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2009 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, it. ABSTRACT The news media are considered a significant force in conflict situations, capable of influencing antagonists and their actions. Whether this influence is constructive or destructive is determined by the nature of journalism presented to the warring sides. News content that holds the other side responsible for the strife and focuses on violence is likely to exacerbate the situation. Sustained reportage on the possibilities and need for peace, on the other hand, could contribute to a political climate suited for peace negotiations. This India-centric study examines the Kashmir conflict in this context. While the coverage of more recent conflicts such as the Gulf Wars and the ‘War on Terror’ in Afghanistan has evoked sustained scrutiny from media scholars, there is little empirical work on the news on Kashmir. The objective here is to profile the nature of coverage the Indian and Pakistani press accorded the conflict, which could provide an empirical foundation for future discussions and research on Kashmir. Selected news reportage of 10 major events that appeared in two national Indian newspapers and one Pakistani daily is examined for this purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • Alive and Kicking: the Kashmir Dispute Forty Years Later James D
    Penn State International Law Review Volume 9 Article 5 Number 1 Dickinson Journal of International Law 1991 Alive and Kicking: The Kashmir Dispute Forty Years Later James D. Howley Follow this and additional works at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Howley, James D. (1991) "Alive and Kicking: The Kashmir Dispute Forty Years Later," Penn State International Law Review: Vol. 9: No. 1, Article 5. Available at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol9/iss1/5 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by Penn State Law eLibrary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Penn State International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Penn State Law eLibrary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Alive and Kicking: The Kashmir Dispute Forty Years Later I. Introduction The Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan involves a struggle between two powers for the possession of a tract of territory which each wants for its own valid reasons. The stakes are of major economic, political and strategic significance to Pakistan, while to India, Kashmir has become a symbol of national prestige and inter- national justice.1 Charges of aggression and violations of interna- tional law have been asserted by both parties. In considering a solu- tion to the Kashmir dispute, it is necessary to look beyond the blatant facts and see the elements that gave rise to the dispute and the circumstances under which it occurred. A purely legalistic approach never solves large political problems. With this in mind, this Comment begins with an examina- tion of the roots of the conflict: Kashmir's economy, geography, predominantly Moslem population and Hindu ruler.
    [Show full text]
  • Rape in Kashmir
    Vol. 5, Issue 9 RAPE IN KASHMIR A Crime of War Asia Watch & Physicians for Human Rights A Division of Human Rights Watch Asia Watch Physicians for Human Rights 485 Fifth Avenue 1522 K Street NW, # 910 100 Boylston Street # 702 New York NY 10017 Washington DC 20005 Boston MA 02116 Tel. (212) 972-8400 Tel. (202) 371-6592 Tel. (617) 695-0041 Fax (212) 972-0905 Fax (202) 371-0124 Fax (617) 695-0307 I. Introduction Since January 1990, the north Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir has been the site of a brutal conflict between Indian security forces and armed Muslim insurgents demanding independence or accession to Pakistan. In its efforts to crush the militant movement, India's central government has pursued a policy of repression in Kashmir which has resulted in massive human rights violations by Indian army and paramilitary forces. Throughout the conflict, the security forces have deliberately targeted civilians, the majority of whom are widely believed to sympathize with the militants.1 Indian security forces, which include the army and two paramilitary forces, the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and the Border Security Force (BSF) have assaulted civilians during search operations, tortured and summarily executed detainees in custody and murdered civilians in reprisal attacks.2 In October 1992, representatives from Asia Watch and Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) traveled to Kashmir to document rape and other human rights abuses and violations of the laws of war by Indian security forces. They also investigated incidents of abuse by armed militant groups who have also committed rape and other attacks on civilians.
    [Show full text]
  • Solutions to the Conflict in Kashmir
    International ResearchScape Journal Volume 3 Article 5 2015 Solutions to the Conflict in Kashmir Nikolis Kurr Bowling Green State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/irj Part of the International and Area Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, and the South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Kurr, Nikolis (2015) "Solutions to the Conflict in Kashmir," International ResearchScape Journal: Vol. 3 , Article 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25035/irj.03.01.05 Available at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/irj/vol3/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in International ResearchScape Journal by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@BGSU. Kurr: Solutions to the Conflict in Kashmir Kurr 1 Solutions to the Conflict in Kashmir Nikolis D. Kurr [email protected] Faculty Mentor: Dr. Neil Englehart hPublishedttp://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/irj by ScholarWorks@BGSU, 2015 International ResearchScape Journal, Vol. 3 [2015], Art. 5 Kurr 2 Solutions to the Conflict in Kashmir Nikolis Kurr Abstract This policy paper investigates the conflict between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir in order to weigh whether a political rather than military resolution can be found. Various proposals to resolve the conflict are examined and evaluated. On the one hand, the possibility of Kashmir’s autonomy is considered; on the other, the solution of joint governance or, as a third option, formal partition of Kashmir in an Indian and Pakistani territory are explored. The importance of resuming political talks between India and Pakistan represents a primary first goal in order to make any resolution possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Indo-Pak Relations and the Kashmir Problem: from 1947 to the Present Day
    INDO-PAK RELATIONS AND THE KASHMIR PROBLEM: FROM 1947 TO THE PRESENT DAY India and Pakistan, the two dominant forces from southern Asia have always had problematic relations over Kashmir ever since the two countries came into existence in 1947. The conflict in Kashmir has been going on for decades, the nature of which has changed with the passage of time. One really doesn’t know what the future is for the people of Kashmir. It is proving to be one of the longest conflicts and is often compared with the Arab Israeli conflict. It is the aim of this paper to look into the background of the conflict and to give readers an overview of Indo-Pak relations, and to see how the conflict has changed its character with the passage of time. METHODS USED FOR THIS PAPER: The paper is especially interested in the voices of ordinary people, and takes a bottom –up approach. The paper makes a shift from the traditional top-down approach when scholars in the past have had a tendency to interview the political elite for their research. The arguments put forward by the people are often not in keeping with the stories, and arguments put forward by the political elite. The bottom-up approach was carried out by doing semi-structured or what is also called non-directive interviews with the people of Kashmir. ‘The least structured form of interviewing is the non-structured or non-directive interview. Here no pre-specified set of questions are employed, nor are the questions asked in a specified order’ (Nachmias, 1992, 225).
    [Show full text]
  • Media Times 2012
    August 2012 Media TimesLab Journal ISSN 0975/6647 DDhshshhshs Vol. 22 No1 2012 MediaTimes Kashmir is in my andEyes in my Heart SOCIETY Media Education Research Centre University of Kashmir 1 August 2012 Media Times Vice-Chancellor releasing special issue of MERC Times on Panos valedictory function VC Prof Talat Ahmad and HoD Prof S Mufeed Veteran journalism trainer Aloke Thakur with founder HoD MERC Prof Manzurl Amin during Panos workshop at MERC MERC ROUND-UP MERC Green Oscar award winner Mike Panday (filmmaker) with faculty and students at MERC August 2012 Media Times he Media Times is a bi-annual lab journal of Media Education Research TCentre, University of Kashmir. It is devoted for enhancing the Print Journalism skills of the Students Patron Prof. Talat Ahmad Vice-Chancellor Chief Editor Prof. S. Mufeed Ahmad HoD MERC Editor Muslim Jan Sub Editor Graphics/Layout Rashid Maqbool Aga Shahi Student Editors Souzeina, Qayoom Madni, Ashraf, Mukeet, Rouf. All the contributors are the students/scholars of Mass Communication and Journalism Batch 2011-2012 at MERC, KU. The opinion, views in the articles, reports & essays including in this issue do not necessarily represent the viwes of faculty of MERC. The authors are solely reponsible for the facts stated including the source of the information and references. The Editor or the centre is not responsible for any kind of plagiarism. Feedback and suggestions from the readers are welcome. ©MERC 2011-2012 Printed and Published by: HoD MERC for and behalf of University of Kashmir e-mail:[email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses
    Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses www.rsis.edu.sg ISSN 2382-6444 | Volume 11, Issue 4 | April 2019 A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND TERRORISM RESEARCH (ICPVTR) Profile of Jaish-e-Muhammad and Leader Masood Azhar Farhan Zahid The Pulwama Attack: Significance, Implications and Way Forward Mohammed Sinan Siyech Can Kashmir Turn into Another Marawi? An Assessment Damien D Cheong and Neo Loo Seng Implications of Possible United States Withdrawal on the South Asian Militant Landscape Abdul Basit and Sara Mahmood Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses Volume 9, Issue 4 | April 2017 1 Building a Global Network for Security Editorial Note South Asian Militant Landscape in the Context of the Pulwama Attack and its Aftermath The suicide attack on India’s paramilitary JeM’s enhanced operational capabilities. Central Reserved Police Force (CRPF) in Accumulating 80 kilograms of highly explosive Kashmir’s Pulwama district has once again ‘RDX’ and preparing a VBIED signify the exposed the sharp fault-lines between India expertise of JeM’s cadres. The suicide bomber and Pakistan, pushing them to the brink of war. Adil Rashid Dar was a local Kashmiri, whom The February 2019 attack, claimed by JeM had recruited by exploiting his anger and Pakistan-based anti-India militant group, Jaish- quest for revenge against the Indian state to e-Muhammad (JeM), killed 40 CRPF serve its agenda of ‘liberating’ Kashmir. After personnel. This attack and its aftermath witnessing a dip between 2008 and 2013, underscores a new phase of militancy in violence and militant recruitment have spiked violence-ridden Kashmir and renewed in Kashmir since 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Right of Self Determination and Kashmiris: a Conceptual Understanding and Perspective
    Orient Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN Print 2616-7085 June, 2021, Vol.6, No. 1 [01-13] ISSN Online 2616-7093 Right of Self Determination and Kashmiris: A Conceptual Understanding and Perspective Dr. Maria Saifuddin Effendi 1 Dr. Marium Fatima 2 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Peace & Conflict Studies, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan 2. Lecturer, Department of Peace & Conflict Studies, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract The 73 years old conflict in Kashmir is defined in various ways by India, Pakistan and international authors yet none of the definition is accepted as concrete and final. Pakistan sees Kashmir in terms of an indigenous struggle of Kashmiris for their right of self-determination. It also expresses concern over constant human rights violation in Kashmir. India views Kashmir as an internal conflict and defines the freedom movement of Kashmiris as an insurgency. Kashmiris, the main conflict actor, define their struggle as a freedommovement to gain freedom from Indian governmenttoenjoy socio-political rights and consolidate their distinct identity of ‘Kashmiriyat’. For the past 10 years, the violence in Kashmir has taken its most brutal form where the victims are as young as a 3 month old infant and as old as 80 + years. This study attempts to define Kashmir conflict through its technical interpretation under legal framework whether it is a struggle for the right of self-determination, or an insurgency as described by Indian government, if not then wouldthe massive scale of human killings be termed as a genocide. Key Words: Freedom Movement, Genocide, India and Pakistan, Insurgency, International Law, Kashmir, Right of Self-Determination, UN Resolutions, UNGA Introduction Contemporary discourses on Peace Studies, Conflict Resolution and International Relations unfold concepts and definitions of terminologies and conflicts in various ways.
    [Show full text]