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A Basic Introduction to Criminal Justice

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A Basic Introduction to Criminal Justice Supplement to Accompany A Basic Introduction to Criminal Justice Sue Titus Reid Wolters Kluwer services its customers worldwide with CCH, Aspen Publishers, and Kluwer Law International products. See www.wolterskluerlb.com. This Supplement constitutes copyrighted material and is subject to United States Copyright laws. This Supplement is being made available as a courtesy to those teachers who have adopted the underlying textbook that accompanies the Supplement, as well as those teachers who have shown a genuine interest in adopting the underlying textbook. This may not be modified, reproduced, displayed, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the express, prior, written permission of Wolters Kluwer. Those teachers who have adopted the underlying textbook may assign this Supplement to their class and incorporate it into their class notes, presentation slides, and testing materials, or make certain other noncommercial uses of this Supplement as permitted by copyright law, but those teachers may not otherwise modify, reproduce, display, distribute, or transmit the manual in any form or by any means without the express prior written permission of Wolters Kluwer. For permission requests, visit us at www.wolterskluwerlb.com, or fax a written request to our permissions department at 212-771-0803. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Criminal Justice: An Overview ............................................................................1 Supplement 1.1. The United States Supreme Court Recognizes Both Retribution and Deterrence As Punishment Philosophies, Even in the Case of Capital Punishment ...................................................................................................1 Supplement 1.2. Is the Threat of Punishment a Deterrent to College Students? ....................3 Supplement 1.3. Is There Empirical Evidence to Support Deterrence Theory? .....................5 Supplement 1.4. The U.S. Supreme Court, in a Unanimous Decision, Upheld a Right to Privacy When Cell Phones Are Subjected to Searches ...............................6 Supplement 1.5. May Police Obtain the Extensive Cell Phone Records of a Suspect? ..........9 Supplement 1.6. Proving Intent in AIDS Transmission Cases .............................................12 Chapter 2. Crime, Offenders, and Victims .............................................................................13 Supplement 2.1. Offenses Included in the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) .....................................................................................................13 Supplement 2.2. Uniform Crime Reports: Part II Offenses ..................................................15 Supplement 2.3. 2017 Hate Crime Data Released by the FBI ..............................................17 Supplement 2.4. Crimes Cleared by Arrest or Exceptional Means in 2017 .........................18 Supplement 2.5. Percent of Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations, 2017 .................................19 Supplement 2.6. The Fear of Crime and Citizens’ Reactions ...............................................20 Supplement 2.7. Special Focus on Terrorism .......................................................................21 Supplement 2.8. Special Focus on White Collar Crime .......................................................22 Supplement 2.9. Federal Stalking Statute, USCS, Title 18, Section 2261A (2019). Stalking ......................................................................................................23 Supplement 2.10. Stalking on a Campus ................................................................................24 Chapter 3. The Emergence and Structure of Police Systems ..............................................25 Supplement 3.1. England Moves toward a Formal Policing System ....................................25 Supplement 3.2. The 2005 Killing of Jean Charles de Menezes Led to Intense Criticism of the British Police ........................................................................................26 Supplement 3.3. Vigilantism in the Air ................................................................................27 Supplement 3.4. Policing Background in Texas: The Texas Rangers ..................................29 Supplement 3.5. United States Department of Homeland Security Operational and Support Components: 2018 .....................................................................................30 Supplement 3.6. State Attempts to Control Immigration ......................................................33 Supplement 3.7. Types of Private Security Systems ............................................................34 Chapter 4. Policing in Modern Society ....................................................................................35 Supplement 4.1. The Importance of Hiring Female and Minority Officers .........................35 Supplement 4.2. The 1967 President’s Commission Made Recommendations on Police Training ......................................................................................................38 Supplement 4.3. The U.S. Supreme Court Rules on the Importance of Police Training ......39 Supplement 4.4. The U.S. Supreme Court Upholds a Controversial Case on Police Stops .40 Supplement 4.5. Pretextual Stops Are Reasonable in Some Circumstances ........................41 Supplement 4.6. Police Stops Not Based on Suspicion of Law Violations May Be Permitted in Some Cases ............................................................................................42 Supplement 4.7. Racial Profiling: An Early Example ..........................................................43 Supplement 4.8. Highlights of Police Behavior during Traffic and Street Stops .................46 Supplement 4.9. The Lawson Case and the Abuse of Police Discretion to Stop and Question .....................................................................................................47 Supplement 4.10. The U.S. Supreme Court Looks at the Totality of the Circumstances When Deciding Whether a Stop and Frisk Is Justified.........................................48 Supplement 4.11. Police Stops When Suspects Begin to Flee ................................................49 Supplement 4.12. The Establishment of Probable Cause .......................................................50 Supplement 4.13. May the Police Prevent a Person from Entering His or Her Own Home? The Case of Illinois v. McArthur ...............................................................52 Supplement 4.14 Warrantless Home Searches When Occupants Disagree About Consent ..53 Supplement 4.15 Police Searches of Passengers and Containers When a Driver Is Stopped and Arrested ...............................................................................................55 Supplement 4.16 Person Searches Must Be Reasonable .......................................................57 Supplement 4.16.1 Without a Search Warrant, May Blood Be Legally Drawn from an Unconscious Defendant? ...........................................................................60 Supplement 4.17 A Sample of Cases Interpreting Miranda ..................................................63 Chapter 5. Problems and Issues in Policing ............................................................................65 Supplement 5.1. Earlier Studies of How Police Allocate Their Work Time ........................65 Supplement 5.2. The Pro Bono Work to Empower and Represent Act of 2018 ..................67 Supplement 5.3. Legal Issues Concerning Police Decisions in the Cases of Mentally Challenged Persons ....................................................................................69 Supplement 5.4. Stress in Policing........................................................................................71 Supplement 5.5. The Police Subculture ................................................................................74 Supplement 5.6. Earlier Commissions Studied Corruption in the New York Police Department .................................................................................................75 Supplement 5.7. The Los Angeles Police Department Under Scrutiny ................................78 Supplement 5.8. The U.S. Supreme Court Rules in a Police Use of Force Case: Justice Sotomayor Dissents ...................................................................................80 Supplement 5.9. Courts Analyses of High-Speed Vehicle Chases .......................................82 Supplement 5.10. The End of the Exclusionary Rule? ...........................................................84 Supplement 5.11. The U.S. Supreme Court Continues Its Holdings Regarding the Exclusionary Rule ......................................................................................86 Supplement 5.12. Recent U.S. Supreme Court Cases on Affirmative Action ........................90 Chapter 6. Criminal Court Systems .......................................................................................93 Supplement 6.1. A Jurisdictional Dispute: The Case of Michael Skakel .............................93 Supplement 6.2. The United States Supreme Court ..............................................................95 Supplement 6.3. Judge Sonia Sotomayor Becomes the First Hispanic U.S. Supreme Court Justice .........................................................................................................98 Supplement 6.4. Woodward’s Life after Release .................................................................99
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