Party in the Street: the Antiwar Movement and the Democratic Party After 9/11 Michael T

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08540-4 - Party in the Street: The Antiwar Movement and the Democratic Party after 9/11 Michael T. Heaney and Fabio Rojas Index More information

Index

19th Amendment, 232 After Downing Street, 154–56, See War is a 527 organizations, 18, 155 Crime 9/11, 4, 6, 14, 39, 42–43, 56, 61, 191, age, 52, 110, 118, 120, 209, 250 200, 203, 230, 233–34, 236, 238, Al Qaeda, 61 244 in Iraq, 57 99 percent, 75, 206 Albany, 158 al-Jaafari, Ibrahim, 57 AARP, 80 Allawi, Iyad, 57 abortion, 26, 230, See pro-life movement al-Maliki, Nouri, 57, 59 Abramowitz, Alan, 32 al-Qaida. See Al Qaeda Absurd Response to an Absurd War, 132 alternative hypotheses, 9, 99–100, 124–25, Abu Ghraib, 194–95, 202 127, 138, 181, 184, 189 Acquired Immune Deﬁciency Syndrome, 85 American Anti-Slavery Society, 28 Adbusters, 217 American Autumn, 215 Affordable Care Act, 128, 210, 218, 225, 235, American Civil Liberties Union, 34, 132 240 American Federation of Labor - Congress of Afghanistan, 61–62, 64, 96, 98, 122, 124–25, Industrial Organizations, 14, 159 135, 156, 169, 175–77, 181–84, 188, 190, American Federation of Teachers, 159 192, 194, 197, 199, 202–3, 228, 231, American Friends Service Committee, 34, 40, 239, 244 156, 166 economic development, 62 American Peace Society, 34 elections, 61 American Voter, The, 76 on U.S. public agenda, 62 Americans Against Escalation in Iraq, 134–35, security, 61–62 154–55, 157, 163, 171 Afghanistan War, 7, 10, 14, 39–40, 43, 93, 99, Americans for Prosperity, 208 102, 115, 158, 167, 200 anarchism, 39, 237 Bonn agreement, 61 Anderson, John, 30 casualties, 62–63, 183, 188 ANSWER Coalition, 40, 131, 133, 135, escalation, 61, 63 140–42, 145, 147, 153, 155–57, 162–63, Iraqiﬁcation, 63 170, 172, 233, 245 military operations, 61 Anti-Enlistment League, 34 surge, 4, 55, 62–63 Anti-Escalation Rally, 158 U.S. invasion, 61 anti-globalization movement, 40, 156, 242 U.S. withdrawal, 63 anti-imperialism, 39, 156 Afghanistan, Occupation of, 61 Anti-Imperialist League, 34 light footprint, 61 anti-partisanship, 138, 169, 215–16, 226–27, U.S. neglect, 61 237 African Americans, 31, 38, 45, 71, 84–85, 98, anti-Republican sentiment, 4, 106–10, 230, 167–70, 183, 189, 209, 258 233 African People’s Solidarity Committee, 169 antinuclear, 38

302

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08540-4 - Party in the Street: The Antiwar Movement and the Democratic Party after 9/11 Michael T. Heaney and Fabio Rojas Index More information

Index 303

Anti-War Anti-Racism Effort, 152 bring the troops home, 42, 107 antiwar legislation, 2–3, 10, 175, 177, 180, Bring the Troops Home and Iraq Sovereignty 182, 184, 188–89, 191–92, 195, 201, 203, Restoration Act (H.R. 508), 2 266 Broder, David, 4 content of, 203 brokerage, 91, 133, 136, 145, 151, antiwar movement, 6, 33, 42–45, 65, 73–74, See networks 81, 93, 98, 107–8, 110, 113, 115–16, Brooklyn, 212 118–20, 127, 131, 154, 174, 177–78, 182, Brooklyn Bridge, 219 189, 203, 205, 209, 226, 228, 230, 235, burn out, 90, 100, 125, 129, 229 244–45 Burstein, Paul, 176 Arc of Justice Coalition, 94–95 Bush, George W., 1–2, 4, 42, 47, 49, 51, 57, 59, Armed Services Committee, 183 78, 94–97, 100, 104, 107–8, 126, 128, Association of Community Organizations for 134, 157, 164–67, 169, 173, 175–78, Reform Now, 72, 82 189, 194, 202, 204, 227, 230–31, associations, 86, 131–32, 135, 145, 154, 161, 233, 238 243 9/11 speech, 61 Atkinson, Edward, 34 Administration, 5–7, 40–42, 45, 55, 57, Australia, 56 59–60, 63, 65, 71, 96, 126, 156, 178, 195, Australian ballot, 29 202, 234 autonomy, 235–36, 242 Ayers, Bill, 37 Cabbies Against Bush, 132 Cagan, Leslie, 41–42, 44, 157, 162 Ba’ath Party, 56–57 California, 214, 221, 227 Backbone Campaign, 94 Cambodia, 35 Baghdad, 58–59 campaign contributions, 17, 22, 79, 133, 155, ban the bomb, 35 166 Basra, 59 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, 35 Becker, Brian, 40, 44, 162 Campbell, Angus, 76 Behr, Roy, 30 Canada, 217 Beinart, Peter, 47 Canton, 225 Benjamin, Medea, 1, 158 Cantor, Eric, 236 Berinsky, Adam, 37 Capitol Hill, 156, 163 betweenness, 145, 150, 193, See networks Carsey, Thomas, 77 Bilateral Security Agreement, 221 Carter, Jimmy, 78 Billings, 221 Catholicism, 28, 105 bin Laden, Osama, 61 Caucasian, 209, 258 biography, 68, 74, 184 censure, 165, 182, 200–2 Birney, James, 29 Center for American Progress, 157 Black is Back Coalition, 10, 132, 135, 154–55, Central Intelligence Agency, 170 157, 159, 161, 167, 169–72 centrality, 136, 138, 145–48, 150, Black Panther Party, 18, 38 See networks Black Radical Congress-Youth Division, Charlotte, 215 156 Chen, Anthony, 242 Black Voices for Peace, 169 Cheney, Dick, 56, 107 Blades, Joan, 165 Chicago, 36, 71, 102, 168, 216, 244 Blue Dog Democrats, 191 Chicago Tribune, 71, 151 Boehner, John, 19 Chong, Dennis, 3, 92 Bonn, 61 Christian Right, 32–33, 240 Boston Tea Party, 206 Church of the Brethren, 35 Boyd, Wes, 165 Cities for Peace, 173 Brat, David, 236 civil disobedience, 22 Brazil, 74 civil liberties, 4, 34, 172, 181, 261

304 Index

civil rights movement, 17–19, 38, 81 Conservative Party, 210 Civil War, 34, 72 Constitution, 199 Clay, Henry, 29 content analysis, 105, 202, 207, 212, 222–23 Clemens, Elisabeth, 30 contentious politics, 2, 17, 22, 44, 61, 89, 136 Clergy and Laymen Concerned About Vietnam, Conyers, John, Jr, 173, 175 36 co-optation, 21, 25, 32 Clinton, Bill, 39, 126, 134, 165–66, 213, 240 Cortright, David, 166 Administration, 47 cosponsorship, 176–77, 181–82, 184–85, Clinton, Hillary, 73 188–89, 194 Club for Growth, 79 counterterrorism, 61–62 Coalition of the Willing, 56–57 criminal justice, 119, 129, 159 Coalition Provisional Authority, 57 critical mass, 5, 81, 91, 114, 225, 230 Coalition to Stop US Intervention in the Middle cross pressures, 83, 87 East, 39 Cuba, 34 coalitions, 10, 42, 79, 90–91, 130, 132, 134–35, 137–38, 147, 152, 157, 161, 163, Daley Plaza, 71 166, 229, 233 Daley, Richard J., 37 unraveling, 91, 135, 160 Davidson, Carl, 72 Code Pink, 41, 44, 94, 131, 135, 140–42, Dawson, Michael, 167 145–47, 158, 163, 172, 245 Dean, Howard, 96, 227 coevolution, 8, 15, 27, 33 de-Ba’athiﬁcation, 58 cognitive dissonance, 86, 97, 115 Debs, Eugene, 35 Cohen, Cathy, 85 Democracy for America, 159 Cohen, Marty, 15 Democracy in America, 131 Cold War, 35, 46, 179 Democratic National Committee, 15, 104, 215 collective action, 74, 80, 135–36, 147, 157, Democratic National Convention, 118, 216, 242 120–21, 129 College Democrats of America, 79 1968, 36–37 College of Southern Nevada, 73 2008, 9, 102–4, 128, 130 Commander-in-Chief, 227 2012, 215 Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy. See SANE Democratic Party, 1–2, 4–5, 15, 20, 23–25, communism, 109 28–29, 31–32, 36–37, 40, 45, 47, 52, 60, Communist Party USA, 162 65, 74, 76, 78–79, 86, 93, 95–100, 103–5, Congress, 1–5, 10, 20, 23, 25, 32, 38, 55, 58, 107–10, 113–14, 116, 118, 120–22, 63, 80, 84, 96–97, 107, 114, 142, 157, 124–26, 128–30, 132–34, 137–38, 173–84, 188–95, 197–200, 202–4, 140–42, 145–47, 150–52, 155–58, 216–18, 229–31, 234, 240, 242 160–67, 170–71, 175–80, 183–84, Congress of Racial Equality, 18 188–93, 195, 197, 202–3, 205–7, 209–12, congressional caucus, 2, 175, 179, 216 214–18, 221–23, 225–32, 234–40, 244–45 congressional elections control of government, 98 2002, 51 electoral prospects, 55, 65 2004, 51 electoral success, 1 2006, 1, 51, 55, 63, 67, 82, 150, 190, 226, Denver, 102–3 230 Department of Defense, 181 2008, 51, 240 Department of Peace, 193–95 2010, 6, 26, 218, 230, 235 Detroit, 103 2012, 25 die-ins, 68 Congressional Progressive Caucus, 173, 175 DiGrazia, Joseph, 240 Congressional Record, 191 direct action, 20–22, 163 Connecticut, 227 Disch, Lisa, 31 conservatism, 6, 19, 25–26, 38, 60, 86, 116, District of Columbia, 224 183–84, 189, 206, 217–18, 232, 235, 240 Dobson, Laurie, 158

Index 305

Downing Street Memo, 156, 202 Freedom Road Socialist Organization, 132 Downs, Anthony, 3, 91 Freedom Works, 208 drones, 64, 94, 98, 245 Freudenburg, William, 176 Dulio, David, 18 Frymer, Paul, 31 DW-NOMINATE, 183 fuzzy sets, 25, 174 Dynamics of Contention, 89 Galland, Anna, 166 Earle, Steve, 14 Gandhi, Mohandas, 38 economy, 52, 57, 167, 236, 261 gay rights movement, 23, 86, 120 education, 87, 103, 110, 118, 120, 129–30, 209 gender. See sex/gender electoral cycle, 10, 206 geodesics, 145, See networks electoral involvement, 155 Germany, 31, 35 electoral mobilization, 20, 22, 91, 134, 137, GI’s United Against the War 155, 163 in Vietnam, 36 EMILY’s List, 79, 86 global financial crisis, 172, 229 End U.S. Wars, 135, 154–55, 157–59 global justice movement, 40, 44, See anti- environment, 16, 120, 129, 167, 231, 261 globalization movement environmental movement, 23, 86 Glover, Danny, 1, 14 Espionage Act of 1917, 35 Goldstein, Kenneth, 3 ethnicity, 52, 87, 102, 107, 110, 118, 120, 184 Gomorrah, 217 English, 75 Goold, Bill, 173 Latino, 84, 189, 209 Gore, Al, 47 Evansville, 213 Grand Terrace, 214, 221 exit poll, 8, 51–52 grass roots, 2, 4–5, 17, 19, 21–23, 26, 34, 40, methodology, 101 44–45, 75, 93–99, 103, 126, 128–30, 132, 134, 139–40, 142, 146, 156, 163, 168, Facebook, 208, 215 171, 178, 189, 203–5, 207, 214, 216, 218, factions, 10, 18, 28–29, 34, 73, 134, 137, 163, 221–23, 225–27, 229–30, 239 174, 179, 182, 209, 240 Gravel, Mike, 158 fair housing movement, 73 Great Depression, 71 Fallujah, Battles of, 57 Green Party, 33, 141, 145–46, 210, 215, 237 farmers, 30, 80 Green, Donald, 76 Fayetteville, 102 Greenback Party, 28 Federalist Party, 28, 34 Greenfield, 214 Feinstein, Diane, 174, 193 Greenpeace, 132 Fellowship of Reconciliation, 34 group cohesion, 84 field theory, 8, 17, 19, 27, 76, 241 Guam, 34 filibuster, 55, 191, 203 Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, 98 financial crisis. See global financial crisis Gutierrez, Theresa, 158 Fisher, Dana, 242 Fithian, Lisa, 162–63 H.Con.Res.63, 191 Five Years Too Many, 157 H.R.2929, 191 flat tax, 81 H.R.2956. See Responsible Redeployment from Fligstein, Neil, 19 Iraq Act Florida, 47, 221 H.R.4156 Fonda, Jane, 1, 38 Orderly and Responsible Iraq Redeployment foreign policy, 45–46, 128, 229 Appropriations Act, 191 Fox News, 26, 225 H.Res.292, 192 framing, 2, 14, 34, 72, 74, 89, 91, 96, 98–99, Hadden, Jennifer, 242 131, 241 Haiti Support Network, 156 France, 31 Hancock, Ange-Marie, 84 Free Soil Party, 28–29 Harvard University, 167

306 Index

Harvey, Frank, 47 information, 136 Hastings, Alcee, 174, 193 inside-outside strategy, 2, 22, 173, 204 Hayden, Tom, 36 institutionalism, 27, 30 health care, 5, 9, 71, 98, 120, 126–30, 134–35, institutionalization, 131, 160 164, 167, 174, 206, 217, 230, 242, 261 interest groups, 17, 30 Health Security Act, 126 deﬁnition, 17 Heaney, Michael, 18, 79 International Action Center, 40, 140, 156, Hip Hop Party for the People, 169 158 hippies, 38 International Brotherhood of Electric Workers, Hirschman, Albert, 3, 92 14 home schooling movement, 23 International Monetary Fund, 39–40 Homeland Security Act, 14 International Socialist Organization, 40, 140, homophily, 180, See networks 233 House of Representatives, 159, 176–77, internationalism, 46 182–83, 188, 191–93, 195, 197, 203, 216, internet, 7, 44, 73, 147, 208 218, 227, 230, 235 intersectionality, 5, 9, 75, 85, 88–89, 91, 121, Humphrey, Hubert, 37 134, 138, 161, 164–67, 170–71, 229, 237, Hurricane Sandy, 221 240–41, 243 Hussein, Saddam, 56, 71, 157 advantaged identities, 85–86 advantaged subgroup, 5 identity, 4–5, 89 black women, 85, 87 acquistition, 76 disadvantaged identities, 85 anti-partisan, 170 interviews collective, 80 response rate, 208, 210 deﬁnition, 76 Iran, 60, 172, 182, 200 elite, 79 Iraq, 39, 42, 63, 96–97, 122, 124–25, 133, 135, individual, 74 156–57, 169, 173, 175–78, 181–84, 188, movement, 5, 9, 74, 82, 91, 118, 224, 229 190, 192–95, 197, 199–200, 202–3, 228, multiple, 9, 16, 74, 88 230–31, 238–39, 244 organizational, 10, 80–81, 132, 171–72 economy, 71 origin, 75 military, 71 overlap, 9, 75 Iraq Moratorium, 44 partisan, 5, 9, 74–76, 80, 91, 96, 102, 118, Iraq Study Group, 197 129, 136–38, 177, 189, 203, 207, 224, Iraq Veterans Against the War, 43–44, 135, 229, 241 147, 172 shift, 5, 9–10, 89, 128, 243 Iraq War, 1–2, 4, 6–7, 14, 39, 41–43, 47, 52, trade-off, 99, 122 55, 71, 73, 93, 99, 102, 115, 163, ideology, 9, 18, 23, 27, 31, 51–52, 77–78, 81, 166–67, 183–84, 188, 197, 200, 202, 103, 113, 120, 124, 128, 132, 146, 161, 231 178–79, 183–85, 189, 212, 218, 230, 233, casualties, 51, 58, 183, 188, 200 242, 251 Declaration of Principles, 59 immigration, 28, 120, 129, 135, 217, 230 end of major combat operations, 57 immigration rights movement, 23 escalation, 3 Impeach Bush, 140, 142, 150 funding, 58 imperialism, 231 international support, 71 Inauguration Day, 94–95 permanent military bases, 3, 58, 182 income, 52, 103, 118, 120 sectarian violence, 57–58, 174 Indiana, 213–14, 235 surge, the, 4, 58, 62–63, 67, 69, 97, 230 Indianapolis, 102 timetable for U.S. withdrawal, 57, 59–60, Industrial Workers of the World, 34 182 inequality, 206, 236 U.S. withdrawal, 55, 59–60, 63, 164 International ANSWER, 39–40 Iraq, Government of, 57–58, 200

Index 307

Iraq, Occupation of, 60, 71 Laos, 35 benchmarks of progress, 58 Las Vegas, 224 permanent U.S. presence, 59, 63, 197 lawsuits, 17 Iraq’s Council of Representatives, 59 Layman, Geoffrey, 77 Iraqi Interim Government, 57 Lazarus, Edward, 30 Iraqi Transitional Government, 57 leadership, 10, 18, 25, 38, 44–45, 51, 86, 97, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, 46, 244 131, 134, 141, 156–57, 160, 162–63, isolationism, 46 182–83, 191–92, 203, 205, 240 Israel, 104 LeBlanc, Judith, 162–64 issue-attention cycle, 3, 91–92 Lee, Barbara, 10, 174, 193 Lee, Frances, 179 Jackson, Andrew, 28 lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgendered issues, 129 Jackson, Jesse, 1 lesser of two evils, 31 Jacobson, Gary, 43 Levendusky, Matthew, 77 Jasper, James, 81 Lewinsky, Monica, 165 Jena Six, 168 Lewis, John, 20 Free the Jena Six, 168 liberalism, 14, 37–38, 52, 78, 94, 129, 133–35, Jena, Louisiana, 168 159, 179, 183–84, 189, 193, 198, 207–8, Johnson, Gary, 31 215, 218, 225, 231, 233, 235, 240 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 20, 36–38 libertarian movement, 23, 215 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 73 Libertarian Party, 24, 31, 33, 109, 210 Jones, Walter, 175 Liberty Party, 28–29 Library of Congress, 181 Karol, David, 51, 78 Libya, 10, 64, 98, 172, 177–78, 181–82, 192, Karpf, David, 165 199, 202–3, 244 Karzai, Hamid, 61 Lieberman, Joe, 27, 227 Kennedy, John F., 20 Lincoln Memorial, 159 Kennedy, Robert, 37, 179 linked fate, 85 Kent State University, 37 lobbying, 2–3, 6, 17, 21–22, 30, 32, 42, 44, 69, Kerry, John, 105 79–80, 88, 134, 137, 155, 163 Key, V.O., 17–18, 22, 76 outside lobbying, 3 Kilbride, Malachy, 94–95 Log Cabin Republicans, 79, 86 Kill the Bill, 210 London, 42 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 18, 38, 94 Los Angeles, 225 Kirkuk, 59 Los Angeles Times, 151 Kloos, Karina, 232 Louisville, 212 Know Nothing Party, 28–29 Koch family, 235 macro-level patterns, 6–7, 74, 229 Koger, Gregory, 79 Madison Square Garden, 14 Kollman, Ken, 3, 65 Madison, James, 27, 34 Kolodny, Robin, 18 Maine, 158 Kosovo, 39 Manning, Bradley, 173 Kriesi, Hanspeter, 31 Marlborough, 213 Kucinich, Dennis, 1, 68, 73, 158, 174, 193, 227 Marshall Park, 215 Kuwait, 39, 56 Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, 94 Martin, Kevin, 158 labor, 120, 129 Masket, Seth, 18 labor movement, 15, 28, 32, 81, 86, 234 mass media, 42, 80, 86 labor union, 14, 39 Massachusetts, 213 Ladd, William, 34 McAdam, Doug, 19, 89, 232, 241 Lake Worth, 221 McCain, John, 60, 62 Lamont, Ned, 227 McCarthy, Eugene, 37

308 Index

McConnaughy, Corrine, 232 National Mall, 1, 94–95 McConnell, Mitch, 19 National Mobilizing Committee to End the War McGovern, George, 37, 179 in Vietnam, 36 McGovern, James, 10, 174 National Organization for Women, 79, 132 McKinney, Cynthia, 158 National Riﬂe Association, 17, 79 mechanisms, 89 National Security Agency, 208 median voter, 32 National Youth and Student Peace Coalition, Meetup, 208, 217, 219 153, 155–57 Memphis, 222 Nebraska, 222 Mennonites, 35 neoconservativism, 47 Meridian Hill Park, 94 Netherlands, 31 Mexico Solidarity Network, 156 NETWORK: A National Catholic Social Justice Meyer, David, 3, 92 Lobby, 156 micro-level behavior, 6 networks, 10, 18, 27, 79, 130, 132, 134, 136, Middle East, 39, 42, 49, 64, 167, 231, 234, 138, 151, 176–77, 180, 181, 199, 203, 244 See geodesics, See brokerage, See centrality, Miguel, Edward, 51 See betweenness, See homophily Military Families Speak Out, 41, 140 Nevada, 224 Million Doors for Peace, 157 New England, 34 minor party, 16 New Priorities Network, 159 Mische, Ann, 74 New Way Forward, The, 58 Mobilization for Global Justice Coalition, New York, 14, 34–35, 42, 66, 102, 158, 163, 39–40 168, 217, 219, 244 Montana, 221 New York City Central Labor Mosul, 59 Council, 14–15 motivated skepticism, 78 New York Times, 42, 151, 166 movement-partisans, 21 newspaper content analysis, 69 MoveOn, 10, 41, 94, 132, 134, 140–42, Nixon, Richard, 36–38 145–46, 150, 157, 161, 165–67, 171, 215, Nobel Peace Prize, 94 225, 234, 237, 239 no-ﬂy zones, 56 MoveOn Effect, The, 165 nonviolence, 38, 44, 163 MSNBC, 2 norms, 85 MTV, 73 Norquist, Grover, 19 Mudge, Stephanie, 242 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 62 multicollinearity, 188 North Carolina, 215 Munson, Ziad, 81 North Vietnamese, 38 Murtha, John, 10 Northeast Ohio Anti-War Coalition, 152 MySpace, 73 Not In Our Name, 140 nuclear weapons, 35 Nader, Ralph, 30, 68, 158 Nuclear Weapons Freeze National Assembly to End the Iraq and Campaign, 38 Afghanistan Wars and Occupations, 135, Nyhan, Brendan, 78 154–55, 157–58 National Association for the Advancement of Oakland, 225 Colored People, 17–18, 132, 159 Obama, Barack, 4, 25–26, 37, 42, 59–60, National Black Anti-War Anti-Draft Union, 38 62–64, 71, 94–100, 108, 113, 115–16, National Campaign for Peace in the Middle 118, 121–22, 124–27, 133–34, 141, East, 39 150–51, 157–59, 163–64, 166, 169, 172, National Civil Liberties Bureau, 34 175–78, 189, 191–92, 197, 199, 202–3, National Conference on the Other Wars, 170 218, 227, 229–30, 235, 239, 244 National Federation of Republican Women, 79 2008 election, 3, 6, 62, 67, 239 National Guard, 37, 181, 232 activist reputation, 73, 81

Index 309

Administration, 10, 55, 59–60, 63, 65, 94, Peace Action, 38, 40, 94, 131, 140, 142, 145, 99, 125–26, 130, 134–35, 171–72, 158, 162–63, 172, 233, 245 177–78, 206, 244 Peace and Reparations, 157 inauguration, 67 Pelosi, Nancy, 227 personal background, 72 People’s Party, 28 posture toward war, 62–63, 74 Perot, Ross, 30 Obamacare, 210 Persian Gulf Region, 193 Occupy Together, 207, 219 Persian Gulf War, 39 Occupy Wall Street, 6, 10, 25, 75, 206–17, Petraeus, David, 62, 166 219–28, 230, 233–34, 236–37, Philippines, 34 239, 244 Philly Against the War, 169 oil, 56, 58, 231 Plowshares, 38 Omar, Mullah, 61 plurality rule, 16, 20 One Nation Working Together Rally, 159 policy success, 3, 7, 45, 90, 92, 129 one percent, 206 Political Action Committee, 155 order of magnitude, 66–67 political opportunity structure, 3, 26, 92 Orderly and Responsible Iraq Redeployment political party Appropriations Act. See H.R. 4156 amateurs, 22 Oruh, Chioma, 169 as coalition, 15, 31 Out of Afghanistan Caucus, 10, 175 capture, 31 Out of Iraq Caucus, 2, 10, 175, co-partisanship, 90 See congressional caucuses definition, 15 Oval Office, 63, 98, 178 elections, 17, 21–22 evaluation, 77 pacifism, 6, 34–36 in government, 17, 22, 173 Palestine, 104 major, 30, 32–33, 210 Palmquist, Bradley, 76 membership, 51, 108–9, 184 Pan-Africanism, 169 minor, 16, 25, 29–32, 52, 210 Panagopoulos, Costas, 25, 210 movement party, 29 Paris, 42 networks, 18 Pariser, Elis, 165–66 organization, 17, 22 parliamentary political systems, 16 primaries, 22, 26, 49, 73 participatory democracy, 236, 243 rank-and-file members, 23, 188 partisan realignment, 29 switching, 79 partisanship, 4–5, 8, 43, 45–47, 64, 70, 109, two-party system, 16, 28, 33, 212–13 128, 175, 183 political process, 131 nonpartisanship, 10 political science, 8 polarization, 6, 8, 11, 18, 32, 43, 47, 180, Polk, James K., 29 184, 229–31, 234, 241–42 Polletta, Francesca, 74, 81 party in the street, 7–11, 14–15, 21–26, Polsky, Andrew, 62 45–47, 73, 82, 85–86, 88–89, 91, 98, Poor People’s Economic Human Rights 133–34, 165–66, 170–75, 205–7, Campaign, 215 226, 228–30, 233–39, 241–43 Port Huron Statement, 36 party-movement alliance, 2–4, 9, 74, 139, 167, Porta, Donatella Della, 135 229 Portland, 225 dealignment, 91 poverty, 71 party-movement overlap, 6, 205–6, 219, 221, Powell, Colin, 56 230, 234 preemption, doctrine of, 4, 182, 200–2 path dependence, 27 presidential election PATRIOT Act, 14, 172, See USA PATRIOT Act 1860, 29 patriotism, 39, 200 1968, 37–38 Paul, Ron, 175, 179, 194, 231 2000, 7, 47

310 Index

presidential election (cont.) Reﬂecting Pool, 159 2004, 8, 49, 51 regression, 49, 110, 126, 146–47, 150, 182, 2008, 8, 42, 49, 51, 59–60, 73, 82, 163, 191, 189 204, 231, 240 multinomial probit, 109–10 2012, 31, 219 negative binomial, 49, 183 debates, 49 Newy-West standard errors, 67 Pre-War Racial Differences Study, 167 ordered probit, 122 Progressive Caucus, 175 ordinary least squares, 126 Progressive Democrats of America, 79, 132–33, panel data, 183 163 permutation test, 150 progressivism, 36, 41, 73, 98, 126, 129, probit, 119–20 134–35, 157, 159, 162, 173, 207, 215, Tobit, 146, 150 237 Reiﬂer, Jason, 78 Prohibition Party, 28 religion, 209, 232 Project Vote, 72 Republican Caucus, 236 pro-life movement, 23, 26, 81, 241, Republican Central Committee, 224 See abortion Republican National Committee, 14–15 protest cycle, 135, 206, 221, 227–28 Republican National Convention Protestants, 26 2004, 14, 96 protests, 6, 40, 42, 44, 48 2008, 102 arrests at, 68 Republican Party, 4, 6, 8, 14, 19, 23, 26, 29, decline, 3 31–32, 37, 52, 60, 65, 76, 78–80, 96–97, Europe, 67 100, 103–5, 107–10, 113–14, 128, 157, February 15, 2003, 7, 42, 66 162, 175–80, 183–84, 188–89, 191–92, international coordination, 7, 42 195, 197, 199, 202–3, 206–7, 209–12, measurement of size, 67 214, 216–18, 221–28, 230–32, 235–36, partisanship, 70 238–41, 245 policing, 44, 94 control of government, 98 scale, 65 resources, 7, 20–22, 27, 58, 73, 76, 85–86, 88, timing, 65, 67 90–91, 100, 125, 129, 131–32, 136, 158, Przeworski, Adam, 20 160, 163, 165–66, 172, 206, 223–24, 226, Public Law 110–28. See U.S. Troop Readiness, 228, 234–38, 241 Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Responsible Redeployment from Iraq Act. Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act of See H.R. 2956 2007 Revolutionary War, 8, 34 public opinion, 7, 37–38, 42–43, 188, 190, Rice, Condoleezza, 56 199–200, 231, 234 Roe vs. Wade, 26 Puerto Rico, 34 Rohrabacher, Dana, 197 Rome, 42 Quakers, 35 Rosenblum, Nancy, 77, 86 Rosenstone, Steven, 30 race, 38, 45, 52, 85, 87, 102, 107, 110, 118, Rove, Karl, 19 120, 129 Rumsfeld, Donald, 107 diversity, 45 white, 75 Salisbury, Robert H., 136 radicalism, 22–23, 25, 32, 36–37, 39, 47, 73, Salt Lake City, 222 91, 97, 109, 111, 116, 134–35, 137, 146, same-sex marriage, 19 158, 160, 240 San Diego, 102 Rainbow/Push, 42 San Francisco, 102, 168, 244 Reading, 221 sanctions, 40, 56 Reagan, Ronald, 38, 179 SANE, 38, See Committee for a Sane Nuclear redeployment, 178, 182, 197, 200–2 Policy

Index 311

Santelli, Rick, 216 Sojourners, 159 Sarasota for Dean, 132 solidarity, 136 Saunders, Kyle, 32 South Carolina State University, 73 scale shift, 68 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 18 Schickler, Eric, 76 Soviet Union, 179 Schlozman, Daniel, 6 Spain, 56 Schwartz, Mildred, 6 Spanish-American War, 34 Seattle, Battle of, 197 Specter, Arlen, 27 Secretary of Defense, 197 Sprague, John, 20 Selective Service, 35 Springfield, 222 Senate, 176–77, 182–83, 188, 191–95, 197, St. Paul, 102 199, 203, 216–18, 227, 235, 240 Stallard, Joan, 94 Seattle, Battle of, 44 state, the, 7, 46 seniority, 188 Status of Forces Agreement, 55, 59–61, 63, 98, Service Employees International Union, 14, 197, 199 132, 152, 157 Stein, Jill, 215 sex/gender, 45, 52, 75, 85, 102, 107, 110, 118, street theater, 42, 44 120, 178, 183, 209 Strolovitch, Dara, 85, 170 sexual orientation, 45, 84–85, 129 Struggle Against Atomic Death, 35 Sheehan, Cindy, 227 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Shia Muslims, 57 18, 38 Sierra Club, 42, 132 Student Peace Action Network, 156 Simmel, Georg, 83 Students for a Democratic Society, 36–37, 72, 140 Simon’s Rock College, 165 reconsitution in 2006, 44 sit-ins, 42 Sunni Muslims, 57 Skinner, Richard, 18 supplemental appropriation, 4, 58, 176 slavery, 28 surveys, 9, 104, 168 Small, Melvin, 36 nonresponse, 102, 168 Social Forum. See United States Social Forum response rate, 102–4, 208, 210, 258 social movement Swanson, David, 156 abeyance, 17, 34, 38, 42, 91, 103, 110, 133, Sweeney, John, 14 142, 170, 245 Switzerland, 31 attention to, 80 Syria, 64, 172, 182, 244 definition, 15, 17 goals, 16, 67, 137, 174 tactics, 6, 17, 19, 21–22, 24, 28, 30, 33, 38, 42, graveyard, 32 44, 62, 65, 68, 81, 88, 90–91, 132, 134, hybrid organization, 84, 241 137–38, 151–53, 155, 161, 163, 166, 176, organization, 17, 30, 132 206, 214, 222, 233, 235, 239–40 rank-and-file activists, 81 Taliban, 61 repertoire, 44, 88 Tarrow, Sidney, 89, 135, 152, 241–42 sector, 17 Tax Day, 218 social movement mobilization, 2, 4–6, 74–75, 2012, 219 89, 93, 96, 229 Tea Party, 6, 10, 23, 25–26, 81, 206–18, demobilization, 3, 74, 91, 128, 134, 160, 220–28, 230, 233–36, 240, 244 164, 205 Tea Party Express, 208 social movement society, the, 44 Tea Party for Christians, 241 Social Security, 80 Tea Party Nation, 208 Socialist, 109, 214 Tea Party Patriots, 207–9, 217–18, 224 Socialist Party, 34–35, 210 Tea Party Republicans, 242 Socialist Worker, 40 Tennessee, 222 socialization, 76 terrorism, 4, 56, 61, 64, 194 sociology, 8 Texas, 231, 235

312 Index

third party, 16, See political party, minor University of Chicago, 73 threat, 5, 28, 30, 35, 44, 71, 83, 88–89, 91, USA PATRIOT Act, 14, See Patriot Act 96–97, 128, 133, 205, 216–18, 227, 230, Utah, 222 236–38, 240 Thurmond, Strom, 30 Van Buren, Martin, 28 Tilly, Charles, 89 Vandenberg, Arthur, 46 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 28, 131, 243 veterans, 178, 184, 189 torture, 194–95, 202 Veterans for Peace, 94, 140, 145–46, 156, 233 troop levels, 57–58, 60–63, 65, 169 Veterans’ Affairs Committee, 183 Troops Out Now, 140, 145, 154–57 Victor, Jennifer Nicoll, 79 Truman, David, 83 Vietnam, 35 Truman, Harry, 46 Vietnam antiwar movement, 38, 43 Twitter, 208, 215 Kent State massacre, 37 two-party system, 31 Moratorium, 38 duopoly, 31 youth, 37, 44 tyranny of, 31–32 Vietnam Day Committee, 36 Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 36 U.S. Capitol, 168 Vietnam War, 6, 35–38, 65, 176, 179 U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina draft lottery, 36, 44 Recovery, and Iraq Accountability fall of Saigon, 36 Appropriations Act of 2007. See Public Gulf of Tonkin incident, 36 Law 110-28 military advisers, 36 U.S.-Mexican War, 34 violence, 37 Udall, Mark, 197 voting, 21, 31, 77, 102 Udry, Sue, 163 Uhuru Movement, 169–70 Wall Street, 217 Union Eight, 35 Wallace, George, 162 Union Theological Seminary, 35 Wallace, Henry, 30 United Food and Commercial Workers Union, war crimes, 107, 181 14 War is a Crime. See After Downing Street United for Peace, 41, 156 War of 1812, 34 United for Peace and Justice, 1, 10, 39, 41–42, War on Terror, 43, 47, 94 94, 96, 131–32, 134–35, 140–42, 145, 147, war policy, 8 153, 155–59, 161–66, 169–72, 233, 245 War Powers Act, 64, 177, 192, 199 by-laws, 163 War Resisters League, 34, 131, 141, 146 collapse, 135, 164 Washington Peace Center, 141, 145–46 Steering Committee, 169 Washington Post, 151 United Kingdom, 35, 56 Washington, D.C., 94, 98, 102, 104, 107, United Methodist Church, 42 109–10, 113–14, 158, 168–69, 210, 236, United National Peace Coalition, 135 244 United National Peace Conference, 158 wasted votes, 31–33 United Nations, 46, 56, 193, 195 water’s edge hypothesis, 8, 46, 65 United Nations Security Council, 42, 56, Waters, Maxine, 1, 10, 174–75 193 weapons of mass destruction, 56 United States Capitol Building, 210 Weathermen, The, 37 United States Government Accountability Weldon, Laurel, 84 Ofﬁce, 58 Western Europe, 31 United States Labor Against the War, 153, Whig Party, 28 155–57 White House, 58, 67–68, 97, 107, 114, 122, United States Social Forum, 9, 103–4, 115–16, 134, 151, 164, 166, 170, 178, 191, 202 118, 120–22, 124, 126, 128 WikiLeaks, 173 United Students Against Sweatshops, 156 Wilson, James Q., 22, 147

Index 313

Win Without War, 41, 134, 153, 155–57, 163, World Bank, 39–40 166–67, 171 World Can’t Wait, 94, 97, 140, 142, 145–46, Wolbrecht, Christina, 78 163, 172, 233, 245 women, 30, 38, 78, 84–86, 110, 120, 129, 189, World War I, 34–35 230 World War II, 35, 46, 179 Women Strike for Peace, 38 Women’s Action for New Directions, 38 Yeshitela, Omali, 169 Women’s International League for Peace and Yippies, 38 Freedom, 34, 40, 131 youth activism, 74 women’s movement, 32, 81, 232 YouTube, 208 Women’s Peace Party, 34 Woolsey, Lynn, 1–2, 10, 174 Zuccotti Park, 210, 219