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Home , Alexander of Hales, Medieval aesthetics, William of Auvergne

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The Routledge Companion to

Berys Gaut, Dominic McIver Lopes

Medieval aesthetics

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203813034.ch3 John Haldane Published online on: 09 Apr 2013

How to cite :- John Haldane. 09 Apr 2013, Medieval aesthetics from: The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics Routledge Accessed on: 26 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203813034.ch3

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:15 26 Sep 2021; For: 9780203813034, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203813034.ch3 rcdn n uceigi (the it succeeding and preceding and broad of are that arguments and concepts fashioning interest. enduring and questions posing meo aeisise neito oeain n i ucso osatn the Constantine successor the his however, and 311, with toleration, In 313 in of Empire. this edict Roman followed an the Great issued within persecution Galerius aesthetics its Emperor its medieval and , Greek Judaism Byzantine in from world. of intellectual interest that sophistication greater the to to and of see bridge order case richness valuable in to the a the in particularly likely provides and given vision, of, are broader and thought years were a thought, art Future have and practiced. to which important latter in is ways it the but understand West; the of h eivlpro a ecniee oetn o huadyasfo the from the years in thousand a Empire for Roman the extend in western humanism to the considered of be may ending period medieval The since however, mistake, a -theologians be these to which would reason at This no places of has writers. number aesthetics medieval a religious are of in there a ideas interested aesthetics the is not di medieval This is consider aesthetics contrast, . who By philosophical modern reader value. to to of belong contemporary perspective, answerable to theory are said and this least be mind at may from of or philosophy truth, Viewed to of claim branch correctness. response lay personal to prompted of a seem were expressing nevertheless standards Kant though art, beauty, and or of Hume nature estimations Hutcheson, to how investigations modern of of a and question studies the is The psychology by philosophy . philosophical contemporary of in judgments eighteenth-century features into from it as deriving aesthetic one the of concept The h iiino h mieit etr n atr at yfudn second a founding by parts eastern and underlined western Constantine into ( 325, Roma Empire In Nova the churches. capital, of of building division the the permitting and property The EIVLAESTHETICS MEDIEVAL fi s hs fCrsint novdissra eodPlsie t disassociation its Palestine, beyond spread its involved of phase rst “ e Rome New itrclbackground Historical onHaldane John fi tet.W r nlndt e hspro,adthose and period, this see to inclined are We fteenth. “ “ h dc fMilan of edict the ” ancient ” ,o h ieo h atr ono Byzantium, of town eastern the of site the on ), 3 25 n the and fi t etr otebgnig of beginnings the to century fth ” “ modern eaiigCrsint,restoring Christianity, legalizing rnemgtsgetta a that suggest might fference ” ,fo h perspective the from ), fi dthemselves nd Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:15 26 Sep 2021; For: 9780203813034, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203813034.ch3 oino ih sbigta hc o rae Gnss,a htwihi tefthe revealed. beautiful are itself is structure is and which the texture that color, as is of (Genesis), these beauty creates the (, Among which Goodness which aesthetics. what and that Being into medieval of being notions of source as philosophical light concepts and of standard religious notion the of become fusing a would is commentaries patristic fe h in the often forms. cultural n ai h ra (329 Great the Basil and ol,rsetvl.TeHbe et oee,hsals arwyaestheticized narrowly less a has however, Hebrew text, the suggesting Hebrew of meaning, The rendering its respectively. Greek and world, The cosmos the celebrated. terms where the Psalms) and uses and described Wisdom Genesis, are as creation (such parts those to cular hlspia retto,adbcuei a hr htCrsinat art, Christian that there was were it music because and and orientation, philosophical no rsiebtas eas hydsendtelg ntewiig fPlato, of writings the to in continued theology aesthetics philosophy Medieval discerned which Stoics. they in the because culture and also Greek but a inhabited prestige they enjoy (negative because vanity part Reformation). intellectual in the of reject and with period to oppression practice the in its Augustine) Roman re-emerged viewed and with that and attitudes it revelation, of associating Christian exceptions given suspicion, unnecessary notable as the philosophy (with tended West ai n re rtr fteerypro,the period, early di the a of writers was Greek there and because Latin part in and texts, esetvsbcmsrlvn,i atbcuewa a nw fteacetphi- western ancient the and of known eastern was and of what di Greek because of duality writings part corpus losophical the in the relevant, namely Immediately, becomes wisdom, perspectives writings. human of philosophical product Roman the as regarded other eeain aeyteBbe(atclryteHbe ok,or books, Hebrew the divine (particularly of embodiment Bible an the as namely of revelation, conceived one sources: two on draws aesthetics Medieval it, through extended period, medieval the in predated to which continued west and and 1453. east in of Ottomans diversity the by continued the Constantinople meanwhile, of and empire, sack Rome the 476, eastern until in The years and state tribes. thousand the separated, Germanic a as politically to for Christianity were adopted fell parts Empire, empire the two western of the halves 395 both By over religion. rule as to known man be last the to came soon which ideAe eie rmthese from derives Ages Middle h olwn ttmnsaecaatrsi:Clement: characteristic: are statements following The oeGekFtestre opriua hlspisfrisiain u more but inspiration, for philosophies particular to turned Fathers Greek Some h atr ahr,b otat nae ihi n dpe tt hi purposes, their to it adapted and it with engaged contrast, by Fathers, Eastern The h classi The ” fl fi ( ec a eea si h aeo lmn fAeadi (150 Alexandria of Clement of case the in as general was uence cation Stromata kalos fi s eeoe u fpeeitn nin re n erEastern Near and Greek ancient pre-existing of out developed rst fl and “ fi ec nelculadclua eeomnsln fe it. after long developments cultural and intellectual uence early eeso rdcino xelne htcnb eni the in seen be can What excellence. or production of neness rdars h mie sddtein the did as Empire, the across ffered ,1,seCeeto lxnra1885); Alexandria of Clement see 14, 5, ore fmdea aesthetics medieval of Sources – pankalia 9.Te loloe,o ore osrpueadi parti- in and scripture to course, of looked, also They 79). ” (476– “ oseko euy n ftebat ftecreated the of beauty the of and beauty, of speak to moments 1000), ONHALDANE JOHN “ ” Constantinople. Republic rnei h hooia prahso the of approaches theological the in fference “ 26 high ” fipra olpe u tosue the obscures it but collapse, imperial of n , and , ” fi “ s mre nteEs u othis to due East the in emerged rst (1000 hrhFathers. Church – n30Tedsu h Great, the Theodosius 380 In 30 and 1300) “ o stecueo l that all of cause the is God Enneads “ fl l Testament Old “ ” ec fparticular of uence “ h etbat is beauty best The later hs nteLatin the in Those ,ada htby that as and ), ” (1300 – ” – 1453) ;the ); 215) Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:15 26 Sep 2021; For: 9780203813034, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203813034.ch3 a led enmnind aeyPoiu (205 Plotinus namely Greek- mentioned, misidenti two been discuss already to has important is it early occurred, minded aesthetics medieval in developments h easac eidb ebr fteFoetn ltncAaeyldby led Academy Platonic Florentine the of (1433 members Ficino by Marsilio period Renaissance the prcaino oiybat otl of talk to beauty bodily of appreciation it attributes nor parts neither is Having system One. mystical His the Rome. in reality: supreme in not interested a himself is of also established idea was later the on and he based Asia, but with Stoicism, associated elements and absorbed teachings he where Platonism, Alexandria in of philosophy studied Plotinus . osesmtigi hsie fashtcacn.Cerypyia om a elicit may forms physical Clearly ascent. aesthetic re of of language idea the but this delight, in sensual something see to Beauty to and thought, laws of of that structures to and abstract souls, from more of proceed beauty should through the beauty to itself then, love bodies, and and of discern form who constitutions the those in that beauty said visible the is One the is it to thence where this and 1966), of beauty of follows source forms also higher The Plotinus to constituted. lower itself. from is emanations: than route appearance of a metaphor of identifying series a world in Plato the a as which through less by out of Soul radiates thought animating One is as the inasmuch light for sun, fact, Being, the fi In of and life. manifestation reality and a ultimate light the as of of sources role are the between both analogy an drew he “ essence his that asserting was “ This idea same perfection the its form in presents not which does that He is beautiful and esteems the eyes, He the all What of do. charm we that the beauty by of work His of beauty the ilyMioie,Aien n qia)ta hnGdasesMoses answers God when that Aquinas) and , cially lhuhi onsmsia n btatdfo riayeprec ti o di not is it experience ordinary from abstracted and mystical sounds it Although ftogtadiaiainsc spof n hois na g hti iln to willing is that age an In theories. and proofs of as idea products the such to entertain thence imagination and and character human thought of descriptions of to transferred easily are terms httedvriyo euiu hnsmgtb uni be might things beautiful of diversity the that ojnto ihafi complexion fair a with conjunction spiritual t at hni h laueaddlgta h ih fit of in sight shown the less at is delight symmetry and the pleasure the essence, in homogeneous than and parts simple its a has which light] eut rmsmer fprs n h amnosapaac fcolours of appearance harmonious the and parts, of symmetry from results theological are? you that say I shall who s sNu rItlet hna h om fPlato of Forms the as then Intellect, or Nous as rst hsruepa o etei rncnec eusi ae uhr n a eie in revived was and authors later in recurs transcendence aesthetic for plan route This signi most the centuries the over where West, Latin the to turning Before hl ete e o hita,Poiu a akdytasedn and transcendent markedly a had Plotinus Christian, a nor Jew a neither While fi – swl ihteie eertdb eih sai n hita hnes(espe- thinkers Christian and Islamic Jewish, by celebrated idea the with well ts a fi hsbigete en,teOeo nimdaemnfsaino such. of manifestation immediate an or One the Being, either being this ns fart of tness fi en but being … dDoyisteAepgt,wode evl pnapcso h former the of aspects upon heavily drew who Areopagite, the Dionysius ed ” hnbdl euy h ymtyo ib n ebr n at,in parts, and members and limbs of symmetry the beauty, bodily then retto.H a losrn npei mgr,adfloigPlato following and imagery, poetic on strong also was He orientation. fi ue feomu motnears h eivlwrd The world. medieval the across importance enormous of gures ” Being “ ( hoyo everything of theory a – oii nHexaem in Homilia 9 ne h arng fCsm eMdc (1389 Medici de Cosimo of patronage the under 99) tef rmwihtebig(xsec)o ensderives. beings of (existence) being the which from itself, ” is EIVLAESTHETICS MEDIEVAL ihtewords the with existence. ” fi ( e ecito ucl rcesfo sensual from proceeds quickly description ned Paedagogus 27 IadII e ai h ra 1895). Great the Basil see III, and II “ 210 ” gracefulness tsol o eipsil osuppose to impossible be not should it – 1(e lt 08 e loPlotinus also see 2008; Plato (see 11 “ fi mta am I that am I db eeec oacomprehensive a to reference by ed I,11) III, ’ – eahsc,te sauniversal, a as then metaphysics, s 0;tescn steoriginally the is second the 70); ” ” an – ; d Basil: “ o osntjdeof judge not does God “ ” Eou :4 God 3:14) (Exodus “ euyi bodies in beauty , ” ’ question s an … these d – 1464). ffi fi [with cant fi cult rst ’ s Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:15 26 Sep 2021; For: 9780203813034, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203813034.ch3 as,hwvr a htti ersnaieo re hlspypoeddt write the was to what particular proceeded true; in philosophy been Greek theology, have of Christian may representative of This this works Athens. that of was bishop however, second false, the became later who rt nashtc hratri akdi atb h rncnetls of transcendentalism the by part he What in lost. marked was and is phase thereafter Manichean his aesthetics and to on Manicheanism belonged it of wrote that follower 1991) a Fitting (Augustine became the and writings His authors and the Christianity. Latin studied to in converting Augustine other Born before Africa, Neoplatonism mediates Christianity. and Roman he Western that then and fact range was Empire of the the what Roman to in Beyond part pagan Algeria rest. in the present-day due the of is of worlds standing ahead the his and between thought, Paul his of St profundity and and Jesus behind (742 comes Charlemagne Augustine of period ( 1987) u o h eivl h eifta eblne oteaotlcpro aehma him made period apostolic the the to thought, a belonged From Neoplatonic and he to that interest aesthetics. little belief of add medieval the focus is to medievals Western seems the beauty Dionysius for in that day but present expression formula the common of the of light, perspective a giving of degrees theme proportion become varying the due would which over light of to Carrying and element perfection Dionysius forms. the as beauty, created adds in priori abstract found to a Dionysius be experienced conceived may the from ideal Where approximations reason an beautiful. as to on perceived been focuses certain thereby had of and things ordered trend making well general i.e. is natures, structure their whose of sorts actualization the causing and conceiving eoepoedn oteHg ideAe ti motn osysmtigabout something say to important is it (354 Ages Augustine St Middle of High thought the the to proceeding Before God) also is the (which is it the because that beautiful claiming be in to and said speculation is times. priori thousand a to a experience than more him mentions example, for Aquinas, treatment. identi was his work this of author true The a aesthetics. medieval Western for source foundational of source rebu made namely he was transcendental group, that records he this a (17:34) Areopagus Apostles among the for the from of on Acts search convert the spoke one but the , and the to Athens of visited most emphasis by Paul new St When give beauty. an but does as wonder, he recommended certainly though tradition may Neoplatonic beauty. one of this be experiences what might to exactly response itself is appropriate Beauty it What about itself. wondering beauty of idea fi hr insu eeosdsuso si unn h nur nieyfrom entirely enquiry the turning in is discussion develops Dionysius Where in great The t-o it-etr epaoit rbbyaSra ok u ncneuneof consequence in but monk, Syrian a probably Neoplatonist, sixth-century or fth- oneso etr eivltogt uutn n Erigena and Augustine thought: medieval Western of Founders eiteo onomaton theion Peri fi ainwt h biblical the with cation fl ” ec fDoyisi u oet soito hnt originality, to than association to more due is Dionysius of uence ( eplhoe apto et pulchro De uamsi a aglaia kai euharmostia fi uewt hmt soit eeoigtheories. developing associate to whom with gure rnltdas translated – 1) ntrso in of terms In 814). – 3)adabout and 430) ONHALDANE JOHN fi uehswiig aet eev reverential receive to came writings his gure cause ,btAgsierprsi his in reports Augustine but ), ,wihwudpoea prove would which ), nominibus divinis De 28 hc nteLatin the in which , ftebat fohrtig nvru of virtue in things other of beauty the of “ Dionysius iieNames Divine fi ue fthe of gures fi fl s okwas work rst ec nCrsinthought, Christian on uence ” (hence fi sePseudo-Dionysius (see s easac,ie the i.e. renaissance, rst osnni tclaritas et consonantia “ “ h Areopagite the nteBeautiful the On Confessions ffed ” ), Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:15 26 Sep 2021; For: 9780203813034, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203813034.ch3 h ertre erld h eutn r n rhtcuewsasnhss u ofar so but synthesis, a occupied was had enga- architecture that also and tribes but art resulting Germanic antiquity The the classical ruled. by of he developed learning territories forms the and vernacular art (735 certain the York ging recovering part of in ranging, poet and cher etr easac.Ti nelculrvvlbgni h or fCharlemagne of principal court the the where in Aachen began in Great) revival a the intellectual produce (Charles to philosophy This pagan of renaissance. best the Western with synthesized be might Christianity medievals when the for source main the theory. was musical and evident ntuetlfr ( form instrumental that principle general the of ( instance elsewhere an color being of this , ( 1953), pleasantness concordance Augustine various with and symmetry parts of harmony, of appropriate principles congruence the a compositional as is God well beauty as as that parts, explaining ugly the between for equality accounting synthesizing and of in terms upon and in drawing experience, former in the and richer beautiful, thought much of also is aspects but Neoplatonism Christian hsmd i nipratsuc o ae etr rtr,bts a as far so but writers, Western signi later are works for Roman own collapsed source his his of the important sively, Aristotle. two and from concerned an Plato is of could works him aesthetics known he the made Latin what to This Greek preserving from (480– translating about while Boethius world, set Augustine, lineage, after Roman century A tion. ubradrto steeaeepesdi uia rgesosadharmonies. and progressions musical in expressed classi a are fourfold work as a these others earlier provides as and Boethius his ratio, Dante as in Chaucer, alternating and nature by discussed dialogue, number of viewed crafted also be that highly is to a and Music came Beauty itself beauty it classical masterpiece. is and bodily the work literary verse, aside pursues the and sets It of prose and form periods. high the value Renaissance Yet and highest ephemeral. medieval the the of in question text read widely re theological or several philosophical came of way Christendom, the medieval in Western little of was there glory which the in to centuries times. empire later western of the aesthetic nature the anticipating and scripture, the night of the in aesthetic in nature cheer of give glories to of the stars the of and praise moon lyrical goodness his no is with in there sions conjunction are absent, in they are read Where they . where be great and are goods; there small degree are ( high there a degree in low present a are order and form mundana nteNtr fteGood the of Nature the On uutn n otiswr osiu fclua eln u oe o time a for hoped but decline cultural of conscious were Boethius and Augustine In ewe h eido uutn n h ihMdl gs ..fo h alof fall the from i.e. Ages, Middle High the and Augustine of period the Between fi h an and fauna sh, XI 9 e uutn 98 hl giesi iiiheto bec of absence or diminishment a is ugliness while 1998) Augustine see 19, XXII, nMusic On hr ewie of writes he where Behu 99,btteeteeape eaet ainlyitliil forms: intelligible rationally to relate examples the there but 1989), (Boethius ,t oyadsu ( soul and body to ), oslto fPhilosophy of Consolation Agsie14)Agsieidenti Augustine 1947) (Augustine uiainstrumentalis musica fl r ( ora “ h ih hnn rmaoe h u osretedy the day, the serve to sun the above: from shining light the ,Agsie15) fti em ahrasrc tshould it abstract rather seems this If 1953). Augustine 3, Confessions uiahumana musica EIVLAESTHETICS MEDIEVAL privation fi Behu 99.AtrteBbeti a h most the was this Bible the After 1999). (Boethius aino ui srltn otecso ( cosmos the to relating as music of cation – 0) h aoiga easac a wide was Renaissance Carolingian The 804). XI) hrb eoncigtecreation the reconnecting thereby XXXII), .Tein The ). 29 fmaue omadorder. and form measure, of ” ,t h iie( divine the to ), n ftegoiso h e n land, and sea the of glories the of and fi fl 2) public a 525), snme n ai,i particular in ratio, and number es ec fPtaoentogtis thought Pythagorean of uence nteNtr fteGood the of Nature the On fi uewsaBiihshlr tea- scholar, British a was gure fi at is,adms exten- most and First, cant. ’ uiadivina musica nweg fGreek of knowledge fi ueo patrician of gure “ udmnasof Fundamentals hr measure, where n to and ) Confes- iyof City 14 musica – fl 17, ec- ” Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:15 26 Sep 2021; For: 9780203813034, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203813034.ch3 eade n does gena fatnini nipnal otepreto fbatflthings. beautiful of the to indispensable is attention of n ,seEiea19) vdnl hsde o o not does this Evidently 1995). Erigena see V, and nem an requires, perhaps and involves, of beauty without importance of introducing, the experience of by emphasizing the attitude and by that parts; idea of part of composition the in of work developing, beauty, thereby foundation the about and the unity, thinking upon prepares or in wholeness also commented phase he and new ideas a translated those for endorses who he Neoplatonist while but a Pseudo-Dionysius; was he (815 Erigena Ireland) Scotus Johannes was losopher ( happiness ( enduring and form true of brings latter beauty the of sense, ( trajectory the beauty writes the eternal maintained Alcuin to ideas the pointing Thus concerned was described. beauty and previously art about theorizing as euyo iil om ihaptt rdsr [ desire or appetite with forms visible of beauty aeoyo etei xeinehdntbe eeoe,adteltrcnetmay concept later the and than developed, claim been better not a had have experience aesthetic of category etei tiue oehls ti art eciei smitiigthat maintaining as it describe to fair is it nonetheless attitude, aesthetic its sees of and value account commercial own or its material other on the the vase in while the beauty only of its ( are avarice appreciates interests by and moved whose is sees things man whom The of di one not. two more vase, of issue does attitudes a the object, the have to same contrasts is seems he the as centuries, when abstract, four view and by in brief him directly is predates there who found however, is Erigena, what Aquinas and of return, shall characteristic I which to objection) diff of made is and elements, “ thoughts secret penetrate and scripture to the attention and our revelation, devote divine Carolini arts: Carolingian us of visual that let unsurprising the vehicle is and above the it literature culture, is ranked pagan scripture of writers Christianization that the on belief emphasis the Given 1965). huh,adee ob h onignto fashtc si snwunderstood. now is it as aesthetics of notion founding the be to even and thought, .1, a. aesthetics. modern of feature a is it form that in and levels lower at applicable trans., h qia eeec 12)i oapsaei the in passage a undeveloped to and is cursory (1920) is or allusion reference Renaissance, the the Aquinas Thomas, and The period in medieval as to the antiquity, does, indispensable ” things, of it is thought if beautiful the attention in of of all at mode perception occur certain not the a of that distinctive is it and thought modern of property disinterestedness h euyo h rae ol sawnru amn fsmlraddissimilar and similar of harmony wondrous a is world created the of beauty the lunbogtlann n coln oteCrlnincut u t anphi- main its but court, Carolingian the to schooling and learning brought Alcuin vnmr oi h hm fdsneet rtn bu h rgn of origins the about Writing disinterest. of theme the is so more Even ;ltrEieawrites, Erigena later ); ad h iiino Nature of Division The ,ie the i.e. 3, I,3,seCalmge1998). Charlemagne see 30, III, disinterest ot a ti itntv fi,bta htsaeteie fadistinctive a of idea the stage that at but it, of distinctive is it say ” fi eoeSont anan that maintains Stolnitz s ato h eodpr,qeto 7 ril ,rpyt third to reply 1, article 27, question part, second the of part rst h ou fhsatnino rai hlsi h ol itself: world the is wholes organic on attention his of focus The . “ ’ disinterestedness e bthgl neetn)osrain bu beauty. about observations interesting) highly (but few s “ cupiditas ucrtd aeterna pulchritudo h es fsgti bsdb hs h prahthe approach who those by abused is sight of sense The rn id fforms of kinds erent I,6 e rgn 97 u h eea oimis holism general the but 1987) Erigena see 6, III, ,weestemno ugetatnst h form the to attends judgment of man the whereas ), ONHALDANE JOHN 30 ” – 7.Aanfo h a et(nti case this (in west far the from Again 77). ob h omnpoet fmodern of property common the be to “ ,adn htwietefre pleases former the while that adding ), aua beauty natural “ Glori appetunt “ fayoeble stecommon the is belief one any if um Theologiae ” ra nltcacuto the of account analytic an ffer fi n eadds he and r fpcue aea them, at pictures of ers oiia Greek, (original rn hrcesfcdwith faced characters fferent erhetorica De ] ” ( ” edvsoenaturae divisione De ( auau pulchritudi- naturarum ” Sont 91 131). 1961: (Stolnitz ” ucr species pulchra Admi “ “ eihri does it [e]ither 6 e Alcuin see 46, eti mode certain a I Ie .27, q. IIae, (Ia Periphyseon tdy Eri- ttedly, “ aesthetic ” ( Libri )as IV ; Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:15 26 Sep 2021; For: 9780203813034, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203813034.ch3 n bo ue (1081 Suger Abbot and silver nw nisontm as time own its in known fteNoltns/insa data euyi soitdwt ih.I loldto e led shimmering also producing It ornamentation, light. and with statuary associated demonstration of is vivid gilding a beauty and allowed that coloration planted and idea a architecture Neoplatonist/Dionysian of of the potential out of expressive upwards the growing on as focus of a thought was plant, living odn ffrs h ilci ftogtadati lutae ytecontrasting the by illustrated is art Parisian and two thought of of dialectic The attitudes forms. of folding omadmte htsm ol say in could admirable so some reliefs that bas with matter ennobled and have we form splendor lavish and workmanship “ ob eeae saohr o htwiigpeet oteltrt,ti picture a this literate, the to presents writing what two unlearned For (540 the advanced another. to Great position is presents venerated the the be recapitulated Gregory to partly but Pope permissible This by “ are venerated. images earlier be it meanwhile, that centuries to West, art arguing the religious position not and In middle constrained iconoclasts ought subjects. a it Eastern nonreligious developed while of between Charlemagne representation and dispute in the phases, Muslims the advanced various and century, also recurrence Jews through its a Christians, for went For between reason iconophiles relations the world. prohi- ease of Byzantine Hebrew part to ancient the and political, the 20:4); been of century, Exodus have revival veneration eighth (e.g. may a and images the was manufacture graven By This the on heaven. idolatrous. that bition towards was crea- idea imagery believer symbolize the religious the to towards of of architecture turned for mind had and opinion the appropriate saints, however, orient was the to it and and that Christ allowed tion depict but to pagan of for statuary of admiration condemned ae ans The saints. later stecagn light changing the as archi- an to rise gave and pinnacles soaring and glass the of of tecture expanses walls, massive otne h eihrta fcatn h sls,i a ocie btatyas abstractly conceived was it Psalms), the chanting Chr of which in ritual East, re the Jewish from derived the that practice continued (a prayer and scripture for setting 1946). Suger XXXIII, rul u e oafutu eouinwsta fteporeyo eiiu icono- religious of propriety the some of occasioned that that was matter resolution one had fruitful concerned This a are graphy. to signi arts led of representational but source the trouble a as was far art So of practice The r,adRmnsu cltr rdcdbt auaitcadasrce depictions abstracted and naturalistic both produced of Romanesque and art, h eoain facae hudb eesr n o super not and necessary be should chapel a of decorations The ovnrt itr soetig u olantruhtesoyo itr htis what picture a of story the through learn to but thing, one is picture a venerate to fl ui a nte seto h ieo osi,btaatfo t oei rvdn a providing in role its from apart but worship, of life the of aspect another was Music hspoie onainfrmr xesv eesso eiiu and religious of defenses extensive more for foundation a provided This fl cigtenmrclyodrdhroyo h cosmos the of harmony ordered numerically the ecting r n an ra n yhlgcl swl sprriso biblical of portraits as well as mythological) and (real fauna and ora – n hr hudb ogae images, graven no be should there and plan “ fi Gothic, ahrta the than rather eivlashtc ntegle age golden the in aesthetics Medieval s ena su nteEs.Sm re hrhFteshad Fathers Church Greek Some East. the in issue an been rst fi trn hog tie ls lydars the across played glass stained through ltering – ” 11 fS ei,wowrites, who Denis, St of 1151) ” “ ( psl oSerenus to Epistle fi si aet etre ntesxenhcnuy was century, sixteenth the in termed be to came it as rnihwork Frankish ue:PtrAead(1079 Abelard Peter gures: EIVLAESTHETICS MEDIEVAL h on en httebidn,lk a like building, the that being point The . elevation ‘ 31 hssrassmatter surpasses this fi ” atrefl cant e rgr h ra 1898). Great the Gregory see , ( ” psFrancigenum Opus etr8t eos i blr 1974), Abelard (in Heloise to 8 Letter cinwti eivlthought. medieval within ection – 0)wohddcae that declared had who 604) – Boethius – “ 12,wowoethat wrote who 1142), h la fwondrous of altar The ’” .I loe o less for allowed It ). fl “ ( uous eadministratione De ’ seed. s uiamundana musica ” – fl fi hsldto led This ogl or gold no tn and uting ue and gures fi gurative istians ff ects . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:15 26 Sep 2021; For: 9780203813034, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203813034.ch3 raigteBbea oe fltrr opsto n ups.Ti recognized This ( purpose. se the and per of composition category literary was general of it model of little a that as Bible the treating nlgu ota rvddb aa uhr ne h edn of heading the under authors pagan by provided that to his analogous In readings. literal and Doctrine allegorical form, between distinguishing literary a of of tradition to view relation of and points truth the to from relation purpose, texts authorial viewing between distinctions further hr,adltrtr,i h omo oty ne h orh o uh otywsnot was poetry Hugh, For an fourth. the but under proper poetry, art of an form the in literature, and third, oa r nisonacut eivlper loadesdsclrthemes secular addressed also poetry Medieval account. own its on fi classi these but art an to atrh re h edt ute itnus ewe htis what between the distinguish within further language to placing need and the signs urges conventional he and latter natural between guishing ovyaltrltuh Smtigsmlrwsas rudfrb h eihphiloso- to Jewish symbols the by and for metaphors argued using also Maimonides was allegorical, similar Moses is (Something pher form truth. literal surface a the convey that recognize to signi ne the under yAeadro ae (1185 Hales of Alexander by common The is suitability. there or belong, aptness of philosophy and medieval form, of later relationships of on thinkers focus greatest the which at,s h olrcie t euyfo h ree xrieo t powers its of exercise ordered the from is beauty its its of harmony receives the soul from intelligible ( beauty the its some so derives present ordered, parts, organization, properly and their (1228 well-formed formalism Auvergne of when of of principle William reality. elements the of or combine aspect termed question, they be content in respect might and what forms context that of that In aspect idea the the factors. with second determining the and also parts, of are composition the of notion as works, literary of production the in (1265 applied Dante then by and extensively more developed Perplexed oetGostse(1175 Grosseteste Robert ontr n oat nte rnicn oaetr (1221 Franciscan, Another art. to and nature to h hoyo ieauewssmlryisie y n ee o citr.Hg of Hugh scripture. to, keyed distinguishing and by, arts inspired (1096 similarly Victor was St literature of theory The otyi h atta ti ymaso hsta h euyo hnsthemselves things of beauty the beauti that further this of and means reveals by it is visible: it that made fact is the in mostly Dionysius outwards turned nGo n Evil and Good On srgrsteitrrtto frlgosadohracettxs hr a long a was there texts, ancient other and religious of interpretation the regards As eunn otegnrlacuto euy n ecigteshlsi eidto period scholastic the reaching and beauty, of account general the to Returning ih a etrda ao hm ntemtpyiso h nls Franciscan English the of metaphysics the in theme major a as featured had Light h ipsto of disposition the fi ed 19)Agsiesuh opoiebleeswt ehdlg freading, of methodology a with believers provide to sought Augustine (1995) ttelvlo epmaig n nprun h atroemycome may one latter the pursuing in and meaning, deep of level the at I,Mioie 95.Isie yti,teter fitrrtto was interpretation of theory the this, by Inspired 1995). Maimonides III, ’ s fi iieNames Divine s,acietr ne h eod anigadsupueudrthe under sculpture and second, the under architecture rst, – – ain eehsoial retdadloe otxsfo scripture, from texts to looked and oriented historically were cations 31 in 1321) 11 a rdcdi his in produced had 1141) ” ila fAvrn 96 n oko h aepro begun period same the of work a and 1946) Auvergne of William , ( Summa theoretical “ appendage form “ r fwords of art advn commedia divina La u rseet eaddtebat flgta consisting as light of beauty the regarded Grosseteste but , – I lxne fHls1924 Hales of Alexander II, – 23 h iemn teswoeacmetr on commentary a wrote others many like who 1253) undiwrswiebat stedsoiino form of disposition the is beauty while inwards turned – oh e amn 1135 Maimon, ben Moshe , 25,the 1245), practical ” ( pedxatrium appendix versus ONHALDANE JOHN ” , ( um hooiaAlexandri theologica Summa ,ads itnto a rw ihnthe within drawn was distinction a so and ), oratio “ mechanical 32 presentationalism, Didascalicon – . 9,freape rtsthat writes example, for 49), ewe es n rs.Ti e to led This prose. and verse between ) fi stebatfl hsapisboth applies This beautiful. the es ,btohrclassi other but ), and ff ciecaatr ..emotion. i.e. character, ective – 48). 19) classi a (1991), – logical 24 nhis in 1204, ” ..teter htthe that theory the i.e. – ihmscfalling music with , 4,epaie the emphasized 74), fi fi ttsthat states , s nrdcsthe introduces rst ain lvtdit elevated cations said rhetoric fi ud o the for Guide aino the of cation nChristian On n htis what and “ h body, the Distin- . “ truth ” Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:15 26 Sep 2021; For: 9780203813034, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203813034.ch3 eerdt ySont I,Ia,q 7 .1 a. 27, q. IIae, (Ia, Stolnitz by to referred Theologiae hl ehsn raieo euyo r hr r asn etosars the across mentions passing are there speci art and or beauty writings on his treatise of di no range e identity, has and nature, cause he explains and While he existence, these and teacher essence of his potentiality, terms via and derived, actuality matter, framework (1193 and metaphysical Great a the apply Albert and develop to concerned frne io n ossec swtotcmae u ti civdi atby part in achieved is it but his compare, From without systematicity. is and consistency concision and abstraction, rigor (1225 range, Aquinas Thomas of Augustine: since thinker Christian greatest route a God. light to with soul the association of its was journey and he Dionysius, a beauty and in Plotinus e saw Like from and God. back mystical to the it with attributed and concerned universe the of beauty metaphys fmte e e ilcmrms hst oedge.Nntees hr and where Nonetheless, degree. some to this compromise granularity will the indeed se, and per matter, defective matter but of nature; precise determinate, equally n ale at earlier And n hr hsi nmee ymtra eetteei lrt ( clarity is there defect material by unimpeded is this ( arrangement where proper their and and parts proper its determines thing of quantities utn hs oehraddaiguo i eea eahsc ilstefollowing. the yields metaphysics general his upon “ drawing and together these Putting xeso oprsadcletoso oh,wihhave which by (and both), artifacts of derivatively collections but and substances parts natural to primarily extension things, to relate they Good ow riea Bonaventure at arrive we So te bet fteohrsne,w ontueteexpression the the to use reference not in do for But we reason; senses, sounds. serving other beautiful as the the and hearing, of by sights calms and objects desire beautiful other sight which the of viz. that calms speak cognitive, is which we most that good the chie is senses are of those beautiful which Consequently notion the known. di the or of seen they seek, notion being and the all good, while what the desire; is as good same the since is beautiful The htbat dst odesarlto otecgiiefcly othat so faculty: cognitive the to relation a evident is goodness it Thus to odors. “ beautiful adds and tastes, beauty beautiful of that speak not do we for Beuyicue he conditions, three includes [B]eauty apprehend. to pleasant something is lastly, hc r mardaeb h eyfc gy due color. ugly; bright fact very the by are impaired are which good ” and clie sthat is idea ical ” brightness n nhscmetr nDionysius on commentary his in and c ocue rmceto ocetr o ipya nifrnebtas but inference an as simply not creator, to creation from cause; to ffect en htwihsml lae h peie hl the while appetite; the pleases simply which that means matter “ um Theologiae Summa beautiful ragdacrigt tutrn principles, structuring to according arranged or – ” clarity 20,fo rsol.Cnrlt hsaentoso form of notions are this to Central Aristotle. from 1280), since di ri es u o nrfrne betvl speaking Objectively reference. in not but sense in ffer hnetig r aldbatflwihhv a have which beautiful called are things whence , EIVLAESTHETICS MEDIEVAL omi eemnt t rsnesol euti an in result should presence its determinate is form ’ otmoay h raeto h coatc and scholastics the of greatest the contemporary, s fi ,q 9 .8 ewrites: he 8, a. 39, q. I, ,b hycnesd ramnsi the in treatments condensed, they be c, integrity 33 ad ) qia 12)wie sfollows: as writes (1920) Aquinas 3), rne hne onto n value. and cognition change, fference, or ’ s perfection fi iieNames Divine proportion s nltclwiig ewas he writings analytical rst ri setol.For only. aspect in ffer fl eadtebeautiful, the regard y natures ic hs things those since , integrity – forms 4.Hscombination His 74). or nvru fbeing of virtue in harmony ntepassage the In . h omo a of form The . “ “ brightness and beautiful beautiful proportion and ; ff Summa .The ). c.In ect. ” ” ) Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:15 26 Sep 2021; For: 9780203813034, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203813034.ch3 —— Catr29). (Chapter writers. medieval also of See ideas the consider to reason has reader contemporary his above, mentioned others and Dionysius Augustine, re to back looks medieval Aquinas a While m later sees analysis, renaissance postmedieval No conceptual the from beauty. combines of onset of noted, change the concept be and this, should the to it philosophically in adds which, conditions author account, subjective core and this objective from both follow art and beauty of ceie oenpioohclashtc,adcon and aesthetics, philosophical modern acterizes —— —— eaddas regarded qia,T (1920) T. Aquinas, (1924–48) Hales of Alexander ai h ra (1895) Great the Basil —— (1947) Augustine lun(1965) Alcuin (1974) Abelard it enquiry of object an scienti is (e.g. nature of speculative a from judgments a as to viewed with far relation be so thing com- in In also a conceived also interest. such can is contemplative condition seeking however, a a gives agent This, or also Such an practical value. it constituted. of or so perspective thereby matter goodness the entity to ontological the arrangement its and to prises parts structure introduces of form clarity that extent the to hrean (1998) Charlemagne —— lmn fAeadi (1885) Alexandria of Clement (1989) Boethius fl odn C Press. SCM London: tAugustine St tBnvnue Y rnicnPress. Franciscan NY: Bonaventure, St Russell. & Russell York: New nvriyPress. University Press. Washbourne. London: .Wc (eds) Wace H. ieauePbihn Co. Publishing Literature Fathers Buchhandlung. Hansche Hannover: Meyvaert, P. Co. Publishing htes qia n hs h olwdhmhv osyaotohraspects other about say to have him followed who those and Aquinas else What cin nbat eanfehadrlvn otekn faayi htchar- that analysis of kind the to relevant and fresh remain beauty on ections (1991) (1995) (1953) (1998) (1999) o.2 d .Rbrs .DnlsnadA lvln oe Buff Coxe, Cleveland A. and Donaldson J. Roberts, A. ed. 2, vol. , lt Catr1,Aitte(hpe ) h etei Catr2) Beauty 24), (Chapter aesthetic The 2), (Chapter Aristotle 1), (Chapter Plato Confessions h oslto fPhilosophy of Consolation The nCrsinDoctrine Christian On nteNtr fteGood the of Nature the On iyo o gis h Pagans the against God of City good erhetorica De o.2 d .Shp,NwYr:Appleton. York: New Schopp, L. ed. 2, vol. , udmnaso Music of Fundamentals etr fAeadadHeloise and Abelard of Letters nMusic On n safcso xeinei stogto as of thought is it experience of focus a as and ; o.8 Buff 8, vol. Fathers, Post-Nicene and Nicene um Theologiae Summa psCrl ei otasynodum contra regis Caroli Opus rn.H hdik xod xodUiest Press. University Oxford Oxford: Chadwick, H. trans. , ieHmle nHexaemeron on Homilies Nine ,in rn.R .Tlaeo in Taliafero, C. R. trans. , h htrco lunadCharlemagne and Alcuin of Rhetoric The um theologica Summa Paedagogus d n rn.R .H re,Ofr:Ofr University Oxford Oxford: Green, H. P. R. trans. and ed. , rn.C .Bwr e ae,C:Yl nvriyPress. University Yale CT: Haven, New Bower, M. C. trans. , ONHALDANE JOHN References rn.Fteso h nls oiia Province, Dominican English the of Fathers trans. , tpyisadeitmlg oltrr humanism. literary to epistemology and etaphysics nJ .S ulih(ed.) Burleigh S. H. J. in , rn.V .Wts amnsot:Penguin. Harmondsworth: Watts, E. V. trans. , and rn.E aie e ok egi Books. Penguin York: New Radice, E. trans. , rn.R .Dsn abig:Cambridge Cambridge: Dyson, W. R. trans. , 34 truth d ahr fteCleeo tBonaventure, St of College the of Fathers ed. , Stromata sa beto rcia neeti is it interest practical of object an as ; rn.B ako,i .Scha P. in Jackson, B. trans. , [ h ahr fteChurch the of Fathers The ir Carolini Libri rn.W isn in Wilson, W. trans. , fi mteoeigcamta a that claim opening the rm l,N:CrsinLiterature Christian NY: alo, d n rn.W .Howell, S. W. trans. and ed. , uutn ale Writings Earlier Augustine ,e.A rea with Freeman A. ed. ], beautiful l,N:Christian NY: alo, : . Ante-Nicene rtnsof Writings ff fi and c), , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:15 26 Sep 2021; For: 9780203813034, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203813034.ch3 uho tVco (1991) Victor St of Hugh aakeiz .(1999) W. Tatarkiewicz, ue (1946) Suger (1961) J. Stolnitz, (1987) Pseudo-Dionysius ltns(1966) Plotinus (2008) Plato amnds(1995) Maimonides aian .(1974) J. Maritain, (1986) U. Eco, (1898) Great the Gregory —— (1987) Erigena aosy .(2005) E. Panofsky, (1983) A. Maurer, (2004) J. Haldane, —— ila fAvrn (1946) Auvergne of William rso:Tome.(nivlal oreo texts of source translation invaluable (An Thoemmes. Bristol: u tmltn oprsno rhtcua n hlspia-u-hooia dialectics.) philosophical-cum-theological and architectural of comparison stimulating but oot:Uiest fToronto. of University Toronto: Criticism Art Press. Paulist NJ: Mahwah, Leibhuid, Colm Buff in Barmby, J. n etei experience.) aesthetic and Studies. Advanced for Institute Dublin: 13, vol. Hiberniae, Latini Bellarmin. Montreal: tde.(uln faToitcter fbeauty.) of theory Thomistic a of art.) (Outline of Studies. theory scholastic a of (Outline Press. Dame Notre them situating Aquinas, in tion arguments and concepts theories.) philosophical central wider of his within (Study theories.) Press. scholastic University Western of themes central to (Introduction Press. University Auvergne Treasures Art Its and Denis St (1995) (1988) ” l,N:CrsinLtrtr ulsigCo. Publishing Literature Christian NY: alo, o sasdsrbn n elyn da rw rmAquinas from drawn ideas deploying and describing essays for et nrdcin n re nltclStudies, Analytical Brief and Introduction, Text, : edvsoenaturae divisione De rn.H rdn abig,M:Harvard MA: Cambridge, Bredin, H. trans. Aquinas, Thomas of Aesthetics The Symposium – eadministratione De eihso:TeDvso fNature of Division The Periphyseon: 0 131 20: Enneads n artv,t hc mmc indebted.) much am I which to narrative, and r n euyi h ideAges Middle the in Beauty and Art ieeadPs-ieeFathers Post-Nicene and Nicene “ atflReason Faithful nteOiisof Origins the On r n and Art ohcAcietr n Scholasticism and Architecture Gothic bu euy hmsi Interpretation Thomistic A Beauty: About h ud o h Perplexed the for Guide The –43. rn.R Water R. trans. , rn.A .Amtog abig,M:HradUiest Press. University Harvard MA: Cambridge, Armstrong, H. A. trans. , itr fAesthetics of History Didascalicon h iieNames Divine The psl oSerenus, to “Epistle “ rneo:PictnUiest Press. University Princeton Princeton: , rn.J .O J. J. trans. , rn.E aosyas Panofsky E. trans. , nGo n Evil and Good On odn oteg.(See Routledge. London: , EIVLAESTHETICS MEDIEVAL ute reading Further rn.J alr e ok oubaUiest Press. University Columbia York: New Taylor, J. trans. , ‘ etei Disinterestedness, Aesthetic fi rn.J .Eas or ae N nvriyof University IN: Dame, Notre Evans, W. J. trans. , l,Ofr:Ofr nvriyPress. University Oxford Oxford: eld, o.2: vol. , ,in 35 n eis o.1,e.P Scha P. ed. 13, vol. series, 2nd , ’ rn.C ai,Cmrde A Hackett. MA: Cambridge, Rabin, C. trans. , er n .P hlo ilas Scriptores Williams, Sheldon P. I. and Meara rn.J .O J. J. trans. , ” suoDoyis h opeeWorks Complete The Pseudo-Dionysius: eivlAesthetics Medieval rn.H rdn e ae,C:Yale CT: Haven, New Bredin, H. trans. , ,in in – pslso tGeoyteGreat, the Gregory St of Epistles arb,P:Acaby (Speculative Archabbey. PA: Latrobe, , re n ai rgnl ihEnglish with originals Latin and Greek h eBn tMl fWlimof William of Malo et Bono De The bo ue nteAbyCuc of Church Abbey the on Suger Abbot oso:Cne o Thomistic for Center Houston: , ’ er n .P Sheldon-Williams, P. I. and Meara atV euyadcontempla- and Beauty V: “Part ” yJ O J. by rn.R .Montgomery, M. R. trans. , ’” ora fAshtc and Aesthetics of Journal ’ onl,PDthesis, PhD Donnell, ’ con fbeauty of account s ff n .Wace, H. and trans. , trans.