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Tração Em Entomologia

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Tração Em Entomologia UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ CURSO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ÁREA DE CONCENTRAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA EDUARDO CARNEIRO CURITBA JAN/2012 EDUARDO CARNEIRO Padrões de diversidade e distribuição de Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) na Serra do Mar paranaense, Paraná, Brasil, e as relações macroecológicas das áreas campestres da América do Sul segundo sua composição. Tese apresentada à Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Área de Concentração em Entomologia, da Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas. Orientador: Dr. Olaf H. H. Mielke (UFPR) Co-orientadora: Drª Mirna M. Casagrande (UFPR) Co-orientador: Dr. Konrad Fiedler (UNIVIE) CURITIBA JAN/2012 ii Agradecimentos Aos Profs. Dr. Olaf H.H. Mielke, Drª Mirna M. Casagrande e Dr. Konrad Fiedler, que compartilham deste estudo, pela orientação e inúmeras contribuições e correções do manuscrito, além de toda companhia e amizade durante todos esses anos de convivência. À Universidade Federal do Paraná e ao curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Entomologia), em nome de seu corpo docente e discente, por possibilitar a realização deste curso e prover estrutura e qualidade adequadas para a realização deste trabalho. Em especial, aos colegas do Laboratório de Estudos em Lepidoptera Neotropical, Dayana Bonfantti, Diego R. Dolibaina, Fabio L. dos Santos, Fernando M. S. Dias, Lucy M. G. Salik, Luis Anderson Ribeiro Leite, Manoela Kowalkzuk e Thamara B. T. Zacca. Ao CNPq pela concessão da bolsa de Doutorado e à CAPES pela bolsa- sanduíche realizada durante quatro meses em Viena, Áustria. Ainda em Viena, à “Universität Wien” em nome do departamento de biodiversidade animal e seus integrantes: Dra. Andrea Grill, Msc. Christine Truxa, Dr. Florian Bodner, Msc. Patrick Strutzenberger, por todo auxílio prestado e excelente companhia durante minha estadia. Ao Goethe Institut e em especial à professora Eleonora, pelas aulas de alemão imprescindíveis à realização do Doutorado-Sanduíche em Viena. Pelas fases de campo, sou grato ao IAP pela conceção das licenças de coleta nas Unidades de Conservação e ao “Seu Amadeus” e “Dilson” por disponibilizarem acesso às suas propriedades particulares. Também, a todos os colegas que se prontificaram a acompanhar e compartilhar de sua experiência durante as fases de campo, em especial aos Msc. Diego R. Dolibaina e Msc. Claudivã M. Maia, os mais assíduos coletores. Também aos pesquisadores doutores Alfredo Ugarte, Arthur Shapiro, Gerardo Lamas, Julieta Ledezma, Rudi Mattoni, Wolfgang A. Nässig, que indicaram ou auxiliaram de alguma forma na obtenção de listas de fauna necessárias para compilação do banco de dados utilizado no capítulo quatro desta tese. À Msc. Mariana Cherman pela paciência em me descrever a flora Argentina. iii Como exemplos de grande amizade, agradeço também à compania de Fernando W. T. Leivas, Olivia Evangelista e Peterson T. Leivas, sempre presentes no momentos de maior necessidade. Esse estudo é uma consequência do apoio incondicional de minha família e amigos que, desde os primeiros passos acadêmicos, me ofereceram uma vida gratificante, provendo grandes alegrias e experiências, durante não só durante o decorrer dos quatro anos de doutorado, como também por toda minha escalada educacional. iv Dedicatória Esta tese é especialmente dedicada aos meus orientadores Dr. Olaf H. H. Mielke e Drª Mirna M. Casagrande, por todo conhecimento transmitido e pela amizade cultivada durante os quase 10 anos de convivência e orientação acadêmica. Minha eterna gratidão. “Few skippers are easy to collect on the wing, and the stereotype image of a collector in a headlong pursuit of his speeding prize is definetly not a technique of the skipper collector ” v William H. Howe ÍNDICE RESUMO ............................................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 8 CAPÍTULO I ...................................................................................................................... 10 Resumo ............................................................................................................................. 10 Introducão ......................................................................................................................... 11 Metodologia ...................................................................................................................... 13 1. Locais de Amostragem ............................................................................................. 13 2. Amostragem.............................................................................................................. 16 3. Análises Estatísticas ................................................................................................. 17 Resultados ......................................................................................................................... 17 Discussão .......................................................................................................................... 26 Literatura Citada ............................................................................................................... 30 CAPÍTULO II ..................................................................................................................... 40 Resumo ............................................................................................................................. 40 Introdução ......................................................................................................................... 41 Metodologia ...................................................................................................................... 44 Resultados ......................................................................................................................... 48 Discussão .......................................................................................................................... 54 Literatura Citada ............................................................................................................... 57 CAPÍTULO III ................................................................................................................... 62 Resumo ............................................................................................................................. 63 Introdução ......................................................................................................................... 64 Metodologia ...................................................................................................................... 68 Resultados ......................................................................................................................... 72 Discussão .......................................................................................................................... 80 Literature Citada ............................................................................................................... 84 CAPÍTULO IV .................................................................................................................... 93 Resumo ............................................................................................................................. 93 Introdução ......................................................................................................................... 94 Metodologia ...................................................................................................................... 97 Resultados ....................................................................................................................... 104 Discussão ........................................................................................................................ 113 Literatura Citada ............................................................................................................. 118 6 Padrões de diversidade e distribuição de Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) na Serra do Mar paranaense, Paraná, Brasil, e as relações macroecológicas das áreas campestres da América do Sul segundo sua composição. RESUMO A família Hesperiidae é usualmente referida como um grupo de espécies de difícil amostragem, sendo frequentemente omitida de estudos de biodiversidade especialmente em regiões de domínio de florestas tropicais. Adicionalmente, estudos faunísticos em regiões campestres, especialmente em campos de altitude são ainda escassos, e pouco se sabe sobre a distribuição dos organismos nessas localidades e quais os mecanismos responsáveis por tal. Desta forma, o presente estudo amostrou a fauna de Hesperiidae em três montanhas da Serra do Mar paranaense visando comparar sua riqueza sob diferentes perspectivas naturais e investigar padrões de composição, diversidade, riqueza e riqueza de endemismos relacionados à altitude e aos diferentes tipos vegetacionais relacionados. Adicionalmente a composição desta fauna amostrada foi comparada à de outros tipos vegetacionais campestres da América do Sul, objetivando verificar os possíveis mecanismos relacionados à sua distribuição. Mostrou-se que os Hesperiidae em geral foram coletados homogeneamente, tornando a riqueza de espécies passível de ser utilizada para comparações de assembléias. No entanto, a exibição
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