Globalising Migration History Studies in Global Social History VOLUME 15 Studies in Global Migration History Editor Dirk Hoerder, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA Editorial Board Bridget Anderson, University of Oxford Dennis Cordell, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX Adam Hanieh, SOAS, University of London Immanuel Ness, City University of New York Jose Moya, Barnard College, Columbia University Brenda Yeoh, National University of Singapore Vazira Fazila-Yacoobaliis Zamindar, Brown University Min Zhou, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore VOLUME 3 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/sgsh Globalising Migration History The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries) Edited by Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: clockwise Chinese funeral in Batavia, ca. 1935 Source: KITLV, Leiden, Album 1368, Image code 169622 (illustration 3 in the book), Poster of a female Chinese tractor driver, published in October 1964 and designed by Jin Meisheng and Jin Peigeng Source: IISH, Amsterdam, Call number: IISG BG E13/880 (illustration 4), Russian soldiers encamped in a village, ca. 1918 Source: IISH, Amsterdam, Call Number: IISG BG A62/186 (illustration 1) and Ghati coolies, probably in Bombay, ca. 1865 Source: KITLV, Leiden, Album 653, Image code 87154 (illustration 2). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Globalising migration history : the Eurasian experience (16th–21st centuries) / edited by Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen. p. cm. — (Studies in global social history, ISSN 1874-6705 ; volume 15) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-90-04-27135-7 (hardback : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-27136-4 (e-book) 1. Eurasia— Emigration and immigration—History. 2. Eurasians—Migrations—History. 3. Immigrants— Eurasia—History. 4. Globalization—Social aspects—Eurasia—History. 5. Russia—Emigration and immigration—History. 6. Asia—Emigration and immigration—History. 7. Social change—Eurasia— History. 8. Acculturation—Eurasia—History. 9. Eurasia—Ethnic relations. I. Lucassen, Jan. II. Lucassen, Leo, 1959– JV8490.G57 2014 304.8095—dc23 2014002470 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1874-6705 isbn 978 90 0427135 7 (hardback) isbn 978 90 0427136 4 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Acknowledgements vii Jan Lucassen & Leo Lucassen About the Authors viii List of Tables, Figures, Maps and Illustrations xi List of Abbreviations xix SECTION ONE: Europe and Siberia Measuring and Quantifying Cross-Cultural Migrations: An Introduction 3 Jan Lucassen & Leo Lucassen Catherine’s Dilemma: Resettlement and Power in Russia, 1500s–1914 55 Willard Sunderland Measuring Migration in Russia: A Perspective of Empire, 1500–1900 71 Gijs Kessler Section TWO: South Asia Mapping Migrations of South Indian Weavers before, during and after the Vijayanagar Period: Thirteenth to Eighteenth Centuries 91 Vijaya Ramaswamy South Indian Migration, c. 1800–1950 122 Sunil S. Amrith Section THREE: South East Asia Migration and Colonial Enterprise in Nineteenth Century Java 151 Ulbe Bosma Toward Cities, Seas, and Jungles: Migration in the Malay Archipelago, c. 1750–1850 180 Atsushi Ota The Art of (not) Looking Back: Reconsidering Lisu Migrations and “Zomia” 215 Mireille Mazard vi contents Migration in an Age of Change: The Migration Effect of Decolonization and Industrialization in Indonesia, c. 1900–2000 247 Jelle van Lottum Section FOUR: East Asia A Different Transition: Human Mobility in China, 1600–1900 279 Adam McKeown Han Chinese Immigrants in Manchuria, 1850–1931 307 Yuki Umeno From Mao to the Present: Migration in China since the Second World War 335 Jianfa Shen Cross-Cultural Migrations in Japan in a Comparative Perspective, 1600–2000 362 Leo Lucassen, Osamu Saito, and Ryuto Shimada Section FIVE: Conclusion Summary and Concluding Remarks 413 Jan Lucassen & Leo Lucassen References 429 Name Index 482 Geographical Index 485 Subject Index 494 Acknowledgements This book is the result of the conference ‘Migration and Mobility in a Global Historical Perspective’, held at the National Taiwan University (NTU) in Taipei in August 2010. We are very grateful to the International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS), based in Leiden, and the National Science Council (NSC) of Taiwan for their generous financial support. More in particular we thank Martina van den Haak for her excellent logisti- cal and organizational skills and professor Nora Chiang from NTU for her generous hospitality. Finally, we thank the participants in the conference, but especially the two anonymous referees, who carefully read the manuscript, for their valuable com- ments. This volume is the third in a series on Global Migration History, which started with Migration History in World History (edited by Jan Lucassen, Leo Lucassen & Patrick Manning, Brill 2010) and was recently followed by Migration and membership regimes in global and historical perspective (edited by Ulbe Bosma, Gijs Kessler and Leo Lucassen, Brill 2013). These publications fit in the Global Migration History Programme of the International Institute of Social History (IISH) in Amsterdam and in the Leiden University Interdisciplinary Research Profile Global Interactions (LGI). Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen (Amsterdam and Leiden, December 2013) About the Authors Sunil Amrith (PhD University of Cambridge, 2004) is Reader in Modern Asian History at Birkbeck College, University of London. His research is concentrates on the connections between South and Southeast Asia in the modern period, with a particular focus on migration. http://www.bbk.ac.uk/history/our-staff/ full-time-academic-staff/sunilamrith. Ulbe Bosma (PhD University of Leiden, 1995) is Senior Researcher at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam and professor in international and comparative social history at VU University. His fields of interest are colonial migration circuits and global commodity production and he is co-editor of Migration and membership regimes in global and historical perspective: an introduction (Brill 2013). http://socialhistory.org/en/staff/ulbe-bosma Gijs Kessler (PhD European University Institute Florence, 2001) is Senior Researcher at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam and based in Moscow. He is a specialist on the social history of Russia and the Soviet Union and co-editor of Migration and membership regimes in global and historical perspective: an introduction (Brill 2013). http://socialhistory.org/en/staff/ gijs-kessler Jelle van Lottum (PhD University of Utrecht, 2007) is a Birmingham Fellow at the University of Birmingham, where he leads the ESRC funded project ‘Migration, human capital and labour productivity: the international maritime labour market in Europe, c. 1650–1815’. His work focuses on the link between economic perfor- mance and labour migration worldwide (1600–present). http://www.birming- ham.ac.uk/staff/profiles/history/van-lottum-jelle.aspx Jan Lucassen (PhD University of Utrecht, 1984) is Emeritus Professor of Social History of the Free University in Amsterdam and as Honorary Fellow attached to the International Institute of Social History. His research focusses on labour migration and the history of work. http://socialhistory.org/en/staff/ jan-lucassen. about the authors ix Leo Lucassen (PhD University of Leiden, 1990) is Professor of Social and Economic History at the Institute for History of Leiden University. His work concentrates on global migration history, urban studies and social engineering. http://hum. leiden.edu/history/staff/lucassen.html. Mireille Mazard (PhD University of Cambridge, 2011) is a socio-cultural anthropologist whose research explores political and religious transformations in East and Southeast Asia. For her PhD, she conducted extensive fieldwork among the Nusu people of Yunnan, China, on their tumultuous adaptation to life at the margins of the Chinese state. She has taught anthropology and gender studies at the University of Regina, in Canada; Paññasastra University, in Cambodia; and Yunnan Nationalities University, in China. Her current research examines the ethics of violence in transnational Taiwanese Buddhism. Adam McKeown (PhD University of Chicago, 1997) has taught world history at Northeastern University and Columbia University. He has researched and published on the histories of Chinese and global migration, including Melancholy Order: Asian Migration and The Globalization of Borders (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008) on the history of migration control. Atsushi Ota (PhD University of Leiden, 2005) is an Associate