427

TTTA/^:

1. S ati Stones inTamilncdu by R* Nagasvojay,

^hpJr . /^7O

429

EPIGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS.

The earliest epigraphs so far foxmd in Tamil country range fraa 3rd centtiry B,C* to 2nd centu- y A*D# Most of them are found in the natural caverns of hill locks, and record dedication to Jain ascetics.^ ilie other epigraphs found on potsherds excavated from ancient sites are fragmentary in nature* These bear no evidence to the Sakti cult in earlier period.

It is only vith the advent of the Pallava period that we get references to Gods and Goddesses of the Hindu faitl;* The earliest to refer Id some aspect is Mahendra I) \itio refers ^ o t h e constant presense of Uma Haimavati, by the side of Siva in his Thiruchi cave epigraph*^

The next important reference occurs in the Kurara copper plate inscriptitMi of Paramesvar This is a very important plate for the study of Agamic and Tantric cult. In the invocatory verse Siva is extolled as the five headed God, (Sadasivamurti) vho is also called Tftttvamatratmamurtj., He is also called the author of Murtivldya (Agama or Tantras)*

\ In the second verse of the plates, Siva the embodiment of vedas, is said to be a resplendent light and the ver. embodiment of Karya, Vyuha and Kala* He the supreme lord is said to bring to the heart of the devotees, the Sakti, whic’" is the cause of action.

Karva VTvuha Kalakramagy_a Yiaatiltiba JyoAisha. 430

Y i i s m gandra Marcantl yasYsjnsa-vah 2hU^.ftqft^ hrdayeshuca anayatl JSiki SftKt,ia Klrlyasadhamlm Trayyatma Parame svarah sa Jayati Trallokya ChoolanaBf ^

This Is a positive reference to what is known as Saktimpata In Slddhanta Philosophy. The te n s yyuha and kala are also welknown concepts of Saivasiddhanta* That Siva is the author of the Agamic Vldya is also alluded to* Thus these concepts are well developed in 7th century A*D«

The next important Saiva concept referred to in epigraph come from Mamallapuram and Kanchi* Siva is considered f^e creator, sustainer and destoyer of %e universe* It rightly says samhara karana# Sambhara athlthl aaahara karanam.

An aspect of Somaskanda, is mentioned In Saluvankuppam cave inscription which reads

girlt,anya .aahj.tak krta ratlh bhayfttt nasyoatl^')

In the Kanchi temple, Hajasimha says that he was a follower of Saiva Slddhanta aarga and as a result got his malas removed* His titles Aeama iiramana^ A^ama- Kalasamudra. Kaaalalitha and Itihaaa reflections of his alms*

The tJdayendiram plates of NandivarmanJ^ refers to tJmasahlta. Sadaslva, but his kasakkudl*^lates are more important* They refer to Harlhara aspect, flanked by TJma and Sri. It also refers to Lakshml and Arya (Durga)* 431

In describing Lakshffli, the verse says, she is seated on a lotus holding lotus In both her arms and with elephant pouring with golden pots, an exact description of sculpture found at Mama Mepuram* The description of Durga is all the more interesting. She is called Arya* She has three eyes seeing which Kama got frightened* She is the sister of Vishnu and the Goddess who wards off evils*

Iri&tfl aayagam bhlygvay l a m na laal Iti ^Sto.<2S .SSJLSa ^ bhagavatl alakshmlm AJj.a Kadaryftffi kshanena.. V

There is one inscription of the reign of Nandi- varman ^ i c h is of interest* It refers to one Okkandlnagan, Okkanttlndan, cut off his head and offered to Goddess Bhatari* He is aaid to have cut the head and placed on a pedestal* The villagers of Thiruvanmur gifted land to his descendents* In the stone, recording t'•is event, t»e figure of the hero with his severed head is shown with the inscriptions*

Besides these, the references to Durga on Bhatari, (Kali) are rate in the period of the Pallavas* However we have seen* that the Pallava rJ.er Nandi the Victor Tellaru and his queen Maraapaval have personally gifted wealth for offerings to the Kalapldari of Nlyamam set up by the Muttaraiyas*

With the advent of the Cholas references to Sakti in her various manifestations are Innumerable* We have atM)ended some select epigraphs refering to Durga, ivali, Kamakottam'iind other aspects. That an image set up by Vijayalaya was called Klsumbasudani is interesting* In early Inscriptions Kali images were called Kalapldari and Mahakalattupidari^^shoving that they were closeIjs 432

associated with the cxilt of Mahakala* Besides^ she Is called by various local names as well. One of the frequent i ? references, is Kadiakar i»e# the deity of 1he forest (or cemetry). In the inscription of Rajaraja at Tanjore, many Pidari temples situated in^rious villages are mentioned. She Is generally called Pldarl, but such names as Kutirai Vattamudayal, Pidari Punnaicherl nangai, etc, also 6ccur, In the Vallam inscription, the Devi Is called Kaittalalpusal nangai*^^ An inscription dated in the reign of Konnaradevar, refe s to one Kali as Pidari Idaimalal Nangai,, An inscription of an identified Chola king, probably Kulottunga III calls the Kali as Pidari Yogirunda Paramesvari an excellant aspect of yogic association with Kali* An inscription in Kongu country in 13th century refers to the Pidari as Nanadesi nangai. An inscription coming from Raanad district calls the Devi Alagiya nachiyar. In the Vijayanagar records such names as Ekkala devi, Ellamma and Kalikadevi appear for Kali,

Durga is called by various names in epigraphs as Durga, Durga bhatari. Vadapalamafflthal, In some inscrip­ tion she is called Durga Paramesvari, In t^e great temple of Tanjore a copper image of Durga was set up with four hands and provisions made for Its offerings. It Is called in inscriptions as Durga Paramesvari> One of the Durgas which was xmder worship in the reign of Kulottunga I , was called Omkarasundarlyar, a rather delightful name. In the Vijayanagara reign we get the name of a Durga, as Prasanna Durga,

Lands gifted to Kalapidarl temple, were called Pidari pattl and that were gifted to Durga temple were called Durgaipatjtl*

A number of Inscriptions begin to appear from 12th century A,D, referring to the shrines of Amman, as 433

Kamakkottamudaiya Psriya Nacchl* Some inscriptions also refer to Palliyarai Nacchi (the Goddess of the sleeping chamber). Such references appear from 12th century A«D* We have not come across any epigraph referr­ ing to Benuka Devi which is now very pop-olar# It shoxftd be a post - 17th century concept#

MERCHANT GUILDi

A merchant guild called Nanadesi, occurs frequently in inscriptions. The members of this group were g' eat devotees of the goddess Bhatari who is referred I a to as Aintolil Paraae3vari> ^The nature of the guild and their activities shows that they were also responsible for the spread of Devi cult to various parts of India and even beyond the seasr An account of the guild given in Annual report on epigraphy given below is revealing.

One inscription from Basinikonda in the Chittoor district refers to mercantile guilds that apparently had their organisation from very early times and spread their influence over allied communities in distant parts of India (Ko#343 of Appendix B)i'^ A similar record is No.349 of 1912 from viral-r in the North Arcot diattict, which may belong to the time of Rajaraja I . It refers to a gift by a gxiild of nanadesi (mercliants). As the record is much damaged it Is not possible to make out more of its contents. No.256 of Appendix B >rfiich» by its paleography, has to be referred to the time of Rajendra-Chola I gives a short oulegy of the guild of merchants under reference, and states that these were praised by 500 vira*sasanas (ire* edicts?) glorif:,lng their deeds, were virtuous protectors of the vlra-valanjlka (or Valanjiya) religion, that they were born of Vasudeva, andali and Vlrabhadra, were the devoties of Bhattaraki (i.e. the goddess Durga?) and consisted of various sub­ 434 divisions coming fr o m the 1,000 (districts) of the four quarters, the lo towns, t**e 32 velapuram and the 64 ghatika-sthana, v i z ., settis, settiputras (settipillai?), ^avares, kandalls, bhadrakas, gavunda-svarains, slngam, sirupu’’!, valattukkai (i*€.valangai), variyan and others. Tl:;ese nanadisis met together at Mayilarpu (l#e* Mylapore) and decided to convert Kattu^ which was originally Ayyaputal into a Virapattina and thus exempted its inha­ bitants of all communal contributions, entitling them to receive twice what the; used to get till then (in the matter of honorary privileges?)* They resolved also that, henceforward, the town was not to be inhabited by such members of the mercantile classes (1) as demanded taxes or toolls by threatening people wit- drawn swords or by capturing them (?) and (2) as wantenly deprived people of their food or otherwise afflicted them. They also declared that these who offended against this decision were placed outside the Valan'^iya-community (i*c . were Excommunicated). The general name nanadesi applied to merchants in these records, by itself indicates that they has dealings with various countries* A record from Baligami in the Mysore State, supplies also a very long eulogy of tftese merchants, and states, in addition to \riaat has been already supplied by the Kattur epigraph, that they were brave men (viras) born to wander ever many countries ever since the beginning of the Krlta age, penetrating regions of the six continents by land and water routes and dealing in various articles SiiCh as horses, elephants, precious stones, perfumes and drugs either \rtiolesale or in retail (Ep.Carn. Vol.VII. Sk*118). This boast of the mercantile community Is ^^stified by the existence of stone records even in Cey'on and Burma which refer to their communal gifts In these countries. The Vaishnava t«nple at Paftan in Upper Burma was built by the merchants (nanadesi) of that town (Ep.Ind.Vol.VII. p .1 9 7 ). The Basinikonda record states that the community 435 consisted of nadu, nagara and nanadesl and that the special congregation, which had met at Slravalll, consisted of 1,600 representatives of all samayas (religious denomi­ nations) coming from the four and eight quarters and also of their followers who comprised Erl-*viras, Munal-vlras, llanjlnga-vlras, Kongavalas and a host of otler sects of various tenets, the valangai weavers, etc. The object of the conference was to declare Siravalli a Nanadesiya Dasamadl-Krivlrapattana and to confer some privileges on the residents of that town, perhaps, similar to those that were registered i n the Kattur inscription* The Karshanapalle stone (Ko.521 of Appendix B) also refers to Muttu^uru (iirtilch is at a mile*ff distance from Karsha­ napalle) as an Erlvlrapattana in the sense in which the others were. To the temple of Angakkara-Isvaramudaijar of this place, the revenue realised an oil-jnllls was granted by Solakulakarana-Wuvendavelan, the officer in charge of t*^e revenue collection In that part of the country, ‘ In order to secure strength to the arms of the emperor** 436

1. Kalvettiyal - by foar authors, Madras. 1972, pp. 48 to 80*

2. 3.1.1. Vol. I No. 83.

3 . 3o Pailnva Copper Plates, - £d. T.N. Subrnaifniaa, Madrfts.

1966, Pp. 33 to 60.

4. Ibid. page 45.

5. Ibid. Pege 46.

6. SII Vol. I Page No, 19.

7. 3II Vol. t page No. 21.

8. '3X1 Vol. I NO. 25, 36, 37, Niches.

9. 3o p all ara Copper P lates - Pfi*ge l07 to 14o.

10. Ib id , page 14o to 180.

11. Ibid. page 156.

12. gil. vol. VI. 447.

13. See select inacriptiona on Kamaldtottam, ap-Tended at the end.

14. SII veol Vl. 446.

15. Please see select inscriptions on Kali, qjpended at the end.

16. *Kalvettu», No. 4, Page 6.

17. Please select inscription on Durga ai?)ended at thi end.

18. SH. Vol. VIII. No. 442.

19. a r e . 1913. para 25. Page 99. 437

SEI^CIJLWSCRIPTIOWS ON KAMAKKOTTAM,

1 . An Inscription in Tamil in the TirukJUltiklnx»ram udaiyar temple Tirukk:alukkunramy Chingleput district dated 20th year in the reign of the chola king Tribhu- vanachakravartin Kulothunga chola deva records a gift of iheep for a perpectual lamp to the Goddess TlruVa.ama*. kotta-Nachchiyar. (ARB 136/1932-33)*

2. An inscription in Tamil in the Adavattar teiple dated 23rd year in the reigii of the chola king Tribhiivana- vartin Konerlnmal Kondan records a gift of lafid made tax free for the expenses to the shrine Tirukkamakkotta- Mudalya-CcJlya Naehehlyar» (ARE 8 » A 9 1 9 ).

Zm An inscription in Tamil in the Tirtipperutanamudalyar teiple dated 32nd year in the reigc of the chola king Tribhuvanachakravartin Tribhuvana Vira deva records a gift of lacd to the shrine of TirW-amakiiotta mudaiya Rachchivar, (ARB 530/19W21),

4. An inscription in Tamil In the Siva temple Sirudavur, Chinglepit taluV, Chingleput district dated 12th year Chittirai 26 in the reigft of Saabuvaraya king Sakalaloka-* charavartin Rajanarayanan records^ a remission of some specified taxes on two veil of devadana land belwiging to the God and the Nachchiyar^ (ARB 93/1933),

5. An inscription in Tamil in the Attanayakl Amman te«ple Tira ‘ ala udl dated in 14th year, of Pandya king Maravar ian alias Trlbuvanachakravartln Sundara Pandya deva records that at the Instance of the king's nephew "^a se ^^a ra deva^ certain la0ds situated in Ktii«attakkudi, a village of Kana-nadu, were made tax free and given to the 438

Goddess of m ariyar Alaglya Nachehlvar> (ARE 61/1916-lC)*

6. An inscription in Tamil in the Mlnakshl Amman teaple Kollnjvadi, Dharapuraa^ Coimbatore district, dated in the reign of the king Trlbuvanachakravartin Konerinmai Kondan, records a gift of land to the Goddess Tirt^kk;^makkotta Sachchiy^. (SIX Vol#V 260)*

7* An inscription in Taall In the Nellalyappar te (SII Vol.V, No. 40tt)fc

»♦ An inscription In Tamil in the Sokkanathasvamln temple Kolln'tvadl, Coimbatore dlst let dated 30th year and 51st day in the reign of the chola king Tribuvana- chakravartin Konerlmal Kondan records a gift of land free of all taxes In AnU'^ampallam alias Amarabhu*an ara to the Goddess T

9 , An inscription in Tamil in the Sok' anathaswamln temple Folin Ivadl, dated 30th year and 5 6 t n day in the reign of the chola king Trlbuvana chakravartin Konerinmai Kondan records another gift of land to the same Goddess Tirukkaaa* tottathtt Nachchiyar alias Alaglya_Sokklyar, (ARE 156/1920),

10. An inscription in Tamil In the Sokicanathasvamln te»ple olln.avadlj Coimbatore dist let dated 29th year and 235th day in the relgo of the chola ing, Tribuvana- chakravartin, Konerinmai Kondan records a gift of land to the same Goddess Tirukkiuaakkottatta Nachchijrar alias Alaglyasokkivar in the temple* (ARE 157/1920)* 439

11# An Inscription In Taall in the Kallasanatha temple Tentlruppera, Tlruchendur taluk, Tlnnevell district dated 11th year In the reign of the Pandya king "atavamian alias Trlhuvana Kulasekara deva records some endowment by the Ing for the worship of Goddess Tirukkatakkottatt^ Altidava Nachchlyar> (ARE 2o6/1939-43,.

12« An inscription in Tamil in the Kallasanatha temple Slnglkulam, Nangunerl taluk, Tlnneveli dlst let dated 33rd yea and 61st day in the reign of the Pandya king Maravarnan alias Tribuvanachakravartin (Ku'^ a) Sekara deva re'“ords an endowment made by the king of land to the Goddess TjriUci-aaakkottam^daiya Nachchiyar> (AHE 262/1939-43).

13, An inscription in Tamil in the Govardhani Anaaan shrine in Subrahmanya temple Tirupparankwrram, Madura talu’-, Madura district dated 43rd year in the reign of the king Tribuvanachakravartin Konerinmal ondan records a gift of land to the Tiruk^a^aK^ ottam> (ARE 387/1918',*=

14, An inscription in Tamil in the Govardhani Amman shrine in the Subrahmanya teipte Thirupparankunram Madurai talw.", adurai district dated 43rd year in reign of t>e *^ing records a similar grant of land to the same shrine, (ARE 38o/1918),

15, An inscriptlo# in Tamil in the Govardhani Amman shrine, Subrahmanya teiple, Tir^pparan ^ram, Madxirai taluk, adur^ai district dated 42nd :^ear in the reign of the Pandya Ing Maravarman alias T Ibuvanachakravartin Kulase'ara deva records a gifXi of land to the TirukkattaKkottatto. Alud:;:a Nachchivar, (ARE 339 of 1918J.

16, An inscription in Tamil in the Nellaiappar temple Tlru»>exvell taluk, Tir«nelveli district in the reign of the 440

Kerala king^ Sri Bt*thalaveeraramavarmar records a gift of land to the Goddess Nachefal. lakkottattu Aludalya NachchlyAT, (SII. No*V 409).

17, An inscription in Taail in the Nellaiyappar temple Tinneveli, Tinneveli taluk, Tinneveli dist ict dated in the reign of the Naicker isgt Srimath Visvanatha Naicker "rishnappa Naic&er Hdalyar, records a gift of land to t^e Goddess Nachchiyar .Tirukkafflakkottattu Al„dalya Hachchiyar. (SII Vol.V 410). lo. An inscription in Tamil in the Huruganatha temple Tiruiur^ganpuadi, dated, 4th year in the reign of the ofigu Pandya king Jatavarman records that the paying of the floor of the Ardhamandapa of the shrine of t e Goddess Irugttlonnliai nan_gaiyar. (AR of the AAS.Vol.VI 1916-18;.

19. An inscription in Tamil in the Sangamesvara temple Vedavalli Amman shrine, Bhavani, dated Parthlva, tal SO records that the front Ardhamandapa of the shrine of Pannar *olivaaman at Thiruvanlkudal was the benefaction of Immadi Ketti-Mudaliyar and Sinnammal. (ARE 232/195^-51).

20. An inscription in Tamil in the Sangamesvara te «ple Bhavanl dated Vikrama, Chittirai that Immadi- etti ..udaliyar constructed a procession path roimd the shrine (tirunadai *aligai)j the front nritya mandapa and the Sikhara (Pinnacle) of God Nannavudaiyasvamin and also the central shrine the ardhamandapa and the Mahama-Aapa of t^'e Goddess Pannar (moli)-amman. (ARE 229/1960-51)* 441

SELECT INSCRIPTIONS ON DDRGA,

1* An inscription Tamil In the Selllyamman temple KllachchTUr (Vellore TalTJk) near Palll’ onda dated in the reign of the Chola king Parthivendra vanan records that Punkur&n nttamaslvanathan, an officer of Sola Prithlvlgangaraiyar whose territory extended to Kallodu constructed (on the behalf of his master) the Vlmana of the Goddess Vadapalaman^al Durga at Nandikampa Chatur^edi- langalam in Pallnadu a subdivision of Padurur^Kottaa. (ARE 23/193^,^39).

2* An inscription in Tamil in the Ainjanjandi Durgalyar of Kanchipuran dated 18th year of the Chola king Rajaraja, records gift of 60 Kalanju of gold by the residents of Sir^wianralyur, a devadana situated In Ambi-nadu In Byllkottam for burning four perpectual lamps In the name of the ting in the temple of Atnjaniandl^Durgaiyar of Kanchipuram. (ARE 78/1919)•

3* An inscription in Tamil in the Kachaplsvara temple (on the eastern wall of the Durga shrine) big Conjeevaram, Chlngleput dlst let, dated in 3rd year of Parakesarlvarman alias Ra*endra chola deva records that a gift of 96 sheep by a private individual of Allsavur in Allsavur-naduf a sub division of Kallyur**A.ottam to the teaiple of Alnjan.iandl Durga battaraVl* (ARE 74/1921)*

4* An inscription in Tamil on the east wall of the Durga shrine in the Kachaplsvara temple. Big Kanchipuram, Chlngleput district, dated In the 16th year of the Chola king Rajendra choladeva, records a gift of gold by Nlgarili-.lokamadevi, a servant of the queen Mu’ ok'^llanadlgal and by a temple dancing girl called Perrl Ponnambalam, for two perpectual lamps to be burnt in the shrine of the Goddess 442

Durgaly&r. (ARE 73/1921).

5. An Inscription, In Tanll dated In the 18tb year of the Chola king Hajendra choladeva re ^r d s a gift of gold by a private Individual of Magaral, in Eylr kottaa, for offerings and worship to the Goddess Diirgalvar during the pushya day In the month of Alppasl, every year* (ARE 77/1921)*

6* An Inscription In Tamil, on the base of the month and vest walls of the Durga shrine In the Kachaplsvara teiple dated loth year of the chola king Kajara^a, RaJaKesarlvarman records gift of 6u Kalanju of gold by the residents of Slrunanralyur^ a devadana, situated In Ambl-nadu In Byll-'ottam for burning for perpecti^al lanps in the name of the Vlng in the temple of Ain3anjandi« Durgalvar of Kanchipuram, (ARE 78/1921)*

7, An inscription in Tamil in the Lakshmlnarayana Perunal te'iple at Sinnamanur dated In the reign of the chola king Ra'endra choladevar, records sale of land for a lamp to the shrine of Durga Paramesvarlyar, by the assemblies of t)iree villages viz. Arikesarlnallur, Arapadasekara mangalam and Mandaragaurava mangalam* (ARE 439/19^o)« o* AXi inscription in Tamil in the Siva temple, EydanuT| Cuddalore, South Arcot district dated 2oth year of the chola ' Ing Rajakesarivarraan alias Kolottu^ga choladeva records the different amounts of money received prior to the 28th year of the king by severad Sivabrahaianas from Thirvayindran vlralyan and Mdykilan of Sydanar for b\irning lamps in the tenples of Tiruiand^ai-Andar at Colakulavallinallur in Pattampakkai nadu, a sub division of Gangalkondasola Valanadu and Ganapatiyar in the same village, (ARE 141/1933••34)« 443

9 , An Inscription In Tamil dated In the reign of the Chola king Kulottuttga choladevar (42nd year) records that the lands beloOging to the temple of Emalattu Dwjgalvar Qrx».ara Sigidarlyarf situated in the eastern hamlet of this village with the temple flower garden and tank were registered as a village gift to the said Goddess unde^ class 12. This land was renamed Bhupala Sundara vllagam after democrating the lands and fixing the boundaries* (ARE 207/1919),

10^ An inscription in Tamil in a d-y tand called Nattakkollal, Ariyur, Tirukkoyilur teiluk, South Arcot district record the nonbu observed by a certain lady In the temple of SuTJga charecters belong to the 11th centiiry A*D. (ARE 234/1936-37)*

11* An inscription in Tamil In Tevadlyakuppam^ South Arcot district dated 27th year of the chola king Tribhuvanachakra- vartln Ra'ara.adeva (III), registers a gift of the village Attamalayamanpatti, In Vanagoppadi-nadu by Akarasuram Tiruvannamalal pertKal alias Hajagamblra Chedlya*'ayan for offerings and worship to the God Vayirlsuramudaiya Nayana- alias Erivalan Chydanayanar and Drirgaivar at Sanbai. (ARE 450/1937-38).

12* An inscription in Tamil in the Lakshmi Narayanasvaain te'tple Mudigondam dated In the reign of the Hoysala king Vlrasomesvara deva records gift of a garden to the temple b; the mahajanas of Durgaiyar-agaram, (ARE 7/1910)#

13« An Inscription in Tamil in the Vyaghrapurisvara temple Pulippakkam, Chingleput, dated In 14th year of the Telugtl chola king Vi Jay Gandagopaladevar, registers a similar gift by the Pillalyarmjlali belonging to the teiple, for a twill gilt lamp to be burnt before the image of Dur_ga% set up by hii in the temple. (ARE 10/1932-^3)* 444

14. An Inscription In Tamil (Vatteluttu/ in th« Tiruvaludisvara temple, Perimgulam, Srivaikuntam taltik, Tlnnevell district dated in the reign of Pandya king Jatavarman alias Sundara chola Pandyadeva records a gift of 25 sheep lay, a vellala named Ikkanslriyan for a sacred lamp to the image of aorgalyar In the temple of Tiruvalu- dlsvara at Perungalam alias TJttamacolanallur In Tirtivaludl valanadu, a district of Uttamcola valanadu In Rajaraja Pandlnadu* (ARB of 1932-S3 ),

15. An Inscription in Tamil, In the Durga temple Attuvampadl Polur taluV, North Arcot district dated saka 1374 of f e Vljayanagara king Virapratapa Prandha Malli*'ar- 'una deva Maharaya remarks an order of Mahapradhana Ganapanna Dannayakitar to the tanattar of the several temples Including Dharlisvaramudalya Nayanar and TTmapatlsvaramudaiya Nayanar allotting this annual cont* ibution of iodi and sulavari taxes amounting to 90 panam payable at 7^ amount, for the dally midday offerings and worship In the temple of prasanna Durea devi for the merit of the king, (ARE 94/1939-40)*

16. An inscription in the Aruvampadl (Polur taluk) North Arcot district, dated saka 140 (9) year of the Vijayanagara ^Ing Naraslngaraya maharaya records an order of Bupparasar t^e agent of Kagama-*Kayakar who was t>^e mugapp^vadal of the vlng making gift of t he tax Kadukaval*Varttanai realised from the hill forest near Arruvanpadl to provide for scented uoguents and other materials for t'^e Goddess Prasanna Durgadevl on special occasslons for the increasing prosperity of the king and of Nagaiaa Nayaka» (ARE 93/1939-40)*

17* An inscription In the Durga temple Attuvampadl, Pol«r taluk. North Arcot district dated saka 1434, year of the Vijayanagara king Krlshnaraya maharaya records the sale of tne vll*^.age Malalyampattl, for 500 panam to Tlrumalal-Nayakka 445 son of EiL^ appa Nayakka, a Kannadlyanayaka of Marudarasar- Padalvldu, by a number of persons irtio fixed its rent as 20 panaa and 45 ^alam of padd:- per annun which had to be paid by the purchase to the pure;a tenple* (ARE 92/1939- ^)*

18* An inscription in Tamil in the Durga temple Atturampadi, Polur talu' ^ North Arcot district, records appointment of two shepherds^ Ilaiyperumal and pirattlalvar paying taxes at 5 panam each to Murugamcmgalapparru and Andinadu respectively as the tirnvl 1 akimklnidl for measuring out ghee of that value to t'^* Prasanna Du-gadevi temple for a perpectual lamp on behalf of idaitturai Chinna’cara^ar, (ARB 91/1939-40)»

19, An inscription in the Durga temple Attuvampadi, Polur taluv, North Arcot district, dated in tl5* reign of t!9e Vijayanagar ^ting virapratapa vira 6hu (Patiraya) Maharaya records the endowment of t^^e (entire) village Arrataaipadi for offerings and worship to Durgadevi* (ARE 95/1939-40)*

20m An inscription in Tamil in Pugaippatti, Tirukkoyilur taluV, South Arcot district specifies the mayana land belonging to a Kuttadi, probably attached to the Durea temple.

21* An inscription in Tasall in stone set up in a dry land called NattaK^'ol'ai Ariyur seems to record the nonbu observed by a certain lady in the temple of Ihirea characters belong to the U t h eent**r; A*D* (ARE 234/1936- 37)* 446

SELECT I^!SCRIPTIONS ON KALI

An Inscription In Tamil on tte sla'^ set up at the Kallyamman Teaplc in the village, Colap^am, Vellore Taltik, North Arcot District records a Pidarl tempi* c*nst 'cted b;- Nangal Mani, daughter of Ari Kandan wife of Prlthvigangaraiyar* (A,K*E. 426 of 1902).

An inscription in Tamil in the TirtJkkamesvara temple, Kappalur, Polur Taluk, North Arcot district seems to be the co-jc -ding portion of a record in which it Is stated that the Mannudaykar (?) of the village should first offer wors**ip in the Pidari temple and then In the Kadueal Kottaa, (A.K.E* 287/1938-9).

An inscription in Tamil near the Siva temple Timmichchur dated 5th year of the Chola king Parafcesari- varman records an endowment of sheep for the lighting of the hall (ambalam) built at Timisur, Tlmlsur-nadu by Munmudisola*-Kadupattigal and certain taxes for the expenses of maintaining it. It also states that the doner conscreted the goddess Pidari in a shrine built by M m . (A,R,E. 37/1936).

An inscription iu Tamil in the Seltiyamman t«nple at Alambakkam records that the temple of Pidari was constrv^cted by a certain Ira^ar Alankara prlyan alias Tlruorriyuran and see *s to register a gift of la d for offerings. (A.R.E. 704/1910).

An inscrlpticm in Tamil in the Salll^BJBnan Te'pie at Velachcheri, Saldapet Tal^ik, Chingleput district 447

records a gift of land as ma.ilkkaitt by the sabha of Veia** c eri In Pu iyur, Kottam for the maintenance of perpotua? a»p and for offerings during the two ^ear service in the temple of Kala Bhatari^ (A.R*E* 317/1911),

An inscription in Tamil In the Selliyamman temple Velachcheri, Saidapet Talu. , Chingleput district dated in 4th ^ear of the Chela king Parakesarivarman records a gift of land to the temple of Kala-Bhatarl at Velachc eri in Puli^ ^ Kottam by the assembly of tie village. (A.FfE. 317/1912),

An inscription in the Maduvanesvara temple at Tiru' alavxxr dated 27th 3«ar of the Chola king Madirai ' onda Para esarivar an, gives a list of the lands owned by the temples of Mahadeva, Kala-Pidari and Maha Vishnu at Pala Tirukka(ru)gavur* (A.Pi*E, 42/1910),

An inscription in Tamil in the Aiyanar templa Kottamangalasiy Tiruchirappa^ i district dated the reign of t*^e Chola king Parakesarivarman records some provisions 4ade for food offerings and a lamp to Brahmisvaran Udaiya ■a^ anar of Korramangalam; two others refer to g ant of land* The fourth mentions Pidari, In characters of the 14th and 15th century, (A*H*S. 657/1968)*

An inscription in the Jnanaparamesvara temple Tir«*eyjnanaa, Kunbakonam, dated in the reign of the C**ola king Para esarivarman, refers t e bo«. darles of a tand are mentioned those belonging to God Tiruppar adal Devar, and Bhitarivar« XIX No. 452).

An inscription in Tamil at Karandai, Tan^ore Talu'” dated in the reign of the Chola king Ko-*para esari 448

records the sale of rig t to do worship In the Siva tempi* and Eidarl and Kail temple In Karuntittal Kudi to a certain RamesvaramTadaiyan by two priests of the temple of Karuntittaikudi, (S.I.I. Vol. V* 1412)*

An inscription in Tamil in the Brahmapurisvara temple Pullamangai, near Pasupatikoil, Papanasam talu^ dated in the reign of the Chola king Para^esarivarman records gift of land to the Goddess Kala Pldari. Vox, IX. No. 63).

An inscription in Tamil in the Vedtaran^esvara t«npie, Vedaranyami Tirutturaippundi Taluk Tan'ore district dated 18th year of the Cho.a ing Parantaka I , records an endowment of 25 kalan.1 a of gold on Sankranti day b; fcjo:, llanachc* ipidariyar^ wife of Sembian Muvendavelar for food offerings to the deity Tirumaralkkattu madevar from out of the interest accuring from the endowed amount* (S*I*I. Vo . XVTI / 484)*

An inscription in Tamil in the Selliyamman temp'e aradi, dated 20th 3^a r of the Rashtrakuta king Kannara** deva records a gift of 96 sheep for a perpectual lamp ic. t e temple of Pidari Idaimalal-Hangat to the south east of t e village Ravi JLachulamani Chaturvedimangalam on the southern bank of Pennl in Vanagoppadl, by sheppered who •ntr^'sted it to the local sab a* (A*R*E* 218/1936-7)*

An inscription in Tamil in the Brahmapurisvara temp e, Pullamangalam, Pusupati oyil Papanasam Ta Jc, Tan^ore District, dated in the reign of the Chola king uttama Chola records that the mahasabha of PuUamangala# a Brahmade^a village in Kilar-Kurram which met together after beat of drum in the courtyard in front of the tempte 449

of Tiruvalandurai, sold t*x free a land ma In extent sit-ated In Kandamangalam to the temple of Kala pldarl In the centre of their village for 26 Ilakkasu* ( S .I .I . Vol* XIX No, 63).

An inscription in Tamil in the Siva temple Tiruppanamur cheyyar taluk. North Arcot district, dated 23rd ^ear of the Chola king Rajara^a deva records an endowment for lamps to the Parivaradevas such as Sa£aaaitl.» gapta^AtTikas f Subrahmanya, Tirukkettaikilatti-Bhatari i .e ., JCTshtadgvl,. Durgay Chandesvara and Kshetrapala^ in the tlruvunnalifiai of the temple Urani^Nakkar at Parampur in grikamakottapuram. (A.R.E, 154/1639-40),

An inscription in Tcnil dated in the reign of the Kongu-Chola king Vi arajendradeva records that Yal» vallaa TTLalaichc' evaga* j a mudali of Kiranur in Pongalur- ■anadu engraved on stone and copper the gift of land made b> his grandfather Somanathadevar alias Anuttirppaltava- raiyar for offering to the Goddess Rangapidarlvar> (A*R* E. 175/1919).

An inscription in Tamil in the Mahal Inge svaain temple Tir^vidaimar-dur dated in the reign of the Chola ing Tribhuvana chakravartin Konerimai^^ondan record gift 01 to the shrine of the Pidari Yogirunda-Paramesvari in tSe fourth prakara of the temple. (A.R.E. 307/1908),

An inscription in Tamil on a slab set up in a field called Par-ttirattan-Kollai, Memalur, dated 36ti ^ear of the Chola king Kulottunga Choladeva states that an image of pidari was set up by Perumal Pal i , a workman of Memalur in Kurrar, a subdivision of Miladw.. alias ■"annathavalanadu. (A .R .E. 230/1936-7). 450

An inscription in Tamil in the Jnanaparaaesvara te fple Tlrui#y3»anam, Ktimbakonam Taluk, Tanjore district registers a sale of 521 Kuli of land tax free, by the Perunguri perumakkal of the Mahasabha including the "attapperuia at of Nal^J, a brahmadeya in Sevur Kurram for 5 Kalan-'i of gold to a merchant of the village named 'arana Tallam, >Aio endowed the same after piirchase to the temple of Tirmayanadeva. Among the bo^daries of this la»d are mentioned those belonging to god Tirupparkadal PcyaiL & Bhatarlvar (Ehatari), (S.I.I. Vol* XIX No. 462).

An inscription in Tamil in the Apratisvara temple Nagar, Lalgudi TaluV, Trlchy district, dated in the reign of the Chola king Kulott^jiga seems to refer to the lands allotted to the tempe servants viz* priests, paricharakas and svayampakis. Refers to the land Turaimugam c’ ey and mentions a Pidari Koll among the boundaries* {A*H.E« 686/1962).

An inscription in Tamil in the Baktajanesvara temple Tiruaanallur, Tiru%‘*oyilur Tal^Jc, South Arcot District dated in the reign of the Chola king Ktilottunga Chola deva records gift of money for burning lamps befor# t ’^e image of Tlruvldi-Nac^chivar set up In the temple by a certain Siuttondan. (A.R.E* 264/1939-40).

An inscription in Tamil in the Pidari temple at Neyyvidipakkam, Kanjeevaram, Chingleput dated 13th year of the Chola king Kulottunga Chola deva records gift of Ig ^asu by a private individual for a lamp to be btcr*t in the Pidari temple at Ne>arrupakkam in Terodu Paliiv«r n&du a subdivision of Ka"i^ jt Kottam, a district of Jayangonda sola mandalam. (A«R«£« 261/1922)« 451

An inscription in Tamil in the Tiruvirattanes- vara tempTe at Tir *vadl Cuddalor® Tal»^“^ South Arcot in t e reign of Sambuvaraya records gift of 3000 Kuli of land by Samuvara^a for providing sandal paste to the Goddess Ghamimdl Nachchivar set tip in the temple of Tir-virattanam odaiya Nayanar* (A .R .E . 384/1921^.

An inscription in Tamil in th# Tlruvaltisvara teip'e, Padi, (Tiruvatidayam) dated in the 3rd year of tie King Tribhuvanacha ravartin-Vi aya Gandagopaladeva records, a dancing girl of the Tiruvegam^am Udaiya-nayanar teiple of the Goddess Tiruvidlnachchiar in the temple at Tiruvallidayan and presented both to the God and Goddess a nuaber of Jewels and vessels. (A .R .S. 217A911)*

An inscription i* Tamil in the Siva temp'e Sir^davur, Chingleput Taluk, Chingleput disttict dated 7th jear in t e reign of the Pandya King Jatavarman Tribuva’a C'^akravartin Sundara Pandya deva records a remission of taxes b; order of the king through his Officer (Mudali) Pillai Irungotjp on several pieces of land purchased by tie temple authorities and the nravattar of t^e village fro=< a certain Ra endrasola-Tagadurnadalvan and others for the require ents of the Goddess ^^ranavalll Nachchivar in the temple* (A.R.E* 94/1933-34),

An inscription in Tamil in the Devapurisvara te

An inscription in Tamil in tie Sivaoaripurani gririne in the Tarlbuvanana the svara temp"* e at Tenmalai Sankaranayinar Koil, dated 6th year in the reign of t?e Pandya king atavarman alias Tx-ibuvanacha^Tavartln Vira Pandya deva Registers a sa e of land by the assembly of Sundara Pandya Chatw*rvedl Mangalam a brahmadeya In Arinadu, 452

for the requirements of the Ck)dde3s of SlvanalauludmBUdalva Hachchlyar who was set up in the temple of Tiruppattis- varamudaiya-Nayanar b Tiruvanalk avTidal^ an-TTdaiyadlvakara» a las Venadudai^ an, a native of Kugup in Vadavettani alias Su dara Pandya Va anadu mentions the temple of Tirtimolisai Vinnagar Smberua.an« (A«R*S. 613 / 1915-16)*

An inscription in Tamil in the Virapandlsvara- mudaiya Nayanar temple dated 5th ^ a r and 334th day in the reign of the Pand^a king Tribuvanachakravartin Konerinmai ondan records a gift land and house sites to certain Brautans for reciting the Vedas for making a flower garden and for providing offerings to the temple of Virapandis«* vara mudai^a nayanar btiilt in the name of the King by a certain Vaidyacha ravarti* T e Goddess is called Ve.anatoli*Nachchiyar> (A.R.3. Vol. IV. 1919/12 B. No. 610 stone inscription 1918)#

An i scription in Tamil in the Pidariamman tempte Dalayaypattanam, Coimbatore TaluK, Dharmapuri district dated 24th ^ear in the rein of the ongu Pandya King Tribhuvanachakravaxtin Sundara Pan d^ deva records a gift o' gold for a twilight lamp to the Pidariamman called Nanadesa Nangai» (A*R.E. 158 of 1920),

An inscription in Tamil in the Kakolanatha temple at Tirukkalakkudiy Ramnad district dated 7th ^ear in the reign of the Pandy.a king Jatavarman alias Tribhuvai^acaVra** vartin Sundara Pandya Deva records a gift of land b; purchase for celebrating the festival to the image Naehchiyar Pdaivandar set vap in the shrine of Pidari* ar Alagj.a Sachehivar by a native of Kulasekarapuram in Kalvagil Nadu. (A.R* E. of the AAS* Vol. VI. 1916-13 Page 6 9 ). 453

An Inscription in Tamil in the Arikesanat a temple at Giri^ambapuram dated in the reign of the Pandya ^ing Jatavarman alias Tribhuvanae^c’^akravartin Kula (Se’ hara deva) records gift of 8 achehu for a perpectual taip by a lady# Another gift of 2 achchu for the Goddess Perl, anachchiy.ag^ is also recordid. (A«R«2» 466 1916-17).

An inscription in Tamil in t«e Osuramna shrine Tirwc^r, Tiruvallur Taluk, Ohingleput distvict dated Yrishika SU 10, record on endowment of land as garden (Sringaratottam) made by the Mahajanas of Turugur to the Goddess Bllaqma> (A#R*2. 87 / 1 9 4 7 ^ 8 ),

An inscription in Tamil in Mut>alamman s&ri»e Velanadal, Polar t a l u k , Nortli Arcot dist:rict dated Saka 1550 in the reign of the King records an endowment of Venkatadri Nayaka of NelliDpattu* (A*H*E# 39A942«^3).

An inscription In Tamil in the Mutyalamman s’''rine dated Su ('a) Masi (10) in the reign of the King records a grant of another bit of land to the tame Goddess by Raghupatl Na^a a* (A.R»S« 90 A942-43)*

An inscription In Tel^gu in the Pkleramma t^ple dated Sa a 1335 Praraadi in the reign of the Kakatiya king Ma^amandalesvara Prataparudradeva Maharaja records provides for offering to tVe temple of Ganea Paraiesvari* (A*H*E* 555 / 1910)*

An inscription in Tamil in the Nellaiyappar temple Tinneveli, Tinneveli talu' , Tinneveli district dated 22nd year in the reign of the Cera King, Kera'an 454

Kxilasekaran records a lake In the na le of Kali near *.u»rathtir in Tinneveli district# Vol. V. 450)*

An inscription in Tamil in the Henukamba temple Padavedu Polnr taluk, North Arcot district dated in the reign of the Vi'ayanagar king Ktunara Timmaraya Udaiyar record an order by an agent (name lost) of the king to one Aija Noyan to supply a flower garden (to the temple on specific occasions) mentions a garden called Somade** vantta*. (A.R.2 . 49 / 1940-41),

An inscription in Tamil in the Renmcamba teaple Padavedu Polur Taluk, No»th Arcot district, dated saka 1394 in the reign of the Vi a^anagara king Maha^ ^anda'esvara Narsingara^a 0dai„ ar records an order of Pradhoma Na, inar of Padaividu, the agent of the king treating as man. a, the fees received in the temple of Ekkaladevi amman on ordinary da>s and festival occasions* (A.R.K. 41 / 1940-41)*

An inscription in Tamil in tke Mariamman temple Pada’^atj Poltur talu ^ North Arcot dist ict dated Saumya Avani in the reign of the king records t%e provision 'tade for reading the Puranam in the matha constr^^cted b; Suryabhattar* (A .R .E. 170 / 1941«42)*

An inscription in Tamil in the Renufeaitba t ^ p l e Padavedu Polur talok, North Arcot district dated saka 1484 in t’ e raign of the Vijaj^akara king, Srirangadeva V a ra y a records, an order of Idaitturai Tanbikkon and Kavanayaicl.on, the agents of china Bommu Nayakarayvan of Velur appointing four persons as TlriivilakSruk-kudi for the annual supply of g ee for burning lamps and for the sacred bath of Goddess Prasanna Ekkaladevi ammai of 455

Kur^darasar Padaividu on the days of Tiruvadlral and of four sheeps each day on the days of Mahanavami and Pang'nluttiram. (A.R.E. 45 / 1940-41),

An Inscription In Tamil in the slab in a private land Harasingapuram Polur taluk, North Arcot district dated Plavanga 1» the reign of t%e Vi^ayanagara *ing Venkatapati Maharaya records a gift of land to Goddess Ellaman. (A«R*3, 150 / 1941-42)*

An inscription in Tamil in the Balrava temple Tiruvalangadu, Tiruttani division dated saka 1442 i» tie reign of the Vi ayanagara king Mahamandalesvara Krishna*^ deva Mahara a records a transaction made by the acharyas of t e fo'X Mandapas assembled at Nagaladeviammapuraa with the blessing of Kallkadevi, (A.R*E, 193 / 1942-43)*

An inscription in Tamil in the Kali temple Pugalppattl, Tirukkoyllur |alu«., South Arcot district dated Chitrabhanu, Panguni 13 in t e reign of t‘'e King records a gift of land by Ra#a Nayaka, son of Seppill Bllappa Nayak' a for service in the temple of the Goddess gidarlyart the merit of Slddhamanayani Annamalal "^ayaka, (A.R.E. 35o / 1937-38)*

An inscription iu Tamil in the Pidari temple Kangavaram, Kullttalai talJc, kulittalal district dated 4th year In the reign of the Chola king, Kovirajakesari Panmar records a gift of two NaM rice Cor Tlruvamudu te the Goddess of Pidarivar S&ttanur Nangai> ( S .I .I . No. 655 A.R. No . 346 / 1903).

An inscription in Tamil In the Pidari temple Nangavaram, KuMttalai talu.^, ^^Ittalai dlst'ict dated in the reign of the Chola King Madlral konda Koppara'-esari Panmar records a gift of land to the Goddess Mahf^kalattu Pf.darivana Sattan^ Nangal. ( S .I .I . No. 654, A.R. No. 345 / 1903)* 456

An Inscription in Tamil in the Pasupatisvara temple Allur, Trichinopoly talul:, Trichinopoly district dated 17th ^ear in the reign of the Chola king Madirai tonda Koppara esari Panmar records a gift of land to the Goddess Kaliyar Thadaral* (A,K.B* No, 3ttl / 1963)#

An inscription in Tamil in t-e Virattanesvara temple Tiruvadi, Cuddalore tali», Sout^ Arcot District dated 23rd year in the reign of tue Chola king Rajendra C%ol& Devar mentions the name of the village Pidari Eatti. (S,I*I* 316 A.R. No, 42/1903).

An inscription in Tamil in the slab set up at Tiruvadavur, Melur Talu’ » Madura district dated in the 16t*^ ^ear in the reign of t e Pand^a king Komaravarman Tribhuva^achakravartin Sri Sundara Pandya Devar records, entions the name of the Goddess Samu^desvari, 135 / 1903)*

An inscription in Tamil in Vse Vridaptcrisvara temple Tiruppunavasal, Arantangi taluk, Tanjore district dated 7t* ^ear in the reign of the Pandya king Kochchadaija Panmareina Sri Vira Pandya Devar records, mentions a name of tne land Pidari Patti. ( S .I .I * 210 A.R.E. 613 / 1902).

An inscription in Tamil in the Tillaiyammal te

An inscription in Tamil in the Natara a tempxe Chidambaram, Chidambaram talu , South Arcot district dated 5th ,ear in the reign of the Pallava King ivopperunsinga devar records mentions the name of the village Pidari Patti. (A.H.S. 463 / 1902), 458 CONCLUSIONS.

The worship of Devi Is of considerable antiquity In Tamilnad* It arises clearly from the love and affection of the htman mother towards her children*

In Tafflilnad we find two diffe^-ent treads in the development of Devi eutt* The first is the folk or what may be called the tribal element, common to all societies in their primitive or t' lbal state of evolution. This is reflected In the worship of the goddess by fcunters, hill dwellers and other people who are essentially food gatherers* The description of such worship occurs in Silappadhikaram and in the Kannappan stor; of Perlya- puransufl* The human sacrifices intimately associated with the Devi cult must also be traced to t-lbal customs and beliefs* The offer of navakanta does not mean offer of nine pieces of flesh from the body as held by some but it means cutting ones neck as fresh ball, as portrayed in sculptures*

The second trend Is the Vedic tradition, Vedic t-aditions have flown freely into Tamilnad much before the advent of the Mauryas* The aspects of Saktl cult that one sees in the later Vedic period of Northern India, have taken deep root in Tamilnad before the Christian era* Devi as Kanya, Kumari, as one 1^0 does penance and as embodiment of knowledge were known to the Tamils and Kanyaku^arl, mentioned by 'the perlplus* (In 1st century A*D*) is a standing witness to such a fusion* Then on, the development of ideas and concepts are *all Indian* In charecter, some originating In the southern part of India flowing to the north, in the same way the northern traditions flowed into the south* 459

That the village or city Is said to have been presided over by a deity called grama davata or naeara devata was well known in the Tamil country even from t^e beginning of the Christian era. This deity was invariably the goddess identical with Durga; the presiding deity of Kaveripiunpattinam and Mathurapati as described in Silappadhikaram and Manimekhalal are the best illustrations.

That the same Devi is the embodiment of knowledge wealth and power, Mahasaraswati, Mahalakshmi and Furga ( 'ahadevi) was also welknown in Tamil country from the beginning of the ciristia** era as Silappadhikaram refers to such a cencept. This is also refered to by the Devaram hymnlsts of the 7th cent^-ry A.D.

That people under too vows to propitiate the goddess for the fulfilment of certain desires is also referred to in Sangam wor s assignable to Christian era, which speaks of the popularity of the cult*

From the ver^ beginning, the Saivaite cult developed as a result of Vedic fusion and the Devi cult evolved w it' the Saiva cult. We get in mediaeval Agamic literature, hints to the Vedic and non-Vedic aspects of t‘'-6 rituals. While some vedic people thought that the Tantric cult was non vedic, t\e Agamic followers thought that Tantras were Supreme and Vedas wer« but a branch of t' «n. Though such a diologue is reflected, the evidences point to only a fusion of these traditions and not isolation. Though the Vedic school tended to be soie

\rtiat C O servative, the Tantric school was more broad based and kept its door open to the changing orders of the societ;-. That is perhaps the reason it became more d:®namic. While in the Sangam age we find the vedic sacrifices held in hig easteem in the ro^jal co-rt, it was the Tantric cult which regined supreme in the ro^al courts 460

with the advent of the Pallavas* The rulers-Pallavas, Pandyas and Cholas directly encouraged temple building In large nu^ibers based on Tantrlc (Agamic) cult. The Pallava ruler Rajasi *ha (8th century A-D) the builder of the most outstanding monuments at Mamallapuram and anchipuram called himself A^ama pyananana and Aeama" nusarl an instance of the influence of Agamic cult* But side by side with the temple building, vedic scholars were settled in chaturvedl mangalams for vedic studies* The establishment of these chaturvedimangalams were as I’ich a ritual dedication as the temple building. With *^undreds of such Vedic establishments coming into existence by the side of temples, the two institutions n a t^a lly benifitted eaen otxier ii. course ef time.

The temple building and establishment of Vedic settlements reached their height in the Chola period and with it the study of Vedantic doctrine. These were responsible for the development of philosophic enquiries in the Saiva doct ine, \rfiich emerged as a strong force from the 11th centur;, •

This trend was Influenced further by traditions coming from various parts of India such as Kashmira, Aryadesa, Madhyadesa and Gaudadesa from where scholars were invited and patronaged* In this s t ^ y we have traced the influence of the Nattia school that originated and developed in northern India. T’^e best Illustration o' t^e Natha t‘ edition is preserved In the Tamil work *the Thiruraandiram‘ ,

We may say before the advent of the great ■•ovement for philosophic enquiries, it was the sl»ple and direct devotion to god t' at is witnessed. The Saiva 461

saints and Valshnava Alwars reflect this trend in 7th and 8th centuries A.D.

Another aspect worthy of note, Is the dominant Durga c^^lt in the 8th to 9th centuries A.P. It is the Durga aspect of Devi, that dominates in Pallava monu­ ments* But with the advent of Vi^ayalaya Chola in the Cth century, Kali aspect of the Devi dominates, though ■ oth are often held ide'tical.

In this development, the cult of Bhairava as /ahakala has contributed imaensely, Bhairava sculptures are known from 8th century (F. 150 to 155). Martanda Bhairava dancing, is also portrayed is Kailasa natha te

As a result we find, literature, solely based on Kali cult like Parani came to be composed from the end of 11th century A.D. One of the best authors of Parani literature, Ofctak uttan was called Gauda poet is significant.

Another important aspect of the development of Devi oa t is the building of seperate shri*-es to the goddess called Kamakottam (Bhoga Sakti). The rote of Kane’ i , Madurai and Chidambaram temples reveal the development of the cuit. In most cases the Devi images are s*^own standing (F. 20th to 24) in the sanctum# What originally were independent shrines for Devis as a giver of Bhoga, (as independent shrines to Kali or D«rga were 462

givers of Vlra and Vl'aya), were later integrated Into the main Siva shrine of the village.

Another i mportant aspect of the Devi cult is her adoration as Universal mother* She is called Ulagudai. anava»i« As a resiilt of Devi cult, t»»e Chola queens were also called TJlagamuludaial, Dharanimailu- daiyal and Bhuvanamuludai^ al* In the Prasastis of the Cholas beginning froi the later half of 11th century, the consorts of the rulers are invariably mentioned. It is probably due to the increasing popularity of the Devi cu''t.

The universal parent hood which Is an essential concept in Saiva siddhanta philosophy* It manifested itself In man” ways as Am*alappan I . e . , Mother^-father concept. This is seen in the Somaskanda representing (F. 4 to 7) and the Ardhanari representations. (P. 8 to 12)

fhe Ananda tandava form became ver^ poptilar In the Chola period. ParticularlJ Ra'araja I w^s mainly responsible for the propagation of the image. Once the firm has become popular It gave rise to philosophic interpretations and the Vedantlc thoughts were visualised in this for«, Chidamba.am, which occupies an important place Is identified with the Para sa^ti^ Parapra riti rupa c^it Sakti hi Chidambaram uevate* Chidambaram is Ananda and hence the da'^ce at Chidambaram came to be called Ananda tandava. the dance of the Supreme Mother, who insperatelrf united with the Lord, causes the Ljiiversal souls to realise their tr^e nature and u’ tlaatef J «erge wit>) supreme principle* 463

It is interesting to see that a section of the mercantile guild traced their descent to the Devi as Miilabhadra. They also called themselves as the sons of Aiipolil _l^gaaftSYAr_i> They belong to the agriculttiral guild, trading in food grains. The literature of the period mentions the Devi as the giver of agricultural seeds, which is In all probability the extension of fse idea of Vasundhara# The same agricultural business guild (S ll-S-^a) also claimed themselves as Bhumidevi put^as, the so«s of Mother earth* They also are said to have ftdored Camundesvari and a scribe said to have been given to tliem by Rudra*

In modern times the Devi cult is associated with agricultu a^ operations in many villages of the Tanjore district. The cultivato s perfort special offerings on t"e e^ie of ploughing operations and harvest festivals*'

A seperate study is needed to enquire into modern customs and practises relating to the Devi cuit« 464

gALLAVAS

Simhavar*an (A .D .550-60) I ...... J......

SiMhavlshnu (560-90) Bhimavar *an t I t Mahendravaraan I (5c*0-^30) Buddhavarnan t f I t J NarasimWavarman I (630-668) AdityavarMan t I \ riaftendravarman II (668-670) Govindavarman t I i Paramesvaravar*an I (670-700) Hiran^ avarman t t I t Naraslmhavamian II (700-728) Nandivarman II (730■ t , 795 4 1 t Dantlvar*an (795-247) t Mahendravarman III Parame svaravarisan ! (Y w a 720-28) II (728-730) Nandivanaan III(C46'*869) t 1

t I Nrlpat^gavar *an Aparajita (870-903) Kanip avarman (oSy—699) (870-912?) 465

EARLT pandyas

Kadiingon A*D* 560-590 t I \ rtaravarman Avanisutamani 590-620 f I Sendan 620-65C I A Arikesari MaravarMan 650--700

Koccadaiyan 700**730 t I Maravarman Rajasimha I 730-765 ! Jatila Parartaka Nedunjadalyan 766-815 ! Srlmara Srivallabha 815-862 t 1 ______I

]X ...... '\ V Varagynavarman II 862-335 Parantaka Vira'»ara^ ana 860-.905

Maravar*an Sijasimha II 905-920 466

CHOLAS

Vijyalaya 850-71 1 Aditya I 871-907 I I Parantaka 907-55 1 I

5ajaditya 949 Gandaraditya 949-57 Arijaya 956-7

Paraiitaka II 957**73 (Sundara Chola) 1

Adit;a II (ivarikala) EaJaraH 985^1016 I

Ratendra I Kundavam Viraataditfa 1012-44 t ...... J......

Rajadhiraia RaJ«ndra II Virarajendra 101o-o4 1002-63 1063-9 t i Rajaraja Nara< Adhirajendra t 1067/a-1070 ndra —1 E* Chalukya I I Ra.lamahendran . { Ammatigadevim d. loea I Madurantakim i Kulott-unga I 1070-1122 \ \ \ \ Rajara^a Mmmudlchola Vlrachola Ktilottunga II 1133-50

Rajaraja II 1146-73 I Rajadhlraja II 1163-.117C 467

NAYAKS OF MADURAT

Viswanatha Naicker 1629-64 t i I Krishnappa Naicker 1564-72 t t \ veerappa Naicker 1572-1595 t ! t Krishnappa Naic* er lo95-1601 f t I Mut u Krishnappa Naicker 1601-1609 t

Muthu Veerappa Naicker I 1609-1623 t t

Thirumalai Nai cker 1623-1659 T I t Muthu Veerappa Naicker II 1659 t 4 Ehokkanatha Naicker 1659-1602 t !

Veerappa Naicker III 16o2-1689 « I I t Manga ‘ al - 16^9-1706 t I Vi aya Ranga Chc5kkaf»at'^ar 1706-1732 t I Meena' shi 1732-1736. 468

SELECT BISLIOGHAPHY

ENGLISH TEXT;

1* A study of Valsnavisra In Ancient and Medieval Bengal by Dr. S,C. Ma>rher'i Culcutta 1966*

2# A History of South India by K«A*N, Sastrl Oxford University 3*d Edition 1966*

3* Admini strati CHI and Social life under Vijayanagar, T.V* Mahalingam, Madras, 1969*

4* Administration and Social life under the Pallavas, C* MlnaKshlf Madras, 193G«

5. An outtlne of Indian Temple Architecture by F*H* Gravely, Bulletin of the Madras Government Museu^i 1960.

6. Ancient Indian Society, Religion and Mjpthology as Depicted in the MarKandeya Purana by Nileahvarl Y. Desal, University of Baroda 1968*

7 . Architectural Survey of Temples No. I by K*R. Srlnlvasan* Archaeological Survey of India 1964*

«• Art of 1he world - (India) by Hermann Goetz Methuen - London 1964*

9* Beginnings of the Traditions of South Indian Temple Architecture b; P.R* Srlnivasan Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum 1959* 469

10, Bengali Religious Lyries, Sakta by E .J . Thomson and A.w. Spencer London - 1923.

11* Bronzes of South Itsdla Bu'^etin of the Madras Government Museum 1963.

12. Cave temples of the Pallavas, K.E. Srinivasan, New Delhi, 1964.

13* Cera Kings of the Sangam period, K.G. Sesha Aiyar, London, 1937.

14. Devi Mahatmlyam by Vasudeva S. Agrawala Varanasi 1963.

15* Early Chola Art Part I by S.R. Ealasubraaanyam Asia Publishing House 1966.

16. Early Temple Architecture in Karnataka and its Ramifications by K.V. Soundararajan, Karnataka University, Dharwar 1959.

17. Early Chola temples, S.R. Balasubramaniaja, New Delhi, 1971.

18. Elements of Hindu Iconograp^^y Vol.I by T.A* Gopinatha Rao, Delhi••7 196o.

19. Evolution of the Hindu Temple and other Essays by Vasudeva S. Agrawala Varanasi 1965.

20. Gems fro« the Tantras b" M.P. Fandlt, Madras 1969.

21. Gems from the Veda by M.P. Pandit, Madras, 1973. 470

22* Harlvamsat

23« Hindu Pantheon by Edward Moor, Delhi, 1968.

24, History of the Nayaics of Madura hy Batyanatha Iyer, Madras University, 1924,

25, History of Sakta Religion by Marendra Nath Bhattacharya, Delhi, 1974.

26, History of the Pallavas of Kanchl^ R. Gopalan, Madras, 192o.

27, History of South India, K.A. Nllakanta Sastrl, Madras, 1966,

28, Historical Studies In the cjlt of the Goddess Manasa by Pradyot Kuiaar Malty, CulcHtta, 1966,

29, Hynms to the Goddess translation by Arthur and Ellen Avalon, Madras, Third Edition, 1964.

30, Iconography of Buddhist and Erahmanlcal Sculptures In the Decca Museu«, by Nallnl Kanta Bhattasall, Decca, 1929,

31* India In the Vedlc Age by P.L, Ehargava, Lucknow, 1971,

32, Introduction to Tantra Sast"a b; Sir John Wood'^offe Fifth Edition, Madras, 1969,

33, Isopanlsad by Sir John Woodroffe, Madras, 1971,

34, Rail Worship In Kerala by Chelnat Achyutha Menon, Madras University Series Second Edition, 1959, 471

35* Kalugumalai and Early Pandyan Roc^-cut Shrines by C, Slvaramauiurtl, Bombay, 1961.

36* Kularnava Tantra by M*P, Pandit, Madras, 1916,

37, Lights on the Tantra by M.P* Pandit, Madras, 1968.

38* Lokayata, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, New Del^i, 1973*

39. Markandeya Purana Translated by F. Eden Pargiter, Varanasi, 1969.

40* Monograph on the religious sects in India among the Hindus, D.A. Pai, Bombay, 1928.

41. Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization Edited by Joseph Camplell, Bollingen Series VI, 1953.

42. M:,stic Approach to The Veda and The TIpanished by n .F . Pandit, Madras, 1974.

43* Origin and Earl^ History of Saivism in South India, C*V. Karayana Ayyar, Madras, 1936*

■“■;* Pauranic and Tant' ic religion, J*H* Eanerjea, Calcutta, 1966.

i. Principles of Tantra Part I & II by Sir John Woodroffe, Madras, Forth Edition, 1969,

* Qxiintessence of Sri Vidya by Shankaranarayanan, Pondicherry, 1974*

Sakti CJLt in Ancient India by Dr* Pushpendra Kumar, Varanasi, 1974. 472

4o« Saktl and Sakta by Sir John Woodroffe, Madras, Sixth Edition, 1965*

49* Sataratna Sangraha ^ by IJmapathi Sivacarya Edited T*M,P* Mahadevan, Madras University, 1973.

50* Sangam polity, N* Subramanian, Madras, 1966*

51* SanKara and Shanmata, Madras, 1969.

52* Saiva Siddhanta, by V*A* Devasenapathi, Madras, 1974.

53* Some aspects of religion as revealed by Early monuments and literatvre of the South, K*K* Sriniva- san, Madras, I960.

54« South Indian Polity, T«V. Mahalingam, Madras, 1967.

55# Sri Lalitha Sahasranama, Madras, 1965.

56. Sri Cakra by S. Shankaranarayanan, Second Edition, 1973*

57. Stone Sculpture tn the Allahabad Museum, b* PramodChandra, Americaife Institute of Indian Studies, 1970.

5o* Studies in Yugapurana and other Texts by D.C* Sarcar, Oriental Publishers, Delhi, 1974.

59. Studies in the Tantras and the Veda by M.F* Pandit, Madras, 1967*

60. Tantraraja Tantra b^ Sir John Woodroffe, Madras, Second Edition, 1964. 473

61, Temple Gateways of South India by James C* Harle Oxford, 1963.

62« The Sakti cirifct and Tara, Edited D«C« Sarear, Calcutta, 1967*

63* The ColaSy K»A« Nllakanta Sastri, Madras, 1955*

64* The Pandyan Kingdom, K*A« Nllakanta Sastrl, Madras, 1972,

65* The Development of Hindu Iconography, Banerjea, New Delhi, 1974*

66, The Chronology of t^e Early Tamils, K«N, Slvaraya F ilial, Madras, 1932*

67* The Sllappadhlkaram, Translated, V*R« Ramachandra Dlkshldar, Madras, 1939.

68« The Sangam age and Its Culture, K«A* Nllakanta Sastrl, Madras, 1972*

69* The Garland of letters. Sir John Woodroffe, Madras, 1974*

70* The Three Main Styles of Temple Architecture Recognized by the Sllpa Sastras by F*K* Gravely, Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 1962*

71. The Gopuras of Tlruvannamalal by F*H* Gravely, \ Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 1969* 72* The Great Temple at Tanjore by J.M*Somasundaram Plllai, Published by Tanjore Palace Devastanams, 1958* 474

73, The Art of Tantra by Philip Rawson, Vikas Publishing House Private Limited, 1973#

74, The Arts and Crafts of Kerala by Dr. Stella Kramrisch, The Late Dr# J«K. Cousins and R. Vasudeva Poduval, Paico Publishing House.

75. The Art of Indian Asia (Its Mythology and Trans­ formations) b, Heinrich Zimmer, Bollingen Series XXXIX.

76. The City of the Cosmic Dance (Chidambaram) hj B. Natarajan, Delhi, 1974,

77. The great Liberation by Sir John Woodroffe, (Mahanirvana Tantra) Madras, 1971.

7o. The Periplus of tlie Erythraean Sea Translated by Wilfred H. Schoff, New Delhi, 1974,

79. The fiKxismdt mt fcvtksxx Serpent Power Sir John Woodroffe, Madras, Ninth Edition, 1973. oO. The world as p*wer by Sir John Woodroffe, Madras, Fifth Edition, 1974.

81. The Origin and Development of Vaishnavism Mrs. Suvira Jaiswal, Delhi, 1967. o2. The Slvadvaita Nimaya of Appayya Diksita, University of Madras, 1974,

63. The Mystics Ascetics and Saihts of India by J.C. Omah, Oriental Publishers, Delhi.

84. The Sucindra® Temple by K.K. P illai, Kalakshetra Publication, Madras, 1953. 475

85. Tantra Yoga by Nik Douglas, New Delhi, 1971.

Tantrasamuccaya of Narayana Part I I I , IMiverslty of Kerala, 1962. o7. Tree and Serpent Worship in India by James Fergusson, Delhi, 1971.

«8* Vaishnavlsm and Salvism, R,G, Bhandar^ar, Varanasi, 1965*

»9* Vaishnava Iconography, Daniel Smith, Madras, 1969,

90. Vastn - Sastra V ol.II Hindu Canons of Iconography and Painting by Dr* D.K. Shukla, Gorakhpur Univer­ sity.

91. 5000 Years of the Art of India by Mario Bussagli and Calembus Sivaramamurtl, The Tulshi Shah Enterprises Bombay* 476

TAMIL TEXTS;

1» AhananuTv* - Kazhahara - 1965*

2* Annml Report on Epigraph;,

3» Hlsto ^ of Ta^il Literature (Tamil) Series - M* Artina** chalam, Madras*

4. Ibid - Part I.

5. Ibid - Part II 1967.

6* Kalingathapparani - Kazhagazn*

7* Kalit^ogai - Ed* Anandara^aiyar 1925*

8# Kauiyaa-u^'ari Inscriptions - Tamix^adu State Archaeological Department PuMication*

9 , Ku*aragurupara Swamin Prabanda Tiratu - Pu'-lished TiruppanandaV ?‘asi Matt 1947,

10. Kuronthogai*

11# .laikanda Sattiram - Dharutapuram Adinam 1942*

12* Manimekalai - Sd* V.V* Sa*inathai::ar*

13# Pathirruppatta - Ed, V*V* Swaminathai^ar 1957* \ 14* Pattuppattu - Sd* V.V. Saminathai^ar* 1961* 15* Paripadal - Ed, V.V. Saminathaiyar*

16* Peri; apuranam ~ Sd. T.M* Ktnaaragurubaran Pillai Srivai' Ki»dam - 1964* 477

PxirananuTU - Sd. V*V, Samlnathalyar.

18* Sangarppanirakaranuin ^ Sarbu’^ attural - Thirvuvaduturai adlnam 195o«

19« Voliuaes 1 to XX cOm Sltappatl aram - Sd. v«v, Samlnathalyar*

Sivagnana Bhashyam «- Salva Slddhanta Saniajaa, Madras 1936.

22* Sivagnanasiddhlyar - Pairt I - Subak at (Thimvavaduturai Adina** 1957,

23* Sivagnanasiddhlyar (7 to 12 Sutras { Thlravavadutiiral Adlnum 1958,

24* Slvappra asam Slrmal' ” attural - Mangalavazhthuppatuthl Thlruvavadutural 1960*

25* Takka^ agapparanl *• Ed. V*V* Samlnathalyar

26* Thlrumanthlraro - Kazhaham*

27* Tlru(-ral Series 9 Volumes b; Dharumapuram Adlnum,

2o* Tlruvllalrfadarpurana I - Published b; Tlruppanandal Kasl Mutt 1951*

6^* Travancore Archaeological Publications# 478

SANSKBIT BOOK:

1* Ajltagama, Part I & II - Ed* N.R* Bhatt, Pondicherry, 1967*

2* Alagappa Mudall^ar, Chlntadripettai, Madras*

3 . Atri SanL*lta, - Ed. Raghiuiathac^akravarti Bhattachar^ a, Tirx^ati, 1943*

4 . Devi Mahat <^a - Ntrna^ asagar Edition*

5* Devi Mahatm^a - by Vas-dev Agrawala, Varanasi - 1963*

6. Isanag:.ru Devapaddhati - Ed, T. Ganapatl Sasatri, Tlrvandrum, 1925.

7. Kamlkaga a (Purva and Uttara) grantha.

8. Kariuiagama (Purva and Uttara) g»«ntha«

9 . Khilad>)llcara - Ed. Parthasarathy Bhattacharya, Thirupathi 1961*

10* Klranagama (all four padar) grant^a.

11* Matangaparamesvara ( nanapada Text only) Devanagarl*

12* Ma^amata - Ed. Bruno Dagens, Pondlcherryj 1970*

13* Mrgendragama - Ed. N.R. Bhatt, Pondicherr^ , 1962#

14* Oeuvres Poetics de Nilakanta Dikshita, Ed. Peerre Sylvian Filliozat, Pondicherr^, 1967* 47S

15* Rauravagama^ Part I II - Ed* N«R. Bhatty Pondicfterry 1972,

16» Saiva Slddhanta parlpalana Sang a| Devakottal*

17* Sarvajaanott-ura grantha script*

18* Silparatnam •- Ed* Devaiiat'acharya^ Tan ore, 1961*

19* Sllpa texts I't manuscripts in t'te collection of Sri V* Ganapatl sthapatl of Mahaballlpu-'am (texts unp^^'^llshed)

20* Soaasamthu Paddhati^ Pa t I & I I , Helen Br-nner •• Lachaux, Pondicherry 196B*

21* Sriprasna Samhita - Ed, Seef^a Padmana'-han, Tripathl 1969.

22* Srikantachar^a, Kumbakonam*

23* Tantrasamuccaya, N*V. Mallayya*

24* Suprabhedagama (all foiar padas)*

25* Vatulasuddhakhya g antha script* 480

Jotirnelg,

1, Jourael of Ipdjan

2, Epigraphia Indiea*

3, Ancient India*

4, Lai it Kal a,

5, A.rtibus Asiae,

7 . Transactions of the Archaeological Society.

8* Journel of Indian Society forOrienfcal Art,

9, Journet of the Oriental Institute,

20, Damilica*

11. Araichi.

12. Chhavi - Golden Jubilee Voltune,

13. Annual Reports of Epigr £?ihy,

(This work is referred to aa A 3.E . in the

Foot notes.)

14. South Indian Inscriptions Volumes,

(Referred to as S.1,1, in the texts in the

Foot notes.)

15. Tajail nadu State ArchaeologT- inscriptions S e r ie s .

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES;

1# Tripurantaka and Trlpurasundari, Bronze set up by the Chola queen Sembiyanmahadevi - Koneriraja- puram - Tanjore dlst'let Chola - 10th century.

2» Trlpurasundari - stone - Kodumbalur - Pudukkottai district - Chola - 10th century*

3# TripurastuKlari - bronze Kodumudi, Coimbatore district - Kongu art - 10th century A.D*

4« Somaskanda at the back and the llnga in the front - in a smaller shrine in front of Kailasanatha temple Kanchi - Chlngleput district - Pallava - 8th centur^ A.D*

5. Somaskanda at t he back vail of the smaller sea­ shore tenple - stone - Mamallapuram - Chlngleput district - Pallava 8th century A.D.

6. Somaskanda - bronze, Thiruvalangadu - Tanjore district - now In tJie Madras Museum - Pallava - 8th century A#0*

7. Uma vlth skanda •* bronze - Pallavanisvaram - Tanjore district - Early Chola -• 9th century.

o. Ardhanarisvara - stone - in the DhsLrmaraJaratha •• Mamallapuram - Chingleput district - Pallava - 8th century. 9. Ardhnarisvara gtone - in the Kailasanatha temple Kanchipurara - Chlngleput district - Pallava • 3th century A.B.

10. Ardhnarisvara - bronze - Thiruvenkadu - Tan^ore district, now in the Madras Museu* - Chola - 11th century A.D.

11. Ardhnarisvara - stone - Thiruchinnantpxmdi - Tan^ore district - Chola - 9th century.

12* Triptira - stone - Darasuram, Tan ore district - Chola « 12th century.

13, Siva dancing, with Parvati witnessing the dance - stone - in an excavated cave - Thirupparankunram ^ Madurai district - Pandya - 3th century A.D.

14. Nataraja - Parvati witnessing the dance Kali also dancing behind Siva - stone •• Gangaikonda- cholapiir&ra - Trichy district - Dhola - 11th centjjry A.D.

15. Nataraja * Bronze - Thiruvalangadu - Chingleput district, now in Madras Museum, Chola « 11th century.

16. Ordhva Tandava Siva - stone - in the Gopiira of the Sarangapani temple, Kumbakonam, Tanjore district Chola - 12th cent^iry A.D.

17. Urdhva Tandava Siva, bronze xmder worship - Thiruvalangadu, Chingleput district « Chola - 10th century A.D*

Kali bronze - Thiruvalangadu, C!»ingleput district - Chola - 10th century. 3

19. Dancing Kail - bronze - Mylapore, Madras - Early Chola - 9th century.

20. Goddess Parvati stone in an Amman shrine - ChldambaraiD, South Arcot district - Later Chola ~ 13th century A.D.

21t Goddess Panrati - stone •• in the Amman shrine « Periyakalandai - Coimbatore district, later Chola - 12th century. This representation standing hy the side of the bull the bull is rare.

22* Goddess Parvati • stone - in the Ekambaranatha temple •• Pandaravadai - Pondicherry state - later Pandya - 13th century.

23. Goddess Parvati « stone - in the Naganathaswami temple - Kilapperumballam - Tanjore district - later Chola - 13th cent^l^?•

24. Parvati playing Vina stone - Kailasanatha temple - Kanchl - Chlngleput district - Pallava - 8th century.

25. Uma seated on merU| adored by Devas, sages and ansaras - Peva rshi Kana sanehate stuyamana atma v^tbhay^ -• stone - Kailasanatha temple - Kanchl, Chlngleput dlst let - Pallava - 8th century.

26, Uma doing tapas amidst five fires - bronze ~ Mangadu, Chlngleput district modern.

27. Uma doing tapas -• stone In Agastesvara temple - M«nlyur, Tan-^ore district - later Chola - 12th century- 28* TJma doing tapas - stone - In the Sakshinatha temple, Avalivatanallur, Tanjore district - later Chola - 12th century*

29* Devi as Vlshnximaya Mohinl - stone - Alravatesvara temple * Darasuram, Tanjore district - Chola - 12th century,

30« Kotikkal Mandapam - Excavated cave - Mamallapuram « Chingleput district - Pallava 8th century A*D*

31. Draupadiratha •• monolith - MamallapiJiram district « Pallava - 8th century A.D*

32* Draupadiratha Back view*

33, Draupadi ratha « with the rock cut lion in the front*

34, A lion with Durga - stone - sea-shore temple - Mamallapuram - Chingleput district - Pallava 8th century*

35* A rock-cut deer hy the side of F*34*

36, Durga - inside Draupadiratha monolith - Mamalla­ puram - Chingleput district « Pallava - 8th century*

37, Durga - in the Varaha cave, Mamallapuram , Pallava - 8th ceaitury A*D«

3o. A warrior offering his own head - inside the Draupadiratha - Mamallapuram - PalVava • 8th century*

i 5

39. Same as F. 37.

40, Mahishasuramardini •* In the Mahishamardlnl cave " Mamallapuram - Pallava - 8th centiiry.

41. Durga and Yogesvari - North wall of the Kailasa- natha t«nple - Kanchi, Chinglcput district - Pallava •• 8th cent'ury.

42, Tripurantaka, Trlpurasundarl and Tripiirabhalravi - in the north vail of the Kallasanatha temple| Kanchl, Chlngleput dist le t - Pallava « 8th century.

43* Durga in the enclosure cell of the Kallasanatha temple - Kanchl - Chlngleput district •• Pallava - 8th century.

44. Xatyayani, at the «itrance to the main prakara, Kallasanatha t^ple, Kanchl, Chingleput dist ict Pallava - 8th cent^try A.D.

45. Mahishasuradaaani, in a cloistered cell of the Kallasanatha temple of Kanchl, ChlngJ.eput district - Pallava - 8th century A.D.

46. Durga « stone - inside a natural cavern, Panamalai South Arcot district, Pallava - 8th cent\ory.

47, Durga - stone - in the dsvakoshta of Jalanatha- swami temple, Takkolam, North Arcot district - Pallava 9th century.

4o. Durga - stone - in a village shrine Uttaramerur, Chingleput dist ict - Pallava - 8th century. 49. Durga - stone - in the Madras Museua, Barly Chola - 9th cent-ury A.D*

50. Durga - sandstone •• Vishnu temple, Mangadu, Chlngleput district - Pallava - 8th century A .3.

51, Durga - stone - Peranglyur - South Arcot district - late Pallava - 9th century A*D.

52. A nude yogini figj.re - near fig 51 same place ssune date.

5*. Durga - stone - Gramardhajnatesvara temple, Elavanasur, South Arcot district - Pallava - late 8th century.

54. Durga - stone * Hanganatha temple, Thlruvarangam •• South Arcot district - late Pallava - 8th century.

55. Durga - stone - in a rock-cut cave - Vallam - near Chlngleput - Pallava - 8th century.

56. Durga - stone • Svetapurisvara temple, Perlyamaral, Trichy district - Pallava - late 8th century.

57, Durga - stone Manikantesvara temple, Kllmattur temple, Madtirai district - Pandya - 9th century A.D.

5o. Durga - stone - Virattesvara temple, Kllalyur, district South Arcot Pallava - 8th century A.D.

59. Durga - stone - Brahmapurisvara temple, Pull«unangal - Tanjore district - Early Chola - 10th centiiry.

Durga - stone - Brahmaslraskantesvara temple - ‘ iKandiyor - Tanjore district - Early Chola - of the ^ge of Vljayalaya - 9th centw^ry* 61. Durga - stone - Tyagaraja temple, Thinivarur - Tanjore district - Early Chola ~ of the age of vljayalaya - 9th century A*D«

62* Du ga - stone - Amallsvaram, Paccll, Trlchy district - Chola late 10th century A.D,

63* Dorga stone - Siva temple, Thiruvadutural, Tanjoro district Chola - 10th century*

64* Dui'ga - stone - Naltunalappar temple, Punjal, Tanjore district - Chola 10th century A*D*

65, Durga - stone - Margasahayesvara temple, Muvalur, Tan^ore district, later Chola - 12th century A*D.

66* Durga - stone - Amirthaghatesvara temple, Melakkadambur, South Arcot district - later Chola - 12th centux-y*

67* Du- ga - stone - Acalesvara temple, T%iruvarur, Tanjore district - Chola - 10th c«itury A.D*

68* Durga *• stone Sarangadara temple, Tillaiyadi, Tanjore district - later Chola - 12th century.

69* Dtirga - stone - Kampahavesvara temple, Tribhuvanam, Tanjore district - later Chola - 13th century A*D*

Durga « bronze - Tan;ore Art Gallery - Chola 11th ccnttiry A*D*

^•irga - b' onze - Dharmapuram unit collections, bla « 11th century* 8

72. Durga - hronze - Bhavanadisvara temple, vadugxir, Tanjore district - Chola llti centxary A.D.

73. Durga - stone in t he eastern Gopura Chidambarsim, South Arcot district <• later Chola - 12th century.

74. Ganga •> in the same place.

75. Yamuna - in the same place.

76. Inscribed Durga •* Thlrtiamalal, Dharmapuri district, Pallava - 8th century* The inscription in Vatteluttu reads Bhacavati Kumsuli*

77. Inscribed Durga, Nippattunai, North Arcot dist-ict Chola - 11th centiiry. The inscription in Tamil reads Ha.lendrachola*

78. Draupadi ratha - entrance with Drarapalikas - Mamallaptiram - Pallava - Sth cent.*ry.

79 } Dvarapalikas - Amman shrine Darasuram « Tanjore 80 1 district - later Pandya 13th centurj. ol. Harihara and Durga - in an excavated cave -< stone - covered wit*' stucco - Kunrakkadl - Ramnad dist lot - Pandya - Sth century A.D.

:i2. Durga - stone - brought as a trophy - in Manraedu - Gangaikondacholaptiram - Trichy district - Nolamba - Sth century. n . Durga - stone In a pillar - in Adlpurisvara ^^emple - Thiruoriyur, Chingleput dist-let « later indya - 13th century A.D* “1

84, Katyayani Durga, stone - brought as a trophy b by the Cholas - Vlrareddl street, Gangalkonda- cholapuram, Trlchy district - Chalukya - 10th century - AD* o5. Candi - stone - Mamallapuram, Chingleput district < Pallava - 8th centu*y.

86, Nisumbhasudanl - stone - set up the Imperial Chola vijayalaya •* Now worshipped as Vadabhadra Kali - Tanjore district - Chola - 850 A*D, o7* Kali - stone - ThiruvaKkarai, South Arcot district Chola - 9th century A.D,

88, Kali - stone - PQrul^paluvu^, Trlchy dist let - Early Chola - 9th century.

»9* Kali - bronze - Ambalavanesvara temple - Uraniambalani, Tan^ore district ~ Ealry Chola - 9th century A*D.

90* Kali - bronze - Ar.aiacalesvara temple, Kilaijur, Tanjore district - Early Chola - 9th century A#D,

1. Kali - b onze - Ramanathaswami tfflnple, Eamesvaram Ramnad district - Early Chola 9th century A*D.

2 , Kali - bronze - Pannagaparamesvara temple - ^ Pannatem, Tanjore district - Chola - 9th century*

[ Kali - bronze - gilded wlt^ gold - now in the |Mysore Governi^ent Museum, Mysore - Chola - 10th ^^ntury A*D* 94, Bhadrakali •< stone - In the western Gopura •• Chidambaram, South Arcot district - later Chola period ^ 12th century A*D*

95. Gajasanhara with Pervildercd Parvatl looking at mimatlne panel - Pullangal - Tanjore district - Chola - 10th century A.D,

96* Kali - in the same place - same age*

97. Kali - standing in adoration, Amrtaghatemvara temple, Melakkadambur, South Arcot district - O o la - 12th century,

9s, Tataka «« stone Pudumandapam, Madiirai, Madurai dist'^ict - Nayak •• 17th century*

99* Aii - Two armed Kali *• stone •• Nacclyar temple, Srivilliputtur, Ramnad district « Nayak - 17th century A,D,

100, Kali - stone •• Alagarperu

101* Kali - stone *- Atmanataswaml temple, Averdalyar^^oll, Tanjore district, Tanjore - Nayak « 17th century,

102, Kali stone Kaslvisvanatha temple - Tenkasl, Thirunelvell district - Madurai Hayak - 16th centur^*

3* Kali - same place - same age,

^Kali - b' onze - Agastesvara temple, Panjetti, Ohingleput district - modem. L W

104 b. Sulappidarl « Now In the Madras Museum - later Choia - 13th century.

105. Kali - bronze - Bhaktavatsala temple, Anbu>^ovll, Puduk^ottai district - N&yak - l€th century*

106. Kali - bronze - Kshtainathesvara temple, Thirunalai, Trichy district - Nayak period - 17th century.

107* Kali - bronze - Sundaresvara temple, Palaiyamir, Trichy district - Nayak period - 17th century.

108, Kali « bronze » Sundaresvara temple, Melappaluvur, Trichy district - modern.

109. Kali - bronze - Pancanadisvara temple, Thiruvaiyaru - Tanjore district 18th century.

110. Kali - bronze •• Vadakkuppoyyiir - Tanjore district 17th centu*y«

111. Kali - ivory - Sri Ranganathaswami Devasthanam Museua, Srirangam, Trichy district - Nayak - 17th century.

112. Adipitaparamesvari, stone •* Kanchipiiram, Chingleput district - Chola - 10th century (face recut)*

Kali - stone - Apatsahayesvara temple, Tukkachi,

1 Tanjore dist ict - 17th century.

Saptamata - stone - Kallasanatha temple, Kanchi - ghingleput district - Pallava - 8th century.

1 1*1-

115. Saptamata group - stone - Agastisvara temple - Perumpaluviar, Tilchy district, Early Chola - 9th century.

116, Siva, as Dakshlnanmrtl of the Saptamata group, Puaalai, Ravuttar tfwiple, Tanjore, Tanjore dlst-^lct - Early Chola period Vljayalaya*s period - 9th century.

117. Varahl - stone - Visalisvara temple, Vilakkanam- pundi, Chingleput district Early Chola - 850 A.D.

118. Mahesvari - same place *- same age.

119, Camuda - same place.

120. Kauaari - stone - Manikantesvara temple^ Kilmattur - Madurai district « Pandya - 9th century.

121* Vaishnavi - same as 120,

122. Varahi - same as above.

23. Camuiida - same as above.

24. Brahiai - same as above*

be. Indrani •• same as above.

L Dakshinamurti worshipped by Soaasiddhantins - IJiiruvoriyu' - Chingleput dist ict -• Chola - ,th century A.D. i ^ d a - in the same place - Chola 11th century . 128. Varahl - stone - Virattanesvara temple, Thinittanl, Chingleput district - later Pallava - 9th century,

129* Indrani - stone - Virattanesvara temple, Thlruttani, Chingleput district - later Pallava - 9 th centur^,

130. Camunda - stoue - Virattanesvara temple, Thlruttani, Chingleput district - later Pallava - 9th Centur^•

131* Brahmi - stone - Virattanesvara temple, Thlruttanl, Chingleput district - later Pal ava - 9th Century.

132* Mahesvari - stone- Virattanesvara teple, Thlruttani, Chingleput district - later Pallava - 9th century.

133. Kauiarl - stone - Virattanesvara temple, Thlruttani, Chingleput district - later Pallava - 9th century.

134* Valshnavl - stone - Virattanesvara temple, Thlruttani, Chingleput district - later Pallava - 9th century.

35, Camunda - stone - Agastisvara temple, K l l a i ^ r , Earl^ Chola - 9th Century

irlvatsa - stone - Vllak anampundi, Chinglep_t strict - Earl^ Chola - 850 A*D#

^shta - stone - in an excavated cave, i-ipparankvJiram, Madurai district - Pand^ a- itury • 138* Lakshml - stone -» In the niche of the ardhamandapa Vlsamangalesvara temple, Tudalyor, Trichy district, Chola - 10th century*

139* Sarasvatl - stone - In the sane place - same period*

140* Jyeshta stone - plastered - in the norther wall of the Kailasanatha temple, Kanchi, Chlngleput district - Pallava - 8th century*

141* Jyeshta - stone - in Uttaramerur, Chlngleput district - Pallava - later 8th century A.D*

142* Jyeshta •• stone - In a field, NemeuD, Tanjore district - Sarly Chola - 9th century A*D*

143, Mahasarasvatl - stone - in the parapet of the southern steps - Sundaravarada temple, Uttara- merur, Chlngleput district - Pallava - Sth centur;?.

144* Sarasvatl - stone - in the Gopura, Chidambaram, South Arcot district - Later Chola - 12th century*

145* Sarasvatl - stone - in the northern side of the Mahamandapa - Gangaikondacholesvaram - Gangalkonda- Cholapuram - Trichy district - Chola - 11th century*

L46* Sarasvatl - stone - In the mandapa of the Amman shrine - Darasxiram, Tan ore district - later Pandya 13th century A.D*

fehalrava - stone - brought as a war trophy from -Inga - now In Sengamedu, Oangalfeondacholapuram, ihy district - Kallnga - 9th century A*D* 148* Bhairava - stone - part belov the waist broken and missing, Similar to Fig.147, Kalinga - 9th centTiry A.D#

149» Bhairavi - stone - broken, brought as war trophy fr«-i Kalinga, now Sengamedu, Gangaikondaehola- puram, Triehy district - Kalinga « 9th century A.D.

150. Bhairava - stone • plastered over, in the northern wall of the Kailasanatha temple, Kan chi, Chingleput district - Pallava St* century.

.♦ Martandava Bhairava - dancing - (Plastered) in the west wall of Kailasanatha temple, Kanchi, Chingleput district • Pallava - 8th century#

Bhairava - ?tone •• in the western wall of the monolith, Dharmarajaratha, Mamallapuram, Chingleput distr ict - Pallava - 8th century*

Bhairava - stone - In tiie Adipurlsvara temple, Thiruorriyur, Chinglep»*t diet* let -* Chola •• 11th century A*D*

Bhairava (Kshat apala), browze - Thiruvengadu now in the Tanjore Art Gallery - Chola •* 11th century A.D*

^hairava - stone - in the Gopura of Nataraja iple, Chidambaram, South Arcot district « Later 'la - 13th century A.D,

■lajarajesvara tenple, (Airavatesvara temple) sTiram, Tanjore district - Chola - 12th centurj 157, Amman shrine In the same place as above - later Pandya « 13th century.

15o» Iccasaktl - stone «■ in a niche of the Amman shrine, Darasuram, Tanjore district - later Pandya " 13th century.

159. Kriyasakti - stone - in a niche of the Amman shrine Darasuram, Tanjore districe - later Pandya 13th century.

160* Or«^amental step to tSCie Amman shrine Darasuram, same as above.

161, Female Chouri bearer, stone - Rajarajesvara temple, Darasuram, Tanjore district - Chola - 12th century.

162, Female Chouri bearer, stone - In the same place, date same as F.161,

163, A modem picture of Devi Kamakshi, Kanchi*

1^4, Tlllaikkali temple, Chidambaram, South Arcot district, built in the reign of Kopperu* inga - 13th century.

The northern shrine now Amman shrine, Gangal- ndachol*svara temple, Gangaikonda Gholapuram, tIchy district - Chola - llth century*

sing girl, a sadhaka, In t K e enclosure of Sivakami shrine, Chidambaram, South Arcot [trict, built by Naralokavlra - Cftola - 12t^ A.D. 167, Similar to F.iCo*

low* Male dancer - in the same place as F*167*

169. Similar to Fr

170* A mahavrati - stone - in a pillar, Adipxirisvara temple, Thiruorriyiir, Chingleput district, later Pandya - 13th centu y

170 a. Nude Women adoring a sula below the sula Is a human head, an obsscure cult, a pillar of the Adipurisvara temple, Thiruorriyur, Chingleput district « later Pandya - 13th century A«D*

171» Ashtamatas stone in the Siva temple - Thir.*vaiyart - Tanjore district - Chola - 10th century*

172* Kali - notf worshipped as Brahmacandi, seems to be Kshetramundi, bronze, Tillaikkali temple, Chidambaram, South Arcot district, modern.

173. Yogini - stone - now in tne ugrakali temple, --- ^Tanjore, Tanjore district, Chola « 10th century.

A gana flanking Durga - in the Draupati ratha - Mamallapiiram, Chingleput district - Pallava - 8th ^eentur^-.

icrificial pitha in fro»t of a devi temple> Chingleput district, , century A.D#

BfeP.r worship in Tillaikkali Arcot district - Early \t

177m A Sati stone - stone « in Adavallesvara temple, Mimnur, South Arcot district - Pallava 8th century*

178« A sati panel) s^ioving a group of deities and the couple flanked by Apsaras, stone, Manimangalantf Chingleput district - Late Pallava 9th century.

179* Devi as Kanyakumarl, a modern picture* 1* Tripurantaka and Tripurasundari, 6ro4ize set up by the Chbla queen SembiyaJamahadevl—Konerira apuram- Tanjore district, Chola-lOth century.

■ 2. TripurastL*dari-stone-Kod«.ibalur' Pudukkottai district-Chola-lOth Centui^, I I "-yV 3. Tripurasundari-brc»ize, Kodumudi, Colrabatojie district-Kongu art- 10th CentuTj a .D* 4* Somaskanda at the back and the linga in the front- in a smaller shrine in front of Kailasanatha temple ft.anchi-Chingleput Dist ict- Pallava - 8th Century A*D*

5. Somaskanda at the back wall of the smaller sea shore temple- stoiie- Maraallapuram- Chingleput i district- Pallava-8th Centxir^ AoDo 6o Somask** :da-b.‘oaae, Thiruvalangadu- Tanjor© district-now In the Madras Musetui-Pallava- 8th Century A*D* ?• UiBa with skanda-bronze-Pallava- nisvaram- Tanjore District- Early Chola- 9th Century. 8* Ardhanarisvara-stone-ln the Dhanaa- ra.iaratha-Mamallapurajn- Chingleput district- Pallava - 8th Century.

9, ATdhanarisvara^BJb-ln the Kailasa' natha templet KanchipuraiB-Chingleput district- Pallava- 8th Century a*D* .f • lO* Ardhanarisvara-brcnze-Thiruvenkadu, Tanjore dist'-ict, now in the Madras Museut, iChola- 11th Century

11. Ardhanarlsvara-stone-Thiruchinnampu^^di- Tanjore District- Chola - 9th Centur^o 12# Tripura«stone-Darasur«m,Tan;:ore district- Chola- 12th Centtiry# \

13. Siva dancing with Parvati witnessing the dance-stone-in an excavated cave-Thirupparan- uiiram-Madurai distAlct-Pandya-8th Centur^ A#D. also'^dancine'behlnl^qw^”®!®^'^ dance-Kall puram- Triehy D l s t P l c t .C h o l a ^ n S l l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ f l * ^ lo. Natara a-Bronse-Thiruvalangadu-Chingleput dist let, now in Madras Museian, Chola-llth Century# ■4

16. Urdhva Tandava Slva-stone-in thtf gopiira of t e Sarangapani t«mple, Ktmbakonam, Dist ict, Chola- 12th Century A»D*

\

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I . # • > r / - ' ■ " ■ ^ "■•ss ■’■' '^v • ' fc''tar'

- ^ -^t , % / W ^ ■

' f t:.r> •>«• '.■> I ^ - sirr. * V : * .H4

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18 a K«li-brc»ize-Thiruvalangadu, Chinglep^^t district- Chola- 10th Century. 19o Dancing Kali- bronz®- Mylapore Madras- Early Chola *»9th Centuryo 20o Goddess Panratl -stone in an Amman shrine- Ghldanibaranii So«.th Arcot district^ Later Chola- 13th Century A.D*

21» Goddess Parvati-st(»ie-in the Amman shrine- Periya alandai -Coimbatore district- Later C^'Ola- 12th Centiory This representation stand'' by the side of the bull# the bJ.1 is rare* 24. Parvatl placing Vina -stone- Kallasanatha te^ple-A.anchi, Chingleput Distrlct-Pallava- 8th Centiip^*

25. Uma seated on meru, adored by Devas 26* U!na doing tapas amidst five fires- b »» e< Mangadu, Chingleput dist let- modern.

29. Devi as Vishnuiaya Mohlni-stone-Airavatesvara te pl«-Darasuram- Tan ore Dist ict-Chola- 12th Centur^.

— - Mamallapurara- Chlngleput Dist i«t- Pallava- 8th Century A.D. 31o Draxipadlratha-wonolith-Mamallapuraia- Chingloput district- Pallava-8th CentuP/ A.D* 32» DraupaAlratha- back view*

33* Dra^^padlratha- with the rock cut lion In the front* 34. A lion wlt.1 Durga-Stone-sea-shore temple amallapuram- Chingleput District- Pallava- 8th Century*

35, A rock-Gut deer by the side of F.34 36, Durga-lnside Draupadiratha-monolitH^Mamalla- puram- Chin^eput dlst let- Pallava-8th Century* 37. Dia*ga-in the Varaha cave, Manatllap^am, Pallava- 8th Century A.Do

38e A warrior offering his own heaa-xhsid® the Draupadlratha- Majnallapur«*ni- Pallava-8th century#

41. Durga and iOgisvari-Notth wall of the Kallasa- iiflit a temple- Kane'i-Chlngleput distPlct-Pallava- 8tB Century. / 42. Tripurantaka* Tripurasundarl and Trip'A abhairavi in the north wal of the Kailasanatha temple, Kanchi, Chinglepi*t distxlct- Pallava- 8th Century. 43. Durga- In the enclosure cell of'^'the- Kallasanatha temple- Kanchi- Chlngi-^at district- Pallava- 8th Centur^ • 44. Katyayanl. at the entrance to the main prakar-i., Kallasanatha temple, Kanchi, Chingleput district- Pallava-8th Century A*D«

'\r

45, Mahlshasuradamani, in a cloistered cell of the ailasanatha temple of Kanchi, Chinglept*t district, Pallava, 8th Century A.D* --- ^

46* Durga- stone- inside a natural cavern, Pananalai ^ Soutli Arcot district, Pallava- 8th Century* devakoshta of Jalsnathaswarai 9th C entS North Areot district-7 Ifallava-