Quellen Zur Geschichte Der Nabatäer

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Quellen Zur Geschichte Der Nabatäer 1 Ursula Hackl, Hanna Jenni und Christoph Schneider Unter Mitarbeit von Daniel Keller Quellen zur Geschichte der Nabatäer Textsammlung mit Übersetzung und Kommentar I Inhaltsverzeichnis Prolegomena 1 I. Einleitung 4 I.1. Geographie des Lebensraumes der Nabatäer 4 I.1.1. Der geographische Grossraum Vorderasiens 4 I.1.2. Verkehrswege 7 I.2. Historische Skizze des Lebensraumes der Nabatäer bis zum 4. Jh. v.Chr. 9 I.2.1. Assyrische, neubabylonische und achämenidische Herrschaft in Transjordanien 9 I.2.2. Die östlichen Nachbarn Transjordaniens: Die Araber 12 I.2.3. Die Herkunft der Nabatäer 15 I.3. Schriftquellen zur Geschichte der Nabatäer 19 I.3.1. Die semitischen Inschriften 19 I.3.1.1. Nabatäisch – Schrift, Sprache, Ethnos 19 I.3.1.2. Übrige semitische Quellen 21 I.3.1.3. Textarten 22 I.3.1.4. Bilinguen und Diglossie 24 I.3.1.5. Die nabatäische Schriftsprache im sozialen Kontext 26 I.3.2. Die Nabatäer als Thema in den griechischen und lateinischen Texten 27 I.3.3. Zur Präsentation der Schriftquellen 32 I.3.3.1. Gliederungs- und Auswahlprinzipien 32 I.3.3.2. Hinweise zur Wiedergabe der Texte 34 I.4. Die Nabatäer im Spiegel der Schriftquellen 36 I.4.1. Die Geschichte des Nabatäerreiches 36 I.4.1.1. Die hellenistische Zeit bis zum Auftreten der Römer 36 I.4.1.2. Die Zeit von der Provinzialisierung Syriens bis zum Beginn des Prinzipates 40 I.4.1.3. Die frühe Kaiserzeit bis zur Provinzialisierung des Nabatäerreiches 43 I.4.1.4. Territorium und völkerrechtliche Stellung des nabatäischen Staates 46 I.4.2. Die Nabatäer unter römischer Herrschaft 52 I.4.2.1. Die Errichtung der römischen Provinz Arabia 52 I.4.2.2. Die Nabatäer während der mittleren und späten Kaiserzeit 56 I.4.3. Die nabatäische Gesellschaft 59 I.4.3.1. Nomadentum und Sesshaftigkeit 59 I.4.3.2. Das nabatäische Königtum 61 I.4.3.3. Die nabatäischen Könige und die Königsfamilie 63 I.4.3.4. Armee und Verwaltung 66 I.4.3.5. Petra 70 I.4.4. Handel und Wirtschaft 71 I.4.5. Religion 76 I.4.5.1. Gottheiten der Nabatäer 76 I.4.5.2. Der Gott des N.N. und die Namen der Götter 85 I.4.5.3. Kultbilder und Kultstätten 90 I.4.5.4. Die Freiluftheiligtümer Petra und Äabal Itlib 93 II Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis III I.4.5.5. Kultträger und Kulthandlungen 95 I.4.5.6. Bestattungswesen 96 I.4.6. Die Nabatäer im Spannungsfeld zwischen griechisch-römischer und orientalischer Kultur 98 II. Schriftquellen mit Übersetzung und Kommentar 107 II.1. Inschriften, Papyri und Münzlegenden nach Fundorten von Norden nach Süden 107 Einleitung zu der Region A: Italien, Ägäis, Kleinasien und Syrien 107 Inschriften aus der Region A: Mittelmeerraum 108 Einleitung zu den Regionen B–D: Damaskus mit seinen Einflusszonen Palmyra im Nordosten, der Trachonitis im Süden und der ∑arra im Südosten 135 Inschriften aus der Region B: Damaskene 136 Inschriften aus der Region C: Trachonitis/al-Laäâ (Saura/™ûr al-Laäâ u.a.) 144 Inschriften aus der Region D: ∑arra 152 Einleitung zu den Regionen E–G: Der ∑aurân und die östliche jordanische Wüste 165 Inschriften aus der Region E: Auranitis/nördlicher ∑aurân/Äabal ad-Durûz (Seeia/Sîü u.a.) 167 Inschriften aus der Region F: Südlicher Hauran (Bostra/Buírâ u.a.) 181 Einleitung zu den Regionen H–J: Die transjordanischen Gebiete südlich von Golan und Trachonitis 200 Inschriften aus der Region H: Dekapolis (Gerasa/Äaraö u.a.) 201 Einleitung zu den Regionen K–L: Moabitis 210 Inschriften aus der Region K: Nördliche Moabitis (Madeba/Mâdabâ u.a.) 210 Einleitung zu den Regionen M–N: Edom 216 Inschriften aus den Regionen M: Nördliches Edom (Ïirbat at-Tannûr) 217 Inschriften aus den Regionen N: Zentrales Edom (Petra u.a.) 218 Einleitung zu den Regionen O–R: Arabien 278 Inschriften aus der Region O: ∑ismâ (Iram/Wâdî Ramm u.a.) 280 Inschriften aus der Region P: Midian (ar-Rawwâfa) 295 Inschriften aus der Region Q: Al-∑iäâz (al- Äauf, TaimâÇ, Hegra/MadâÇin ™âlié u.a.) 302 Inschriften aus der Region R: Süd-Arabien 353 Einleitung zu der Region S: Ägypten 355 Inschriften aus der Region S: Ägypten 356 Einleitung zu den Regionen T–V: Südliches Totes Meer und Wâdî l‘Araba 368 Inschriften aus der Region V: Westufer des Toten Meeres 368 Einleitung zu den Regionen W–Y: Südwestpalästina 391 Inschriften aus der Region X: Zentraler und südlicher Negeb (Elousa/Ïalaía/∑aluía, Oboda/üAbda/üAvadat u.a.) 394 EinleitungRegion Z: Sinai 410 Inschriften aus der Region Z: Sinai 410 II Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis III II.2. Griechische und lateinische Quellen in alphabetischer Reihenfolge der Autoren 415 Agatharchides von Knidos 415 Agatharchides von Knidos, De mari Erythraeo 5,87 (Phot.cod. 250, p. 457a – 457b 2) 415 Der Transport von Aromata nach Petra Ammianus Marcellinus 416 Ammianus Marcellinus, Res gestae 14,8,13 416 Die Provinzialisierung des Nabatäerreiches (106 n.Chr.) Appian 418 Appian, Syriake 51 (255–257) 419 Marcius Philippus und Lentulus Marcellinus kämpfen gegen Araber (61 – 58 v.Chr.). Appian, Mithridates 106 (498) 420 Pompeius bekämpft die Nabatäer (63 v.Chr.). Appian, Mithridates 116–117 (568–578) 420 Pompeius feiert nach der Rückkehr aus dem Osten seinen 3. Triumph (61 v.Chr.). Bellum Alexandrinum 423 Bellum Alexandrinum 1,1 424 Malichos I. unterstützt Caesar im Alexandrinischen Krieg (47 v.Chr.). Dio Cassius 424 Dio Cassius, Historiae Romanae 37,15,1–2 425 Pompeius besiegt die Nabatäer. Dio Cassius, Historiae Romanae 48,41,4–5 426 Ventidius Bassus büsst die Nabatäer für ihre Unterstützung der Parther (39 /38 v.Chr.). Dio Cassius, Historiae Romanae 49,32,4–5 427 Antonius schenkt Kleopatra VII. von Ägypten Gebiete des Nabatäerreiches (37 – 34 v.Chr.). Dio Cassius, Historiae Romanae 51,6,2–7,1 428 Die Nabatäer verhindern die Flucht von Antonius und Kleopatra (30 v.Chr.). Dio Cassius, Historiae Romanae 68,14,5 429 Unfriedliche Provinzialisierung des Nabatäerreiches (106 n.Chr.) Diodor 429 Diodor, Bibliotheca historica 2,48 431 Die Lebensweise der Nabatäer und ihr Gebiet Diodor, Bibliotheca historica 3,42,1–43,5 434 Die Arabien-Expedition des Ariston Nabatäische Siedlungen im Golf von al-‘Aqaba Die Bekämpfung nabatäischer Piraten durch einen Ptolemäer Diodor, Bibliotheca historica 19,94,1–100,3 439 Die beiden Feldzüge des Antigonos Monophthalmos gegen die Nabatäer (311 v.Chr.) Die Nabatäer verhindern die Asphaltgewinnung im Toten Meer durch Antigonos. Die Lebensweise der Nabatäer am Ende des 4. Jhs. v.Chr. Diodor, Bibliotheca historica 40,4 453 Pompeius feiert nach der Rückkehr aus dem Osten seinen 3. Triumph (61 v.Chr.). IV Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis V Dioskurides 454 Dioskurides, De materia medica 1,17,1 455 Nabatäische Landwirtschaftsprodukte: das Wohlriechende Bartgras Dioskurides, De materia medica 1,19,3 455 Nabatäische Landwirtschaftsprodukte: das Johanniskraut Dioskurides, De materia medica 1,71,1–2 455 Nabatäische Landwirtschaftsprodukte: die Terebinthe/Terpentinpistacie Dioskurides, De materia medica 4,157,1 456 Nabatäische Landwirtschaftsprodukte: die Salbeneichel Eutropius 456 Eutropius, Breviarium ab urbe condita 8,3,2 457 Die Provinzialisierung des Nabatäerreiches (106 n.Chr.) Festus 457 Festus, Breviarium rerum gestarum populi Romani, 14,2–3 458 Pompeius besiegt die Nabatäer. Die Provinzialisierung des Nabatäerreiches (106 n.Chr.) Florus 458 Florus, Epitoma de Tito Livio 1,40,29–30 459 Pompeius erobert Palästina (64/63 v.Chr.). Herodot 459 Herodot, Historiae 3,4,3–9,4 460 Kambyses’ Feldzug gegen Ägypten mit arabischer Hilfe (525 v.Chr.) Die arabischen Götter Orotalt und Alilat Hieronymos von Kardia 464 Hieronymos von Kardia, FGrHist IIB 154 F 5 465 Der Asphaltsee im Land der Nabatäer Iosephus 465 Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 1,220–221 (1,12,4) 467 Ismael, der Sohn Abrahams und Stammvater der Araber, und seine Söhne Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 12,335–336 (12,8,3) 467 Judas Makkabaios begegnet auf seinem Feldzug in Gilead Nabatäern (163 v.Chr.). Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 13,7–11 (13,1,2) 468 Versuchte Flucht der Makkabäer zu den Nabatäern (160 v.Chr.) Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 13,360 –361 (13,13,3) 469 Aretas II. verspricht den Gazäern Truppen gegen Alexander Jannaios (101–96 v.Chr.). Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 13,374–375 (13,13,5) 470 Obodas I. besiegt Alexander Jannaios bei Gadara (93 oder 90 v.Chr.). Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 13,381–382 (13,14,2) 471 Alexander Jannaios verliert die Galaaditis und Moabitis an die Nabatäer (ca. 90 v.Chr.). Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 13,387–392 (13,15,1–2) 472 Die Nabatäer besiegen den Seleukiden Antiochos XII. bei Kana (87 v.Chr.). Aretas III. regiert in Damaskus und besiegt Alexander Jannaios in Judäa (84 v.Chr.?). Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 13,395–397 (13,15,4) 475 Alexander Jannaios’ Herrschaftsgebiet in Transjordanien ca. 79 v.Chr. IV Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis V Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 13,411–415 (13,16,2) 476 Die von den Pharisäern bedrohten Anhänger Alexander Jannaios’ drohen, zu Aretas III. zu fliehen 76( – 67 v.Chr.). Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 14,8–21 (14,1,3–2,1) 477 Aretas III. greift in den makkabäischen Bruderzwist ein (65 v.Chr.). Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 14,29–33 (14,2,3) 480 Scaurus greift in Judäa ein und schickt Aretas III. zurück (65 v.Chr.). Aristobulos II. besiegt das Nabatäerheer bei Papyron (64 v.Chr.). Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 14,46–48 (14,3,3–4) 482 Pompeius bereitet einen Feldzug in das Nabatäerland vor (63 v.Chr.). Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 14,80–81 (14,5,1) 483 Scaurus’ Feldzug gegen Petra (62 v.Chr.). Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 14,103–104 (14,6,4) 484 Aulus Gabinius besiegt die Nabatäer (55 v.Chr.). Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 14,121–122 (14,7,3) 485 Antipatros’ verwandtschaftliche Beziehungen zu den Nabatäern Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae 14,127–129 (14,8,1) 486 Antipatros gewinnt die Araber als Bundesgenossen für Caesar (48 v.Chr.).
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